Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1. a) 7 b) 4 c) 1 d) 6 e) 8 f) 8
2.
3.
4. a) gain 1 b) gain 1 c) lose 2 d) gain 2
5. To obtain a full outer shell and become like an inert gas.
6. a) MgBr2 b) Al2S3 c) Li3P
7. a) magnesium bromide b) aluminum sulfide c) lithium phosphide
8. Ionic - complete transfer of electrons, covalent - sharing of electrons
9. Polar - net partial charge, difference in electronegativity between the two
elements. Nonpolar - very small difference in electronegativity, no partial charges.
Both are covalent bonds.
10.
14.
15. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory - all atoms (shared pairs) and
unshared electrons want to spread out as much as possible.
16. (O - F, Cl - O), Li - N, K - O
17. a) ionic b) covalent c) ionic d) ionic e) covalent
18. It is ionic between the Na+ and the PO4-3 ions. Covalent within the PO4-3 ion.
19. Stronger dipole interactions which occur between molecules when H is bonded to
either F, N, or O. This occurs because H is very electron deficient, having more of
a partial positive charge than usual. The others have more of a partial negative
charge.
20. HCl is a dipole and the + on the H is attracted to Cl (with a -) on a separate
molecule. This attraction holds the molecules closer together to allow the
substance to become a liquid.
21. Dispersion forces or Induced dipoles. Dispersion forces are thought to be do to
the motion of electrons. The more electrons present, the stronger the dispersion
forces. Induced dipoles may also play a factor. An instantaneous dipole may form
on one I2 molecule which can induce a dipole in another and have an
instantaneous, weak attraction.
22. It is ionic and the + and - ions are attracted to the + and - on the water
molecule.
23. Yes. It is polar and will have dipole interactions with water to allow it to dissolve.
24. No. It is nonpolar and will not be attracted to water. (Small amounts of nonpolar
substances may dissolve due to induced dipoles, but not much.)
25. For 24, use oil or another nonpolar liquid.
26.
27. The polar bonds pull evenly on the central atom, giving no net result.
28. metallic
29. network solid
30. CH4 has the largest bond angles because all the electron pairs are shared. NH3 is
smaller because the unshared pair of electrons repel the shared pairs (hydrogen
atoms) more than a shared pair, pushing the hydrogens closer together. H2O has
the smallest bond angle because it has two unshared pairs of electrons which
repel each other even more, pushing the hydrogens even closer together.
31. C2H2, C2H4, C2H6. Triple bonds are the shortest, single bonds the longest.
32. Forming 3 C-Cl bonds, 1 C-H bond. Enthalpy = 3(339) + 1(413) = 1430 kJ.
33. CH4 (g) + 2 Cl2 (g) + 2 F2 (g) --> CF2Cl2 (g) + 2 HF (g) + 2 HCl (g)
Hrxn = Energy needed to break bonds - Energy needed to form bonds.
Bonds to break: 4(C-H), 2(Cl-Cl), 2(F-F)
Bonds to form: 2(C-F), 2(C-Cl), 2(H-F), 2(H-Cl)
Hrxn = [4(413) + 2(239) + 2(154)] - [2(485) + 2(339) + 2(565) + 2(427)] = -1194
kJ