Name : Nityam Kumar Tiwari

Class : XII-B
Subject : Biology Investigatory File
Roll No. :
Topic : Kidney Failure
Certificate
This is to certify that
this “Biology
Investigatory project” on
the topic “Kidney Failure”
has been successfully
completed by Nityam Kumar
Tiwari of class XIIth –B
under the guidance of Mrs.
Lakshmi Jothi Prakash in
partial fulfilment of the
curriculum of Central
Board of Secondary
Education [CBSE] leading
to the award of annual
examination of the year
2019-20.
Mrs Lakshmi Jothi Prakash
Sr. Sheeba
[PGT Biology]
{Principal}

I would like to express my

gratitude to Mrs. Lakshmi
Jothi Prakash who always
supported and helped me in
every possible way, without
whose guidance this project
would not have been
possible.

 What causes kidney failure?

 Symptoms of chronic kidney

disease

 Treatment of kidney failure

  New to dialysis

 Adjusting to kidney failure

 Complications of kidney failure

 Disaster preparedness

 Kidney failure/ESRD diet

What cause Kidney Failure?

In most cases, kidney failure is caused by other
health problems that have done permanent damage
(harm) to your kidneys little by little, over time.
When your kidneys are damaged, they may not work
as well as they should. If the damage to your kidneys
continues to get worse and your kidneys are less and
less able to do their job, you have chronic kidney
disease. Kidney failure is the last (most severe) stage
of chronic kidney disease. This is why kidney failure
is also called end-stage renal disease, or ESRD for
short.
Diabetes is the most common cause of ESRD. High
blood pressure is the second most common cause of
ESRD. Other problems that can cause kidney failure
include:
 Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and IgA

nephropathy
 Genetic diseases (diseases you are born with),

such as polycystic kidney disease

 Nephrotic syndrome

 Urinary tract problems

Sometimes the kidneys can stop working very

suddenly (within two days). This type of kidney failure
is called acute kidney injury or acute renal failure.
Common causes of acute renal failure include:
 Heart attack

 Illegal drug use and drug abuse

 Not enough blood flowing to the kidneys

 Urinary tract problems

This type of kidney failure is not always permanent.

Your kidneys may go back to normal or almost
normal with treatment and if you do not have other
serious health problems.
Having one of the health problems that can lead to
kidney failure does not mean that you will definitely
have kidney failure. Living a healthy
lifestyle and working with your doctor to control these
health problems can help your kidneys work for as
long as possible.
Symptoms of chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) usually gets worse slowly, and
symptoms may not appear until your kidneys are badly
damaged. In the late stages of CKD, as you are nearing kidney
failure (ESRD), you may notice symptoms that are caused by
waste and extra fluid building up in your body.

You may notice one or more of the following symptoms if your

kidneys are beginning to fail:

 Itching
 Muscle cramps
  Nausea and vomiting
 Not feeling hungry
 Swelling in your feet and ankles
 Too much urine (pee) or not enough urine
 Trouble catching your breath
 Trouble sleeping
If your kidneys stop working suddenly (acute kidney failure),
you may notice one or more of the following symptoms:

 Abdominal (belly) pain

 Back pain
 Diarrhoea
 Fever
 Nosebleeds
 Rash
 Vomiting
Having one or more of any of the symptoms above may be a
sign of serious kidney problems. If you notice any of these
symptoms, you should contact your doctor right away.

Signs and symptoms of acute kidney failure may include:

 Decreased urine output, although occasionally urine

output remains normal
 Fluid retention, causing swelling in your legs, ankles or
feet
 Shortness of breath
 Fatigue
 Confusion
 Nausea
 Weakness
 Irregular heartbeat
 Chest pain or pressure
  Seizures or coma in severe cases
Sometimes acute kidney failure causes no signs or symptoms
and is detected through lab tests done for another reason.

Treatment of Kidney
Failure
If you have kidney failure (end-stage renal disease or ESRD), you will need dialysis or a kidney
transplant to live. There is no cure for ESRD, but many people live long lives while on dialysis or
after having a kidney transplant.

There are just a few options for treating kidney failure, including kidney transplant and several types
of dialysis. Your doctor can help you figure out which treatment is best for you.

It is important to know that dialysis cannot do everything

that healthy kidneys do. Therefore, even when you are on
dialysis, you may experience some of the complications of
kidney failure.
You may also decide that you do not want any treatment for
your kidney failure. In this case, you might consider medical
management, which can help you live comfortably until your
body can no longer function.

Haemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Kidney transplant
Medical management

Haemodialysis
One treatment for kidney failure is called
haemodialysis, or “hemo” for short.
This type of treatment uses a machine to clean
your blood, and it can be done at a dialysis
centre or at home.

Peritoneal Dialysis
 Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment that uses the
lining of your abdomen (belly area), called your
peritoneum, and a cleaning solution called
dialysate to clean your blood. Peritoneal dialysis
may be done at home or even at work if you
have a suitable area.

Kidney Transplant
A kidney transplant is a surgery to give you a
healthy kidney from someone else’s body. A
kidney transplant may come from a live donor
(usually someone you know) or from a deceased
donor. The healthy kidney can do the job that
your kidneys did when they were healthy.

Medical Management
You may choose not to start dialysis or get a
kidney transplant. Medical management is a way to
treat the symptoms of kidney failure to help you live
comfortably until your body can no longer function.
It is important to understand that medical
management is not a treatment for kidney failure
and it will not keep you alive.
 New to Dialysis

Starting dialysis often means creating a new normal for yourself

and your family. There’s a lot to think about, from choosing a
treatment option, to finding new ways to enjoy your favourite
activities, to managing a new diet.

Adjusting to
Kidney Failure
Learning that you have kidney failure can come as a shock,
even if you have known for a long time that your kidneys were
not working well. Having to change your lifestyle to make time
for your treatments can make coping with this new reality even
harder. You may have to stop working or find new ways to
exercise. You may feel sad or nervous. All is not lost. You can
get help to feel better and have a fulfilling life.

Complications of Kidney Failure

Your kidneys do many jobs to keep you healthy. Cleaning your
blood is only one of their jobs. They also control chemicals and
fluids in your body, help control your blood pressure and help
make red blood cells. Dialysis can do only some, not all, of the
jobs that healthy kidneys do. Therefore, even when you are
being treated for kidney failure, you may have some problems
that come from having kidneys that don’t work well.
Dialysis helps to replace some of the work that your kidneys
used to do, but it is not the same as having working kidneys.
This means that you need to take extra steps to stay healthy. It
also means that you may be at risk for complications of kidney
failure. Some of the most common complications of kidney
failure include anaemia, bone disease, heart disease, high
potassium and fluid build-up. Work with your health care team
to prevent and treat these complications.

Anaemia
Bone disease and high phosphorus
(hyperphosphatemia)
Heart disease
High potassium (hyperkalaemia)
Fluid build-up

Your kidneys help your body make red blood cells. When your
kidneys are not working properly, your body may not have
enough red blood cells. This condition is called anaemia (ah-
NEE-mee-uh).
You need calcium and vitamin D to have healthy bones.
Healthy kidneys help keep your bones healthy. If you have
CKD, your kidneys may not be able to do this important job.
Heart disease can cause kidney disease, but kidney disease
can also cause heart disease. Heart disease is the most
common cause of death among people on dialysis.
When your kidneys are not working well, they cannot support
the other parts of your body as they should. This can cause
problems with your heart.

Healthy kidneys filter extra potassium (a mineral found in many

foods) from the blood. If you have CKD, you need to limit your
potassium because your kidneys may not be able to filter it.

Healthy kidneys take out extra fluid (liquid) from your blood.
When your kidneys are not working as well as they should, they
cannot take out enough fluid. This can cause the extra fluid in
your blood to build up in your body.

Having too much fluid in your body can cause problems with
your heart and lungs. It can also cause high blood pressure.

Use these tips to limit how much fluid you take in each day and
check out our infographic on staying hydrated without
overdoing fluids:
 Follow a low-salt diet. Salt can make your body hold on to
more fluid than it should.
  If you are thirsty, try sucking on an ice cube or a hard
candy (sugar-free if you have diabetes).
 Remember that foods, such as ice cream and soup, count
as fluid! Fruits and vegetables also have fluid in them.
Each time you eat or drink something that is considered a
fluid, write it down. Keep track of how much fluid you take
in throughout the day.
Ask your doctor how much fluid you should have. Use the tips
above to achieve your fluid goal!

We can’t always predict when something will happen to derail

our treatment plans. There are some simple steps you can take
to make sure you are prepared and have access to the things
you need to stay healthy in the event of a disaster.

Dialysis helps to do some of the work that your kidneys did

when they were healthy, but it cannot do everything
that healthy kidneys do. Therefore, even when you are on
dialysis, you will need to limit what and how much you eat and
drink. Your diet needs may depend on the type of dialysis you
are on (haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) and your treatment
schedule.
www.cbse.in.net

www.ncert.in

www.kidneyfund.org