International Journal of Ambient Energy

ISSN: 0143-0750 (Print) 2162-8246 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taen20

Emission impact of pentanol on Pongamia

biodiesel propelled diesel engine

S. Prakash, J. B. Sajin & J. Ravikumar

To cite this article: S. Prakash, J. B. Sajin & J. Ravikumar (2019): Emission impact of pentanol
on Pongamia biodiesel propelled diesel engine, International Journal of Ambient Energy, DOI:
10.1080/01430750.2019.1636883

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2019.1636883

Accepted author version posted online: 27

Jun 2019.
Published online: 05 Jul 2019.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMBIENT ENERGY
https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2019.1636883

Emission impact of pentanol on Pongamia biodiesel propelled diesel engine

S. Prakasha , J. B. Sajinb and J. Ravikumarc
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, PBR Visvodaya Institute of Technology and Science, Kavali, India; b Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor, India; c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeppiaar Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

The emissions characteristics of diesel-engine fuelled with different blends of Pongamia biodiesel i.e. Received 3 May 2019
PBD100, PBD90P10 (10% Vol of higher-alcohol dispersed in PBD100) and PBD80P20 (20% Vol higher- Accepted 24 June 2019
alcohol dispersed in PBD100) at 1800 rpm for compression ratio 16:1 were investigated. Results revealed KEYWORDS
that the NOx, HC, CO and smoke emissions were reduced with the increase in the concentration of pentanol. Emission; Pongamia
Further, PBD80P20 showed effective results when compared to diesel fuel. biodiesel; pentanol; viscosity;
diesel

1. Introduction emissions from higher-alcohol added fuel is comparatively lower

Oil derived from vegetable seeds, animal fats and food waste are
strongly considered as a potential candidate for alternate fuels.
These oil when transesterified to biodiesel (BD) shall be used
with no major alterations in the present diesel engine (Appavu
2018; Radhakrishnan 2017; Mahalingam 2018; Ganesan 2019).
Enormous research work (Devarajan, Nagappan, and Subbiah
2019; Ramakrishnan et al. 2019; Joy, Yuvarajan, and Beemku-
mar 2019; Devarajan, Munuswamy, and Mahalingam 2018a; Siva
and Munuswamy 2018; Ganesan et al. 2018; Sudalaimuthu et al.
2018) has been carried out in neat biodiesel. Increase in NOX
emissions is a major hurdle on employing BD. To facilitate
this concern, additives such as metal-based, oxygenated addi-
tives are doped with BD and examined for reducing emissions.
Nano fuel consists of metal-nano additive dissolved in solu-
tion. This is then mixed with biodiesel for further investigation.
This upgraded fuel reduces emissions by enhancing combustion
quality.
Many studies (Radhakrishnan et al. 2018; Yuvarajan et al.
2018; Devarajan and Madhavan 2017; Devarajan et al. 2018a;
Pandian and Ramakrishnan 2017; Venkata Ramanan and Yuvara-
jan 2016; Yuvarajan and Ramanan 2016; Appavu and Venkata
Ramanan 2018; Devarajan and Munuswamy 2016; Devara-
jan and Venkata Ramanan 2016; Devarajan 2018; Balan et al.
2018) have been carried out using different higher-alcohol and
biodiesel. Devarajan and Madhavan (2017), Devarajan et al.
(2018a), and Venkata Ramanan and Yuvarajan (2016) conducted
a short evaluation by varying the higher-alcohol on various
biodiesel fuelled diesel engines on emission characteristics.
They found that, with the addition of nano-additives, there is
a significant reduction in Smoke, CO, NOX and CO emissions.
Vellaiyan and Amirthagadeswaran demonstrated testing on a
diesel engine fuelled with water-diesel by adding a various mass
fraction of nano-additives. They added the nano-additives in
range of 100 and 200 ppm. It is observed that all condition, the
than neat fuel. Velliyan investigated using higher-alcohol and
water-diesel blends in a research diesel engine. They found that
by adding the higher-alcohol to water-diesel blends results in
a significant reduction in CO and NOX emissions at all loads.
Anbarasu calculated the impact of doping the nano-additives
in a diesel by 100, 200, and 300 ppm in a research engine. They
reported 11.8% reduction in NOX emissions by adding 300 ppm
of nano-additives to diesel. From the outcome of different kinds
of literature, there are only very few studies that used higher-
alcohol at different concentration (PPM) in diesel engines. No
detailed investigation was carried out on the cause of the con-
centration of higher-alcohol on the emission characteristics of
Pongamia biodiesel. This work investigates the consequences
of adding higher-alcohol (200 ppm) with the concentration of
10 and 20 nm to neat biodiesel on a mass basis to inspect the
exhaust emission characteristics of the research engine.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Fuel preparation
Alkaline transesterification was employed for the biodiesel pro-
duction from Pongamia oil. 100 g of Pongamia oil was taken
in a conical flask and mixed with and 0.5% (weight %) of KOH
and methanol at a ratio of 5:1 and heated till 85 °C (Devarajan,
Munuswamy, and Mahalingam 2018b). Then the mixture was
stirred constantly at 55°C for reaction time 40 min. Subsequently,
the sample was kept uninterrupted for phase separation. The
upper layer was of Pongamia biodiesel while glycerol was settled
at base. To add in the higher-alcohol with Pongamia biodiesel,
the mass fraction of 10% Vol and 20% Vol of higher-alcohol was
dispersed in Pongamia biodiesel using R-4C ultrasonicator and
expressed as PBD90P10, and PBD80P20, respectively. The prop-
erties are tested fuels are listed in Table 1. Table 2 represents the
properties of pentanol.

CONTACT J. Ravikumar jravikumar@jeppiaarinstitute.org

© 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

2 S. PRAKASH ET AL.

Table 1. Properties of tested fuels. Table 3. Specification of experimental setup.

Properties PBD100 PBD90P10 PBD80P20 Diesel METHOD Make Kirloskar
Stroke 4
Density @ 15°C 0.97 0.93 0.92 0.75 ASTM D4052
Cylinder Single
(g/cc)
Rated power 4.4 kW
Kinematic viscosity 5.2 5.2 5.1 2.5 ASTM D445
Rated speed 1800 rpm
@40°C (mm2 /s)
Bore diameter (D) 87.5 mm
Calorific value 39,125 39,585 39,714 42,574 ASTM D240
Stroke (L) 110 mm
(kJ/kg)
Compression ratio 17.5:1
Flash point (°C) 148 152 154 48 ASTM D824
Injection timing 17°bTDC
Cetane Index (CI) 47 48 48 45 ASTM D976

Table 2. Properties of pentanol.

Density @ 15°C (gm/cc)
Kinematic viscosity @40°C (mm2 /s)
Calorific value (kJ/kg)
Flash point (°C)
Cetane Index (CI)
Latent heat of vaporisation (kJ/kg)
2.2. Experimental setup
Figure 1 shows the photographic view of the experimental
setup. Kirloskar diesel engine was selected for experimental
study. The detailed specification of the diesel engine was shown
in Table 3. There is a load cell connected to the dynamometer
and various types of load are applied on the engine (0–100%).
The exhaust analyzer (AVL di gas analyzer) was employed to
establish the types of species or gases obtained in tail pipe emis-
sion. The probe of analyzer was inserted in the exhaust tail pipe
to measure and smoke opacity, hydrocarbons (HC), oxide of
nitrogen (NOx ), carbon monoxide (CO).
2.3. Uncertainty analysis
0.82
2.9 Every work includes some amount of uncertainty. These uncer-
32,150 tainties mainly result of calibration, sensors, observations, test
50
20
procedure and environmental condition. In view of uncer-
310 tainties, the preferred test results can be examined of any
work (Ganesan et al. 2018; Venkata Ramanan and Yuvara-
jan 2016; Mahalingam, Munuswamy, and Radhakrishnan 2018;
Pandian et al. 2018; Ravikumar and Saravanan 2016; Joy,
Nagappan, and Anderson 2017; Rathinam et al. 2019; Devara-
jan, Choubey, and Mehar 2019). If a quantity to be mea-
sured ‘R’ has a function of many self-regulating variables
like
x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . xn , then R = R (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . xn ) (i)
Let the measured quantity uncertainty be expressed as WR
and the independent variables uncertainties are expressed as
W1 , W2 , W3 , . . . Wn .

Figure 1. Engine specifications.

 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMBIENT ENERGY 3

Figure 2. Variation in HC emissions with load.

Figure 3. Variation in CO emissions with load.

Subsequently, the uncertainty in the measured quantity is Smoke, HC, CO, NOX emissions. The percentage of the uncer-
given by, tainty of experimental results is

 Overall uncertainity = (CO2 + HC2 + +NO2x + Smoke2 +)
  2  2  2
 ∂R ∂R ∂R (1)
 ∂x W1 + ∂x W + W
 1 2
2 ∂x 3
3
The uncertainty (Overall) is 2.2%.
WR = 
  2  (2)
∂R
+ . . . . . . . . . . . . ∂xn Wn
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Unburned hydrocarbon emissions
where WR = δRR ; ± δ R is the error in R. Variation of HC emissions for PBD100, PBD90P10, PBD80P20
The root-mean-square method is employed to examine the and diesel is illustrated in Figure 2. HC emissions from PBD100,
percentage of the uncertainty of different parameters such as PBD90P10, and PBD80P20 are lesser than diesel owing to higher
4 S. PRAKASH ET AL.

Figure 4. Variation in smoke opacity with load.

Figure 5. Variation in NOX emissions with load.

oxygen content and a lower carbon atom (Devarajan et al. 2018c; 3.2. Carbon monoxide emissions
Radhakrishnan, Munuswamy, and Mahalingam 2018). These
Variation of CO emissions for PBD100, PBD90P10, PBD80P20, and
improved properties enhance the oxidation reaction during the
diesel is illustrated in Figure 3. CO emissions from diesel are
combustion and lower HC emissions (Rathinam, Justin Abraham
higher than PBD100, PBD90P10, and PBD80P20. Structural oxy-
Baby, and Arunkumar 2018; Senthilkumar, Sajin, and Arunku-
gen content in PBD100 and higher-alcohol blends enhance com-
mar 2018). HC emission from PBD100 is higher than PBD90P10
bustion efficiency and lowers CO emissions (Arul Gnana Dhas
and PBD80P20. The higher-alcohol in biodiesel acts as an oxida-
and Nagappan 2018; Devarajan et al. 2018b). CO emission from
tion catalyst and accelerates the combustion rate leading to the
PBD90P10 and PBD80P20 is lower than PBD100. Higher-alcohols
lower HC emissions and complete combustion (Devarajan and
act as an oxygen donating catalyst and buffer for the complete
Madhavan 2017; Devarajan et al. 2018a; Pandian and Ramakr-
oxidation reaction. PBD80P20 produce lower CO emissions than
ishnan 2017; Venkata Ramanan and Yuvarajan 2016). HC emis-
PBD90P10. Larger surface area to volume ratio of PBD80P20 low-
sions from PBD80P20 are significantly lower than PBD90P10 at
ers the delay period, increases the chemical reactivity (Venkata
all loads. These reductions in HC emission are caused by the
Ramanan and Yuvarajan 2016; Yuvarajan and Ramanan 2016)
redox-active property of the PBD80P20 to produce complete
and lowers CO emissions. This result is aligned with many other
combustion and lower HC emissions (Yuvarajan and Ramanan
research works (Devarajan and Munuswamy 2016; Devarajan
2016; Appavu and Venkata Ramanan 2018; Mahalingam et al.
2018; Devarajan et al. 2018b).
2017).

3.3. Smoke opacity
Formation of smoke is a result of partial combustion. In diesel
engines, the smoke formation is majorly owing to excess fuel
accumulation, poor atomisation of air during combustion. Varia-
tion of Smoke emissions for PBD100, PBD90P10, PBD80P20, and
diesel is illustrated in Figure 4. Smoke emissions from diesel are
higher than PBD100, PBD90P10, and PBD80P20. This pattern is
due to the existence of fuel bound oxygen in B100. This oxygen
in the fuel improves the combustion rate and thereby reducing
the fuel accumulation and improving the poor atomisation of air
during combustion (Mahalingam, Munuswamy, and Radhakrish-
nan 2018; Pandian et al. 2018). In addition, lower emissions for
PBD100, PBD90P10, PBD80P20 is also due to healthier oxidation
taking place close to the fuel rich zones during the combustion
process (Ravikumar and Saravanan 2016).
3.4. Brake specific oxides of nitrogen emissions
A variation of NOx emissions with the load for fuels is shown
in Figure 5. NOx emission increases with the load for all
the test fuels. NOx emissions from PBD100, PBD90P10, and
PBD80P20 are higher than that of Diesel. The possible rea-
son is due to the lower availability of oxygen in diesel when
compared with biodiesel and higher-alcohols blends (Rathinam
et al. 2019; Devarajan, Choubey, and Mehar 2019). NOx emis-
sion from PBD90P10 and PBD80P20 is lower than PBD100. This
is because of the reduced ignition delay due to the catalytic
effect of higher-alcohols in fuel through the course of combus-
tion (Mahalingam et al. 2017; Devarajan et al. 2018; Yuvarajan,
Ravikumar, and Babu 2016). Further, higher-alcohols improve
the heat transfer rate, surface area-volume ratio and cetane
number of base fuel (PBD100). PBD80P20 produce lower NOx
emissions than PBD90P10. Pentanol at higher concentration
lower NOx emission by accelerating the oxidation reaction (Pan-
dian and Ramakrishnan 2017; Venkata Ramanan and Yuvara-
jan 2016; Yuvarajan and Ramanan 2016; Appavu and Venkata
Ramanan 2018; Yuvarajan and Venkata Ramanan 2016).
4. Conclusion
The emission pattern of Pongamia biodiesel and 10 and 20%
volume of pentanol-included biodiesel are presented and com-
pared with diesel. The main conclusions are:
• Pongamia seed is produced across the country which helps to
minimise the cost involved in petroleum imports. Pongamia
oil is obtained from seeds of the Pongamia plant. The oil
is extracted from clean and sound Pongamia seeds. A large
quantity of Pongamia oil is cultivated in many states of
India namely Jammu& Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar,
Jharkhand, West Bengal and north eastern states.
• Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel manufacturing process.
The glycerol should be purified for its usage in the food,
pharmaceutical, or cosmetics industries. If not, glycerol shall
also be safety disposed by means of animal feeds, anaerobic
digestion, biological conversions and composting.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMBIENT ENERGY 5
• CO emissions for PBD100 drops by blending it with pentanol
of 10 and 20% by volume.
• HC emissions were reduced for PBD90P10, PBD80P20 at all
loads when compared with PBD100.
• NOX emissions for PBD100 were higher than diesel at loads.
However, by adding pentanol to PBD100, NOX emissions
were reduced significantly for PBD90P10 and PBD80P20 at all
loads.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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