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Female gender
Obesity
Pregnancy
Obesity Increasehydroxymethyl-
glutaryl coenzyme A
Contraceptives Inhibition of hepatic acyl
oral coenzym A cholesterol
7 α Hydroxylase 12 α
Hydroxylase
7 α Hydroxycholesterol
26 α Hydroxylase 26 α Hydroxylase
MRCP
EUS
Other Radiologic Studies
± 15 % of gallstones are radio-opaque on
plain abdominal X-ray.
CT scanning, for more information but
lower sensitivity than USG.
Rarely, PTC, Oral cholecystography.
Natural History
Asymptomatic gallstones
The majority of the patients with gallstones
are asymptomatic
Asymptomatic Symptomatic 1-2 1-2 %
The consensus asymptomatic patients with
gallstones Should not undergo prophylactic
cholecystectomi.
Symptomatic Gallstones
Cholesterol stone, not calcified
- < 5mm, patent cystic duct oral bile acid
- Single stone, 5-20 mm, patent cystic duct
ESWL oral bile acid
Laparoscopic or Open cholecystectomi
Source: Bates Jane A; Pathology of Gallbladder and Biliary Tree; in Abdominal Ultrasound: How Why and When; Sec
Churchill Livingstone; China; 2004
ULTRASOUND APPEARANCES
Source: Bates Jane A; Pathology of Gallbladder and Biliary Tree; in Abdominal Ultrasound: How Why and When; Sec
Churchill Livingstone; China; 2004
Cholangitis
Choledocholithiasis ( Common Bile Duct stones)
obstructive jaundice, pruritus,acholic feces
Cholangitis.
Clinical picture : Charcot Triad (Biliary pain,
Jaundice, Chill and Rigor)
Slight hepatomegali, tenderness.
BloodCulture : E. Coli, Klebsiella, Proteus dan
Pseudomonas.
Patogenesis : Biliary tract obstruction, Increase
intralumen pressure, Bile acid infection.
ULTRASOUND APPEARANCES
Source: Bates Jane A; Pathology of Gallbladder and Biliary Tree; in Abdominal Ultrasound: How Why and When; Sec
Churchill Livingstone; China; 2004
Cholangitis (cont..)
Therapi 85 % response
- Antibiotic (7-10 days) gram /-,
/-,
anaerob
- Fluid and Electrolyte
- Analgetic
Drainage ERCP, sphingterotomi
15 % Directly Drainage (persistent fever,
abdominal pain, sign and symptom
septicemia) ERCP, PTBD
Acute Pancreatitis
= Biliary Pancreatitis
Precipitate by the passage of stones or
sludge in the common bile duct sludge
or microscopic stones
Fasting totally Total Parenteral Nutrition
Urgent ERCP Sphincterotomi
Antibiotic
ULTRASOUND APPEARANCES
Endoscopic
cholangiopancreatography
(ERCP) of a stone in a normal-
calibre (5 mm) duct
Source: Bates Jane A; Pathology of Gallbladder and Biliary Tree; in Abdominal Ultrasound: How Why and When; Sec
Churchill Livingstone; China; 2004
ULTRASOUND APPEARANCES
Source: Bates Jane A; Pathology of Gallbladder and Biliary Tree; in Abdominal Ultrasound: How Why and When; Sec
Churchill Livingstone; China; 2004
Summary
The Majority patient with Gallstones are
Asymptomatic
Complication Gallstones symptomatic are :
Acute cholecystitis, Acute cholangitis,
Biliary Pancreatitis
Therapy Gallstone are oral bile acid, ESWL,
ERCP, Laparoscopic/Open
Cholecystectomi, depend on characteristic
patients.