detected by the

Cutler,
Romero et Friedmann
vomeronasal
cavity and
al 2014 and McCoy processed by
the accessory
1998 olfactory bulb.
HORMONES PHEROMONES
hormones are also pheromones are
chemical messengers chemicals that carry
which travel through stimulation. it is a
the bloodstream and form of chemical
regulate long term communication
processes. hormones used among
BRAIN are released by
endocrine glands.
members of the
IMAGING same species.
Draganski et TECHNIQUES

BAUB
al 2004 Brain imaging techniques
are non- invasive
(MRI); Fisher, methods of studying the
Aron and brain. There are 5
commonly used
Brown 2005 techniques: CAT, PET,
MRI, fMRI, EEG.
(fMRI) PRINCIPLES:
- Behaviour is the product
of physiology.
- Behaviour can be
Fisher, NEUROTRANSMITTERS
genetically inherited.
- Animal research may
Aron and Neurotransmitters are inform our understanding
chemical messengers.
of human behaviour.
Brown Neurotransmission
occurs along nervous
cells.
2005 LOCALIZATION
NEUROPLASTICITY
the ability of the brain to The idea that every
change throughout the behaviour has its
Excitatory course of life through specific place in the
neurotransmitters the making and
produce breaking of synaptic brain and is associated
stimulating connections between with a certain brain
effects. Inhibitory neurons. area.
transmitters - Supporting study: equipotentiality:
produce calming Paul Broca 1861 The ability of one
effects. Draganski - Opposing study: Karl part of the cortex
Lashley 1890-1958
to take over the
et al 2004 - Relative Localization:
Roger Sperry and Michael
functions of
another part of the
Gazzaniga
cortex.
 LOCALIZATION
Supporting: Paul Broca 1861 (study of Louis
Leborgne’s brain after death. He lost the ability to
speak due to a brain lesion. He could only say the
word “tan”. The region where the lesion was, is
now known as Broca’s Area and it was concluded
that it is responsible for speech production.)
Opposing: Karl Lashley 1890-1958 (Rats were
trained to run through a maze in search of food
without errors. After learning occurred, brain
damage was induced in the cortex of the rats.
Study concluded that rats could still go through the
maze.)
Relative Localisation: Roger Sperry and Michael
Gazzaniga (Different stimulus presented to each
hemisphere of the brain. It was concluded that
speech and writing comprehension happens in the
IMAGING
left hemisphere and processing of images and
visuals happens in the right hemisphere.)
Fisher, Aron and Brown 2005 (the aim
was to investigate the effect of dopamine
on romantic love. 10 men and 7 women
who had been in love for an average of 7
months were recruited. All participants
were placed in an fMRI scanner. Each
participant was shown a photograph of
their beloved person for 30 seconds.
Then, they were given a filler activity for 40
seconds after which they were shown a
photo of an emotionally neutral
acquaintance. The final stage was another
20 second long filler activity. The steps
were repeated 6 times. The results
showed a specific pattern of activation in
the ventral tegmental area and the
caudate nucleus of the brains of the
participants in response to the photos of
their loved ones. It was concluded that
dopamine activity in the brain plays a role
in romantic love.)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
IMAGING
Draganski et al 2004 (The self
selected sample was divided into 2 PHEROMONES
groups - jugglers and non jugglers Cutler, Friedmann and McCoy 1998 (The aim
with no previous juggling experience. was to investigate whether synthesised male
pheromones increase sociosexual behaviour
One of the groups practised juggling
in men. 38 males volunteered to participate.
for 3 months after which their brains They used their aftershave lotions for 2
were scanned using MRIs. They weeks and recorded the number of
then spent the next 3 months not sexual/romantic behaviours daily. After 2
practising. The control group did not weeks, either ethanol or ethanol and a male
pheromone was added to their aftershave.
learn how to juggle. The brain scans They recorded the number of sexual/romantic
showed that those who practised incidences for 6 weeks. The results show that
juggling had significantly more grey those who used the pheromone had an
increase in sociosexual behaviour. The
matter in their brains than those who
researchers concluded that the pheromone
HORMONES
did not.) increases libido and increases the
NEUROPLASTICITY attractiveness of men to women.)
Romero et al 2014 (The aim was to
demonstrate that oxytocin promotes
social bonds in mammals in non-
reproductive contexts. 16 dogs were
sprayed intra-nasally with either oxytocin
or a placebo. They were placed with their
owners and another dog in a room and
their behaviour was recorded. Results
showed that dogs given oxytocin showed
higher affiliation towards their owners
and approached the other dog in the
room more frequently than those in the
placebo condition. It was concluded that
oxytocin performs the function of
maintaining close social bonds in
mammals.)