SCI PUBLICATION

PUBLICATION P292

In-plane Stability
In-plane Stability of
of
Portal Frames
Framesto to BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1:2000
:2000

Charles KingBSc
Charles King BScMSc
MScDIC
DICMlStructE
MlStructE

Published by:

The Steel
Steel Construction Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park
Park
Ascot
Berkshire SL5
SL5 7QN
70N

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01344 623345
Fax: 01344622944
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622944
0 2001
2 0 0 1 TThe
h e SSteel
t e e l CConstruction
o n s t r u c t i o n I nInstitute
stitute

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Apart from anyfair
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sA c t ,1Patents
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ublic1a t i988,
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ission in
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Publication
P u b l i c a t i o n Number:
N u m b e r : SCI P292
SCI P 292

ISBN
ISBN 118859421237
5 9 4 2 123 7

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FOREWORD
FOREWORD

Thechecking
checking of the in-plane
of the in-planestability of single-storey
stability of single-storeyportalframes
portal requires
frames different
requires different
approaches
to to those
approaches those commonly
commonly used
used for
for
multi-storey
buildings.
multi-storey buildings. BS 5950-1:2000
introduces more
morerigorous
rigorousrecommendations
recommendations forfor the
the stability
stabilitychecks
checksfor
forportal
portalframes
frames than
than
the
the 1990 version.
1990version.ThisThis isisnecessary because
necessarybecause portal
portal frames have
frames have proved
proved to to be
be such
sucha a
successful structural
successfulstructural form that
form that more
moreframes
framesareare being
being constructed with geometries
constructed with geometriesthatthat
are beyond
beyond the
the range foreseen when
rangeforeseen whenthetherecommendations
recommendations in in BS
BS5950-1:1990
5950-1: 1990 were
were
prepared.
prepared.
This document
document is intended for the design
design of portal frames used forfor single-storey
single-storey buildings
buildings
loaded predominantly with
loaded predominantly with roof
roof loading
loading that
that cause
causelarge
largebending
bending momentsinin the
moments the rafters
rafters
and the external colunms.It It
external columns. is is not
notintended
intendedfor portals
portals used
used to
tostabilisebuildings,
buildings,such
such
as used where cross-bracing
cross-bracingisisnotnotpossible,
possible,but
but the principles described
describedareareapplicable
applicabletoto
the design of such frames.

This publication was written by Mr Charles

Charles King
King of
of The
The Steel
Steel Construction
Construction Institute.

The SCI
SCI would like to acknowledge with special
acknowledge with special thanks,
thanks, the
the extensive
extensive work
work conducted
conducted byby
CSC
CSC (UK)
(UK) Ltd,particularly
particularlyMrMr A JJ Rathbone,
Rathbone, in
in the
the development
development and
and checking ofthe
checking of the
methods and checking the contents of the document.
document.

The SCI would

would also like to express its thanks to:
to:
Professor
Professor JJ M Davies
MDavies (University of
(University of Manchester) and Mr
Manchester)and Mr Y
Y Galea (CTICM)
for for
Galea(CTICM)
review of the
the document and the methods,
methods, as they were developed.
developed.

MrM
MBarkus
Barkusandand
Mr Mr JJ Knott
Knott (both
(both of
of Wescol
Wescol Glosford), Professor D
Glosford), Professor D A Nethercot
Nethercot
(Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine)
Medicine) and
and Mr
Mr PP Bennett
Bennett (Quickport
(Quickport
Software) for their comments on the draft documents.

Funding
Funding
for
thisfor this project was
project was gratefully
gratefully received
from from the
received the Department
Department theof the
of
Environment, Transport
Transport and
and the Regions (DETR)
(DETR) and
andCorus
Corns(formerly,
(formerly, British Steel)

...
III
111
 Essential Reading for
Portal frame Designers

Design of Single-Span Steel Portal In-plane Stability of Portal

Frames to BS 5950-1:2000 Frames to BS 5950-1:2000

Providing up to date comprehensive Comprehensive guidance on the

coverage of this common form of in-plane stability checks for
construction portalframes

Preliminary sizing charts Advice on second-order methods

Guidance on detailing Worked examples of ordinary and
tied portals
Clear advice on member checks

Worked Example and comparison

with software
CONTENTS
CONTENTS

Page
Page
...
FOREWORD iii
Ill

SUMMARY vii
THE IN-PLANE STABILITY
THE IN-PLANE STABILITYCHECKS CHECKSININBS BS5950-1
5950-1:2000
~2000 1
.l
1 .1 Checksforfor portal
portal frames
frames 1
11.2
.2 Themethods
methods in brief
inbrief 1
11.3
.3 Selectingmethods
methods forfor different
different types
types of frames
offrames 3
11.4
.4 Requiredload factor,
load factor, X1hr 4
11.5
.5 Base stiffness
Base stiffness 4
11.6
.6 Notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces 5
11.7
.7 Localconcentrated
concentrated lateral
lateral loadsloads in buildings
inbuildings 7

2 INTRODUCTION TO IN-PLANE STABILITY 8

8
2.1
2.1 Why areare therein-plane
in-plane stability
stability checks?
checks? 8
8
2.2
2.2 Axialcompressive
compressive forces
forces in frames
inframes 8
8
2.3
2.3 Elastic buckling
Elastic criticalbuckling of frames
offrames ii1 1
2.4
2.4 Secondorder
order (P-delta)
(P-delta)effectseffects 12
1 2

3 SWAY-CHECK METHOD
METHOD 21
21
3.1 Introduction
3.1 21
21
3.2
3.2 Geometrical limitations
limitations 21
21
3.3
3.3 The h/i 000 check
The h/1000 check 22
22
3.4
3.4 The formula
formula method
method 28
28
3.5
3.5 Snap-through check
check 31
31

4 AMPLIFIED MOMENTS METHOD 33

4.1 Application —
4.1 Application - design steps
steps 33
4.2
4.2 Background to to method
method 34
4.3 Calculation
4.3 Calculationofof hcr
X, for
for BS
BS 5950-1
5950-i 35
35
4.4
4.4 Simplifiedhand
hand solutions
solutionsfor for Xcr
hcr 38
38
5 SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS
SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS 44
44
5.1 Introduction
5.1 Introduction 44
44
5.2
5.2 Designsteps
steps 44
44
5.3
5.3 Structure model
model 45
45
5.4
5.4 Analysismethods
methods 47
47
6 MEMBER CHECKS 53
53
6.1
6.1 General
General 53
53
6.2
6.2 Additionalbending
bending moments
moments fromfrom strut action
strutaction 53
53
6.3
6.3 In-plane member
member checks
checks 54
54
6.4 Bending moments
6.4 Bending momentsfor
forframes
framesusing plastic
using design
plastic design 57
57
6.5
6.5 Bending momentsforforframes
frames using
using elastic
elastic design
design 59
6.6
6.6 Other member
member checks
checks 59
7 REFERENCES
REFERENCES 61
61

V
 APPENDIX AA Second-order
APPENDIX Second-order ofanalysis
analysis
common of'by
portals common portals 'by hand'
hand' 63
63
A.1
A . l steps
design
Range
application
andof
Range of application and design steps 63
63
method A.2 A.2 Basis of method
Basis of 64
64
69 frame A.3 Deflections
'elastic' the Deflections
of of the 'elastic' frame 69
ame
'plastic' the A.4
Deflections
of A.4 Deflections of the 'plastic' frame 72
72
A.5 Axial forces 78
A.6 Reserve factor aat
Reserve factor Ultimate
State
t Ultimate
Limit Limit State 78
78

APPENDIX
APPENDIX BBSecond
Second order
order analysis
analysis ofportals
of tied tied portals 'by hand'
'by hand' 79
79
B.l
B.1 Range of
application
Range of application and design steps
design steps 79
79
B.2 Basis of method
method 80
80
B.3 Bending deflections
Bendingdeflections of'elastic'
ofthe the 'elastic'
frame frame 81
81
B.4Bending
Bending deflections
deflections of the
ofthe'plastic' 'plastic' frame
frame 81
81
B.5 Deflections
Deflectionsofofthethe rafters/tie
rafterdtie 'truss''truss'
system system 86
86
B.6 Axial forces
forces 90
90
B.7 Reserve factor aatt Ultimate
Reserve factor UltimateLimitLimit State
State 91
91

APPENDIX
APPENDIX
92 CC
members Effective
Effective stiffness of members
ofstiffness 92
APPENDIX
APPENDIX DDDeflections
Deflections from
from horizontal loads
horizontal loads for 'hand' second-order
'hand' second-order
calculations 9595
D.1
D. General
General 95
onsway frame 'Elastic' D.2 'Elastic' frame sway deflection 95
sway frame'Plastic' D.3
ction 'Plastic' frame sway deflection 100
nned Nominally D.4 bases
Nominally pinned bases 103
103

APPENDIX
APPENDIX EE Hinge deflectionsbyby
Hingedeflections interpolation
interpolation 104
104
E.11 Vertical
E. Vertical deflections
deflections 104
1 04
E2
E.2 Horizontal deflection
deflection 105

WORKED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES 107
1 07
Single span
span steep
steeproof
roofportal
portalframe
frame 109
Tied portal
portalframe
frame 127
1 27
Two-span portal frame 151
151
Two-span portal
portal frame
frame with
with hit/miss
hit/miss internal
internal columns
columns 1173
73

vi
SUMMARY

document
Thisdocument introduces
introduces designers
designersto to the
the in-plane
in-plane stability
stability calculation methods in
calculation methods in
BS 5950-1:2000forfor
BS 5950-1:2000 single-storey
single-storey portal
portalframesframes designed
designed using
using either
either elastic
elastic or
or plastic
plastic
analysis. These
analysis.These calculations
calculations are anpart
areanessential essential part of the Ultimate
ofthe Ultimate Limit
Limit State
State (ULS)
(ULS)
verifications of portal
verifications of portalframes.
frames. InIn addition
addition to a review
review of
of all
all these
these methods, shows how
methods, it shows
second-order calculations
second-ordercalculations can canbe be performed
performed even when
even when second-order softwareisis not
second-ordersoftware not
available.

This document includes:

• AnAn
introduction to to
introduction the
thein-plane
in-planestability
stabilityofofsingle-storey
single-storeyportalframes.
frames.
• A commentary
Acommentaryonon thethe
three methods
three methodsofofchecking
checkingthe
thein-plane
in-plane stability
stability of portal
portal
frames given in BS 5950-1:2000, that is:
TheSway-check
(a) The Sway-check method
method
(b) The
The Amplified
AmplifiedMoment
Moment method
method
Second-orderanalysis
(c) Second-order analysis
• Workedexamples
examples ofof a simple
simple method for second-order
second-ordercalculations
calculations that
that can
can be
be used
used
where second-order analysis
analysis software
software isis not available.

The instances
instances in
in which
which individual
individual members need need to be checked
checked for in-plane
in-plane buckling
buckling are
alsoexplained.
explained.Second-order
Second-order analysis
analysis byby application
application of the energy
of the energy method
method isis explained
explained
in aa form that
that can
can be
be applied
applied in
in hand
hand calculations, and this
calculations, and thisisisillustrated
illustrated by four
four worked
worked
examples.

Stabilité
Stabilit6 en Plan
Plan des
des Portiques
Portiquesselon
selonlalaNorme
NormeBS
BS 5950-1:2000
5950-1:2000
R6sum6
Résumé
Ce document présente aux
document prksente aux calculateurs
calculateurs les
les mkthodes
méthodesde de calcul
calcul de stabilité en
de stabilitk en plan
plan selon
se/on
la norme BS 5950-1:2000 pour des portiques
norme BS 5950-l:2000 pour des portiques a a un niveau calculés
niveau calculks en utilisant soit une
utilisant soit une
klastique, soit une
analyse elastique, analyse plastique.
une analyse plastique. Ces
Ces calculs
calculs sont uneune partie essentielle
essentielle des
des
verifications
vkrijications aaux Etats Limites
m Etats Limites U/times
Ultimes (EL
(ELU) U)des
desportiques.
portiques. EnEn complement
complkment dela de Ia
presentation
prksentation de toutes
toutes ces méthodes,
mkthodes, ilii estmontrk
montrécomment
commentdes des calculs
calculsauausecond
secondordre
ordre
&re effectues
peuvent être efSectuks sans avoir recours aa un logiciel dd'analyse
un logiciel au second ordre.
'analyse au

Ce document comprend
comprend::

• Une introduction
introductionaa la stabilitk
stabilité en plan
plan des portiques
portiques aa un niveau.
niveau.
• Descommentaires
commentaires sur
sur les trois méthodes
mkthodes de verification de la
vkrijication de Iastabilitk
stabilité
en en plan des
portiques données
donnkes dans
dans la norme BSBS 5950-1:2000, cc'est-à-dire:
'est-a-dire:
(a) La
Laméthode
mkthodede
de verification
vkrijication avec
avec longueurs
longueurs de Jambement a noeuds diplqables.
de flambement déplaçables.
(b)
(b) La mkthodepar
Laméthode paramplification
ampl@cationdes
desmoments.
moments.
(c) L'analyse
L 'analyse au second ordre.
au second

vii
vii
• exemples d'application
Des exemples d 'applicationd'une
d 'une dméthode
t h o d e simple
simplede
decalcul
calculau
au second
second ordre
ordre qui peut
peut
etre utilisée
être utiliske en l'absence de logiciel
logiciel d'analyse
d'analyse au second
second ordre.
ordre.
Les
Les cas pour lesquels
lesquels les
les barres
barres doivent
doivent être
ktre vérfiées
vkrifikes vis-à-vis
vis-a-vis du jlambement
flambementdans dans lele
plan sont
sont aussi
aussi explicités.
explicites. L 'analyseau
L'analyse au second
second ordre
ordre par
par application
application de
de la méthode de
d t h o d e de
1l'tnergie
'énergieest
est decrite
décrite de
de fagon
facon a ce qu 'elle
cequ'elle puisse être
puisse 2tre appliquée
appliqute manuellement
manuellement etet estest
illustree par
illustrée quatre exemples.
par quatre exemples.

Ebene Stabilität Rahmentragwerken nach BS

Stabilitat von Rahmentragwerken BS 5950-1:2000
5950-1:2000
Zusammenfassung
Dieses
Dieses Dokument fuhrt Tragwerksplaner
Dokument fuhrt Tragwerksplaner in in die Berechnungsmethoden
Berechnungsmethoden derder Stabilitat
Stabilität in
derTragwerksebene von
derTragwerksebene eingeschossigen Rahmentragwerken
von eingeschossigen Rahmentragwerkennach nach BS
BS 5950-1:2000
5950-1:2000 em,ein,
die entweder
entweder elastisch
elastisch oder
oder plastisch
plastisch berechnet
berechnetwurden.
wurden.Diese
DieseBerechnungen
Berechnungen sindsindemein
wichtiger Tell
wichtiger Teil der
der Uberprufung
Uberpriifung des desGrenzzustands der
Grenuustands derTragfahigkeit
Tragfiihigkeit
von von
Rahmentragwerken. Zusätzlichzum
Rahmentragwerken. Zusatzlich zumUberblick
Uberblickdieser
dieser Methoden
Methodenwirdwird gezeigt,
gezeigt, wie
wie
Berechnungen nach Theorie
Berechnungen nach II. Ordnung
Theorie II. Ordnung durchgefuhrt
durchgefuhrt werden
werden kOnnen, auch wenn
kiinnen, auch wenn
entsprechende Software
entsprechende Software nicht vequgbar ist.
nicht verfügbar ist.

Dokument enthalt:
Dieses Dokument enthält:

• eine Einfuhrung
Einfuhrung in die
die Stabilität
Stabilitat von
von eingeschossigen
eingeschossigen Rahmentragwerken
Rahmentragwerken inin ihrer
ihrer
Ebene,
• einen
einen Kommentar zu den
Kommentar zu den drei
drei Methoden
Methoden der
der Uberprqfung
Uberpriifung der
der Stabilität
Stabilitat in
in
Tragwerksebene von
von Rahmentragwerken
Rahmentragwerken nach BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1:2000, welche sind:
:2000, weiche
(a) Uberprufung
(a) Uberprufungder
derSeitensteijheit/-weichheit,
Seitensteifheit/-weichheit,
(b) Methode
(b) Methodeder
dermit
miteinem
einemVergroJi
VergrMerungsfaktor erhohten Momente,
erungsfaktor erhöhten Momente,
Berechnung nach
(c) Berechnung
(c) nach Theorie
Theorie II. Ordnung.
Ordnung.
• Berechnungsbeispiele einer
Berechnungsbeispiele einer einfachen
einfachen Methode
Methodefurfür Berechnungen
Berechnungen nach
nach Theorie
Theorie II.
benutzt werden kann,
Ordnung, die benutzt kann, wenn
wenn entsprechende
entsprechende Software
Software nicht verfllgbar
vequgbar ist.
Falle, ininweichen
Die Fälle, welchenfür
fureinzelne
einzelneBauteile
BauteileemeinKnick-
Knick- / /Biegeknicknachweis
Biegehichachweis eiforderlich
eqorderlich
ist, werden
werden erklärt.
erklart. Die
Die Berechnung
Berechnung nach
nach Theorie
Theorie II.
II. Ordnung
Ordnung durch
durch Anwendung der
Anwendung der
Energiemethode wird
Energiemethode wird in einer weise erklärt,
erklart, daJ3
d@ sie
sie von
von Hand
Hand durchgefuhrt
durchgefuhrt werden
werden kann;
kann;
dies wird anhand von von vier Berechnungsbeispielen
Berechnungsbeispielen illustriert.
illustriert.

Estabilidad de p6rticos
pórticos en su
supiano
plan0segtin
s e g h BS
BS 5950-1:2000
5950-1:2000
Resumen
documento se
Con este documento se describen
describen aa los
10s proyectistas los dmétodos
proyectistas 10s t o d o s de
de calculo
cdlculo de
de estabilidad
estabilidad
de Ia BS 5950-1:2000
laBS porticos sencillos
5950-1:2000 para pbrticos sencillos de una
una planta
planta calculados
calculados segán
segun métodos
dtodos
elasticos o plásticos
elásticos plasticos que son una
que son una parte
parteesencial
esencialde
delas
lascomprobaciones
comprobacionesde deestados
estadosiilimite
mite
ultimos (EL
(ELU).
U). Ademis
Ademásde derevisar esos &todos
revisaresos métodosse muestra como
se muestra cOmosesepueden
puedenllevar
lievaraa cabo
cabo
calculos de
cOlculos de segundo
segundo orden
orden incluso sin software de segundo orden.

viii
viii
La publicacion incluye:
La publicación incluye:

• Una introduccion
introducción aa la
Ia estabilidad
estabilidad en su plano
en su piano de
de porticos
pórticos de
de una planta.
pianta.
•
9 Comentarios sobre
sobre los tres métodos
10s tres mktodos de
de comprobación
comprobacion incluidos
incluidos en BS
BS 5950-1:2000,
5950-1:2000,
esto es:
Elmétodo
(a) El mktodo de
de la
la comprobación
comprobacibn de la
ia deriva
(b) ElElinétodo
(b) d t o d ode
deamp4ficaciOn
ampl@acidn de
de momentos
momentos
(c) Ca/cub
Calculoenensegundo
segundo orden.
orden.
• Ejemplos desarrolladosde
Ejernplos desarrollados de un
un método
mktodo sencillo para cálculos
sencillo para calculos de
de segundo
segundo orden
orden
sofmare de segundo orden.
utilizable sin software
También se explican
TambiCn se explican 10s
los casos
casos en que piezas individuales deben comprobarse
individuales deben comprobarseaa pandeo.
pandeo.
Los
Los métodos basados en
mktodos basados en la EnergIa
Energ’asese explican
explican de
de forma que puedan ser
quepuedan ser aplicados
aplicados
manualmente, lo que se ilustra con
manualmente, con cuatro
cuatro ejemplos
ejemplos totalmente
totalmente resueltos.
resueltos.

Stabiità
Stabilithnel
ne1piano
piano di
di portali
portali in
in accordo
accordo alla BS 5920-1:2000
5920-1:2000
Sominario
Sommario
Questa pubblicazione
pubblicazione affronta
affronta ililproblem
problemadella
deliastabilita
stabilità ne1
nelpiano
piano di
di portali in acciaio e,
portali in
rivolta prevalentemente ai progettisti, riporta i metodi di ca/cob per ia progettazione
rivolta prevalentemente ai progettisti, riporta i metodi di calcolo per la progettazione sia sia
elastica sia plastica in accordo
accordo a/la
allaBS
BS 5950-1:2000.
5950-1:2000. 1I caicoli
calcoli effettuati in accordo
effettuati in accordo a tali
metodi costituiscono
metodi costituiscono unauna parte essenziale del/a
parte essenziaie della verfica
verificaagii
agliStati
StatiLimite
LimiteUltimi
Ultimi(S.L.
(S.L. U.)
di portali
portaliinin acciaio.
acciaio. In
Inaggiunta
aggiuntaad aduna
una presentazione
presentazione generate
generale di
di questi
questi metodi,
metodi, viene
viene
mostrato come effettuare
effettuare analisi del secondo
secondo ordine
ordine anche
anche quando nonnon si siano disponibili
disponibili
specifici strumenti
specifici strumenti software
software inin grado effettuare automaticamente
grado di effettuare automaticamente tale tale tip0
tipo di anaiisi.
analisi.
Questa pubblicazione
pubblicazione include:
• un ’introduzione
'introduzionealla
aiia stabilita
stabilitä ne1
nelpiano
piano di
di portali
portaii in acciaio.
• un commentario
commentario aiai tre
tre metodi di verfica
metodi di verifica per 1l ’instabilita
'instabilitàne1
neipiano
piano dei
dei portali
portali in
in
alla BS
accordo a/la BS 5950-1:2000, ciot?:
5950-1:2000; cioè:
(a)
(a) il metodo
metododidicontrollo
controllo dello
dell0 spostamento
spostamento trasversale;
(b) iiilmetodo
metododidiampitficazione
amplijicazione dei
dei momenti;
momenti;
(c) 1l’analisi
(c) 'analisi del
del secondo ordine.
• esempi appiicativididi un
esempi applicativi un metodo semplficatoper
metodo sernplifcato per i caicoli
calcoli del
del secondo
secondo ordine
ordine da
usare
usare quando
quando nonnon sonosono disponibiii metodipiu
disponibili metodi piü raffinatiinin grado
rafinati grado di
di tenere
tenere
efSetti del secondo ordine.
direttamente in conto gli effetti
Viene anche trattato
Viene anche trattato ilit cas0
caso in cui
cui iele verifiche
verifiche didi stabiiità
stabilita nel
ne1 piano
piano debbano
debbano essere
essere
condotte sui sin
condotte sui go/ielementi.
singoli aggiunta, tè proposta
elementi.InInaggiunta, proposta l’analisi
/ 'analisi del
del secondo
secondo ordine
ordine sulla
suiia
base dei
dei metodi
metodi energetici
energetici inin una
una forma
forma ancheancheapplicabile
applicabile manualmente,
manualmente, concon esplicito
esplicito
riferimento ai quattro esempi
esempi applicativi riportati
riportati net/a
nella pubblicazione.

ix
 1 l THEIN-PLANE
IN-PLANE STABILITY CHECKS
STABILITY IN
CHECKS IN
BS 5950-1:2000
BS 5950-1 :ZOO0

1.1 Checks
Checksforportal
portal frames
frames
Single-storey portal
Single-storey portal frames
frames of economic proportions need
economic proportions need toto be
be checked
checked to
ensure that they
they have
have adequate
adequate in-plane
in.-plane stability,
stability, whether designed by elastic
whether designed by elastic or
or
plastic
plastic methods. This type
methods. This typeofof frame
framecaimot
cannot be
be checked
checked by the simple
bythe simple methods
methods
for multi-storey frames in
multi-storey frames in BS 5950-1 Clauses
BS S9S0-1r‘1 Clauses 2.4.2.6
2.4.2.6 and
and 2.4.2.7
2.4.2.7 because
because
axial compression
compression in in the
the rafter
rafter isisnot
not considered
consideredininthat
thatmethod.
method.TheThe structural
structural
phenomena involved
involved in in-plane stability
stability of
of single-storey
single-storey frames
frames are
are described
described in
in
Section 2 together with a comparison
comparison with multi-storey frames.

BS 5950-1:2000gives
BS 5950-1:2000 givesthree
three methods
methods for
for checking
checking the
the in-plane
in-plane stability of
stability of
frames:
single-storey frames:
•
0 TheSway-check
Sway-check method
• TheAmplified
Amplified Moment method
Moment method
• Second-order analysis
The methods apply
Themethods apply to portal
portal frames
frames designed
designed either
either by
by elastic
elastic design
design (see
(see
Clause 5.5.2ofof BS
Clause 5.5.2 5950-1)oror by
BS 5950-1) by plastic
plastic design
design (see
(see Clause 5.5.3 of
Clause 5.5.3 of
5950- 1).
BS 5950-1).

It will almost always be

almostalways be preferable
preferabletotoperform
performthesethesechecks
checksbybysoftware.
software. ItIt isis
possible to perform
possible to perform the
the checks by 'hand',
checks by ‘hand’, but the results
but the results will
will almost
almost invariably
invariably
be less
less economical.
economical. The The only
only benefit
benefitofof the
the 'hand'
‘hand’method
methodofofsecond-order
second-order
analysis is to gain
analysis is gain aa greater
greater understanding
understanding of ofthe
the response
response ofofthe
the frame to thethe
second-order (P-delta)effects
second-order (P-delta) effectsand
and
the the loss
loss of stiffness
stiffness resulting
resulting from
from thethe
formation of plastic hinges.

1 .2 The
1.2 Themethods
methodsinin brief
brief
1.2.1 The
TheSway-check method
Sway-checkmethod
Range of
Range of application
application
Sway-check
The Sway-check methodmay
method maybe be used
used for
for portals
portals that
that are
are not
nottied
tied portals
portals and
and
following geometrical limitations:
which satisfy the following
• Span/height
Spadheight toto eaves isnot
not more than
than 5.
5.
• Rise of
of apex above
apexabove column tops
column topsisis not
not more
more than
than span/4
span/4 for
for symmetrical
symmetrical
spans or a value
value given
given by aa formula
formula for
for asymmetric
asymmetric rafters.
•
0 Either the
the notional
notional sway
sway deflection
deflection from notional
notional forces (calculated
(calculated by first-
order
order analysis)
analysis) isis not
not more
more than
than h/bOO,
h/1000, or the
the span/depth ratio of
spanldepth ratio the
ofthe
rafters is within
within aa limit
limit given
given by aa formula.
formula. The
The stiffness
stiffness of
of the
the cladding
cladding is
not
not to
to bebeconsidered
considered inincalculating
calculating the
the notional
notional sway
sway deflection
deflection forfor
predominantly gravity
gravity load
load cases (e.g. Combination
Combination 1). 1).
disadvantages
Advantages and disadvantages
Sway-check method
The Sway-check methodisisthe
the simplest method and
and gives economical designs
designs ifif
the
the frame is sufficiently stiff to
sufficiently stiff tosatisfy
satisfy either
either the
the h/1000 check or
h/1000 check or the
the formula
formula

1
check because
because of the section
section sizes
sizes selected
selected either to give
give the
the necessary
necessary strength
strength
ortoto satisfy
satisfy the
the Serviceability
Serviceability Limit
Limit State
State (SLS) requirements. This
(SLS) requirements. This method
method
will often
often give
give the
the most
most economical designs for
economical designs for single
single span
span portals
portals that
thattend
tend to
to
be relatively
relatively stiff. Economy
Economy isisachieved
achieved because
because there is no reduction
is no reduction in frame
strength
strength forfor the gravity
gravity load cases(Load
(Load combination
combination l1 of of Clause
Clause 2.4.1.2
2.4.1.2 and
and
Crane
Crane combination
combination 11 of of Clause
Clause 2.4.1.3)
2.4.1.3) that
that are
are generally
generally the
the critical
critical design
design
load
load cases.
cases. Many multi-span
Many frames will
multi-span frames will not
not satisfy
satisfy the
the notional
notional
sway sway
requirements without increasing the size
increasing the sizeofofthe
the members
members above the sizesize required
for strength
strength or
or for
for SLS
SLS requirements.
requirements. When
Whenusingusingthe Sway-check
Sway-check method,
method, the
the
steel
steel strength (e.g. S275
strength(e.g. S275 or S355)
S355) hashas no no effect
effect on
onthe in-plane
thein-plane stability
stability
calculation.

The design
design steps for this
this method
method and further details
details of the method
method are given
given inin
Section 3.

1.2.2
1.2.2 TheAmplified
AmplifiedMoment
Moment method
method
Range of
Range of application
The Amplified Moment method
Amplified Moment method isis a method that may
method that may bebeused
used where
where the
the frame
frame
does not meet
doesnot meet the limitations
limitations ofofthethe sway-check
sway-checkmethod.
method. ItIt may
maybebe used for
used for
portals that are not
not tied
tied portals
portals and
and which
which have
have an
an elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling ratio,
buckling ratio,
A,,,not less
2cr, less than
than 4.6.
4.6. TheTheelastic
elasticcritical
criticalbuckling
buckling ratio,
ratio, 2cr,
IC,,,is described
described in
Section 2.3

disadvantages
Advantages and disadvantages
The Amplified Moment method
Amplified Moment method isis aa simple method to
simple method toapply
applywhen
whenthethe value
value of of
A,,
2cr is known.
known. If
Ifeasy-to-use
easy-to-use software
software is
is available,
available, the
the method
method is easy
easy to
to use.
use.
When software available, then
software is not available, thenthethe formulae
formulae in in Section
Section 44 maymaybe be used,
used, but
but
they
they areare complex
complex and and several
several formulae
formulae need need to be applied for
beapplied for aamulti-span
multi-span
frame.
frame. TheThe method
methodgives givesreasonably
reasonably economical designsifif the
economical designs the frame
frame is is
relatively stiffbecause
relatively stiff because of the section
ofthe section sizes
sizes required eithertoto givethe
required either the required
required
strength or to satisfy the SLS requirements.
satisfy the requirements. In In particular,
particular, where
where 2crA,, 210,10, there
isnono reduction
reduction in frame strength.
framestrength. Thus,Thus, the method
themethod will give economical
willgive economical
designs
designs for for most
most single
single span
span portals
portalsbecause
becausetheythey tend
tend tobeto be relativelystiff.
relatively stiff. ItIt
will
will also
also give
give reasonably
reasonably economical
economical designs
designs for multi-span
multi-span frames
frames thatthat are
relatively stiff.
relatively stiff. However, many
However, many multi-span frames will
multi-span frames will not
not satisfy the the
satisfy
requirement that Acr 2 4.6,
that 2cr 4.6, unless
unless the
the size of
ofthe
the members
members isis increased
increased above the
above the
size required
required for strength
strength or SLS requirements.
requirements. The The method
method does
does recognise
recognise the
improvement
improvement in inin-plane
in-plane stability
stability of the frame
of the frame resulting
resulting from
from the
theuse
use of higher
ofhigher
strength steel (grade
strength steel (grade S355
S355 steel).
steel). This
This improvement
improvement comescomesfromfrom an an increase
increase in in
A,,,which is independent
,l,,, not from 2cr, independent of of the change steel grade.
change of steel

The design
design steps
steps for
for this
this method
method and further
further details
details of this
thismethod
method are given in
given in
Section 4.

11.2.3
.2.3 Second-order analysis
Second-orderanalysis
Range of
Range of application
Second-order analysis
Second-order analysis isis another
another alternative method where
alternative method where the
the frame
frame does not
doesnot
meet
meet the limitations
limitations of ofthe
the Sway-check
Sway-checkmethod.
method. ItIt may
maybebe used for
used for all portals
portals
including tied
including portals. Tied
tied portals. Tied portals
portals must
must be
be designed
designed using using second-order
second-order
analysis.
analysis. For
Fortied
tiedportals,
portals,thetheanalysis
analysismethod
method must
must also
also be
be able
able to
to calculate
calculate the
the
non-linear behaviour
non-linear behaviour of ofthe
the apex
apex drop,
drop, a capability that may
capability that may not
not bebeincluded
includedin in
all packages that describe
packages that themselves as
describe themselves 'second-order'..
as ‘second-order’

2
Advantages and and disadvantages
disadvantages
Second-order analysis
analysis is is simple
simple to apply
apply ifif there
thereisiseasy-to-use
easy-to-use software
software
available. It will
will give
give the most economical
themost economical designs
designs for
for more
more flexible
flexible frames
frames
suchasas multi-span frames. ItItmay
multi-span frames. may give
give less
lesseconomical
economical designs
designs than
than the other
other
methods for stiffer
stiffer frames because it will always
frames because always calculate
calculate a reduction
reduction ofof frame
strength from second-order
strength from (P-delta)effects.
second-order (P-delta) effects. The
The other
other methods have threshold
methods have threshold
stiffness values above
stiffness values abovewhich
which the
the strength
strength is notnot reduced.
reduced. The Second-order
TheSecond-order
method
methoddoesdoes recognise
recognise thethe improvement
improvementin in in-plane stability of
in-plane stability of
thethe frame
frame
resulting from the use
use of
of higher
higher strength
strength steel (grade S355 steel).

Further details
details of
of this
this method
method are given
given in
in Section
Section 5.

.3 Selecting
11.3 Selectingmethods
methods for
for different types
differenttypesof of
frames
1.3.1 Single-span
1.3.1Single-span frames
frames (notportals)
(nottied tied portals)
Single-span frames
Single-span may be designed
frames may by any
designed by any of the three
ofthe three methods
methods described
described
above. Where
Where the the frames
framesareare within
within thethe geometrical
geometrical limitations
limitations of of the
the
Sway-check methodand
Sway-check method andpass
passeither
eitherthe
the h/1000
hIl000 check
check or or the
the formula check
check (see
(see
Section
Section 1.2.1 above), the method does not give any reduction
method does reduction of frame strength
strength
for
for the
the gravity
gravity load
load cases.
cases. Where
Wherethe theframes
framesareare outside
outside thethegeometrical
geometrical
limitations
limitations ofofthe
the Sway-check method or
Sway-check method or fail
fail the checks,
checks, another
another method
method must
be used.
used. ForForframes
frames slightly
slightlyoutside
outside the
thegeometrical
geometrical limitations,
limitations, itit may
may be be
worth making
makingminorminor alterations to the
alterations to the scheme
scheme to to fit
fit into
into the
the limitations,
limitations, such
such asas
an increase
increase in stiffness
stiffness of the
the frame
frame toto satisfy
satisfy the
the deflection check, or setting
deflection check, setting
the bases deeper
deeper to suit the span to height ratio ratio or a change
change of rafter
rafter geometry.
geometry.
Where thethe Sway-check
Sway-check method
method is notnot satisfied,
satisfied, either
either the
the Amplified Moment
AmplifiedMoment
method or Second-order
Second-order analysis should be used.

11 .3.2
. 3 . 2 Multi-span
Multi-spanframes (nottied
frames(not tied portals)
portals)
Multi-span frames
frames often
often have
have relatively
relatively lowlow stiffness.
stiffness. Although some
Although some
multi-span frames
multi-span framesmight
might be sufficiently stiff
be sufficiently stiff for Sway-check method,
for the Sway-check method, many
many
will not. Where
Wherethetheframes
framesarearetoo
tooflexible
flexibleand
andhave
haveslender
slenderinternal
internal columns,
columns,
the most
most efficient
efficient way
waytoto improve
improve the frameframe stiffness
stiffness will
will often be to increase
often be increase
the internal
internal column
column stiffness.
stiffness.

The amplified moment methodmethod may

may give
give an economical frame
framewhere
where the frame
has
has aa value
valueofofA,,
2, 2 4.6.
4.6. Where the value
value of Acr 2 10, there
of 2cr there is no reduction of
reduction of
design strength in
design strength inthis
this method.
method.However,
However, many multi-span
many multi-span frames will have
frames will have aa
value
value ofofAcr
,, less than
than 4.6, so
so this
this method
method cannot
cannot bebe applied.
applied. ThisThis leaves
leaves the
the
choice between stiffening the frame and using second-order
and using second-order analysis.
analysis.

1.3.3Tied
Tied portals
Tied portals
portals should
should always
always be designed using
be designed second-order analysis.
using second-order analysis. The The
solution method for
solution method for this
this analysis
analysis is
is not specified
specified inin BS
BS 5950-1,
5950-1, leaving
leaving freedom
freedom
to choose
choose aa suitable routine. It should
suitable routine. should be noted
noted that
that for tied
tied portals
portals with low
withlow
roof slopes,
roof slopes, there
there is an
an important
important non-linearity
non-linearity in inthethe apex
apex deflections.
deflections. This This
arises because
because the compression
compression of of the
the rafter
rafter and the
the stretching thetietie
stretching of the reduce
reduce
the height of the
the apex,
apex, which
which reduces
reduces the vertical component
component of of the
the rafter
rafter force.
force.
To maintain
maintain equilibrium,
equilibrium, an an increased rafter force
increased rafter force is required,
required, which
which increases
increases
the apex deflection until
until either
either equilibrium
equilibrium is
is reached
reached or or the
the apex
apex snaps
snaps through.
through.

3
Therefore,
Therefore, whatever
whatever routine
routineisis selected,
selected, it must take account
musttake account of thenon-linear
ofthe non-linear
behaviour
behaviour ofofthe
the rafter
rafter and tie system,
andtie system, which will almost
whichwill almost certainly
certainly involve
involve an
iterative procedure.

Tied
Tied portals
portals of
of economical
economical proportions will
proportions will normally
normally have have very
very high axial
highaxial
forces
forces inthe
the rafters.
rafters. These
Theseforces
forcesoften
oftencause
cause aasignificant
significant reduction
reduction in
inthethe
stability of the frame.
stability the
of frame. Therefore, rafters
Therefore, rafters will
will
oftenoften
made need to be made
need
be
to
significantly stiffer than the
significantly stiffer the section that would
wouldsatisfy
satisfy a first-order analysis.

.3.4 Stability
11.3.4 portals or
Stabilityportals or 'wind
'wind portals'
portals'
Stability portals
portals areare outside the scope
outside the scope of of this
this document.
document. Stability
Stability portals are
portals are
portals
portals used
usedtoto stabilise structures
stabilise structures where
where cross-bracing
cross-bracingisis notnotacceptable.
acceptable. Such
Such
frames have little
little vertical
vertical loading
loading distributed alongthe
distributed along the beam
beam element,
element, so have
have
small axial loads
small axial loads in in the beam.
the beam. The Thedominant
dominant failure
failure mode
mode is by by sway.
is sway.
Second-order analysis, the
Second-order analysis, the Amplified
Amplified Moment
Moment method
method or the the Sway-check
Sway-check
method (lateralload case) would be appropriate for checking
method (lateral load case) would be appropriate for checking stability frames, stability frames,
but
but the
the gravity
gravity load
load case
case of the Sway-check
ofthe Sway-check methodmethod should
should notnotbebe used.
used.
Alternatively, where the
Alternatively, where the axial
axial force
force in
in the
thebeam
beamis is very
very low,
low, it is reasonable to
reasonable to
design
design such frames according
according to the the rules
rules for
for multi-storey
multi-storey sway-frames
sway-frames rather
rather
than the
the rules for ordinary portal
portal frames.

.4 Required
11.4 Requiredload factor,
loadfactor, Ar
h
BS 5950-1 Clauses 5.5.2
5950-1 Clauses 5.5.2 and
and 5.5.3
5.5.3 introduce
introducethe
therequired
requiredload
loadfactor
factor A.
A. This
This
is aa factor
factor to
to allow
allow for
forP-delta
P-delta effects
effects where
where these
these have
have not been calculated
notbeen calculated in
the
the global analysis. For
global analysis. For elastic
elastic design
design of
of portal
portal frames,
frames, the
the output
output from
from a
first-order
first-order global
global analysis with ULS
analysis with ULS loads must bemultiplied
multiplied byby 2r
/i, before the
the
member resistances arechecked.
resistances are checked. For
For plastic
plastic design,
design, the plastic collapse
theplastic factor,
collapse factor,
4,calculated
A, calculated by
by first-order
first-order global
global analysis
analysis with ULS
withULS loads must
loads must not
not beless
less
4.Member
than 2. Memberstrength
strengthand
andstability
stability calculations shouldbebemade
calculations should madeatat/2,2 xx ULS
ULS
rather than 1.0 x ULS.
rather than ULS.

.5 Base
11.5 Basestiffness
stiffness
BS 5950-1 Clause 5.1.3
5950-1 Clause 5.1.3 gives
gives guidance on the
guidance on base
thebase stiffness
stiffnessthatmaybethat
may be
assumed in design.
assumed in design. This
This may
may be
besummarised
summarised as follows
follows for the
the cases
cases most
most
frequently occurring
frequently occurring in portal
portal frame design.

Base with
with a
a pin or rocker
rocker
The base stiffness should
should be
be taken
taken as zero

Nominally pinned
pinnedbase base
If the base moment
Ifthe moment is is assumed
assumed toto be
be zero,
zero, thebase
base should be assumed
should be assumed toto be
be
pinned
pinned inthe
the global
global analysis
analysis used
used to
to calculate
calculate the
the moments
moments and forces
forces around
around
the
the frame. However, the
frame. However, base stiffness
thebase stiffness maybe beassumed
assumedtobeto be equal
equaltoto 10%
10%ofof
the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness when
when checking
checking frame
frame stability
stability or
or determining
determining in-plane
in-plane
effective lengths,which
effective lengths, whichform
form
part part the
of
of
ULSthe ULS process.
process. When
When using
using
elastic-plastic design,
elastic-plastic design, an appropriate base capacity
capacitymust
must also be specified.

For calculating deflections at SLS, the base

calculating deflections basestiffness
stiffnessmay
maybebe assumed
assumed to be 20%
to be
of the column stiffness, but this
the column this should
should not be
be used in-plane stability
used for in-plane stability checks.
checks.

4
Other types of base
BS 5950-1 Clause
Clause 5.1.3 also
also gives guidance
guidance for the use of nominally rigid bases
nominally rigid bases
and nominal semi-rigid bases.

Application
Applicationofof these
these provisions
provisionsforfor base
base stiffness tothethe different
stiffness to methods of
differentmethods of
checking frames
checkingframesis is given
given in
in Section 3.3.4
Section3.3.4 for for thethe Sway-check method, in
Sway-checkmethod, in
Section 4.3.5
for for the
Section4.3.5 the Amplified
Amplified Moment methodand
Moment method and inin Section
Section 5.3.4
for for
5.3.4
Second-order methods.
Second-ordermethods. The application
Theapplication to to the
the hand
hand method
method of
of second-order
second-order
is
calculations is given
given in Appendix
Appendix A.2.4
A.2.4
for for
common common
portals portals and
and
Appendix B.2.4
Appendix B.2.4 for for tied portals.

1 .6 Notional
1.6 horizontal
Notionalhorizontal forces
forces
1.6.1 General
General
BS 5950-1
BS 5950-1 uses notional
uses notionalhorizontal
horizontal forces,which
forces, whichare
aretaken
takenasas 0.5%
0.5% of ofthethe
factored vertical dead
factored vertical deadand
andimposed
imposedloads.loads. They may
They may bebe applied
appliedatat the
the tops
tops of of
the columns
columns forforsimplicity,
simplicity,
or ator at the point
point of application of load,
application of load, as
as shown
shown in in
Figure1.1.
1.1.

0.05 R 1
-
0.05 A 2

0.05 (R3- C1) 0.05 (R4- C2)

0.05 -*. 0.05 C2
C1 C2

0.05 (A - Q 1)
(R 5- 0.05 (RTQ2)
*
0.05
0.05 Q 1 -+-0.05 R 0.05 Q 2
-b

A5 tR6
Figure 1.1 Notional
Notionalhorizontal
horizontalforces
forces(for
(formezzanines
mezzanines etc, see Section
Section
1.6.2)
1.6.2)

5
These notional horizontal forces are used
used for
for two
two completely
completely different
different purposes:
.
Forchecking
(i) For checking frame
frame strength
strength
The notional
notional horizontal forces are
horizontal forces are applied
applied as
as a design
design horizontal load to
horizontal load to
allow
allow for the
the effects
effects of practical imperfection
of practical imperfection such
such as a lack
lack of
of verticality,
verticality,
as given
given in Clause 2.4.2.4. The
Clause 2.4.2.4. Thenotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces are applied in
applied in
Load combination
combination 1 of Clause
Clause 2.4. 1.2, whichisis combination
2.4.1.2, combination of dead load
load
imposed loads
plus imposed loads (gravity
(gravity loads).
loads).
(ii) For
For checking
checking frame
frame stiffness
stiffness
The notional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces are applied
applied as the loading used in aa stiffness
the loading stiffness
check
check of of frames
frames suchsuch as as in Clause 5.5.4.2.1. InInthis
Clause 5.5.4.2.1. this application,
application, the the
notional horizontalforces
notional horizontal forcesare are applied
applied toto
thethe frame
frame without
without anyany other
other
loading
loading to assess
assess thethe stiffness
stiffness ofof the
the frame
frame byby calculating
calculating the
the horizontal
horizontal
deflections
deflections the of the column
of column tops tops assuming
assuming linear
linear elastic
elastic behaviour.
behaviour.
Clause 5.5.4.2.1says
Clause 5.5.4.2.1 saysthatthat
thethe forces
forces should
shouldbebe equal
equaltoto 0.5%
0.5% of ofthethe
vertical reaction at
vertical reaction at the
the base
baseofthe
of the respective column. This
respective column. This assumes that
assumes that
the column
column reactions
reactions are are known
known exactly
exactly before
before the notional horizontal
thenotional horizontal
forces are defined.
forces are defined. InInpractice,
practice, thethe deflections
deflections are not not sensitive
sensitive toto the
the
distribution
distribution ofofthethe notional horizontal
notional horizontal forces.
forces. Thus,
Thus, some
some approximation
approximation
maybe be made
made inthe the distribution
distribution of ofthese
these loads.
loads. The
The most
most important point
important point
is that
that notional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces must
must becalculated
calculated from
from allthethe vertical
vertical
loads
loads on the the building and
building and this
this isismost
mostconveniently
conveniently calculated
calculated by by
considering
considering the vertical reactions of the columns.
Although the magnitude
Although the magnitudeof
ofthe
the forces
forces in
in both
both (i)
(i) and
and (ii)
(ii) above
above is
isthe
the same, at
0.5% of
of factored
factored loads,
loads, there
there is
is an
an important
important difference in the
difference in the loads
loads to
to be
be
applied
applied inin the
the case
case of
of crane
crane loads.
loads. In In Clause
Clause 2.4.2.4, it isis clear
clear that
that the
the vertical
vertical
crane loads
loads need
need not
not be
be included
included when
when calculating
calculating the notional horizontal
the notional horizontal forces
for checking frame strength.
checking frame strength. By By contrast,
contrast, all
all vertical loads must
verticalloads must be applied
applied
when
when checking
checking the the frame
frame stiffness, hence in
stiffness, hence in the stiffness
stiffness check,
check, the notional
thenotional
horizontal forces must
horizontal forces mustinclude
include 0.5%
0.5% ofof the
the vertical
vertical crane
crane loads.
loads. However,
However, the the
in-plane stability
ofthe of the frame
in-planestability frame is not affected
isnot affected by dynamic
dynamic loading,
loading, so so the
the
notional horizontal force
notional horizontal force should
shouldbe be taken
taken as
as 0.5% of the the factored
factored crane
crane load
load
without dynamic or impact
impact effects.

1.6.2 Mezzanines and

Mezzaninesand other
other connected
connected structures
structures
Where a mezzanine floor or other structure
mezzanine floor structure is connected to the
connected to theportal
portal frame, the
stability
stability of the connected
connected structure must be considered
considered when checking boththe
checking both the
strength and the stiffness of the
stiffness of the portal.
portal. Where
Whereaaconnected
connected structure
structure contains
contains its
own stability
own stability system
system (e.g.
(e.g. cross-bracing,
cross-bracing, stability
stability portal
portal or rigid moment
or rigid moment
connections) that makes
connections) that makes thethe connected
connectedstructure
structureatatleast
leastas
as stiff
stiff as
as the
the portai
portal
frame,
frame, then
then the
the portal
portal need
need not
not resist
resist notional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forcesfromfrom the
the
connected structure. Where
connected structure. Where thethe connected
connected structure
structure isis not restrained
restrained by byany
any
stability
stability system,
system, the sum
sum of
of the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces from
from the
the connected
connected
structure must be
structuremust be applied
applied to
tothethe portal frame. InInthe
portal frame. the intermediate
intermediate condition,
condition,
where
where the connected structure provides
connected structure provides some
somestability
stabilitybut
butisis not
not as
as stiff
stiff as the
portal frame,
frame, the notional horizontal
the notional horizontal forces from the connected structure may
connected structure maybebe
shared.

The stiffness
stiffness of the connected
of the connected structure
structure and the
the portal
portal frame
frame may
may bebecalculated
calculated
in terms ofof the
the slope
slope of the columns induced by the notional horizontal forces.
of the columns induced by the notional horizontal forces.
Alternatively,
Alternatively, itmay maybebe calculated
calculated in
in terms
terms of
of the
thedeflection
deflection atat the
theconnection
connection
points
points induced
induced by by the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontalforces.
forces. It
It is raretoto find theseslopes
findthese slopes

6
or deflections uniform
deflectionsuniform throughoutaastructure,
throughout structure,so
so the
the mean
mean or
or median ofthethe
median of
calculated values may be used.

1l .7 Local concentratedlateral
lateralloads
loads
in in buildings
buildings
Building structures
structures are oftensubject
subjecttoto local concentrated loads, such
concentrated loads, such asascrane
crane
loads. Where these
loads.Where these cause
cause sway
sway deflections (e.g.crane
deflections(e.g. crane surge loads
surge loads or
or notional
notional
horizontal forces), these
horizontalforces), these loads
loads may
may be be shared
shared byby the
the adjacent frames in
adjacentframes
buildings with metal roof sheeting or with continuous bracing.
bracing.

7
2 INTRODUCTION TO IN-PLANE
INTRODUCTION
TO IN-PLANE
STABILITY

2.1
2.1 Why
Whyare there
are therein-plane
in-planestability
stability checks?
checks?
All slender
slender members
members resisting axial compression
resistingaxial would
compression would buckle ififthethe
buckle applied
applied
axial force were large enough.
axial force were large enough. Stability checks calculations verifythatthe the
Stability checks calculations verify that
resistance
resistance toto buckling
buckling isisgreater
greater than
thanthethe applied forces.
applied forces. When checking
Whenchecking the the
stability
stabilityofof a column,
column, the
the buckling
buckling resistance
resistance is calculated
calculated for
for buckling
bucklingabout about
both the major axis and the minor axis.

In frames,
frames, the
the stability
stability checks
checks must
must also
also verify
verifythethe adequacy
adequacy of the
ofthe buckling
buckling
resistance about both
resistance about both the
the major
major axis
axis and
and thethe minor
minor axis.
axis. In normal
normal portal
portal
frames,
frames, buckling
buckling outout of
ofthe
theplane
plane of the frame
ofthe frame is checked
checked in inthe
thesame
samewayway as as
for any
any other
other beam-column,
beam-column, considering
considering buckling
buckling between
between lateral
lateral restraints
restraints and
and
between torsional restraints
between torsional restraints provided
provided by by bracings
bracingsetc.etc.These
These bracings
bracings make
makethe the
effective lengths of
effective lengths of each
each element easily identifiable.
element easily identifiable. However,
However, buckling
bucklingininthethe
plane of the
the frame
frame is more
more complicated
complicated thanthan inin normal
normal beam
beam column
column elements.
elements.
This is because
because there is normally
normally no bracing
bracing in the theplane
planeofof
thethe frame,
frame, and
and thus
the restraint
restraint to any
any column
column depends
depends on onthe
the stiffness
stiffness ofofthe
the rafters
rafters and
and the
theother
other
columns.
columns. Equally,
Equally, the
the restraint
restraint to any rafter
toany rafter depends
depends on on the stiffness
thestiffnessoftheof the
columns
columnsand and the
the other
other rafters.
rafters. Therefore,
Therefore, checks
checks forfor the stability
thestability of the frame
ofthe frame
must consider the entireframe frame stiffness.
stiffness. Although
Although engineers
engineers areare accustomed
accustomedtoto
checking the buckling resistance of columns using
resistance of using effective
effective lengths,
lengths, the
the effective
effective
lengths
lengths ofof portal
portal frames
framescancan only
onlybebe defined correctly
defined correctly ifif the
thestiffness
stiffness
oftheof the
entire frame
frame is
is considered.
considered.

The in-plane
in-plane stability checks for
stability checks for portal
portal frames
frames in BS BS 5950-1 differ from those
5950-1 differ those
for beam and column
column buildings.
buildings. This
This isis because the axial
because the axial loads in portal
portal rafters
rafters
have a much
much greater effect on the stability
stabilityofofthethe frame than
than the
the axial
axialloads
loads that
that
might occur in the beams
beams ofof common
common beam
beam andand column
column buildings.

2.2 Axial compressive

compressive forces inframes
frames
2.2.1 General
General
In-plane stability
In-plane depends
stability dependsonon the
themagnitude
magnitude
oftheof the axial
axial compression inthethe
compression in
members,
members, so itit is
is important to
to understand
understand the relative
relative magnitude these forces
magnitude of these forces
in the
the rafters and
and columns.

Most
Most frames have axial
frames have axial compressive
compressiveforces forcesininsome
someofof thethe members.
members. The The
distribution of
distribution of forces
forces depends
depends notnot only
only on
on the
the applied loads, but
applied loads, but also on the the
structural form
structural form of the the frame
frame and
and the bending moments
thebending moments throughout
throughout the frame.
frame.
The magnitude
magnitude of the the second-order
second-order buckling effects depends
buckling effects depends notnotonly
only
ontheon the
magnitude
magnitude of of the
the force,
force, but also
also on the elastic
onthe elastic critical
critical buckling
bucklingloadload
oftheof the
members
members and and the
the elastic
elastic critical
criticalbuckling
buckling loadloadofofthetheentire
entireframe.
frame. ThisThis isis
discussed
discussed in in Section 2.4.2
Section 2.4.2 andand Section
Section2.4.3.
2.4.3.
TheThe lower
lower the elastic
theelastic critical
critical
buckling loads, the
buckling loads, the greater will bethethe second-order
willbe second-order effects
effects from a given axial
givenaxial
compressive force.

Where
Where there
thereisis axial
axial tension
tension in
in the
the members,
members, thethesecond-order
second-order effects
effects increase
increase
the stiffness of the
the frame, soso no
no reduction
reduction in
in frame
frame capacity
capacity need be
be considered.
considered.

88
2.2.2 Ordinary
Ordinary portals
portals
A typical bending
bending moment diagramfor
moment diagram forananordinary
ordinary portal
portal frame
frame under
under vertical
vertical
loading
loadingisisshown
shown in in Figure
Figure 2.1.
2.1. There
Thereisisaahorizontal
horizontal reaction
reaction at at the bases of
bases of
the columns
columns to to maintain
maintain equilibrium with the bending
bending moments
moments in in the columns.
To maintain
maintain the horizontal equilibrium of
horizontal equilibrium of these
these horizontal reactions, the
horizontal reactions, the rafters
carry an
carryan axial
axial compression as
compression as shown
shown inin Figure
Figure 2.2.
2.2. These
These axial
axial compressive
compressive
forcesare
are not
not large
large inin magnitude,
magnitude, but
but they
they may be significant
maybe compared with
significantcompared
the elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling load
load of
of the
the rafters, because the rafters are arerelatively
relatively
long. This
Thiseffect
effect isis considered
considered in Section 2.4.2
Section 2.4.2

The axial
axial compressive
compressiveforce
force in
in the
the rafter is seriously affected
affected by
bythethe ratio of the
the
portal span
portalspan to to the
the column height.
columnheight. This
This is because the
isbecause the bending
bending moment
moment at at the
the
column
column top depends on the span and
depends on and the
the horizontal reactionatatthe
horizontal reaction thecolumn
column base
depends
depends onon the
the moment
momentatat the
the column
columntoptopand
andthe
theheight
heightofofthethecolumn.
column.TheThe
moment at the column top is given approximately by:
2
WL
Column topmoment,
Column top M =-
moment, M
12
12
where:
w
W is the distributed load
load on
on the
the rafter
rafter
L is the span
span of the portal.

The horizontal reaction for

for a piimed
pinned base is then given
given by:

H = -M= - wL2
H=-L----
H
H 12h
12h
where:
h is the height of the column.
Therefore, for
foraagiven
givenloading
loading and span,
span, the
the axial
axial compression in the
compression in the rafters isis
less for a high
high portal
portalframe
frame than
than for
for aa low frame.
low frame.

The axial compression

compression in the
the rafters produces
produces second-order
second-ordereffects
effects in
in the
the rafters,
rafters,
which reduces the in-plane stability of
in-plane stability ofthe
the frame in addition to
to the second-order
second-order
effects from the
the axial
axial compression
compression inin the
the columns.
columns.

4
Figure
Figure 2.1 Bending
Bendingmoments
moments in
in aa typical
typical frame
frame
k

99
Figure 2.2 Horizontal
Figure 2.2 Horizontal reactions and rafter axial
axial force
force

2.2.3
2.2.3 Tied
Tiedportals
portals
Tied portals in which
which the
the tie
tie is
is near
near the
the eaves
eaves level
level behave
behave very
very differently
differently from
ordinary portals.The
ordinary portals. The structural behaviour
structural behaviour isis more
more like
like that
that of
ofaarigidly-jointed
rigidly-jointed
truss on posts.
posts. The
The axial
axialcompressive
compressive forces in the the rafters are much
rafters are much higher than
higher than
especially for portals with
in ordinary portals, especially with low roof slopes.
slopes.

The
The bending moments for
bendingmoments for
a a tied-portal areillustrated
tied-portal are illustrated in
in Figure
Figure 2.3. The
bending moment diagram
bending moment diagram isis similar
similar to
to aa pair
pair of fixed ended
ended beams,
beams,each
eachwith
with aa
spanfrom
fromeaves
eaves to apex.
toapex. Therefore, the
Therefore, thebending moments
bendingmoments both in the rafters
both
adinin the
the columns areapproximately
columnsare approximately a quarter of the
aquarter the bending moments in
bendingmoments in an
ordinary portal.
ordinaryportal.ThisThis reduction
reduction inin the
the bending moment allows
bendingmoment allows the
the use
use of
of a
rafter with
with aamuch
muchsmaller
smaller bending
bending resistance.
resistance. The
The reduced bending
reducedbending moments
moments
areaa consequence
consequence ofof the
the truss
truss action
actionofofthe
the tied
tiedportal.
portal. The axial
The axial loads are
loads are
shown in Figure
Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.3 Bending

Figure 2.3 Bendingmoments
moments in a tied portal
portal

a
7-0—-
Figure 2.4 Column shears
Figure shears and
and rafter
rafter and
and tie
tie axial
axial forces
forces

The high axial

Thehigh axial loads
loads on rafters that
onrafters thatrequire
require only
onlyrelatively
relatively small
small bending
bending
resistance
resistance means
means that the rafters are seriously
rafters are seriously affected
affected by
by second-order
second-order effects.
effects.
For this
this reason,
reason, ititisisrecommended
recommended that
that tied-portals
tied-portals are always checked
by by
alwayschecked

10
second-order analysis.
second-order analysis. However, if this
However, this is to
to be
be done,
done, the
the checks
checks should
should be no
no
less
less rigorous than the
rigorous than the in-plane checks
in-plane checks onrafter.
onatruss a truss rafter. In addition,
addition, the
the
calculations must allow
calculations must allow for
for the
the increase
increase in
in axial
axial forces arising
arisingfrom
froma a reduction
reduction
in the
the height
height between the apex and
betweentheapex and the
the tie.
tie. This
This reduction in height
reduction in height
isa is a
consequence
consequenceof ofthethestrains
strainsininthe
the rafters
rafters and
and tie.
tie. AAconvenient
convenient method
method of of
avoiding this
this reduction
reduction in
in height
height is
is to
to install
install aa strut
strut between
between the
the apex
apex and
and the
the tie
tie
to maintain
maintain aconstant
constant height between the
height between the apex
apex and the tie.ThisThis
and the must must bebe
properly
properly restrained
restrained against out-of-planedisplacements
againstout-of-plane displacementsofofthe theframes
frames atat both
both
ends.

2.3
2.3 Elastic critical buckling of frames
Struts have
have a theoretical
theoretical elastic critical buckling
elastic critical bucklingload,
load, or
or Euler load, which
Eulerload, which
could only bereached
reached ifif the strut has an infinitely high strength.
infinitely high strength.The
The buckling
buckling
load, or Euler load, for
for aa pin-ended
pin-ended strut is given
givenby:by:

n;2E1
'icr =
L2
where:
E is the Young's
Young’s modulus
modulus
IZ is the inertia of the strut
L is the length of the strut.
Thecritical
critical buckling load is
buckling load isaa theoretical
theoretical load
load and exceeds
exceeds the actual
actual failure
failure
load
load of
of a real
real strut
strut as
as shown
shown in
in Figure 2.5. InInthe
Figure 2.5. thefigure,
figure,both
both Pcr
P,, and
and the
the
loadP,,
squash load
squash (= Area x yield
P, (= yield stress) shown.
stress) are shown.

ci)
C-)

0
U-

cr

Py
r'fail

Slenderness
Slenderness
Figure 2.5 Elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling load
load of
of aa strut
strut

11
11
Similarly, frames have a theoretical
Similarly,frames theoretical elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling load, which
buckling load, could
whichcould
only
only be reached
reached if the frame
ifthe frame has
hasan aninfinitely strength. This
high strength.
infinitelyhigh This will
willbebe
referred
referredtoto inin this
thisdocument
document as V,,. This is commonly
asVcr. expressed inin aa ratio
commonly expressed ratio
called ‘lambda crit’,
called 'lambda crit', 2cr, Acr, which is
isdefined
defined as:

vcr
cr
VULS

where:
V,,
Vcr isthe
the elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling load
bucklingload
Vu,,
VULS is the applied loading at ULS.
The value
value of
ofVcr depends on the distribution
V,, depends of load
distribution of load on
on the
the frame, so A,,
frame, so 2, should
should
be calculated
calculated from
from values of Vcr
valuesof V,, and
and VULS that have
VuLs that have proportionately
proportionately the
thesame
same
distribution
distribution of load.

value of A,varies
The value varies according
according to the magnitude
magnitude of the appliedapplied ULS
ULS loading,
loading,
Vu,,,.
VULS. A large value of 2, indicates
ACr indicates that
that the
the loading
loading on
on the
the frame
frame is
is well
well below
below
the buckling resistance. AA value
buckling resistance. value of
of 2cr
Acr just above
above unityindicates
indicates that
that the
the frame
frame
is near
near to its
its failure
failure load.
load. ItItmust
mustbe beremembered
remembered that thatfailure
failure will
will usually
usually occur
occur
well below Vcr duetoto bending
V,, due bending stresses
stressesin inthe
the frame,
frame, initial
initial imperfections
imperfections and and the
the
finite valueofof yield
finite value yieldstress.
stress. However,
However, Ac, ,l. is aa very
very useful
useful ratio, both as
ratio, both as an
an
indicator
indicator of of
the the sensitivity
sensitivity of of
the the frame
frame to to buckling and
buckling and in in calculating
calculating
amplification
amplification factors.
factors.

2.4 Second
Second order (P-delta) effects
(P-delta) effects
2.4.1 General
General
The strength
strength checks
checks for any structure
structure are valid
valid only if theglobal
if the global analysis
analysis gives
gives
a good
good representation
representation of the
the behaviour
behaviour of the actual
actual structure.
structure.

When any
anyframe
frame is loaded,
loaded, itit deflects
deflects and its shape
shape under load isis different
different from
from
the undeformed shape. The
undeformed shape. Thedeflection
deflection causes
causes the
the axial
axial loads
loads in the members
in the members to
act
act along
along different
different lines
lines from
from those
those assumed
assumed in the
the analysis,
analysis, as
as shown
shown
diagrammatically
diagrammatically ininFigure
Figure2.62.6 and
andFigure
Figure2.7.
2.7. IfIf the
the deflections
deflections are small, the
consequences are very
consequences are very small
small and a first-order
first-order analysis
analysis (neglecting the effect
(neglectingthe effect of
of
the
the deflected shape) isis sufficiently
deflected shape) accurate. However,
sufficiently accurate. However, ifthe the deflections are
deflections are
such that the effects of the
the axial
axial load
load on
on the
the deflected
deflected shape are large
large enough to
cause
cause significant furtherdeflection,
significant further deflection,thetheframe
frameisis said to
said to be sensitive
sensitive
to to
second-order effects.
second-order effects. These second-order
These effects, or
second-order effects, or P-delta effects, can
P-delta effects, can
bebe
sufficient to reduce the resistance
resistance of the frame.
frame.

Second-order effects are

Second-order effects are geometrical
geometrical effects
effects and
and should
should not
not be
be confused with
confused with
material-non-linearity.
material-non-linearity.

There are
are two
two categories
categories of
of second
second order
order effects:
effects:
(i) Effects
Effects ofof deflections withinthethe
deflections within length
lengthof ofmembers,
members,sometimes
sometimescalled
calledP.6
P.
(P-little
(P-little delta) effects.
(ii) Effects
Effects ofofdisplacements
displacements of the intersections
of the intersections of
of members,
members, sometimes
sometimes called
called
P.d (P-big delta) effects.
P.4 (P-big delta) effects.

12
12
 It'

VvYTh
Figure 2.6 Asymmetric
Figure 2.6 Asymmetric or
orsway
sway mode

—
mode of

—
of deflection
deflection

Figure 2.7 Symmetric

Figure 2.7 Symmetric mode
mode of
of deflection

The practical consequenceofofP.

practical consequence P.S and PP.zl
S and effects isis to
. A effects to reduce
reduce thethe stiffness of
stiffness of
the frames
frames below
below that calculated
calculated byby first-order
first-order analysis.
analysis. Single-storey
Single-storey portals
portals
are sensitive to the
sensitive to the effects
effects of
ofthe
the axial
axial compression
compressionforces forcesininthetherafters.
rafters. These
These
forces
forces are
are commonly
commonly of ofthe
the order
order of 10%
10%of of the
the elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling loadload
(or Euler
Euler load)
load) of the rafters,
ofthe aroundwhich
rafters,around which levellevel the
the reduction
reduction in in effective
effective
stiffness becomes important.
stiffness becomes important. Tied
Tied portals
portals are especially
especially sensitive
sensitive totothe
the effects
effects
because
because the axial
axial compression forces inthe
compression forces the rafters
rafters are commonly many
arecommonly many times
times
higher than in ordinary
ordinary portals.
portals.

Because
Becauseofof the
the second-order effects due
second-order effects due to
to the
the rafter
rafter compression, the simple
compression, the simple
check for Ac,
check for 2. of multi-storey buildingsinin Clause
multi-storey buildings Clause2.4.2.6
2.4.2.6 of
of BS 5950-1 is
BS 5950-1 is
unconservative
unconservative for portal frames.

2.4.2 P.8(P—Iittle
P.6 (P-little delta)
delta) effects
effects
P.S
P. S effects
effects on
on member
member behaviour are due
behaviour are due to displacements
displacements atat right-angles
right-anglestoto aa
straight line between
between the ends of
the ends of the member.
member. Typical
Typical displacements
displacements are shown
shown
in Figure 2.8

13
13
Figure 2.8 Typical
Figure 2.8 Typicaldisplacements
displacements d (little
(little delta)
These
These displacements maybe
displacements may be the
the result
result of
of an
an external
external load
load or
or moment,
moment, oror may
may
be
bethethe result
result of
of the
the natural
natural tendency
tendency to to buckle
buckle under
underpurepureaxial
axialload.
load. The
The
displacements
displacements are are the
the sum
sumofthe
of the initial
initial deformation ofthethe member
deformation of andthethe
member and
deflection due to
deflection due to loading.
loading. TheThe result
result of the second-order
ofthe second-order effects is to increase
effects is increase
the bending moment when
bending moment whenthe
the axial
axial load
load isis compressive
compressive(see(seeFigure
Figure2.9).
2.9). This
increase
increase in the
the bending moment increases
bendingmoment increases the the curvatures,
curvatures, which
which reduces
reduces thethe
effective stiffness of
effective stiffness of the
the members.
members. Conversely,
Conversely, when theaxial
when the axial load
load isis tensile,
tensile, itit
increases the effective
increases the stiffness, though
effective stiffness, though the
the effect
effect will
will generally beminimal
generally be minimal in in
common single-storey
single-storey portal
portal frames.

M1 M2
p4* .4_p 1st
1st order
and
order moments
and forces
forces
moments
/

order bending
st order
1st bending moments
moments

[jJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIftft]

1st
1st order displacements

1st order moments

\
2nd order
order equilibrium moments
moments

P.
P.6moments
moments

Figure 2.9 P.S

Figure 2.9 P. 6(P
(P— little delta) effects
- little

A simple illustration
illustration of P. S effects
P .6 effects is
is the
the behaviour
behaviour of
of a simply supported beam
supported beam
carrying a distributed load that
distributed load that varies
varies asas aa sine
sine curve,
curve, as
asshown
showninin Figure
Figure 2.10.
2.10.
The deflected shape is
deflected shape is also
also a sine curve. The central deflection when there
deflection when there isis no
no
axial force is defined as do.

14
14
 I l
I I

P P
-
_,ö4

Figure 2.10
2.10 P.S
P. S effects
effects in
in aa simply
simply supported
supportedbeam
beam

theory'2 shows
Elastic theoryrz1
Elastic showsthat when an
thatwhen an axial
axial compression,
compression,PP,, is applied,
applied, the central
deflection increasestoto dp
deflection increases 6p where:
where:

60
S,
Lip
—
=
'Cr
11 - P / P c r

where:

P
p =
=-
,rEI 2
n 2EI the Euler buckling load
the Euler buckling load
cr
L2
L2
E is Young's
Young's modulus
modulus
II is the inertia
L is the length.

As PP increases,
increases, [l1 —
- $1
'icr
decreases
decreases so SP will
will increase. The
increase.The stiffness, EZ,
stiffness, El, of
of

the beam affects not

not only
only the
the deflection
deflection So,
5, but
but also itit affects
affects the
the increase
increase of the
the
{ 1/[1—- (P/Pc)]}.
deflection{1/[1
deflection

difference in
Thedifference in bending
bending moment between the
moment between the first-order analysis and
first-orderanalysis and the
analysis, SSM,
second-order analysis,
second-order M , is:

SM = P(S—S0)

=
-
(
[P,,
IPSO
1\
P/P
p/pcr
1 - P/Pcr
1P/Pcr
1
P
PC,
-
Writing —a- =
= 2cr
Acr then:
P

SM = PS0
1

2cr 1

15
2.4.3
2.4.3P.A
P.A(P-big
(P-bigdelta)
delta)effects
effects ininpurely elasticframes
purely elastic frames
P.4
P . A effects
effects are the
the effects
effects on
on overall
overall frame
frame behaviour
behaviour due to to displacements
displacements of of
the ends of members
members at at right-angles
right-anglestototheir
theirlengths.
lengths. PP.4. A effects
effects are shown
shown in in
their
their simplest form in
simplest form in Figure
Figure2.1 2.11.
1. AA vertical
vertical load
load PP is applied
applied to
to the
thetop
topofof aa
cantilever colunmininwhich
cantilever column which
the the column
colunmtoptopis is offset
offset by
by aa distance
distance A4 from
from aa
vertical line through
vertical line through the the column
column base.
base. Therefore,
Therefore, the column
thecolumn mustmust not only
notonly
resist
resist the axial
axial load
load P but
but also
also aamoment
moment that
that increases
increases along
along itslength
length to a
value P.4A at
value of P. at the
the base.
base.

A iP
< >4,

I j
I j

I!
If
I

/
P. A

Figure 2.111 P.
Figure 2.1 P. 4
A effects
effects on
on aa cantilever
cantilever column
column

The displacements,
displacements, A4,, are
are the
the sum
sum of theinitial
ofthe initial deformation
deformation ofthe the frame
frame and
and
the deflection due to
deflection due to loading.
loading. ForFor pitched
pitched roof
roof portals,
portals, the principal modes
theprincipal of
modes of
deflection are lowering
deflection are lowering ofofthethe apex
apex and
and sway,
sway, as shown
shown in Figure
Figure 2.12 and
and
Figure 2.13.

r
I

4
Figure 22.12
. 1 2 Typical
Typical displacements
displacements A in a Sway
4 (big delta) in sway mode
A2

16
16
 A3
K

Figure 2.13
2.13 Typical
Typical displacements
displacements zl
A (big delta) in
in aa symmetrical
symmetrical mode
mode

Another possiblemode
Another possible modeofof failure
failure that
that isissensitive
sensitive
to to P.A
P.zl effects
effectsis‘arching
is 'arching
failure' or‘snap-through’
failure’ or 'snap-through' ofof aapair
pair of
of rafters,
rafters, see see Figure
Figure2.14.
2.14. In thisform
form of
of
failure, the spread of the valleys allows the apex of the roof to drop,
failure, the spread of
the valleys allows the apex ofthe roof todrop, so
reducing
reducing thethe archingeffect
effectand
and increasing the bending
increasing bending moments
moments in the rafters
rafters
and columns.

Tension forces tend

Tensionforces tend to
to increase the
increase the effective stiffness,but
effectivestiffness, but this
this is rarely
israrely
significant in common structures.
structures..

Figure 2.14 Arching failure

failure or
or snap-through
snap-through

Frames
Frames have
have critical
critical buckling loads, Vcr,
buckling loads, similarinin concept
V,,, similar concept toto the
the critical
critical
loads, P,,, for
buckling loads,
buckling struts
forstruts as described in
asdescribed in Section
Section2.3.
2.3.
TheThe
ratioratio of the
ofthe
elasticcritical
elastic critical buckling
bucklingload, V ,, tothe
load,Vcr Vu,, , ,is expressed as A,,,
load VULS
the ULS, load
the critical buckling ratio.

In most
most practical single-storey
single-storeyportal
portalframes,
frames, the
the first
first mode
mode andand second
second mode
mode ofof
buckling are the
buckling are the most
most important.
important.ThisThis
is is because
because the
the first
first mode
modeofof buckling,
buckling,
shown in Figure 2.15,
2.15,isissimilar
similar ininshape
shapetotothe
thetypical
typicalsway
swaydeflections
deflections shown
shown
in Figure
Figure 2.6. Also,
Also,the
thesecond
secondmode
modeofof buckling,
buckling, shown
shown in Figure 2.16,
Figure2.16, is is
similar in shape
shape to the typical symmetrical deflections
deflections shown
shownininFigure
Figure 2.7.
2.7.

I
I

Figure 2.15
Figure 2.1 5 First mode
mode of buckling (buckling load
load V W I )

17
17
Figure 2.16
2.1 6 Second
Secondmode
mode of
of buckllng
buckling(buckling
(bucklingload
loadVcr2)
VCR)

The deflected form of

deflected form of aa frame canbebe considered
frame can as the
considered as the sum
sum of
of aa number
number of
of
component deflected forms,
component deflected forms, where
where each
each component
component isis in
in the
the shape
shape ofof one
one of
of the
the
buckling
buckling modes. EachEachcomponent
component of the deflection
ofthe deflection will be increased
willbe increased according
according
to theAcr
to the ,, for that mode.Therefore,
that mode. Therefore, if ifa a particular
particular deflection,
deflection, 6, isô,
madeis up
made
of up of
components 6, from buckling mode
components ô1 from buckling mode and 82 1, and d2 from buckling
buckling mode
mode 2,
2, then the
the
actual deflection, dV,including
deflection, 8, including second-order
second-order effects,
effects, will
willbebegiven
givenby:by:

cr cr
= 1+821
1
2cri 1) 12cr2
Normally in portal
Normally portalframes, thebuckling
frames, the buckling load
load ininthe
thesecond
secondmode,
mode,Vcr2, isatat
VcrZ, is
least twice the
the buckling
buckling load
load in
in the first
first mode,
mode, Vcri,
V,,,, so the following conclusions
the following conclusions
can be drawn:
drawn:

(i) If V >>
cr2
Vcr1 , then cr2
>> cr1
, so that 2 — 1
2cri

—
7Lcr2 1
'cr1
This means
means that
that deflections similar to
deflections similar to the
the first
first mode
mode of buckling
will will
ofbuckling
introduce bigger P-delta
introduce bigger P-delta effects than deflections similar to the second
deflections similar to, second mode mode
buckling.
of buckling.

(ii)IfIf the
thedeflections
deflections from
from aaload
loadcase
case are
arealmost
almost entirely
entirely similar
similar to
to one mode
one mode
of buckling, the
the P-delta
P-delta effects
effects will be
be dominated
dominated byby

[h)
2 cr
2cr -1
for
for that mode of buckling.

In many
many practical
practical frames,
frames, the critical
critical load casefor
for ULS
ULS is themainly
isthe mainly gravity
gravity
load case:

load +
1.4 x dead load + 1.6
1.6 x imposed load +
imposed load + NHF

where:
NHF isisthe
the sum
sumof
of the notional horizontal
the notional horizontal forces (which is the
the very small
small
load of 0.5%
0.5%of of the factored
factored vertical
vertical loads).
loads).
For
For this
this load
load case,
case, the
the deflection
deflection form
formis is similar
similar to the second
modeof mode of
tothesecond
buckling,
buckling, the
the symmetrical mode shown
symmetrical mode showninin Figure
Figure2.16,
2.16, up
up to the formation of
formation of
the first
the first plastic
plastic hinge.
hinge. This
Thisbuckling
bucklingmode normally has
mode normally has aa relatively
relativelyhigh
high
critical buckling
critical buckling load,
load, Vcr,
V,,, giving aa relatively
relatively high
high value
valuefor A,,. Thus, this load
forAcr. load
casecommonly
commonly hashas only small
small magnifications
magnifications of ofP-delta
P-delta effects
effects up
up to
to theload
load
level at which the first hinge forms.

Load cases
cases involving lateral loads,
involving lateral loads, such as lateral wind loads or crane horizontal
horizontal
loads,
loads, deflect into aa shape
deflect into shape similar to
the the first
similar to first mode
mode of
of buckling,
buckling, the
the

18
18
asymmetrical
asymmetrical modemodeshown
shownininFigure
Figure 2.15.
2.15.This This buckling mode often
buckling mode often has
has aa
critical buckling
relatively low critical V,,, giving
buckling load, Vcr, givingaarelatively value for
relatively low value &.
for Acr.
Therefore, this load
Therefore,this load case commonly has
casecommonly has significant magnification of
significantmagnification of P-delta
P-delta
effects.

2.4.4 P.IX effectsininframes

P.A effects frames with
with plastic
plastic hinges
hinges
When aplastic
plastic hinge
hinge has
has formed such that
formedsuch that the
theframe
framebecomes asymmetrical,
becomesasymmetrical,
there will be very
very significant
significant sway deflections as
sway deflections as the
the vertical
vertical load
loadisis increased,
increased,
as shown
shown in Figure 2.14.This
Figure 2.14. This sway
swayoccurs
occursbecause
becauseasymmetric
asymmetric frames deflect
frames deflect
horizontally
horizontally when verticalloads
when vertical loadsare
areapplied
applied and the plastic
and plastic hinge changes even
even
symmetric frames to being asymmetric in terms of stiffness.
stiffness.

In addition,
addition, the
the reduction of frame
reduction of stiffness due
framestiffness due tothe
the formation
formation of hinges
hinges
changes the buckling
buckling modes and reduces
reduces the value
value of V,,, so the
of Vcr, the magnification
magnification
of P-delta
P-delta effects
effects is
is increased.
increased.

II

Figure 2.1
2.177 Significant
Significant sway deflections due to plastic
plastic hinge
hinge formation
formation
in a 'gravity
#gravityload'
load' combination
combination (the
(the lateral load is
is the
the very
very
small notional
notionalhorizontal
horizontalforce)
force)

2.4.5 Different
Differentload
loadcases onthe
cases on the same
same structure
structure
Themagnitude
magnitude ofofthe
the P-delta
P-delta effects determines whether
effectsdetermines whether these
these effects
effectscan
can be
be
neglected in the
neglected in the verification of aframe,
verification of frame,
or or whether
whether they
they must
must bebe explicitly
explicitly
included in the
the verification.
verification.

It is
is the
the magnitude
magnitude of
of the
the deflection, combined with
deflection, combined withthe
the magnitude
magnitude of of the
the axial
axial
load that is important.
important.Therefore,
Therefore, thethe same
same frame may
maybebe insensitive
insensitive to P-delta
P-delta
effects
effects in one
one load
load case, butsensitive
case,but sensitive to P-delta
toP-delta effects in
effects in another
another load
load case.
case.
For example,
example, aaframe
frame loaded
loaded so that it deflects symmetrically,
symmetrically, such
such as
as the
the frame
frame
in Figure
Figure 2.7,
2.7, might
might be
berelatively
relatively insensitive
insensitive to
to P-delta effects because
P-deltaeffects because thethe
deflection ofthethe apex
deflection of apexdoes
does
notnot affect the
affect the forces
forcesand
and moments
momentsmuch.much. This is
This
because
because the column spread is
column spread isequal
equaland
and opposite, so
opposite, so there
there is not a tendency
tendency to
fall over
over However, However, the
sideways.
sideways. the same
same frame
frame loaded
loaded soso that
that itit deflects
deflects
asymmetrically,
asymmetrically, such as the the frame in Figure 2.7,
2.7, might
might bebe relatively
relatively sensitive
sensitive to
P-delta
P-delta because the sway
because the sway causes
causesa a tendency
tendency to fall
fali over
over sideways.
sideways. This This
difference in sensitivity forsymmetric
sensitivity for symmetricandandasymmetric
asymmetric load
load cases
cases is
is common
common in in
portal structures with
with either
either single-span
single-span or multi-span
multi-span frames.

2.4.6 Differencesbetween
betweenportals
portals and
and multi-storey
multi-storey frames
frames
differences between
The differences between the
the stability
stabilitychecks
checksfor
forportals
portals and the stability
stability checks
formulti-storey
multi-storeyframes
frames often
often cause
causeconfusion.
confusion. The
The reason
reason for differentchecks
fordifferent checks
is because
because of the
the difference
difference between
between the P-delta
P-delta effects
effects of the
the axial
axial compression
compression
in the
the beams
beams ofof multi-storey
multi-storey frames and
and the P-delta effects of
of axial compression
compression
in portal rafters.
rafters.

19
19
The bending moment diagram for for a multi-storey
multi-storey frame is is shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 2. 18.
2.18.
The bending
bending moments
moments in the the columns
columns induce
induce shear
shear forces in the columns
inthe columns that
that
act in
in opposite
opposite directions above and
directions above andbelow
below each
eachbeam.
beam. These opposing
These opposing shear
shear
forces tend to cancel
forces tend cancel out,
out, soso the axial force
theaxial force induced
induced inthe the floor
floor beams
beamstoto
maintain horizontalequilibrium
maintain horizontal equilibriumisissmall.small. These forces
Theseforces are are shown
shown in Figure
Figure
2.19.
2.19. InIn addition,
addition, the
the span/depth
span/depth ratio
ratio ofof floor
floor beams
beams is is normally
normally much less
muchless
than
thanthethe span/depth ratio of
span/depth ratio of portal
portal rafters.
rafters. This
Thisisis because
because floorfloor loading
loading is
much greater thanthan normal
normal portal roofloading
portal roof loading andand floors
floors generally
generally have
have greater
greater
stiffness
stiffness requirements
requirements limitto limit deflections
to deflections or or vibrations.
vibrations. Therefore
Therefore thethe
second-order effects in the floor
second-order effects floor beams
beams in inmulti-storey
multi-storey frames
frames of modest spans
ofmodest spans
are usually
usually so small
small that they
they do not affect the
not affect the stability
stability of the frame.

The formula
Theformula forforcalculating
calculatingAc,, for multi-storey buildings in
multi-storey buildings inClause
Clause 2.4.2.6
2.4.2.6 of
of

-_-
BS 5950-1 isis acceptable
BS 5950-1 for multi-storey
acceptable for buildings, but
multi-storey buildings, but not
not acceptable for
acceptable for
calculating 2, for
calculating /lcr for single-storey
single-storey portal
portal frames
frames because it
it ignores
because ignores
any any
second-order effects in the
the beams.

LLL
T

AL

-
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.188 Typical
Typical bending
bendingmoments
momentsinina rigidly-jointed
rigidly-jointed multi-storey
multi-storey
frame

p.

_lI

Figure 22.19
. 1 9 Column
Column shear
shear and beam axial forces in
in a rigidly-jointed
multi-storey
multi-storey frame
frame

20
3 SWAY-CHECK
SWAY-CHECKMETHOD
METHOD

3.1
3.1 Introduction
Sway-check method
TheSway-check methodfor
forchecking
checking the
the in-plane
in-plane stability
stability of
of aaportal
portal frame
frame
requires only simple
requires only analysistechniques.
simpleanalysis techniques. TheThe method derived
method isderived fromfrom the
the
in-plane stability
in-plane stability checks of
checks of
thethe 1990
1990 version
version of of BSBS 5950-1. It applies to
5950-1.Itapplies to
pitched-roof, monopitch
pitched-roof,monopitch and flat-roofed
andflat-roofed portal
portalframes. frames.
Thecheck The check identifies
identifies
frames
frames in which
which the second-order effects inin the
second-ordereffects the gravity load case
gravity load case (1.4 Dead
Dead
Load
Load + + 1.6
1.6Live
LiveLoad) aresufficiently
Load)are sufficiently small that
small that they
they may
may be be ignored.
ignored.This
This
restriction
restrictionisis achieved by
achieved the geometrical
bythe limitationsdescribed
geometricallimitations described in Section 3.2
inSection
and by aa check
check on
on sway
sway stiffness.
stiffness.

The method
method may be
be applied either by;
by:
• the h/1000check
check (Section
(Section 3.3) or
• the Formula method (Section 3.4).
For multi-span frames, the
multi-span frames, the rafters in internal
rafters in spans must
internalspans must be
be checked by the
checked by the
snap-through check
check (Section
(Section 33.5).
S).

This method is not suitable for tied portals (see Section

Section 5.3.5).

3.2 Geometrical limitations

limitations
Sway-check method
The Sway-check method of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1 isis only
only valid
valid when
when applied
applied to frames
frames in
which
which the
the spanscomply
comply with the
with the following limitations, shown
following limitations, showninin Figure
Figure 3.1.
3.1.
These limits
limits are
are defined
defined in BS 5950-1 Section
Section 5.5.4.2.1.
5.5.4.2.1.
• L5/z
Ls5h
• hrL/4
h, L/4 and
and
• (h,/s,)’ +(hr
(hr/Sa)2 +(h,fsb)2
/S$ 5 0.5 for asymmetric
forasymmetric rafters
rafters
where:
L is the span,
span, taken
taken as
as between
between centre-lines of the columns
h is the columnheight,
height, taken as the height from thetoptopofthe
of the
foundation to
to the
the point
point of
of intersection
intersection of
ofthe
the centre-line
centre-line of
of the
the rafter
rafter
and the centre-line of
of the column; and
and
h,, Sa
h, S, and Sb are as defined in Figure 3.1.
S b are 3.1.

21
21
'i';I:,
Figure 3.1
3.1 Geometric
Geometricparameters
parameters for
forsingle-span
single-span frames

Where the internal columns are of similar stiffness

frames

to the
stiffness to the external
external columns,
columns, each
each
span should be considered
considered as if it were
were aa separate
separate single
single span frame.

Where
Where the internal
internal columns are significantly
columnsare significantly more
more flexible
flexible than
than the external
external
columns, the height
columns, the height h canbebe taken
taken from
from aa straight
straight line
line between
between the
the column
column
bases,
bases, as shown
shown in Figure
Figure 3.2.
3.2. AAtypical
typicalexample
examplewould
would be aaframe
frameusing
usingLJBs
UBs
for the
the external
external columns but UCs for the
the internal
internal columns.

valleys are supported

Where valleys supported on valley beams, the Sway-check
Sway-check method
method may
maybebe
used, provided that
used,provided thatthethe above limitationsare
above limitations are observed.
observed. Although there isisnono
Although there
column, column height
column, column height must
must be
beassumed.
assumed. This
This height
height is the distance
isthe distance from
from the the
intersection of the
intersection of the rafters
rafters at the valley above
thevalley above the
the straight
straight line
line between
between the the
column bases
bases (see Figure
Figure 3.2).

3.3
3.3 The
ThehIl000
h/1000check
check
3.3.1
3.3.1 General
General
stiffness of
The stiffness ofthe
the frame is assessed
assessed by a check
check on the
the sway
sway deflection
deflection due to
the notional
notional horizontal forces.
horizontal forces.

The
The design
design steps
steps for
for 'gravity
‘gravity load'
load’ cases,
cases, asasdefined
defined ininBSBS5950-1
5950-1
5.5.4.2.2, are given
Clause 5.5.4.2.2,
Clause in Section
given in 3.3.2. The
Section 3.3.2. The design
design steps
steps for
for 'horizontal
‘horizontal
load'
load’ cases,
cases, as
as defined
defined in
in BS
BS5950-1
5950-1 Clause 5.5.4.2.3, are
Clause 5.5.4.2.3, are given
given in
Section 3.3.3.
3.3.3.

22
 internal

:
Slender
h internal
column h

----_

——

valley beam
Valley beam
h

------ ---------

:'="'-
----- -
l
-
- -
- -
- -
-
< . .
I
7 .
I .I
>
LI 1 LI 2
< 1 -
7 . >
Figure 3.2 Geometry
Figure 3.2 Geometryofofframes
frames(h
(his
is measured the top
measured from the top of the
foundation)
foundation)

3.3.2
3.3.2Gravity
Gravityload
loadcases
cases —- design steps
designsteps
This Section
givesgives the
ThisSection the steps required
to to satisfy
stepsrequired satisfy Clauses
Clauses 5.5.2 or 5.5.3 of
5.5.2 or
BS 5950-1 using
BS 5950-1 using the
the Sway-check methodfor
Sway-check method for gravity
loads, loads, as
gravity as given
given in
Clause 5.5.4.2.2.TheThe loads considered
Clause5.5.4.2.2. are those
consideredare those in Load
Load combination
combination11 (see
Clauses 2.4.1.2
2.4.1.2 of
of BS 5950-1) and Crane combination
BS 5950-1) combination1 (see
1 (see Clause
Clause 2.4.1.3 of
2.4.1.3
BS 5950-1).
5950- 1).

In the design check,

check, notional
notional horizontal
horizontalforces
forcesare
are considered.
considered. Clause 5.5.4.2.2
Clause 5.5.4.2.2
states that the
states the notional
notional horizontal deflections, 8,
horizontal deflections, S, should
should be
be calculated
calculated using
using the
the
bare steel
steel frame alone,ignoring
framealone, ignoring anyany stiffening effects reducing
stiffeningeffects sway,such
reducing sway, such as
plan bracing
bracing in inthe
theroof
roof or roof sheeting. This isis because
sheeting. This because the
the sway
sway deflection
deflection isis
acting
acting as an indicator
an indicator of the sensitivity of the frame to P-delta effects
the sensitivity of the frameto P-delta effects in inthe
the

23
23
symmetric modeofof failure
symmetric mode failureshown
shownininFigure
Figure3.3.
3.3. In this symmetric
Inthis symmetric mode
modeof of
failure, roof plan-bracing or roof
roofplan-bracing roof sheeting
sheeting willgive
give very little
little assistance the
assistance tothe
action of the
the bare steel
steel frame.

Figure 3.3 Symmetric

Figure 3.3 Symmetricmode
mode of
of failure
failure

Out-of-plane stability
of of members
Out-of-plane stability membersmust
mustalso
also be
be checked, as required
checked, as required by
by
BS 5950-1, Chapters 44 and 5,
5 , but
but isis outside
outside the
the scope
scope of
of this
this document.
document.

Note
Note that the
the gravity
gravity load
load case
case is
is not
not suitable
suitable for
for stability
stability portal
portal frames
frames used
used
instead of cross
instead of bracing, which
crossbracing, which should
should be bedesigned
designedasas aa lateral
lateral load
load case
case as
as
Section 3.3.3 or
Section 3.3.3 or by
by the Amplified
Amplified Moment
Moment method
method or Second-order analysis.
Second-order analysis.

An alternative
alternative method
method of of checking the frame
checking the frame stiffness using
stiffnessusingthethe span
span to
todepth
depth
ratio of the rafters
rafters is
is given
given in Section 3.4.
3.4.

Design steps
Design steps for
for plastic design
design
1.
1. Check
Check that the geometry
geometry ofthe
the frame
frameisis within the geometrical
withinthe geometrical limits (see
limits(see
Section
Section 3.2). IfIfallthe
the spans
spansininthe
theframe
frameare
are satisfactory,
satisfactory, the
theSway-check
Sway-check
method may
may be used
used for this frame.
2. Check
Checkthe
thesway
swaystiffness
stiffnessof the frame.
ofthe frame.
(a) Calculate
Calculatethe
thenotional
notional horizontal forces (see
horizontal forces (see Section
Section1.6).
1.6). For this
check (which is aa check
check for the
the critical
critical buckling
buckling ratio,
ratio, 2cr) 0.5% of
A,,) 0.5%
vertical crane loads
loads should
should be included
includedifif applicable.
applicable.
(b) Apply
Applythe
thenotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces in-plane (allininone
in-plane (all one direction)
direction) toto
the bare steel
steel frame
frame and calculate the column top top deflections,
deflections, 6,
5, as
shown inin Figure
Figure 3.4.
(c) Check
Checkthat thatthe
thecolumn
column top top deflections
deflections 6Sdo
d o not exceed h/bOO, where
exceed h/1000, where
h is
is the
the height
height of
of the
the column
column from the top of the foundation
foundation toto the
the
point of intersection
intersection of the rafter centre-line
centre-line and the column centre-
centre-
line. Note
Notethat
thatthe stiffnessofofthe
the stiffness the cladding
cladding (or
(or other
other structure
structure giving
giving
sway stiffness not arising
stiffness not arising from
from the
the portal
portal frame)
frame) must
must not
not be
be
considered when calculating 5. 6.
If all
all the
the column
column deflections
deflections in the
the frame
frame satisfy the above,
satisfy the above, the
the Sway-check
Sway-check
method
method is is valid
valid for
for the
the frame.
frame. In this case,
Inthis case, the
the value
value of A, the
of 2r, the required
required
load
load factor
factor for frame
frame stability, may be
stability, may be taken
taken as as 1.0 for the gravity
forthe gravity load
load
case.

24
 6 6

-r
NHF NHF

Figure 3.4 Deflection

Figure 3.4 Deflectionfrom
fromnotional
notionalhorizontal
horizontalforces
forces (NHF)
(NHFI

3. For
Forframes
frames ofofthree
threeoror
more
morebays, check thethesnap-through
bays,check snap-throughstability
stability (see
(see
Section 3.5).
4. Carry
Carryout
out a plastic
a plastic analysis of
analysis the frame.
ofthe frame.
Apply
Applythethe gravity loads
gravityloads together with
together with the notional
notional horizontal forces (see
horizontalforces (see
Section 1.6) to
Section 1.6) to
thethe frame.
frame. InInasymmetric frames,
it it will
asymmetricframes, will generally
generally be
necessary
necessary toto apply
apply two
two load
loadcases,
cases, one
one with
withthe
the NHF
NHF in one direction and
direction and
the
the other
other with
withthethe NHF
NHF in
in the
the other direction to ensure
otherdirection ensure that
that the
the most
most
unfavourable load case is applied.
applied.

5. Check
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
of the frame.
theframe.
Calculate the plastic
Calculate the plasticcollapse factor, 3p
collapsefactor, A (for
(for both
both directions
directions of NHF
NHF where
where
these have been
these have beenapplied
appliedasastwo
twoload
loadcases),
cases),
andand check
check .2,A
thatthat 2 (= 1.0).
2 ;t, 1.0).

Design steps for elastic design

Design design
steps
Designsteps 1,3for
1,2and 2elastic
and 3 for elastic design
design are
are the
the same
same as
as for
for plastic
plastic
design.

4. Carry
Carry outoutananelastic
elasticanalysis
analysis of the frame.
ofthe frame.
Apply
Apply the gravityloads
loadstogether
together with the notional horizontalforces
notional horizontal forces to
tothe
the
frame
frame
andand calculate the
calculate the forces
andand moments
forces moments around
around the
the frame.
frame. In
asymmetric frames,
asymmetric frames, it will generally be necessary
necessary to apply load cases,
apply two load
one with the
the NHF in one direction
direction and
and the
the other
other with
withthe
the NHF
NHF in the other
direction to ensure that the most
most unfavourable
unfavourable load case is applied.

5.
5 . Check
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
of the
the frame.
frame.
Calculate and check
Calculate and check the
the cross-sectional resistance using
cross-sectionalresistance using Clause
Clause4.8
4.8 of
of
BS 5950-1.

3.3.3 Lateral load

loadcases - design
cases — designsteps
steps
This Section gives the
Section gives the steps
steps required
required to to satisfy
satisfyClauses
Clauses5.5.2
5.5.2 or 5.5.3 of
or5.5.3
BS 5950-1 using
BS 5950-1 using the
the Sway-check
Sway-check methodmethod forfor horizontal
horizontal
loads, loads, as
Clause 5.5.4.2.3. Itis is applicable to frames where
applicabletoframes where the
the applicability
applicability of
ofthethe
Sway-check methodhas
Sway-check method has already been
already been confirmed
confirmed(Steps
(Steps1and
1 and
2 2 ofof Section
Section
3.3.2). The loads
loads considered
consideredareare those
those in
in Load
Load combination
combination2 2 and
and Load
Load
combination 3 (see Clauses 2.4.1.2
combination 3 (see Clauses 2.4.1..2 of BS
BS 5950-1) and Crane combination 2
and Crane combination 2 and and
Crane combination
combination 33 (see
(see Clause 2.4.1.3 of of BS
BS 5950-1).

These
These load
load cases
casesareare those
those in
in which
which there
there are externally
areexternally applied
applied horizontal
horizontal
forces acting in
forces acting inthe
the plane
plane of
ofthe
the frame, typified
typified byby the
the loads
loads shown
shown inin Figure
Figure
3.5. ItItdoes
doesnot
notinclude
includeload
loadcases
cases in whichthethe only
inwhich only horizontal forces
horizontal forces areare the
the
notional horizontal forces arising
horizontal forces arisingfrom
fromvertical
vertical loads
loads on
on this
this frame.
frame.

25
 P-
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.5Typical
Typical externally
externally applied
applied horizontal
horizontal forces
forces
The
The mode
mode ofof failure
failure isisthe
the sway
sway mode
modeshown
shownininFigure
Figure3.6.
3.6. Inthis
this mode, the
mode, the
sway
sway deflection causes P-delta
deflection causes P-delta effects
effects that
that subject the frame
subject the frame to moments
tomoments andand

www-
forces greater than
forcesgreater those calculated
thanthose calculated by
by first-order
first-order analysis.
analysis. Therefore,
Therefore, the
the
resistance
resistance ofof the
the frame
frame must
must exceed
exceed the
the resistance
resistance required
required byby first-order
first-order
analysis.

‘l
I

Figure 3.6 Sway

Figure 3.6 Swaymode
mode of
of failure
failure

Clause 5.5.4.2.3 states

states that,
that, when
when calculating
calculating the
the deflections
deflections for the sway
sway case,
sway stiffness
the sway stiffness of other
other structure,
structure, plan
plan bracing
bracing and
and roof-sheeting
roof-sheetingmay be be
may
included. The
included. The inclusion
inclusion of
of the stiffness of the
thestiffness the cladding,
cladding, etc. should,
should, however,
however,
only be considered
considered if itit can
can bebe guaranteed
guaranteed to
to remain
remain throughout
throughout the lifeofof
the life thethe
WhereWhere sheeting
structure. is used toprovide
sheeting used
is toprovide stiffness,
stiffness, these
these structural
structural
requirements must be
requirements must benoted
noted in
in the
the Health
Health and Safety
Safety File
File required under the
required under the
regulations.
CDM regulations.

Member
Member out-of-plane stability must
out-of-plane stability must also
also be
be checked
checked as required
required by
by BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
Chapter 4 and 5,
5 , but
but is
is outside
outside the scope
scope of this document.
document.

Design steps
Design for plastic design
steps for design
1. Calculate
1. the approximate
Calculate the critical buckling
approximate critical buckling ratio
ratio for
for the
theSway-check
Sway-check
2, for the frame.
method, A,,,
method,
(a) Calculate
Calculatethe
thenotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces from the loadsapplied
the loads appliedinin
thethe
combinationbeing
load combination beinganalysed
analysed(see
(seeSection
Section1.6).
1.6).For
For this check
check
0.5%
0.5% of
of vertical
vertical crane
crane loads should be included.
loads should included.
(b) Apply
Applythe notional horizontal
the notional horizontal forces
forces in-plane
in-plane (all inone
(all in one direction)
direction) to
the frame and calculate
frame and the column
calculate the column top
top deflections
deflections 6. 8. (As
(As noted
above, the
the stiffness
stiffness of any
any associated structure or cladding that reduces
cladding that reduces
the column top deflections
deflections may bebe included in the calculation
calculationofofthe
the
deflections.)
column top deflections.)

26
 h
(c) Calculate
(c) Calculate A,, =2 =--
—
2006
200 6

where h is
is the
the height
height of
of the individual
individual column.
Asc
k isisananapproximation
approximation to
to the
thecritical
critical buckling
buckling ratio
ratio for the
the sway mode
mode
of
of buckling shown
buckling shown in in Figure
Figure 2.12.Asc' iscalculated
2.12. calculated from the sway
from sway
deflection caused by
deflectioncaused by application
application of of
thethe notional
notional horizontal forces
horizontalforces
derived from this load case.

Asc is less
Where ,% less than
than 5.0,
5.0, the
the Sway-check
Sway-check method
method should not be used.

2. Calculate the required load

load factor Arframe
factorfor for stability.
frame stability.

2r —

If the loads are

If the aresuch
such that the axial forces
forces in all the rafters and
andcolumns
columns are
are
tensile, then the required
required load
load factor
factor Ar shouldbe
Ar should betaken
takenas
as 11.0
.O

3. Carry
Carryout
outaa plastic
plasticanalysis
analysisof the frame.
ofthe frame.
Apply
Apply the gravity
gravity and
and horizontal loadstoto the
horizontalloads the frame,
frame, without
without any
any notional
notional
horizontal forces.
forces.

4. Check
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof the frame.
ofthe frame.
(a) Calculate
Calculate the
the plastic collapse
plasticcollapse factor42 and
factor andcheck
checkthat
that A2 2r.
Ar.
Checkthe
(b) Check thestrength
strengthand
andout-of-plane
out-of-planestability A.
stability atat Ar.
Design steps for elastic
Design elastic design
design
steps 11 and 2 for elastic design
Design steps
Design the same as
design are the as for
forplastic
plasticdesign.
design.

Carry out
3. Carry out an elasticanalysis
an elastic analysis of the frame.
Apply the gravityand
Applythe andhorizontal
horizontal loads
loadsto to the
the frame
frame without
without any
any notional
notional
horizontal forces and calculate the forces and moments around the frame.

4. Check
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof the frame.
ofthe frame.
(a) Calculate
Calculateand
andcheck
check the
thecross-sectional
cross-sectional resistance using
using Clauses
Clauses 4.8
4.8 of
of
BS 5950-1 and using amplified moments and
amplified moments and forces,
forces, taken
taken as the
by linear
values given by linearelastic
elasticanalysis
analysismultiplied
multiplied by 4.
byAr.
(b) Check theout-of-plane
Check the out-of-planestability A.
stabilityatatAr.

3.3.4 Base stiffnessfor

Base stiffness for calculation
calculation of of ö thenotional
6 from the notional
horizontal forces
forces
BS 5950-1 Clause 5.1.3
5950-1Clause 5.1.3 gives
gives guidance on the
guidance on base stiffness
thebase stiffness thatthat may
maybe be
assumed
assumed inin design.
design. The provisions
Theprovisions
for for ULS
ULS analysis may
analysis may beinthe
beused used in the
analysis model for
analysis model for the
the deflection
deflectionSScaused
causedby by
thethenotional
notionalhorizontal
horizontal forces. ItIt
forces.
is important to note that the Sway-check
Sway-check is is to check
check the
the stiffness of
ofthe
the frame
frame at
ULS, so
so only theULS
only the ULSbasebase stiffness
stiffness values may be used, not the
may be the SLS
SLS values.

27
Therefore, the
the following
following base
base stiffnesses
stiffnesses may be used:
may be used:

Base with
with aa pin or rocker
rocker
The base stiffness should betaken
should be taken as zero in the
the calculation
calculation of 8.
6.

Nominally pinned
Nominally pinned base
base
The base
base stiffness may
stiffness may be taken as
betaken as 10%
10% of ofthethe column
column stiffness for the
stiffness for the
calculation 6. For the same
of 8.
calculation of same frame,
frame, the base moments
thebase moments transmitted to the
transmittedtothe
foundation may be
foundation may betaken
taken as
as zero
zero provided the ULS
provided the ULS analysis
analysis of
ofthe
the frame,
frame,from
from
which
which the
the moments
moments andandforces
forces around
around the
the frame
frameare are found,
found, assumes thatthethe
assumes that
bases are pinned.
pinned.

Nominal
Nominal semi-rigid
semi-rigidbasebase
A nominal base stiffness
nominal base ofup
stiffness of uptoto 20%
20% of the colunm
of the column stiffness
stiffness may beassumed
may be assumed
for the
the ULS
ULS calculations,
calculations, provided
provided thatthatthethe foundation
foundation isdesigned
designed for the the
moments
moments andandforces
forces obtained
obtained inin the
the analysis.
analysis. Therefore,
Therefore, the base stiffness
thebase may
stiffness may
be taken as
as 20% ofof the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness for
for the
the calculation
calculation of 6,
6, provided
provided that
the foundations
foundations are designed to carry the the moments
moments from the ULS
ULS global analysis
global analysis
for every load
load case;
case; there
there is
is aa cost
cost implication.
implication.

Nominally rigid
rigidbase
base
The base
base stiffness
stiffness should be taken
should be taken as equal
equal to the column
tothe column stiffness
stiffness and the
the
foundation must be
foundation must be designed
designed to
to resist
resist moments
momentsfromfromall
allload
loadcases.
cases. Therefore,
Therefore,
the
the base
base stiffness may
be be taken
stiffness may taken as
as equal
equal to the column
tothe column stiffness
stiffness for the
the
calculation of 6. Note
calculation of thatthe
Note that the bases
bases should notbebe assumed
should not tobe
assumed to be rigid
rigid for
for this
this
check.

3.4 The formulamethod

method
3.4.1 General
General
LblD formula is aa stiffness
The Lb/D stiffness check
check which
which is
is approximately
approximately equivalent tothe
equivalent to the
Sway-check
Sway-check by by calculating
calculatingdeflections
deflectionsininSection
Section3.3.
3.3. The stiffness ofthe
stiffness of the frame
frame
is assessed by a formula.
assessed by This formula
formula.This formula was
was derived
derived for
for regular
regular frames
frames with
with
columns
columns at every valley and with
valley and withroof
roof load
load as
as the
the only
only imposed
imposed load.
load. Thus
Thus the
application of this
application of this method
method is restricted toframes
restricted to frames that
that are not
not subject
subject toloads
loads
from crane gantries
gantries or other
other concentrated
concentrated loads larger than those
those from purlins.
purlins.

3.4.2 Gravity load

loadcases - design
cases — designsteps
steps
Thischeck
check is for
for load
load cases
cases with
with no
noexternally
externally applied horizontal
appliedhorizontal loads other
loads other
than the
thenotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces (NHF).

Note
Note that this
this check
check is
is not
not suitable
suitable for
for stability
stability portal
portal frames usedinstead
frames used instead
of of
cross-bracing, whichshould
cross-bracing, which shouldbebedesigned
designedforfor aa lateral
lateral
load load case (see
case
(see
Section 3.4.3)
3.4.3) or
orby
by the
the Amplified
Amplified Moment
Moment method
method or Second-order analysis.
Second-order analysis.

Design steps for for plastic

plastic design
designandandelastic
elasticdesign
design
The design steps for
design steps for both
both plastic and elastic
plastic and elastic design
design are
are the
thesame
same as as for
for the
h/1000
h/1000 method
method (see
(see Section 3.3.2), except
Section 3.3.2), except that
that the check
check on sway stiffness,
onsway stiffness,
Step 2, is replaced
Step 2, replaced by aa limitation
limitation onthe
the span
span to depth ratio
todepth ratio of the rafters,
ofthe rafters,
based
based on an
anexpression
expression that involves the geometry
involves the geometry of
ofthe
the frame,
frame, thestiffness
stiffness of
of

28
the columns andrafters
columns and rafters and
andthe
thestrength
strengthofofthe
therafters.
rafters. Step
Step 22ofof Section
Section 3.3.2
3.3.2
becomes:

Check that the satisfies:

the span to depth ratio of the rafter satisfies:

p
D Qh 4+PLr/L Pyr
in which:
which:
r -l

= 2Dh
Lb L— L]
D +Dh

p = 21
—s- rLi for a single-span frame
'r [—]
h

p = ' [i
—s-- — for a multi-span frame
[hi
'r
.0
R is the arching ratio ==
==
Wr /
W, /WW0,

where:
D is the cross-section
cross-section depth of
of the
the rafter
D1 is the
the additional depth
depth of the haunch (see
(see Figure
Figure 3.7)
is the
D is the depth
depth of the
of the rafter,
rafter, allowingfor
allowing foritsitsslope
slope(see
(see Figure
Figure 3.7)
h is the main
main column height
' is the in-plane second moment
the column
column is not
moment of
not rigidly
of area
area of
rigidly connected
of the
connectedtotothe
the column
colunm (taken
the rafter,
rafter, or
(taken as
as zero
zero ifif
or ifif the rafter is
valley beam)
supported on a valley beam)
I is the
the in-plane
in-plane second moment of area of the rafter
moment of
L is the
the span
span of the bay
Lb is the effective
effective span of the
thebay
bay
is the length
length of the haunch
haunch (see Figure 3.7)
L1 is the total developed length
length of
ofthe
the rafters
rafters see
see (Figure
(Figure 3.8)
3.8)
p is theis design strength
the design of of
strength thetherafters
raftersininN/mm2
N/m2
W0 is the value of W
W,for
for plastic
plastic failure
failure of the
the rafters
rafters as
as aa fixed-ended
fixed-ended
beam of span LL (see Figure
Figure 3.9)
3.9)
W is the total
is the factored
total vertical
factored verticalload
loadononthe
therafters
raftersofofthe
thebay
bay (see
(see Figure
Figure
3.9).
3.9).
Ifthe
thetwo
two columns
columns or thetwotwo rafters
rafters of aa bay
bay differ,
differ, the
the mean
mean value
valueofof 'C"r
ZJZr
should be used.

If the
the haunches at each
haunches at each side
side of the bay are
thebay are different,
different, the
the mean
mean value
valueofof Lb
L,
should be used.

29
Thestrength
strength checks for
checks for both
both plastic
plastic and
and elastic designare
elastic design are carried out
carried out in the
the
same way as Steps 3 and 44 of
of the
the h/1000
h/1000 method.
method.

DST

J4L
3.7 Dimensions of a haunch
Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8 Developed

Figure 3.8 Developed length of rafter
rafter

Wr

wo

4 I
W

Figure 3.9 Loads

Figure 3.9 Loadsfor
forcalculating thearching
calculating the archingratios
ratios

30
3.4.3
3.4.3 Lateral load
Lateralloadcases
cases —- design steps
designsteps
Lateral load cases are load cases in which
which there are externally
externally applied horizontal
applied horizontal
forces acting ininthethe plane
forces acting plane ofofthethe frame.
frame.TheThe formula method
formula method isis not
not for
for load
load
cases
cases in which
which the the only
only horizontal forces
horizontalforces are are the
the notional
notional horizontal forces
horizontalforces
arising from
arisingfrom vertical
vertical loadsloads applied
applied to tothe
theportal.
portal.
TheThe mode
modeofof failure isthat
failure is that
shown in
in Figure
Figure 3.6.
3.6. InInthis
thismode,
mode, the
thesway
swaydeflection
deflection causes P-delta effects
effectsas
as
subject the frame
subject the frame to
to moments
moments and
and forces greater than
forcesgreater than those
those calculated
calculated by
by
first-order analysis.

Design steps
Design forplastic
steps for plastic design
design and
and elastic
elastic design
design
The design stepsforfor both
design steps both plastic
plasticand
and elastic design
elastic designare
are the
the same
same asas for
for the
the
h/1000 method
hIl000 method (see
(see Section
Section 3.3.3),
3.3.3), except
except that
that approximate
approximatecritical buckling
critical buckling
ratio for the
the Sway-check method, A,,, is calculated from
Sway-check method, fromaaformula
formula that involves
involves
the same
same parameters as those used for the the Lb/D formula for
L,lD formula for the gravity load
load case
case
(see Section
Section3.4.2). Step 1I ofofthe
3.4.2).Step the method
method given
given in
in Section
Section 3.3.3 becomes:
becomes:

Calculate the approximate critical buckling

buckling ratio

2 -
— 220DL p 2751
ThL 4+/iLIL
Where
Where ,lsc ' is less than 5.0,
5.0, the
the Sway-check
Sway-check method should not be used.
If the wind loads are such
the wind such that
that the axial forces in the rafters are tensile,
tensile, then
then the
the
required
required load
load factor
factor 2r
,lr should be taken
should be taken as 1.0
1.0because
because tensile forcescause
tensileforces cause no
additional destabilising forces.

3.5
3.5 Snap-through check
snap-throughcheck,
The snap-through check, in BS 5950-1
inBS 5950-1 Clause 5.5.4.3,isistotocheck
Clause 5.5.4.3, check that
that internal
internal
spans of a multi-span frame are adequately modelled in a first-order analysis.

In pitched-roof portals,gravity
pitched-roof portals, gravityloads
loads applied
applied to to the
the rafters cause
cause the ends of the the
rafters
rafters
to to as
spreadspread as the the rafter
rafter deflects
deflects downwards, see
downwards, see Figure
Figure 3.10. In
3.10.
multi-span frames, the
multi-spanframes, the internal
internal spans
spans are restricted
arerestrictedfromspreadingfrom spreading by by
thethe
stiffness of the
stiffness of the external
externalspans.
spans.TheThe horizontal reaction
horizontal reaction from
from the
the external
external spans
spans
coupled with
with the
the rise of the
the rafters
rafters inin the
the internal
internal span
span causes arching action
causes an arching action
in the internal span.This
internal span. Thisarching
archingaction
action means
means thatthat the
the vertical
vertical load
load capacity
capacity is
greater than the
greater than the capacity
capacity dueduetoto bending
bendingalonealoneofofthethe rafters.
rafters. However, this
However, this
increased capacity
increasedcapacity depends
depends on on the
the restraint from the external
restraintfrom spans.
externalspans. This This
restraint will not be available if if the
the stiffness
stiffness ofofthe
the frame
frame isis too
too low.
low.

Figure 3.10
3.10 Rafter
Rafter spread
spread in multi-span frames
frames

31
31
Theformula
formula in BS BS 5950-1 Clause
5950-1Clause 5.5.4.3
5.5.4.3 defines
defines a limit to
alimit tothe
the span
span to depth
depth
ratio of the rafter
of the rafter to ensure adequate
adequate stiffness, expressed as:
expressed as:

—
Lb 22(4+L!h) I 275
—tan28
D 4(12—1) 'r Pyr
in which
which the symbols
symbolsareare as defined in
asdefined in Section 3.4, except
Section 3.4, exceptforfor B8 which is
which is
defined below.
below.
8
B is the slope
slope ofthe
the rafters forasymmetrical
raftersfor a symmetrical ridged span.
9
B =
= tan'
tan-' (2hr!L) forother
(2h)L) for other roof
roof shapes
where:
h,
hr isdefined
defined in Figure 3.1 and Figure
Figure 3.2.
Where
Where the arching ratio 12
archingratio isless
R is less than
than 1.0,
1.0, no limit need
nolimit need be
be placed
placed on
on Lb/D
L,lD
because the vertical load
load capacity
capacity from bending alone
alone is more
more than
than sufficient.
sufficient.

The Lb/D formula in

LblD formula in the
the 2000
2000 issue of BS BS 5950,
5950, given
given above, differs slightly
above,differs slightly
from the
the 1990
1990 issue
issue in
in that
that £2
l2 appears onlyonce
appears only once ininthe
the formula in 2000issue.
formula in issue.
This change has been made to to ensure that the elastic critical buckling factor, 2cr
buckling factor, /lc,,,
equal to or greater
remains equal greater than
than 10,
10, to
to ensure
ensure that
that the
the second-order effectsare
second-order effects are
insignificant.
insignificant.
The Snap-through
TheSnap-through checkisismost
check most likely
likely to
to be
be significant where the
significant where the rafters
rafters in
in
internal spans have
internalspans have alower
lower plastic
plastic moment
moment of of resistance
resistance than
than required
requiredforfor
external spans.The
external spans. The lower
lowermoment
moment resistance
resistance would
would cause more
more ofthe
the vertical
vertical
loadstoto be
be carried
carried by
by arching action, which
arching action, which creates significant axial
creates significant axial thrusts
thrusts in
in
the rafters
rafters and could cause snap-through
snap-through (see
(see Section
Section 2.4.3).
2.4.3).

32
4 AMPLIFIED MOMENTS
AMPLIFIED MOMENTSMETHOD
METHOD

4.1
4.1 - design steps
Application —
Application
The amplified moment method
amplified moment method isis appropriate
appropriate where
~~
where the
~
the frame
frame does
does not
not meet
meetthe
the
Sway-check limitations. It permits
Sway-check limitations. permits the
the calculation ofthe
calculation of the load
load factor
factor for
for frame
frame
stability, A, which
stability, AT, whichisis used to
used to account
account for
for the
the deflections
deflections ofofthethe frameunder
under
load.
load. The method requires
Themethod requires the
thedetermination
determination of the lowest
ofthe lowest critical
critical buckling
buckling
A,,, for the particular
ratio, 2cr, particular load case on the
load case the frame. No
Nomethod
method of ofdetermining
determining
A,, is given in BS
Acr is given in BS 5950-1.

There is a limit
limit on the
the application ofthe
application of the method. Acr < 4.6, the
method. IfIf AT the frame
frame is
is too
too
flexible
flexible toto be designed usingthis
designed using this method. A,, 2 10,
method. IfIf Açr 10, the
the frame is considered
considered
to be 'stiff' andAT is taken
'stiff' and taken as 1.0.

This method is
Thismethod is not suitable
suitable in general
general for tied
tied portals
portals because
because it does
does not
not
account
account for non-linearity inthe
non-linearity in the rafter-tie
rafter-tie system
system (see
(see Section
Section 5.3.5).
5.3.5).

This
This Section gives the
Section gives the steps
steps required
requiredtoto satisfy
satisfy Clauses
Clauses5.5.2
5.5.2 or 5.5.3 of
or5.5.3
BS 5950-1, using
BS 5950-1, using the
the Amplified
Amplified moments
moments method,asasinin Clause
method, Clause 5.5.4.4
5.5.4.4 of
of
BS 5950-1.

In BS
BS 5950-1, the critical
5950-1, the criticalbuckling ratio,A,,2 from the lowest mode of
bucklingratio, of buckling
buckling
is required,
required, as
as it isispossible
possible totoproduce
produce unconservative
unconservative designs
designs if higher modes
modes
are used. The
Thelowest
lowestmode
modeisis usually
usually the sway mode.The
the sway TheAmplified
Amplified Moments
Moments
Method is most accurate when the the collapse mode of
collapse mode of the
the frame is the same as the
buckling modefrom
buckling mode from which
which IC,
2r is derived.
derived. Therefore,
Therefore,thetheAmplified Moments
AmplifiedMoments
method
method is most accurate
accurate for load
load cases causing deflectioninin aa sway
causing deflection mode, as
sway mode,
exemplified by Figure
exemplified by Figure 2.6. For
For load
loadcases
casescausing
causing deflection
deflection in
in the
the symmetrical
symmetrical
mode,
mode, the
the Amplified Moment
AmplifiedMoment method is
method is relatively
relatively conservative
conservative because
because the
the
deflection mode is similar
deflection mode similar to a higher mode
mode of buckling.
buckling.

TheSnap-through
Snap-through checkofof Clause
check Clause 5.5.4.3
5.5.4.3 of
of BS
BS 5950-1 does not
5950-1 does not need
need to
to be
applied when using
using the
the Amplified
Amplified moment
moment method.
method.

Out-of-plane stability
Out-of-plane stability members
members must must also
also be
be checked
checkedas as required
required by BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
Chapters and 5,
Chapters 4 and 5 , but
but this
this isis outside
outside the
the scope
scope of this document.
of this document.

design
Design steps for plastic design
1.
1. Calculate
Calculate the critical
critical buckling ratio, A,,,for the lowest
buckling ratio, lowest buckling mode
mode from
the load
load case
case being
being analysed.
analysed. See Section
See Section 4.3.3 or Section
or Section 4.3.4.
2. Calculate the required
required load
load factor
factor for
forframe
framestability, h:
stability,AT:
jf2cr
if Ac, 2 10
10 I,
2r =
= 1.0

0.92
if 10 > 2cr4.6 Ar =
2cr —1

Note:
Note: if IC,<<4.64.6thethemethod
if Ac, methodisisnot
notapplicable.
applicable.

3. Carry out a plastic

plastic analysis ofthe
analysis of the frame.

33
 Apply the loads
Apply the tothethe frame.
loads to For load
frame.For loadcombinations
combinations other
other than Load
thanLoad
combinations
combinations 1 (see
(see Clause
Clause 2.4.1.2
2.4.1.2 of
of BS
BS 5950-1),
5950-l), the notionalhorizontal
thenotional horizontal
forces need
need not
not be
be applied
applied (see
(see Clause
Clause2.4.2.4
2.4.2.4 of
ofBS
BS 5950-1).
5950-1). Where NHF
Where NHF
are applied
applied to
to asymmetric
asymmetric frames
framesororsymmetric
symmetric frames
frames with
with asymmetric
asymmetric
loading,
loading, it will
will generally
generally be necessary
necessary to apply
apply two load cases, one with the the
NHF in one
one direction
direction andthe
the other withthethe NHF in the other
in the other direction
direction to
ensure that the most
that the most unfavourable case is applied.
unfavourable load case applied.

4. Check
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof the frame
ofthe frame
(a) Calculate 4and
Calculate2,,, and check that 4
check that 4.
2,,,2 2.
(b) Check
Checkthe
themember
memberstrength
strength and
and out-of-plane stability at 4.
out-of-plane stability
Design steps for
Design for elastic
elastic design
design
Design steps 11 and 2 for
Design for elastic
elastic design
design are the
the same
same as for
for plastic
plastic design.
design.

3. Carry
Carryout
outananelastic
elasticanalysis
analysisofofthe
the frame,
frame,applying
applying the loads as for
theloads for plastic
plastic
design.
Calculate the forces
Calculate the forces and moments
moments around
around the
the frame
frame using
using linear
linear elastic
elastic
analysis (first-order analysis).
analysis).

4.
4.Check
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
ofthe
the frame
frame
(a) Where
Where,% 4 >>1.0, calculate
1.0, calculateamplified
amplifiedmoments
moments andand forces, taken
taken as
as the
the
linear elastic
values given by linear elastic analysis
analysis multiplied 4.
multiplied by Ar.
(b) Check
Checkthe
thecross-sectional
cross-sectionalresistances
resistances using
using the
the amplified
amplified moments
moments andand
forces using BS 5950-1 Clauses
Clauses 4.8.
4.8.

4.2 Background to
tomethod
method
Amplified moment
The Amplified moment method
method isisbased on the
based on Merchant-Rankinet3'4'5'6'71
the Mer~hant-Rankine[~~~~~~~~'
equation
equation as
as modified
modifiedby Woodt81.
byWood[81.ItistheIt is the same
same method
method asas used
used for
for plastic
plastic
design
design of multi-storey frames in
multi-storey frames in Clause
Clause 5.7 5.7 of the
the 1990
1990 issue of BS
issue of 5950-1.
BS 5950-1.

The Merchant-Rankine equation for

Merchant-Rankine equation for predicting the load factor
predicting the factor against
against failure,
failure,
accounting
accounting for second-order effects, is:
second-order effects,

- +1 - = - 1 = 11
1 1

2cr
'cr 2p
p' ',
2f
where:
;2l,,is the
is elastic critical
the elastic buckling
critical bucklingfactor
factor=Vcr/VULS
= V,, /V,,,

A, isthe the plastic collapse factor

plastic collapse factor =
= VPI/VULS
V,,/V,,,
A,is the
A is load factor
theload against
factor failure,
against accounting
failure, accountingfor
forsecond-order
second-orderstability
stability
effects
effects = V,/V,,
= VfIV,,s

in which:
V
V,, is the elastic
is the critical
elastic buckling
critical bucklingload
loadofofthe
the lowest
lowestmode ofthe
mode of the bare
bare
frame
V,,
V1 is load
load to
to cause
cause plastic
plastic collapse ofthe
the frame in the absence of second
second
order stability
stability effects

34
 V,
Vf is the failure
failure load
load accounting
accounting forsecond-order
second-order stability effects
VULS
V,, isisUltimate
UltimateLimit
LimitState
Stateload
load for
for the
the load
load case
case being
being considered.
Note that VV,, differs
differsfrom V,,, ininthat
fromVULS that V,,
V1isisthe
the load
load that
that the
the frame
framecan
cancarry
carryatat
plasticcollapse
collapse(according to first
(according to firstorder calculations)
calculations)whereas
whereas VULS VULSisisthe
the load
that is applied at ULS.

The distribution
distribution of
of load V,,, VlD
loadininVcr, VpIand
andV,Vfshould
shouldbebethe
thesame
sameas
as the
the distribution
of loadininVms.
of load V5.

For 2A, 1.0, thethe

2 1.0, Merchant-Rankine equation
Merchant-Rankine equationreduces to:
reduces to:
2Acr
2A, >- Cl-

21
Acr -1
Wood18 recommendedthat
Wood[*' recommended thatthe
the beneficial
beneficialeffects
effects ofof cladding
cladding and
and strain
strain
hardening should be
hardening should be allowed for by
allowed for bythethe following
following modified version of
modified version of
thethe
Merchant-Ranking criterion:
cr
For 4 S - I10, ' A, = A, (0.9+ A p /Acr )
2f=2P(0.9+2p/2cr)
P'

This equation can be re-written

re-written in
in the
the form
form of
of the
the Merchant-Ranking
Merchant-Ranking equation:
equation:
11 - 0.9
— +- 11
2
A, 2p 2r
'cr'p

As explained in Kirby
Kirby and
and Nethercot131,
NethercotC3', thiscan
canbebeexpressed
expressedfor
forhf
Xç2 1.0
1.0as
as the
the
requirement that:
0.92
0.9Acr
For
For 1010 >>
A c2cr
r 2 4 .4.6,
6 , 2,A P ->-
2cr
'cr - 11
in which
which 2cr istaken
Acr is taken
as as the value
value for
for the
the lowest
lowest buckling modeofthe
buckling mode of the bare
bare
frame.

This requirement
requirement isis generalised
generalised in
in Clause
Clause 5.5.4.4
5.5.4.4 of
of BS 5950-1 as:
BS 5950-1 as:
AT A,, /(Acr
= 0.9 'icr
/2, = /(Acr-1)
1)
so that it can be
be applied
applied to
to both
both plastic
plastic and
and elastic
elastic design.
design.

4.3
4.3 Calculation
Calculation of
of XC, for BS
h,, for BS 5950-1
5950-1
4.3.1 General
General
The value
value of Acr for use
of 2cf use in Clause
Clause 5.5.4.4
5.5.4.4must bethethe truevalue,
must be value, not
notthethe
approximate value derived
approximate value derivedfrom
from the
the formulae
formulae in in Chapters
Chapters 22 or 5 of of BS5950-1.
BS5950-1.
The elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling load
load Vcr
V,, oror the
the elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling factor Acr
2cr for
for
the
the first
first mode will
modewill be be available
available ininnumerous softwarepackages
numeroussoftware packages that
that perform
perform
elastic analysis.
elasticanalysis.TheThe value
value ofof 2cr
ACTisis calculated
calculatedforfor the
the frame
frame assuming
assuming itit is
entirely elastic and that no plastic hinges exist.

The value
value of
of 2cr
Acr depends on the
depends on the magnitude of
thethe applied
magnitude of appliedload.
load. Therefore,
Therefore,
unless the lowest
lowest value of 2cr from all
Acr from all load
load combinations
combinations isis used
used throughout,
throughout, the
the

35
value
valueofof 2cr in the equation
RC,usedinthe for R,2 must becalculated
equation for calculated for
for each load
eachload
combination, giving different values
combination, values of Rr for each
of 2r loadcombination.
each load combination.

4.3.2
4 . 3 . 2 Structural detailsthat
Structural details that lower
lower thethe of of A,,
value
value A,
The details
details of frames can affect
framescan affect the stability significantly.
thestability significantly. Where
Where connections
connections
are not stiff
stiff moment
moment resisting connections, or
resisting connections, or where
where the
the arrangement
arrangement of
of aa frame
frame
is irregular, the
the effects
effects on
on stability shouldbe
stability should be carefully
carefully considered.
considered.

Portals
Portals are sometimes
sometimes detailed
detailed with
with pin-ended props serving
pin-ended props as the
serving as internal
theinternal
columns.
columns. AApin-ended
pin-ended prop
prop tends
tends to destabilise
destabilise the whole structure
the whole structure because any
because any
lateral displacement causes the
displacement causes the prop
prop to induce an additional lateral load,
additional lateral load, instead
instead
ofthe
the restoring
restoring shear
shear that would
thatwould be induced
beinducedby by aacontinuous
continuous column,
column, (see
(see
Davie~''~~]).
Davies5'61). Therefore,
Therefore, anypin-ended
pin-ended members
members must must be correctly modelled
be correctly modelled as
as
pin-ended.

Valley beams do not provide

Valley beams provide any stabilising effect
anystabilising effect tothe
thewhole
whole structure, thus
they should be modelled
should be modelled accordingly,
accordingly,e.g.e.g. as
as sliding
slidingsupports.
supports. If a valley beam
valley beam
is free
free to twist at the
to twist the frame
frame itit supports
supports and
and if there
there is no
nolateral
lateral restraint
restraint to
tothe
the
top flange at this point, then thevalley
then the valley beam will
will act as a very
very short
short pin-ended
pin-ended
prop and destabilise
destabilise the frame, as discussed by Davies.

4.3.3 Computersolutions
solutionsfor A,,
for ?.c,
Computer solutions will normally be preferable
preferable for design
design office use.

The most
most obvious
obvious differences
differences between the various
betweenthe various available
available computer
computer solutions
are the
the differences in the
differences in the output.
output. The
Theprincipal
principal differences are the
differences are the number of
number of
buckling modes calculated
buckling modes calculated and
and the
the output
output of
of the
thebuckling
bucklingmode
modeshapes.
shapes.

The buckling modes may may be as loads,

expressed as
be expressed V,,, or as the
loads, Vcr, the ratio
ratio of (buckling
of (buckling
load)/(applied 2, as explained
load),A,,
load)/(applied load), in Section
explained in Section 2.3.
2.3. Only the first
Onlythe first buckling
buckling
mode
mode isis required
required for
for the Amplified Moment
theAmplified Momentmethod.
method. However,
However, itit can
can bebe
helpful to the
helpful to the designer
designer to to know
knowthethe mode
mode shape
shape of higher
higher modes
modes if 2cr A,, is
unpleasantly low. The
unpleasantly low. The mode
mode shape
shape helps
helps to show
show how
how and
and where
wheretotostiffen
stiffen
thethe
structure.

4.3.4 Solutionswithout
withoutacomputer
a computer
Although a computer
computer solution
solution will
will normally
normally be be preferable,
preferable, stability functions
stabilityfunctions
can be
be used
used to
to calculate
calculate the
the elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling loads
loads of
of frame
frame structures.
structures.
Unfortunately, a rigorous solution
Unfortunately, solution is
islong and complicated.
long and complicated.

For hand
hand calculations
calculations using
using stability
stability functions,
functions, acceptable
acceptable approximations
approximations maymay
be introduced
introduced by making
making thethe following
following assumptions:
assumptions:
(i)
(i) The
Theelastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling loadload is
is not
not affected
affected by the distribution
bythe of
distribution of
transverse load
transverse load along
along the members. Only
the members. Only
the the
axial axial
loads
needbe loads need be
considered. This
Thisisis an
anold
oldand
and well-respected
well-respected assumption.
assumption.
(ii) The
Themaximum
maximum axialaxial load
loadinin each
each member
member is assumed
assumedtoto
actact along
along its its full
length. This
length. Thisisisaaconservative
conservative assumption.
assumption.
(iii) The stiffening
(iii)The effect of
stiffening effect of haunches
haunches is ignored.
ignored. This
This is
is aaconservative
conservative
assumption.
Axial
Axial loads should
loads should be calculated
calculated from
fromanan elastic
elastic analysis.
analysis. They
They may
may
be be
calculated from standard
calculated from standardresults,
results,
as as illustrated
illustratedinin References
References9,9, 10,
10, 11,
11,

36
36
assuming fuiiy pinned/fixed
assuming fully pinned/fixedbases
bases for
for the
the buckling
buckling analysis of frames
analysis of frames with
with
nominally pinned/fixed
nominally pinned/fixed bases.
bases.

To reduce
reduce the the calculation to a simple
calculation to simple process
process suitable
suitable for design
design office
office use,
use,
Davies5'6 used
D a ~ i e s ' ~used stability functions
, ~ ] stability functions to
to produce
produce simple
simple formulae
formulae to
to calculate
calculate the
approximate buckling
buckling load
load of
of portal
portal frames with
with pinned
pinned or infinitely rigid
or infinitely rigid bases.
bases.
The
The original
original work
work by Davies
Daviesonon stability
stability of portal
portal frames
frameswaswas extended by
extended
King21
King["] toto account
account for the partial fixity
fixity of nominally pinned bases
nominally pinned bases and the slight
flexibility of
nominally rigid bases.
flexibility of nominally rigid bases. The
The work
workof
Daviesof
and Davies and King
King is
is
summarised in Section 4.4 below.

The formula
formula in BS 5950-1,
5950-1, Clause 2.4.2.6, isis not
Clause 2.4.2.6, not valid
valid for
for single-storey
single-storey portals
as itit ignores
ignores the
the compression
compression inthethe rafters.
rafters. ThatThat equation
equation is intended
intended for
multi-storey buildings, not single-storey pitched-roof portals.
multi-storey buildings, not single-storey pitched-roof portals.

4.3.5 Base stiffness for

Base stiffness for calculation
calculation of
of A,
X,,
BS 5950-1,
BS Clause 5.1.3,
5950-1, Clause 5.1.3, gives
gives guidance on
thethe base
guidance on base stiffness that may
stiffness that maybebe
assumed
assumed inin design.
design. The
The provisions
provisions for ULSULS analysis may be
analysis may be used in the
usedinthe
analysis model for A,.
analysis model for 2cr. It is
is important
important to
to note
note that
that the
theAmplified
Amplified Moment
Moment
method uses the
method uses the stiffness ofthe
stiffness of the frame
frame atat ULS,
ULS, so only
only the
the ULS
ULS base
base stiffness
stiffness
values may be used,
used, not the SLS values.
values.

Therefore the
the following
following base stiffnesses may be
be used:

Base with
with a
a pin or rocker
The base stiffness
stiffness should be taken
taken as
as zero
zero in
in the
thecalculation
calculation of
of2cr•
,lcr.

pinnedbase
Nominally pinned base
The base
base stiffness may be
stiffness may be taken as 10%
taken as 10% of ofthethe colunm
column stiffness for the
stiffness for the
calculation ofof A,,.
calculation 2c For the
the same
same frame,
frame, the base moments
thebase moments transmitted
transmitted tothe
the
foundation maybebe taken
foundation may taken as
aszero,
zero,provided
provided that
that the
the ULS
ULS analysis ofthe
analysis of the frame,
frame,
from which the moments
whichthe and forces
moments and forces around
around the
the frame
frame are
are found,
found, assumes that
assumes that
the bases are pinned.

Nominal
Nominal semi-rigid
semi-rigidbase
base
A nominal base stiffness
nominal base stiffness of
of up
up to 20% of the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness may be assumed
assumed
for the
the ULS
ULS calculations,
calculations, provided
provided that
that the
the foundation is designed
foundation is for the
designed for the
moments
moments andand forces
forces obtained
obtained in
in the
the analysis.
analysis. Therefore, for the
Therefore, for the calculation of
calculation of
base stiffness
IC,,thebase maybebe taken
stiffness may taken as as 20% ofthe
the column
column stiffness but at
stiffness but at the
the
cost of
of designing
designing the foundations
foundations to to carry
carry the moments from the ULS
momentsfrom ULS global
global
analysis for every load case.

rigidbase
Nominally rigid base
The base
base stiffness should be
stiffness should betaken
taken as as equal
equal to the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness and
andthethe
foundation mustbebe designed
foundation must designedtoto resist
resist moments
momentsfrom
fromallallload
loadcases.
cases. Therefore,
Therefore,
the base stiffness
thebase may
be be taken
stiffness may taken as equal
equal to
to the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness for
for the
the
calculation of ,lcr. Note that the bases
calculation of basesshould
should not
not be
be assumed
assumed to
to be
be rigid for this
check.

The above assumptions

assumptions have
have been
been used
used in
in deriving the approximate formulae
formulae for
for
Acr given
2cr given in Section 4.4.
4.4.

37
4.4
4.4 Simplified hand
Simplified handsolutions
solutionsfor
forXcr
L
4.4.1
4.4.1General
General
This section is from Davies5'6'7
section is with
D a v i e ~ ' ~ ,with ' the extensions
~ . ~the extensionsofofDavies'
Davies' work
work to
toother
other
base conditions
conditions by King'''].
by King'2.

In this
this method,
method, the
the frame
frame is
is considered
considered as
as aa series
series of sub-divisions(see
of sub-divisions (see Figure
including:
4.1) including:
(i)Rafter
Rafterpairs (seeSection
pairs (see Section 4.4.2).
4.4.2).
(ii) External
External column
column ++ rafter
rafter (see
(see Section 4.4.3).
Section 4.4.3).
(iii) Internal
Internal column + rafter
column + rafter each
each side
side (see
(see Section 4.4.4).
Section 4.4.4).
(iv) Equivalentframe
(iv) Equivalent framefor
for frames with
frames with props
props or
or valley
valley beams
beams (see
(see
Section 4.4.5).
4.4.5).
For each ULS
ULS load
load combination
combination analysed,
analysed, 2crA,, shouldbebefound
found for each
eachofof
thethe
above sub-divisions and the lowest
sub-divisions and lowest 2cr
Acr shouldbe beused
used throughout
throughout the structure
structure
for that particular load combination.
particular load combination. (The very lowest Ar
very lowest A. could
could be
beused
used for
for all
all
load combinations,
combinations, but it would
would result
resultinin aa conservative
conservative design).
design).

Column
Columnandand rafter
rafter loads
loads should
should be the
bethe values calculated
values calculated by
by elastic
elastic analysis,
analysis,
which maybebe found
which may found by by first-order
first-order computer
computer analysis or bythe
analysis or the formulae
formulae in in
reference
reference bbooks9'°'.
o~ks[~,~~~ll~.

Rafter pairs
r------------

Internalcolumn
,lnternal column
External column
column + rafter each side
rafter r

l
I l
I l
I
I

Figure 4.1 Sub-divisions

Figure 4.1 Sub-divisionsof
of frames
frames for analysis without computer
for analysis computer

38
38
4.4.2
4.4.2Rafter pairs
Rafterpairs
This Section checks
checks the
the ‘rafter
'rafter pair'
pair’ sub-divisions ofthe
sub-divisions of the structure.

It checks that the

checks that the 'arch'
‘arch’ formed
formed by
by each
each rafter
rafter pair does
does not collapse; see Figure
collapse; see Figure
4.2.

The theory
theory is due to to Horne'3'
Horne[13]and forms
forms the basisofofthethe rules
the basis rules of
of Clause
Clause 5.5.4.3
5.5.4.3
of BS
BS 5950-1.
5950-1. ItItisisre-expressed
re-expressedby
byDavies71.
DaviesL7I.

For roof
roof slopes in the
slopes in range00I 6
therange 8, I 200,
20”,

2cr [5s(4+L/h)] 1+—s- tan2O

Lb 'r Pyr
where:
Lb is the
the effective
effectivespan L-L,,
spanL—L1,
and other symbols are as defined in Section 3.4.2, except for 819which
Section 3.4.2, is defined
which is defined
in Section 3.5.

Figure 4.2 Arching

Figure 4.2 failure of
Arching failure of rafters
rafters

4.4.3 External
Externalcolumn
column and rafter
andrafter
This checks the 'external
checks the column and
‘external column and rafter’
rafter' sub-divisions
sub-divisions ofof
thethestructure.
structure.The
The
theory
theory isis due
due to Davies, but
toDavies, but modified to include an
modifiedtoinclude an explicit
explicit column
column base
base
stiffness in (b) and (c) below.
below.

(a)
(a) Truly
Truly pinned bases,
pinned bases, or
or bases
bases with
with rockers,
rockers, as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.1 of
5.1.3.1 of
5950-1.
BS 5950-1.
3EI
3E1
2cr
A C T =
( 1.2
s a3PrS+I 1+— Ic'
[ R)
This may be
be expressed in terms of the rafter
rafter and
and column
column Euler buckling loads
loads
as:
as :
11
2cr =
r +(4+3.3R)I PC
L r.crit J c.crit J

39
39
(b)
(b) Nominally pinned bases, as Clause
Nominallypinned Clause 5.1.3.3
5.1.3.3 of
of BS
BS 5950-1.
5950-1.
(4.2 + 0 . 4 R ) E I ,
(4.2+0.4R)EIr
2‘crCF —
—
=
I .

This may be expressed

expressed in terms of the
the rafter and column
rafter and column Euler
Euler buckling
buckling loads
loads
as:
as :

(1 +
(i 0.1R)
+o.1R)
P
+ (2.9 + 2.7R)I
(p
'r.crit PC.Crit

(c)
(c) Nominally rigidbases,
Nominallyrigid bases, as Clause 5.1.3.2
5.1.3.2 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
5 E(10 + 0.8 R )
5E(l0+0.8R)
2cr
‘cr

[y]
5Ps2 Ph2
+ (2.6R + 4)[%]
+(2.6R+4)
'C

This may be
be expressed
expressed in terms of the rafter and
and column
column Euler buckling loads
buckling loads
as:
as :

(l + 0.08R)
(1+o.o8R)
= \ / \

+(o.8+o,52R)
'r.crit 1c.crit

Where (for the

the above
above expressions):
expressions):
E is the Young's
Young’s modulus ofsteel
modulus of steel = 205 kN/mm2
kN/mm2
Jr is the
the rafter inertia in the plane of the
the portal
portal
1 is the column inertia in the
column inertia the plane
plane of the
the portal
portal
s is the length along the slope (eaves to apex)
the rafter length apex)
h is the
the column
column height
height

IC
—
column st?ffness — h — JcS
R
rafter stiffness
rafter stiffness 1rh
S

P is the
is axial compression
the axial in in
compression column
columnfrom
fromelastic
elastic analysis
analysis
Note: This d@ersfrom
Thisdffers fromBS
BS 5950-1 notation which
5950-1 notation which defines
defines Pc
P. as the capacity
of the compression member.
of the compression member.
P,.
Pr isthe
the axial compression in rafter from
axial from elastic
elastic analysis
analysis
it2
n 2EElI C
, == Euler buckling
Pcr,I
P,.,.,,, =
= ~

2
load of the
bucklingload column
thecolumn
h
Ii

40
 P,,,.,, =
Prc,,I = ~
2j
EI, r =
= Euler buckling load of
ofthe
the rafter.
22
S

4.4.4
4.4.4 Internal columnand
Internalcolumn and rafter
rafter each side
each side
checks the
This checks the 'internal
‘internal column and rafter’
column and rafter' sub-divisions
sub-divisions ofof the
the structure.
structure.The
The
as in
theory is as in Section 4.4.3 but
Section 4.4.3 but modified
modified for
for internal columns.
internal columns.

(a)
(a) Truly
Truly pinned bases,
pinned bases, or bases with
bases with rockers,
rockers, as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.1
5.1.3.1 of
of
BS 5950-1
5950-1
11
2 cr \ / \ / \

P, Prr P
R+ Rr +(4r +3.3R2 )
.crit 'rr.crit 'c.crit

which, in the case of identical

identical rafter forces, sections
sections and lengths gives:
1
2cr
P P
÷(4+3.3R2)
r.crit 1c.crit

Nominally
(b) Nominally pinned
pinned bases, as Clause
bases, Clause 5.1.3.3 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
(l+O.lR,))
(1+o.1R2))
2cr =
P C
IR +1 _!L_ I'r +(2.9+2.7R2 )i
1're .crit ) rr.crit ) c.crit
which in the case of identical rafter forces, sections
sections and lengths gives
gives

2cr = (i+o.i2)
c
+(2.9+2.7R2 )
1r.crit ) 'c.crit

(c)
(c) Nominallyrigid
rigidbases,
bases, as
as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.2
5.1.3.2 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
(1 + 0.08R, )
(1+o.o8R2)
2cr
p R1 +
rr
Rr + (0.8 + 0.52R2 )
.crit rr.crj( 'c.crit
which, in
in the
the case
case of
of identical
identical rafter
rafter forces, sections
sections and
and lengths gives
(1 + 0.8 R, )
(1+o.8R2)
2cr = \ / \

+ (0.8 + 0.52R2 )
. 'r.crit 'c.crit
The symbols
symbols for the above expressions
expressions are
are the same
same as in Section 4.4.3, except:
except:

p,, is the
the axial compression in left-hand rafter from
axial compression fromelastic
elastic analysis
analysis
P,
P,. is the
the axial compression in
axialcompression in right-hand
right-hand rafter from
from elastic
elastic analysis
analysis

41
41
 is the Euler buckling
P,, .crit is buckling load
load of
of left
left hand
handrafter
rafter =
= iZ2EIri/512
dEZrl/st
P,.,.,,.,, is the Euler buckling
Prrcr,t load of
buckling load of left
left hand
hand rafter
rafter =
= dEI,/s,2
-
-
left hand rafter stiffness - EIrC /st
El Is
R -

total rafter stgfiess

stffiiess ( EZ,p /so ++ EIrr/Sr
(EIr/S EI /S , ))
- right hand
= hand rafter
rafterst?ffness
stiffness - EI /sr
EIrr
R - =
-

total rafter stg&ess

stffiiess (EZ,,ree
(El + EZ,, /S, ))
/S, +EIrr/Sr

st$@ess
column stffiiess El
EI c/h
/h
R2 =-- -
=
-
total rafter stflness (EI /s
st(fness (EIrp + Elrr
/S B + /S, ))
EI /Sr
the left hand rafter
is the rafter inertia in the plane
plane of the
the portal
portal
Irr is the right hand rafter inertia in the plane
planeof
ofthe
the portal
portal
s is the
the left hand rafter
rafter length alongthe
length along the slope (valley toapex)
(valley to apex)
Sr length along the slope (valley
is the right hand rafter length (valley to
to apex).
apex).

4.4.5 Portal frame

frame with
with props
props or
or valley beams
valley beams
The theory
theory is due
due to
to Davies5'6'7,
D a ~ i e s [ ~ .but
~ . ~modified
but modified
], to include
include an
an explicit
explicit column
column
base stiffness in (b)
stiffness in (b) and
and (c) below.
below. ItItassumes
assumes that
that all
all thevalleys
valleys are
are supported
supported
beams.
either by props or by valley beams.
A simple
simple equivalent frame with
equivalent frame withone
one column pinned top
column pinned top and bottom
bottom is used,
used,
representing
representing ananend
endbay.
bay.This
This isisloaded
loaded by
by aashare
share(normally
(normally 50%)
50%) of thetotal
of the total
of all the
the prop
prop loads
loads in thethe frame on the pin-ended
frame on column. Assuming
pin-ended column. Assuming thatthatthethe
internal
internal column loadistwice
column load is twice
the the external
external column load, the
columnload, equivalent frame
theequivalent frame
prop load
prop load is
is NP,,
NP,
where:
P
P,is the axialaxial
isthe compression in in
compression thethe
external
externalcolumn
columnfrom
from elastic
elastic analysis
analysis
N
N isthe
thetotal
total number
number of props in the frame
The rafter
rafter beyond
beyond the the first
first bay
bay contributes little
contributes little tosway
tothe the sway stability, so is
stability, so
ignored.
ignored.

Valley beams do
Valleybeams do notadd
add appreciably tothe
appreciably to the stability
stabilityoftheof the portal
portal anddo
do not
not
destabilise itit when
destabilise when well well detailed with aa rigid
detailed with rigid connection to
the the eaves.
connection to eaves.
Therefore, rigidly
rigidly connected valley beams
connected valley beams make
makeno
nocontribution
contributiontotoN.
N. A portal
with valley
valley beams
beams but
but no
no props
props has
hasNN == 0.
0.

(a)
(a) Truly
Truly pinned bases,
pinned bases, or
or bases
bases with
with rockers
rockers as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.1 of
5.1.3.1 of
BS 5950-1
5950-1
3E I ,
3EIr
24 cr, = /, \

2 [0.3PrS2 + +1 (N+1)Ph]
which may
which may be
be expressed
expressed in terms of the
the Euler loads as

42
 1
2Cr /
P (P
+(4+3.3R)(N+1)
'32r.crit Pc.Crit

(b) Nominally pinned

pinned bases, as
as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.3
5.1.3.3 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
(1 + O.lR, ))
(1+O.1R
-
-
2cr
P P
+(2.9+2.7R)(N+1)
'2r.crit c.crit

(c) Nominally rigid bases, as

as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.2
5.1.3.2 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1

-
(1+
(1 + O.O8R)
0.08 R , )
CC
-
/
1P /
(P
+(O.8+O.52R)(N+1)j
'2r.crit c.crit

where, for rafters

rafters of
of equal
equal cross-section
cross-section and equal length
Z2
'2 is the rafter inertiainin the
rafterinertia the plane ofthe
the frame
s2
s2 is the length of rafter
length of rafterpair
pair(i.e.
(i.e. eaves
eaves to apex
to apex to valley) but
to valley) but for
for
asymmetrical arrangements of rafters, 12/s2 12/s2isisthe
the value
value that
that gives
gives the
the
true ratio of column stiffness to stiffness of of the
the pair
pair of rafters
(length
(length == sum of rafter lengths,
lengths, i.e.
i.e.eaves
eavestotoapex
apextotovalley)
valley)forfor
rotation about the eaves.
P2r.crit
P2r.crit
isisthe
theEuler
Eulercritical
criticalbuckling
bucklingload
loadofofthe
thepair
pairofofrafters
raftersadjacent
adjacent to
tothe
the
external column
2
- irEI n 2EZ
=
-~ for a symmetrical pair of rafters.
2
( S 2 )*
(s2)
stiffness of
stiffness column
of column
R, =
= =
= (EI
(Elc/h)(E12 / S 2 )1
/ h ) ( E I 2 Is2
stiffness of
stiffness of rafter pair

43
5 SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS
SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS

5.1
5 .l Introduction
Second-order analysis is the
Second-order the term used to describe
used to describe analysis
analysis methods
methods in which
whichthe
the
effects of increasing
increasing deflection
deflection under increasing load are considered
considered explicitly
explicitly in
the solution method, so that the results include the P.zl (P-big delta)
solution method, so that the results include the P . A (P-big delta) and and P.
P.S
6
(P-little delta) effects
(P-little delta) effects described
describedinin Section
Section2.4.
2.4.The
The results
results will
will differ
differ from
from the
the
results
results of first-order
first-order analysis
analysis by an
an amount
amount dependent
dependent on themagnitude
magnitude of of
thethe
P.zl
P. A and P.S
P. 6effects.
effects.

Second
Second order
order analysis
analysis will
will normally
normally be more
more accurate
accurate than
than first-order
first-order analysis
analysis
with magnification factors.

The
The method
method and
and limitations
limitationsof of a second
second order
order analysis
analysis should
should be
be clearly
clearly
understood before
understood before ititisused
is used and before
before resistance checks are
resistance checks are applied
applied to
tothethe
results.

5.2 Design
Design steps
steps
This Section gives the
Section gives the steps
steps required
required toto satisfy Clauses5.5.2
satisfy Clauses 5.5.2
or or 5.5.3
5.5.3 of
of
BS 5950-1 using
BS 5950-1 using second-order
second-orderanalysis,
analysis,asasClause
Clause5.5.4.5
5.5.4.5ofofBS
BS5950-1.
5950-1. For
second-order
second-order analysis,
analysis, A. istaken
/2, is taken as
as 1.0.

Out-of-plane stability member

Out-of-plane stability member mustmust also
also be
bechecked
checked as required
required by BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
Chapters 4 and 5,
5 , but
but is
is outside
outside the
the scope
scope of
of this
this document.
document.

Design steps for plastic design

Design
1.
1. Carry out aa plastic
plastic analysis
analysis of the
the frame.
frame.
Apply
Applythethe loads tothethe frame.
loads to For load
frame.For loadcombinations
combinations other
other than
than Load
Load
combination
combination 1 (see Clause
Clause 2.4.1.2 of BS 5950-1), notional horizontal
of BS 5950-l), notional horizontal forces
(NHF) need not
(NHF) need not be
be applied
applied (see
(see Clause 2.4.2.4 of
Clause 2.4.2.4 of BS
BS 5950-1).
5950-1). Where
Where
NHF
NHF areare applied
applied to to asymmetric
asymmetric frames
frames or or symmetric
symmetric frames
frames with
with
asymmetric loading,
asymmetric loading, it will generally be necessary
will generally necessary to apply two loadload cases,
one with the NHF in
with the in one
one direction
direction and the other with the NHF in the the other
direction to ensure that thethe most unfavourable load case
unfavourable load case is
is applied.
applied.
2. Check
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
of the
the frame
frame
(a) Calculate i$,and
Calculate A andcheck
check that 4 21.0.
that A,, 1.0.Note
Notethat second-order
that second-orderanalysis
analysis
should not
not give
give higher
higher values of i$,
values of A than
than first-order
first-order analysis
analysis
(b) Check
Check the
the member
member strength and out-of-plane
strengthand stabilityatat
out-of-planestability 1.01.0 xx ULS
ULS
loads.
Design steps for elastic
Design elastic design
Carry
1. Carry
1. out out an elastic analysis
analysis of
ofthe
the frame.
frame. Loading
Loading should
should bethe
the same as
given in Step 1 for
for plastic design.
2. Calculate the moments
Calculate the moments and and forces around
forces around the
the frame.Check Check the
frame. the
cross-sectional resistances using
cross-sectional resistances using BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1 Clause
Clause4.8
4.8 using
using the
the output
output of
the second-order analysis at
second-order analysis at 1.0 x ULS loads.

44
5.3 Structure
Structuremodel
model
5.3.1 Division
Divisionof ofmembers
members into into elements
elements for for P.o effects
P.6 effects
In second-order analysis of
second-order analysis of portal
portal frames,
frames, all the members in in a frame
frame may
may need
need
to be divided
divided into
into several
several elements
elements along their lengths
lengths for an accurate
accurate analysis.
analysis.
The reason
reason is that
that P.S
P.6 (P-little
(P-little delta) effects described in
effects described in Section
Section2.4.2
2.4.2 have
have aa
significant influenceonon the
significant influence the behaviour
behaviourofof practical
practical portal
portal frames,
frames, but
but most
most
analysis methodsdo
analysis methods do not
not allow
allow forfor these
these effects
effects within
within the
themodel
modelelement.
element. The
P.S
P. 6 (P-little
(P-little delta)
delta) effects are not
effects are not the same
same asas the
the P.zl
P.A (P-big
(P-big delta)
delta) effects
effects
described in Section
described in Section 2.4.3. ManyManysoftware
software packages
packages include
include modules
modules of of
'P-delta'
‘P-delta’ analysis,
analysis, but
but these
these are
are usually
usually designed
designed to
to consider
consider the
the relative
relative
displacements
displacements ofof
thetheends
endsofof
thetheelement
element only. This
only. This isisthethe same
sameasas the
the P.zl
P.d
(P-big delta) effects
(P-big delta) effects on
on the
the element.
element. When a member
member is divided into aa number
divided into number
of elements, P.A effects of all the elements
elements, then the P.zl will approximate
elements will approximatetoto the
the P.6
P.S
effects ofthethe entire
effects of entire member.
member.AsAs the thenumber
number of
of elements
elements isis increased,
increased, the
the
approximation is
approximation improved. is
is improved. It is recommended,
recommended, as as a simple
simple guide,
guide, that
that
members should be
members should be divided into 10 elements
divided into for analysis
elements for of portal
analysis of portal frames,
frames,
because portal members
because portal members are commonlyslender
arecommonly slenderandandP.6
P.S effects
effects are
are more
more
important on slender members.

There
Thereare are analysis
analysis methods
methods in in which
which the the P.S
P.6 effects
effects are modelled within
aremodelled within the the
length
length of each element. Inthese
each element. these methods,
methods, thethe coefficients
coefficients of of each
each ofofthethe
bending terms
terms in the stiffness matrixmatrix areare modified
modified by by factors
factors similar
similar to
to ‘stability
'stability
functions'
functions’ such
suchasas those
those published
published by by Livesiey
Livesiey andand Chand1er14.
Chandler[l4I. Where
Where thisthis
method is used, the the member
member length
length need not be be divided
divided intointo numerous
numerous elements
elements
to allow
allow for
for P.S
P . 6effects.
effects. Division
Division of of a member
member into into elements
elements may
may still be be
required
required to to provide
provide nodesnodes atat which loads can
which loads can bebe applied
applied ifif loads
loads are applied
applied
within the length
within the length of of aa member.
member. ItIt isis important
important that
that the designer sure that
designer is sure that this
this
'stability
‘stability function'
function’ type method
typemethod is is incorporated
incorporated in an an analysis
analysis method
method before
before
deciding
deciding notnot to
to sub-divide
sub-dividemembers
membersinto into1010orormore
moreelements.
elements. AnAn example
exampleof ofaa
'stability
‘stability function'
function’ type of solution
solution is provided
provided bythe the worked examples ofthe
worked examples the
'hand'
‘hand’ method.
method. InInthesethese examples,
examples, thethe stiffness
stiffness ofthe
the members
members isis reduced
reducedby byaa
factor
factor (1 - PsIPT),
PLTLS/Pcr), where PULS
PuLs isisthetheaxial
axialcompression
compressionatat the the Ultimate
Ultimate Limit
Limit
State
State and PC,Pcr isisthe
the elastic
elasticcritical
criticalbuckling
bucklingload loadofofthethemember.
member. Whilst
Whilst this is
an approximation,
approximation, it is an exampleexample of modification
modification of of the
the member
member stiffness
stiffness byby aa
factor to allow
factor to allow for
for P.6
P. effects.
effects. An
Analternative
alternative factor
factor that may
be be used
thatmay used is
is
VuLS/Vcr)=
(1 - VULS/VCF) VuLs, V,,,
l/&), where VULS,
= (( 1/A), andA,,
Vcr,and ,. are as defined in Section 2.3.
2.3.

5.3.2 Initialimperfections
imperfectionsofof frames
frames
All frames must
frames must
be be designed
designed to to allow
allow for
for initial imperfections.
BS 5950-1: 2000 requires
5950-1: 2000 requires that
that the
the effects these imperfections
effects of these are included
imperfections are included by
by
application
application ofofthethe notional
notionalhorizontal
horizontalforces.
forces. Theseare
These are taken
takenatat 0.5%
0.5% ofof the
the
factored
factored loads
loads applied
applied ininLoad
Load combination
combination l1 (gravity loads) in
(gravity loads) in cases
cases without
without
significant horizontal loads,
significant horizontal loads, as
as BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1Section
Section2.4.2.4.
2.4.2.4. Notional
Notional horizontal
horizontal
forces are not
not applied
applied in load combinations
in load combinations including horizontal
horizontal loads.
loads.

The notional horizontal forces

notional horizontal forces are
are assumed
assumed to
to act
act in any
any one direction,
direction, thus two
analyses
analyses are required, except for symmetrical frames with symmetrical
required, except for symmetrical frames with symmetrical loading. loading.
In one
one analysis,
analysis, the notional horizontal
thenotional forces applied
horizontal forces applied inin one direction
direction in the
the
plane the portal
plane of the portal frame, and inthe the other analysis, the forces
analysis, the forces are
are applied
applied in
in the
the
opposite direction theplane
direction in the plane of the portal frame.

45
5.3.3
5.3.3 Initial
Initialimperfections
imperfectionsofof members
members
In-plane buckling
In-plane checksof
buckling checks of members
membersisis covered
coveredinin detail
detail in Section6.6. This
inSection This
section only covers principles that affect the analysis model.

Where the buckling

Where bucklingresistance
resistance
of of aa member
member isistotobebe checked
checked by a methodmethod other
than direct application
than application ofofthe
the buckling
buckling checks
checks in
in BS
BS 5950-1,
5950-1, ititisis important that
important that
the effect of residual
residual stresses
stresses is included.
included. This
Thismaymaybe achieved
achieved by by using initial
using initial
imperfectionsequivalent
imperfections equivalenttoto those
those used in BS
usedin BS 5950-1,
5950-1,Annex
AnnexCC to to define
define thethe
buckling curves.
buckling curves. Altematively,
Alternatively, the
the moment
moment due
due
to to strut
strut action
action
can
be can be
calculated from BS 5950-1 Annex
calculated Annex C. C.3.
3.

Ifinitial
initial imperfections
imperfections of of members
members are are allowed
allowed forfor in
inthe
the analysis modelofof aa
analysis model
complete frame,
complete frame, itshould
should be be remembered
remembered that that these
these imperfections
imperfections might
mightbebe
either destabilising
either destabilising or or stabilising, depending on
stabilising, depending on the
the direction
direction of ofthe
the deflections
deflections
induced
induced by by each
each load
load combination.
combination. Numerous
Numerous analyses
analyses for for each
each load
load case
case may
may
be required
required to ensure that the worst
that the worst case has been
case has been considered.
considered. Because
Because of of this,
it is
is recommended
recommended that the frame frame isis analysed
analysed assuming initially perfect
assuming initially perfect members
members
and that the initial imperfection
the initial imperfection effects
effects are then added
added in themost
in the most unfavourable
unfavourable
direction
direction to to each individual member, in
individual member, in addition tothethe
addition to moments and
moments and forces
forces
from the frame analysis.

5.3.4 Base
Base stiffness
stiffness
BS 5950-1 Clause 5.1.3
5950-1 Clause 5.1.3 gives
gives guidance
guidance on
on thestiffness
thebase base that
stiffness
maybe that may be
assumed in design.
assumed in design.
TheThe provisions
provisions for ULS
ULS analysis may
analysis may beinthe
beused used in the
analysis model. ItItisisimportant
analysis model. important to
tonote
notethat
thatthe
thesecond-order
second-order analysis
analysis uses the
usesthe
stiffness of the frame at ULS, hence
stiffness of hence only the ULS
ULS base stiffness
stiffnessvalues
values may
may be be
used, not
not the
the SLS
SLS values.
values.

The following base stiffnesses maybe

stiffnesses may beused:
used:

Base with
with a pin or rocker
The base stiffness should betaken
should be taken as zero.

Nominally pinned
pinnedbase base
If
If a column
column is nominally pin-connected
is nominally pin-connected to a foundation
foundation assuming thatthethe
assuming that base
base
moment isis zero, the base should
the base should be assumed
assumed to be pinned in inthe
theglobal
global analysis.
analysis.
Therefore,
Therefore, where
where the moment
moment applied
applied to thefoundation
foundation is is required
required toto be zero,
the
the 10%
10% colun-in stiffness value
column stiffness value cannot
cannot be be applied
applied
in
the in the global analysis.
global analysis.
However,
However, the 10% 10% colunm
column stiffness can be usedininthe
stiffness can the calculations stability
calculations ofstability
functions that allow for P. 8 (P—little delta) effects. This is
functions that allow for 6 (P-little delta) effects. Thisis thereason for the reason for the
the
reduction
reduction theof the effective
of effective length
length ofof columns
columns whenwhen calculating P,,
calculating Pcr in
in
Appendix A.3.2, which
Appendix A.3.2, which isis also
alsoreferred
referredtoto in
inAppendix
AppendixB.3.2.
B.3.2.The
The reduction
reduction ofof
effective length is
effective length is also applicable
also applicable inthe the internal column
internal column in-plane
in-plane checks
checks
recommended
recommended in Section 6.

semi-rigidbase
Nominally semi-rigid base
A nominal base stiffness
nominal base of up
stiffness of up to 20% of the column
of the column stiffness maybebeassumed
stiffness may assumed
for the
the ULS
ULS calculations,
calculations, provided that the
provided that foundation is
thefoundation is designed for the
designed for
moments
moments and forces obtained inthe
obtained in the analysis.

46
Nominally rigid
Nominally rigid base
base
The base
base stiffness should
stiffness should be taken
betakenas as equal
equal tothe
the column
column stiffness
stiffness and
and the
the
foundation must be
foundation must bedesigned
designedtotoresist
resist moments
moments from all load
load cases.

5.3.5
5.3.5 Tied portals
Tied portals
portals are
are especially sensitivetoto second-order
especially sensitive second-order effects
effects because
because ofthe thehigh
high
axial
axial forces
forces inthe
the rafters.
rafters. In In addition, tie portals
addition, tie portals with
withlowlow pitch
pitch rafters
rafters are
very
very sensitive to the
sensitive to vertical
thevertical deflection
deflection ofthe of the apex.
apex. This
Thisisis because
because the apex
theapex
acts as a central
central support
support to the the rafters,
rafters, which
which act as a two two span
span beam
beam supported
supported
bythe
the columns
columns andand the
the apex.
apex. The The axial
axial forces
forces in the rafters
inthe are determined
rafters are determined by by
the
the vector
vector component
component of ofthethe reaction from
reaction from thethe rafters
rafters acting
acting as aa two-span
two-span
beam.
beam. Therefore,
Therefore,the theaxial
axial forces
forcesare
areinversely
inversely proportional
proportional to to the actualslope
theactual slope
ofthe
the rafters
rafters in
in their
their loaded
loaded position.
position. As As the
the apex
apex deflects,
deflects, the
the axial
axial force
force in
in
the rafters must increase
increase to to provide
provide thethe same
samevertical
verticalreaction
reactionatatthetheapex.
apex. This
This
phenomenon
phenomenon is is illustrated
illustrated in in B.5.3. It is is aanon-linear
non-linear effect
effect that must
thatmust be be
accounted
accounted for.

An additional consideration isisthat

additional consideration thatthe
the rafters
rafters in
in a tied portal
portal may bebe so shallow,
relative to their span
relative to span from
from eaves
eavestoto apex, that
apex, the deflections
thatthe deflections are
are significant.
significant.
Where
Where this
this occurs,
occurs, the curvature
curvature shortens the end
shortens the end to end distance of the rafter.
distance of
This effect
effect adds to the the apex drop. ThisThiscurvature
curvature shortening
shortening effect
effect is
is illustrated
illustrated
in B.5.3.
B .5.3.It Itis is
another
anothernon-linear
non-lineareffect
effectthat
thatmust
mustbe be accounted
accounted for.

Because
Because ofofthe
the above two non-linear effects, tied portals must be analysed
non-linear effects, analysed using
using
routines
routines that can
can model these
modelthese effects. Itisis essential
non-linear effects.
non-linear essential that
that designers
designers
must
must check
check the the functionality
functionality of of their
their software
software with thethe suppliers
with suppliers before
before
designing tie portals.
designing tie portals. It is
is unlikely
unlikely that
that
any any software
software that
that uses
uses the
the original
original
geometry
geometry of ofthe
the rafters
rafters throughout
throughout the the analysis can be
analysis can bereliable
reliable for low pitch
lowpitch
rafters, unless
unless an an iterative
iterative modification
modificationofofthethe rafter
rafter geometry
geometry isused used at some
some
analysis.
point in the analysis.

Some
Some software packages use
software packages use a system
system ofmodification
modification to to the stiffness matrix
thestiffness matrix
while
while maintaining
maintaining thethe original
originalgeometry
geometryofofthe themodel.
model. This
This is
is often
often referred
referred toto
as 'P-delta' analysis. This
‘P-delta’ analysis. This type
type of of analysis
analysis routine
routine isis not
not appropriate
appropriate for for
analysis oftied
analysis of tied portals
portals with low pitch
withlow pitch rafters,
rafters, because
becauseofof the
thenon-linearity,
non-linearity,
unless
unless a routine
routine is added
added to account
account for for this.
this. Equally,
Equally, routines
routines that
that use stability
use stability
functions
functions but retain the original geometry throughout
the original geometry throughout the the analysis cannot model
cannot model
the non-linearity
non-linearity ofofthe
the apex deflection
deflection and and are not appropriate
appropriate for portals with
low pitch rafters, aa procedure
procedure isis added
added to to account
account for
for this.
this.

5.4
5.4 Analysis methods
methods
5.4.1 General
General
Second order analysis
Second analysis may
may be carried
carried out
out by
by numerous
numerous methods,
methods, including:
including:
•
0 using a geometrical
Closed solutions using geometrical or algebraic function.
algebraic function.
•
0 Matrix methods.
methods.
•
0 methods.
Energy methods.
It is
is important
important that
that the
the method
method chosen
chosen is
is suitable
suitable for
for the
the particular
particular application.
application.

47
One of the most
ofthe most common
common cases of of allowing
allowing for second-order effects isis a strut
second-order effects
buckling curve.The
buckling curve. The resistance
resistance of the strut
of the strutis reduced
reduced below its squash
below its squash load
load by
the bending momentscaused
bending moments causedby bythetheaxial
axialload.
load. This is aa case
case ofof second-order
second-order
analysis
analysis that can be performed
performed using a geometrical
geometrical function
function to produce
produce a closed
closed
solution. The
Theclassic
classicsolution
solution isis the Perry-Robertson
Perry-Robertson solution,
solution, which uses a sine
curvetoto model
model the
the strut deflected form. However,
deflected form. However, itit isisnot
not normally
normally practical
practical
to produce an accurate analysis
an accurate analysis of a frame
frame using
using geometrical
geometrical functions,
functions, although
although
an approximate analysis can
approximate analysis canbe
be made
made using
usingthe the first mode
mode ofof frame buckling
buckling as
the geometrical function. An
geometrical function. An example
example of this
ofthis method is the
method the amplification
amplification of of
sway effects
effects in Clause
Clause 2.4.2.7 of BS BS 5950-1.

Themore
more universally
universally applicable method is by
applicable method by iterative
iterative application
application of matrix
matrix
analysis described Section 5.4.2.
described in Section 5.4.2.

the case
Inthe case of single-storey plastic
ofsingle-storey plastic portal
portal frames,
frames, the
the energy
energy method
method provides
provides
one of the
the simplest
simplest solution techniques. Using
solution techniques. the energy
Using the method, it isis possible
energy method, possible
toperform
perform aa second-order
second-order analysis
analysis without
without computer
computer software,
software, although
although thethe
solution is laborious more conservative
laborious and more conservative than
than aa computer
computer solution.
solution. Examples
Examples
of this method are given at the end of of this document.
document.

In iterative
iterative solutions,
solutions, the number of iterations
iterations should
should bebe sufficient to ensure that
the stiffness
stiffness ofthe
the frame
frame isis not
notoverestimated
overestimated asas the
the loading
loading approaches
approaches the
collapse load. The
collapse load. Thesolution
solution method
method should include an
shouldinclude an equilibrium check to
equilibrium check to
ensure that the applied
applied loads are in in equilibrium
equilibrium with thethe frame
frame resistance within
resistance within
a satisfactory
satisfactory tolerance.

5.4.2 Matrix methods

methods
areatat least
There are least two
two matrix
matrix methods ofsecond
methods of second order
order analysis
analysisavailable.
available. One
One
modifies the geometry
modifies the after each
geometry after each load
load increment,
increment, and
and then recalculates
the the
thenrecalculates
stiffness
stiffness matrix
matrix using the
usingthenewnew geometry
geometry and
andunmodified
unmodified member
member properties.
properties.
The other,
other, often
often called
called P-delta
P-delta analysis,
analysis, uses theinitial
uses the initial geometry
geometry throughout
throughout but
modifies the terms
modifies the terms ofthethe stiffness
stiffness matrix
matrix according
according to the displacements
tothe displacements and
axial
axial load
load inin each
each member
member but but always
always referring
referring to thethe original
to original member
member
geometry. Thereare
geometry. There are special
specialrequirements
requirements for for modelling
modellingtiedtied portals,
portals, which are
whichare
given in Section 5.3.5. ItItisisunlikely
Section 5.3.5. unlikelythat
that any
anyroutine
routine using
using the initial geometry
the initial geometry
can
can be reliable for
bereliable for tied
tied portals
portals with low
withlow pitches
pitches unlessunless aa separate
separate iterative
iterative
procedure is used
usedin
in addition.
addition.

Also, the
Also, the analysis
analysis may
maybebe either
eitherelastic/perfectly-plastic
elastic/perfectly-plastic or elasto-plastic
elasto-plastic(in(in
which the modulus
modulusofof elasticity reduces
reduces to model
modelthe
the stress-strain behaviour in
stress-strain behaviour in a
member).
real member).

It isis very
very important
important that
that aa matrix
matrix method
method addresses allthethe issues
addresses all issues raised
raisedin in
Section
Section 5.1.5.1. It isis equally
equally important
important to
to recognise
recognise the that the overall
that overall frame
frame
behaviour
behaviour (the P.zl
P.d effects) cannot
cannot be correctly
correctly calculated unless
calculatedunless the member
themember
effects
effects (the P.6
P. 5 effects)
effects)are
arecorrectly
correctlyincluded.
included. For example, if the
example, if the column
column of
of aa
portal
portal is modelled
modelled asas one
one element,
element, ititwill
will give unsafe answers
giveunsafe answers unless
unlessthethe
stiffness
stiffness is correctly
correctly modified
modifiedto to allow
allow for
for the
theappropriate
appropriate column
column buckling
buckling
mode.

48
5.4.3 Energy
Energymethods
methods
energy method
Theenergy method is
is a long-established method
long-establishedmethod
of ofstructural
structuralanalysis.
analysis. The
The
method usesthe
method uses the principle
principle of conservation
conservation of of energy,
energy, equating the strain
equating the strain energy
energy
in the
the structure
structure under load with
withthe
thepotential
potential energy
energy given
givenupup by
bythe
theload
load as
as the
the
structure deflects.

It isis very
very important
important that
that an
an energy
energy method
method addresses all the issues
addresses all raised
issuesraised in in
Section 5.5.1.1. It is is equally
equally important
important to to recognise
recognise that
that the
the overall
overall frame
frame
behaviour
behaviour (the P.zl effects) cannot
P.d effects) cannot be correctly
correctly calculated
calculated unless
unless themember
member
effects (the P.6effects)
effects (the P.8 effects) are
are correctly
correctly included.
included. For example,
example, if the column
column of of aa
portal
portal ismodelled
modelled as one one element,
element, ititwill
will
givegive unsafe
unsafe answers
answers unless
unlessthethe
stiffness
stiffness is is correctly
correctly modified
modified to allow
allow forfor the
the appropriate
appropriate column
column buckling
buckling
mode.

The strain
strain energy in the the structure
structure is
is given
given by the area
by the area under the
the load-deflection
load-deflection
diagram. Thisisis illustrated
diagram. This illustrated for
for aatypical
typical single
single bay
bay portal frame
frame in Figure
Figure 5.1.

,
The load
load factors
2, and 4.
2.
factors at the
the formation
formation of thethe first
first and
and second
second hinges
hinges are
are denoted by
denoted by

:
Load

I
I
b
op
6,
Deflection
Deflection

5.1
Figure 5.1 Typicalload-deflection
load-deflection diagram
The second-order effects reduce
second-order effects reduce the
the resistance
resistance of
ofthe
the frame to externally applied
externally applied
loads.
loads. This
Thisis simply
simply illustrated
illustrated bythethe column
column ofof aa portal
portalframe.
frame. The rotation
The rotation
of aa typical
typical exterior column isis shown
exterior column showninin Figure
Figure5.2.
5.2. In
In the
the deflected
deflected state, the
top of the
the column
column has has moved
moved down downby by6.
8. This is mostly
This is mostly due to the rotation 4
therotation
of the
the column
column toptop relative
relative toto the
the column
columnbase.
base. In
In addition,
addition, the deflection 68 is
thedeflection is
partly
partly due
due to
to the
the curvature
curvature of of the
thecolumn,
column, which
which reduces
reduces the
thedistance between
distancebetween
the top
top and
and the
the bottom
bottom ofof the
the column,
column, causing
causing the column
column toptop to move
move down.
down.
This
This column
column top deflection
deflection moves the rafter
moves the rafter shear force, V.V ,downwards,
shearforce, downwards,
releasing
releasing potential energy that
potential energy that is not
not calculated
calculated in
in first-order
first-order analysis.
analysis.

49
 -
h

Figure 5.2 Column

Figure 5.2 Columntop deflections
topdeflections

By the
By the principal
principal of
of conservation
conservation of
of energy,
energy, the
the potential
potential energy
energy released by aa
released by
given range of deflection is equal to the strain energy absorbed in the structure
given range of deflection is equal to the strain energy absorbed in the structure
over
over that
that same rangeofof deflection.
same range deflection. This
Thismay
may be
be written:
written:

E=E,
Ep = E,
where:
where:
EEpisis the
the potential
potential energy
energy released
released
EE,isis the strain energy absorbed in
the strain energy absorbed in the
the structure.
structure.
For
a a given
For given range ofofdeflection,
range deflection, some
some potential
potential energy
energy is
is released
released by
by
second-order deflections, which
second-order deflections, which is
is defined
defined here
here as Epz. The
as E2. The remaining
remaining potential
potential
energy
energy is
is released
released by
by first-order
first-order deflections and isis defined
deflections and here as
defined here as E1.
Epl.
Therefore,
Therefore,we
wecan
canwrite:
write:

Epl++E2
EE,==EEp==E1 Ep2

These
These energies
energies are
are illustrated
illustrated in
in Figure
Figure 5.3.
5.3.

Load

Ep2

Ep 1

Deflection
Deflection
Figure 5.3 Energy
Figure 5.3 Energy

At
At any
any point
point on
onthe
theload-deflection
load-deflection curve,
curve, the
theresistance
resistance to
toexternally
externally applied
applied
loads
loads can
can be found from
befound fromthe
theconservation
conservationofofenergy over ananinfinitesimal
energyover infinitesimal
increment
increment of
of deflection,
deflection, as
as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 5.4.
5.4.

50
50
Load

xp

Deflection
Figure 5.4
5.4 Energy
Energyover
over an
an increment deflection
increment of deflection

The energy equation is:

dE, = dE1
dEs = + dE2
dEpl + dEQ2

where, at the
the particular
particular level
level of
of load
load being
being considered:
considered:
dE, ==
d E s l(Mdk) +
.frMdk) + CMQ,d8
M4O
dE1
dEQl =
= Xwdz1
3LiCWdd
dE2
dEp2 =
= CP2s4d4 + J(P2ds)
CI(P2ds)
A,
A, is the
the first-order
first-order load
load factor
factor at
at the
the load
load level
level considered
considered
w
W is the
the applied
applied loads
dA
dzl is the
the increments
increments of
of displacements
displacements at 2,
A,
P2
P2 is the axial loads
loads in the
the member
member including the
the effect
effect ofthe
the drop ofthe
the
apex
sS is the straight
straight line
line distance between
between the
the ends
ends of
of members
members (or parts of
(or parts
members between hinges)
ds
Cls is the
the increment of shortening of the distance
shortening of distance between
between the
the ends
ends of
of the
the
members due to change of curvature
MPr
Mpr is the plastic moment reduced
reduced by
byaxial
axial force
force at the hinges
hinges
d8
d8 is the increments of rotation ofthe
the hinges
hinges
4 is the rotation of the memberbetween
between the
the 'frame
‘frame unloaded'
unloaded’ position
and the position
position at A,
at A,
d4
dq5 is the increment of rotation ofthe
the members
M
M is the first-order
is the moments
first-order momentsthroughout
throughout the
the frame
frame
dk is the increments
increments of curvature.
curvature.

51
51
The second-order
second-order load factor at the
the particular
particular level ofload
level of loadbeing
being considered
considered is:
is:

dE2
1—
dE
The load
load factor
factor at
at failure
failure in
in each
eachload
loadcase
caseisistaken
takenasasthe
themaximum
maximumvalue
valueof
of 2M
;IM
found for that load case.
that load case.

The
The energy method
energy is is convenient
method for 'hand'
convenient for ‘hand’ calculations, as shown
calculations, as shown in
in
Appendices
Appendices AAand
andB.
B. This
This application
application of the Energy
Energy Method
Methodisis similar tothe
similar to the
method given by Borne
Horne and
and Morris141,but butit
it is made more
is
made more rigorous
rigorous by including
including
the
the effects
effects of
of P.S
P.6 (P-little
(P-little delta)
delta) in
inthethe members
members and
and by by more
more rigorous
rigorous
calculation ofthe
calculation of the deflections.
deflections. The
The energy
energy equations used in
equations used in the hand method
method
are given
given in Appendix
Appendix A.2.2.
A.2.2.

Theenergy
energy method has
beenbeen calibrated
methodhas calibrated with with rigorous
rigorous iterative
iterative second-order
second-order
elastic-plastic matrix analysis
elastic-plastic matrix analysis methods
methodson on frames in
frames in which
which the sway-check
thesway-check
deflections,
deflections, 6S (calculated
(calculatedasas inin Section
Section 3.3.2),
3.3.2), do
do not
not exceed
exceed h/500.
M.500. This
This
implies that Acr is approximately
approximately 2.0. 2.0. ItItisisrecommended
recommended that that the
the method
method is not
not
applied
applied for frames with greater
frames with greater flexibility
flexibilitywithout
withoutdueduecaution.
caution. Frames
Frames that
that are
are
more
more flexible
flexible are generally
generally inefficient
inefficient and and ititisadvisable
is advisable either
either tostiffen
stiffen
thethe
frame or choose
choose a stiffer
stiffer structural
structural concept.

52
6 MEMBER
MEMBERCHECKS
CHECKS

6.1
6.1 General
This section describes the
section describes the member
member checks
checks that
that should
should be
be performed
performedand
and how
howtoto
calculate the bending
bending moment diagram used
used for these checks.

Section 6.2 provides

Section 6.2 provides aa general
general introduction
introduction tothethe differences
differences between
between the
the
first-order
first-order moments
moments in in initially
initially straight
straight members
membersandand the the actual
actual moments
moments
occurring,
occurring, including second-ordereffects.
including second-order effects. Section 6.3 describes
Section 6.3 the cases
describes the cases in
in
which the members
members may need in-plane
in-plane buckling checks,even
buckling checks, even when
whenthethe frame
has been proved to be stable
stable in-plane.

6.2 Additional bending moments

momentsfrom
fromstrut
strut action
action
The effects
effects of both geometry andand residual stresses must bebe included
included in member
member
design. BS
BS5950-1
5950-1uses
uses the
the concept
concept of
of an
an equivalent
equivalent geometrical
geometrical imperfection.
imperfection.

Inthe
the elastic
elastic domain,
domain, the
the following
following relationship can be
relationship can be proved
proved by
by a closed
closed
solution for a pin-ended
pin-ended member supporting
supporting both an axial compressive force and
a distributed lateral load
distributed lateral load in
in the
the form
form of
of a half
half sine
sine curve, as shown
curve, as shown in
in Figure
Figure
6.1

___ P

---_-_____-------
----___----
<
Figure 6.1 Additional
Figure 6.1 Additional def/ections from strut action
deflections from action
maximum moment
The maximum moment isis given by:

M max
Mniax
=
= Px8+M1
P x S p + M , =Px(e0+60)
= P x ( e , +S,) P
1---
\ 'icr
pc,
where:
P is the
the axial
axial compressive
compressive force
eo
e0 is
thethe initial
initial imperfection
imperfection

53
 MI
M1 isthe
the first-order bending
bending moment
So
00 isthe
the deflection from the first-order
first-order moments
moments
S,
O, is the
the second-order
second-order deflection
deflection
Pcr
Pcr the
isthe Elastic Critical Buckling
Elastic Buckling load.

Assuming that
Assuming that thethe above
above relationship appliestoto other
relationship applies other patterns
patterns ofofloads
loads andand
moments,
moments, thethe equation
equationcan
canbebe used
used to study
tostudyhowthe how the code
code value
value of strut
strut
imperfection should
imperfection should bebe applied
applied to
to aa second-order
second-order analysis,
analysis, thatused
used initially
initially
straight members.

TheFrench
French NAD'51 to ENV1993-1-l6'
NAD‘”] to ENV1993-1- gives
gives aamethod
method ofofanalysing
analysing members
members
with
with axial compression and bending
compression and bending that
that relies
relies on
onthis
this equation
equation as
as an
an alternative
alternative
to ENV 1993-1-1 Clause 5.5.4.
1993-1-1 Clause 5.5.4.

Second-order analysis assuming

Second-order analysis assuming initially
initially straight
straight members
members will
will calculate
the the
calculate
maximum moment as:

1
Mmax = Px(80) +M1
1--f-
P
Therefore
Therefore theonly
only difference
difference between
between second order withthe
second order the strut
strut imperfection
imperfection
and second-order without the strut imperfection is:

1
1
SinI2_
SM = Px(e0)
1--
P L
p cr )
'icr
Therefore, all thatthat is
is needed
needed to include the
to include the effect
effect of the code
of the code strut
strut imperfection
imperfection
istotoadd
add thetheabove
abovemoments
moments totothethe second-order
second-order bending
bending moments
moments calculated
calculated
for initially
initially straight members. In
straight members. In external
external columns
columns of portals,
portals, this willusually
usually
be demonstrably small. In
demonstrably small. Ininternal
internal columns
columns with
with no
no applied
applied moments,
moments, thisthisisis
the
the strut moment
moment fromfrom thethe code
code imperfection.
imperfection. In In rafters,
rafters, this
this will add a very
will add very
small
small amount
amount to to the moments
moments that that could be considered
could be considered to to be
be covered
covered byby the
factor that allows for strainstrain hardening
hardening and the the increased
increased reliability
reliability arising from
arising from
redundancy of a plastic
the redundancy plastic design.

6.3 In-plane member checks

6.3.1 General
General
For most
most structures,
structures, all the
the members
members resisting
resisting axial
axial compression
compression must must bebe
checked
checked to ensure
ensure adequate
adequate resistance tobuckling
resistance to buckling about
about both
boththethe major
major and
and
minor
minor axes. However, ininportal
axes.However, portalframes
frameschecked
checked for
for in-plane stability
in-planestabilitybytheby the
methods definedinin this publication,
methods defined publication, in-plane buckling of
in-plane buckling ofthe
the members
members is not
not the
critical
critical design case for
design case for many
many members.
members.This This Section
Section gives guidance for
givesguidance for the
majority of portal
majority of portal frames,
frames, that
that is
is the
the frames,
frames, ininwhich thebending
whichthe bending moments
moments
around the frame,
frame, are
are predominantly
predominantly from loads distributed alongthe
distributed along the rafters
rafters so
as to cause
cause relatively
relatively large bending moments.
large bending moments. In
In members
members with both:
both:
(i) relatively
relatively low axial compression,and
and

54
(ii)
(ii) relatively
relatively large
large bending
bending moments
moments which
which occur
occur away
away from
from the
the maximum
maximum
strut action moments at mid-length of members,
mid-length of
the strut
strut action
action is
is so
so low
low relative
relative to the maximum
to the moments that buckling
maximum moments is not
buckling is not
the critical
critical failure
failure criterion.
criterion. Simplified
Simplified guidance
guidance isis presented
presented for common
common
portals
portals in Section 6.3.2 and
Section 6.3.2 and for
for tied
tied portals in Section
portals in Section6.3.3.
6.3.3.The
The guidance
guidance is
is
very different for the rafters of these
these two types of frame.
frame.

6.3.2
6.3.2 Common portals
Common portals
portals are portals withoutties
portals without ties atat or
or near
near rafter
rafter level.
level. In
In these
these frames,
frames,
in-plane buckling checks may be simplified
guidance on in-plane simplified as follows:
follows:

Rafters and columns that resist the full

full haunch moment
moment of the
the
rafter.
adjoining rafter.
these members,
Inthese members, the bending moments
thebending moments atat the
the ends
ends of
of the members
members are very
large, but
but at
at mid-length bending moment
mid-length the bending moment isismuch
much less.
less. Examples shown
Examples are shown
in Figure
Figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2
Figure 6.2 Members
Memberswith
withrelatively
relativelylow
lowmoments
moments at
at mid-length
mid-length
compared with the
the ends
ends

In these
these cases
cases the
the strut action
action moment
moment isis at aa maximum
maximumwherewhere the
the first-order
first-order
bending moments are
bendingmoments are approximately
approximatelyhalf
halfthe
themaximum.
maximum. In In addition,
addition, the
the strut
action
action moment
moment is relatively
relatively small
small compared with the
compared with the moment
moment ofof resistance
resistance ofof
section. Therefore,
the section. these members
Therefore, these membersneedneed not
not bebe checked
checked for
for in-plane
in-plane
buckling.

Columns that do
Columns do not
not resist
resist the
the full
full haunch
haunch moment
moment of of the
theadjoining
adjoining
rafter.
In members
members that
that do not resist the fullfull haunch moment of
haunch moment of the
the adjoining
adjoiningrafter,
rafter, itit
is possible
possible that
that the
the strut
strut action
action moment
momentisis relatively
relatively large
large compared
compared with the
withthe
applied bendingmoment.
applied bending moment.The The principal
principal example
example of this
thisisis
thethe internal
internal columns
columns
of multi-span frames
multi-span frames as shown in
asshown in Figure
Figure 6.3. These
6.3.Thesemembers members should
should bebe
checked
checked for in-plane buckling. These
in-plane buckling. members may
Thesemembers may be
be checked
checked by by BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
Clause
Clause 4.8.3.3.2(a)(i)using
4.8.3.3.2(a)(i) usingsegment
aa segment length,
length, LL,, defined
defined in BS BS 5950-1
5950-1

55
Clause 4.7.1.1, of
Clause 4.7.1.1, of the
the height
height from
from the
the base
base to
to the
the eaves
eaves in
in the
the absence of
absence of
intermediate in-plane restraint.
intermediate in-plane restraint.The
The effective
effective length,
length, LE, maybe
LE,may be taken
taken as:
as:
LE
LE = 1.0 L
= 1.0 for truly pinned
pinned base columns
LE
LE =
= 0.85 L for nominally pinned
pinned base columns
LE
LE =
= 0.7 L for nominally fixed base columns.

These effective lengths are

effective lengths arenot
notfrom
from Annex
Annex E ofof BS
BS 5950-1 Annex E
5950-1 becauseAnnex
assumes the adjoining beamsremain
adjoining beams remaingenerally
generally elastic, which
elastic, which is
is not common
common in
portal rafter
portal rafter design.
design.
The exceptions columns that have
exceptions arecolumns have sufficient
sufficient bending capacity to
bending capacity to resist
resist the
full haunch moment.One
haunch moment. Oneexample
example ofof this
this exception is where
exception is where an
an extension
extension ofof aa
frame is constructed, so that
frameisconstructed, that the
the original external column
originalexternal column hashas become
becomethethe
internal column of
internalcolumn of the
the extended frame. Another
extended frame. example is where
Anotherexample where aa column
column
supports rafters
supportsrafters at at levels
levels so
so different
different that the
the column
column section
section is sufficient
sufficient toto
resist
resist the
the full
full haunch bending moment
haunchbending momentand and this section
section is continued
continued to thethe
foundation, as shown Figure 6.4.
shown in Figure 6.4.

Figure 6.3 Internal

Figure 6.3 Internalcolumns
columns in
inaatypical multi-span frame
typical multi-span frame

Figure 6.4 Internal

Figure 6.4 Internalcolumn
column supporting raftersat
supporting rafters atdifferent
different levels
levels

6.3.3
6.3.3Tied
Tiedportals
portals
portalsare
Tied portals areportal
portalframes
frames inin which
whichthere
thereisisaatie
tieatator
ornear
nearrafter
rafterlevel.
level. The
The
tie at
at this
this level
level causes
causes very high axial
veryhigh axial loads
loads in
in the
the rafters
rafters and
and reduces
reduces the
the
bending moments in
bending moments in the
the rafters
rafters as
as shown
showninin Figure
Figure 6.5.
6.5.

56
Figure 6.5 Tied
Figure 6.5 Tiedportal
portalbending
bending moments in the
moments in therafters
rafters

bendingmoment
The bending moment near
near the
the mid-length ofthe
mid-length of the rafter approaches
approaches themoment
moment
of resistance of the
resistance of the rafter.
rafter. This
This large
large bending moment occurs
bending moment occurs near
near the
the point
point of
of
maximum strut action,
maximum strut action, so the in-plane
in-plane buckling of the
buckling of the rafter
rafter must
must be
be checked
checked
with
with the
the coexistent
coexistent bending
bending moment diagram. This
moment diagram. This may
may bebe checked
checked by by
BS 5950-1 Clause 4.8.3 taking the effective
5950- 1 Clause length as
effective length as the
the length
length along
along the
the rafter
rafter
fromapex
apex to eaves/valley.
eaves/valley. TheThemember check may
member check may bebe made
made using
using BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
Clause 4.8.3.3.2(a)(i) taking
Clause4.8.3.3.2(a)(i) taking
the the rafter
rafter section
section as
as constant
constant throughout
throughout the
the
effective length (i.e.
effective length (i.e. ignoring
ignoring the increase
increase in section properties of
section properties of the haunch),
haunch),
using
using the bending moment
momentdiagram
diagram of
ofthe
the full
full length from apex
length from apex to eaves/valley
eaves/valley
to define the values
values ofof moment
moment used
used in
in BS
BS 5950-1,
5950-1,Table
Table26
26and
andcalculate
calculatem,.
m.

6.4 Bending moments

moments for
for frames
frames using plastic
design
6.4.1 General
General
Where the
the in-plane
in-plane stability of individual
stability of membersofof aa frame
individual members frame should be
should be
checked
checked (see
(see Section 6.3), the
Section 6.3), the bending moments
bendingmoments can
canbe be found directly
found directly from
from
elastic-plastic analysis.
Where elastic-plastic analysis has
elastic-plastic analysis has not
not been
been used,
used, thethe moments
moments may may bebe calculated
calculated
approximately.
approximately. This This can done by
can be done by modifying
modifying the moments
moments and and forces
forces from
from aa
plastic analysis by
plastic analysis by multiplying
multiplyingby byA/&
A/2. This
Thisisisa amethod
methodallowed
allowedininBSBS 5950-1
5950-1
Clause 5.3.1 for
Clause5.3.1 for calculating
calculating thethe bending
bending moments
moments for for out-of-plane
out-of-plane buckling.
buckling.
Where
Where thisthis method
method is used,
used, itit must
mustbebe remembered
remembered thatthe the plastic
plastic hinges
hinges will
will
occur unless
unless they
they can
can be
be proved
proved not not to
to occur.
occur. This
This can
can only
only be
be done
done by
by elastic
elastic
unloading calculations
unloading calculationsunless
unlessthe the reduction
reductionbyby Ar//& /A is clearly very
is clearly very large.
large.
Unless
Unless the the plastic hinges are
plastic hinges aredemonstrated
demonstratednot nottoto occur,
occur, the
the stability ofthethe
stability of
members must be be demonstrated assuming plastic plastic hinges
hinges occur at the
the same points
as in
in the
the bending
bending moment
moment diagram
diagram at at collapse.
collapse.

57
6.4.2
6.4.2Sway-check
Sway-checkand amplifiedmoments
andamplified moments methods
methods
The bending moments around
bending moments around the
the frame
frame at ULS,
ULS, excluding
excluding the
the moments
moments from
from
strut action, may be calculated
calculated as given below.
Where the
the analysis
analysis is
isby elastic-plasticanalysis,
by elastic-plastic the bending
analysis, the bending moment
moment diagram
diagram
may
may be calculated
calculated by interpretation between the
interpretationbetween the bending
bending moments at theload
moments at load
steps above and below ULS.

Forother
other analysis
analysis techniques, the
techniques, the moments
moments may
may be
be calculated approximately
calculatedapproximately
(see Section
Section 6.4.1)
6.4.1)as:.
as:.

2Ar
M
M =
= M , x_L
M1 x-
4
where:
M
M is the design
is the ULS
design moment
ULS momentatatany
any point
point
M,
M1 is the
the bending
bending moment at that
that point from
from the
the first-order
first-order plastic
plastic analysis
analysis
/2,
2. is the
the required
required load
load factor (see below)
factor(see
4
2, is the
the collapse factorfrom
collapsefactor from first-order
first-order plastic
plastic analysis.
analysis.

The values of 2.
/2, are
are given
given by:

(a)
(a) Sway-checkmethod:
Sway-check Gravity
method: loads loads
Gravity
BS 5950-1 Section
Section 5.5.4.2.2 gives:
gives:
n, =
= 1.0
1.0 (see Section 3.3.2
3.3.2
and
Section and Section 3.4.2)
3.4.2)

(b) Sway-check method:

Sway-checkmethod: Horizontal
loads loads
Horizontal
BS 5950-1 Section
Section 5.5.4.2.3 gives:
gives:
/2, =
-
- 2/(2
ASJ(ASC--1)
1)
where:
A,, be recalculated
maybe
may each load
recalculated foreach load case,
case, see Section
Section 3.3.3
3.3.3 and
and
Section 3.4.3 .

(c)
(c) Amplified moments
moments method
method
BS 5950-1 Section
Section 5.5.4.4
5.5.4.4 gives:
if 210:
A,, 2 10: n, =
2. = 1.0
1.0
0.92
if 10 > 2cr 4.6: 2. = ______
2cr —1

where:

2, may be recalculated
Acrmay recalculated for each load
load case,
case, see
see Section
Section 4. 1.
4.1.

58
58
6.4.3
6 . 4 . 3 Second-order
Second-orderanalysis byiterative
analysisby iterative methods
methods
bending moment
The bending moment diagram
diagram may
maybebe calculated
calculated by
by interpolation
interpolation between
between the
moments calculated at the load steps above and below ULS.

6.4.4
6 . 4 . 4 Second-order analysis
Second-orderanalysis'by'by hand'
hand'
The bending moments for
bending moments forframes
framesanalysed
analysedby
bythe
the 'hand'
'hand' methods
methods of Section
Section 55
and Section 6 may be calculated
calculated as:

M
M =
= M,/AM
MI/AM
where:
M
M is the design
is the bending
design bendingmoment
momentatatULS
ULSatatany
anypoint
pointexcluding
excluding the
effects of strut action
MI
M1 is the bending moment at that point in the plastic collapse mechanism
plastic collapse
AM
AM is defined
defined and the
the value
value of
of 2MAM calculated in Appendix
Appendix A and
Appendix B. Note
Notethat 4 / A M is equivalent
thatAr/AM to .2,
equivalent to A. in
in Section
Section 6.3.2.
6.3.2.

6.5 Bending
Bending moments for frames using elastic
design
BS
BS 5950-1Clause
Clause 5.5.2 required
required that
that the
the bending
bending moments
moments should
should be taken as
the values from linear elastic analysis
analysis multiplied
multiplied by
by the required
required load
loadfactor 4.
factorAr.

Where
Where the linear elastic
elasticanalysis
analysis is first-order analysis, the
first-order analysis, the values
values of A1 may be
;L, may be
determined either by the
the sway-check
sway-check method or the amplified moments method.
moments method.

Where the linear elasticanalysis

linear elastic analysis is
is second-order analysis, the
second-order analysis, valueofof A.
thevalue .2, may
may
be taken as 11.0
.O

6.6 Othermember
member checks
frames must satisfy all the relevant
Portal frames requirements of BS
relevant requirements BS 5950-1, including
out-of-plane bucklingchecks.
out-of-plane buckling checks. However, the purpose
However, purpose of this
this publication
publication istoto
give guidance
guidance on the in-plane
in-plane stability of portal frames,
frames, so detailed guidance on
so detailed on
other checks is not
not included.
included.

59
59
60
7 REFERENCES

1.
1. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION
BS 5950 Structural
Structural use of steelwork
use of steelwork in
in building
building
Bs 5950-1:2000 Code of
5950-1:2000 Code of Practice
Practice for design - Rolled and welded
for design welded sections
sections
BSI, 2001
2001
2. TIMOSHENKO,
TIMOSHENKO, S.P. S.P. and
and GERE, J.M.
GERE, J.M.
Theory of elastic stability
stability (2nd
(2nd Edition)
Edition)
McGraw-Hill Kogakusha,
Kogakusha, 1961
1961
3. KIRBY,
KIRBY,P.A.
P.A.and
andNETHERCOT,
NETHERCOT, D.A.
Design for structural stability (SCI-P052)
structural stability (SCI-PO52)
Constrado Monographs,
Monographs, CrosbyLockwood
Crosby LockwoodStaples, 1979,
Staples, 1979, Revised 1985
4. HORNE,
HORNE,M.R.
M.R.and
andMORRIS,
MORRIS, L.S.
L.S.
Plastic design of low
low rise frames
frames (SCI-P054)
(SCI-PO54)
Constrado Monograph,
Monograph,Granada
GranadaPublishing,
Publishing, 1981
1981
5. DAVIES, J .M.
5 . DAVIES,J.M.
In-plane stability in portal frames
The Structural
StructuralEngineer,
Engineer,April
April1990,
1990,NoNo 8, Vol
Vol 68
68
6. DAVIES,
DAVIES ,J.M.
J .M.
The stability of multibay
multibay portal frames
The Structural
StructuralEngineer,
Engineer, June
June 1991, No
No12,
12, Vol 69
7. DAVIES,
DAVIES,J.M.
J.M.and
andBROWN,
BROWN, B.A.
B.A.
Plastic design to BS
BS 5950
5950
The Steel Construction Institute,
Institute, Blackwell Science, 1996
Blackwell Science,
8. WOOD,
WOOD,R.1-I.
R.H.
Effective lengths of columns in multi-storey buildings
The Structural
StructuralEngineer,
Engineer,Sept
Sept1974,
1974, No
No 9,
9, Vol
Vol 52
52
9. Steel Designers Manual
Manual
Eds. Owens,
Owens,G.W.
G.W.andand Knowles,
Knowles, P.R.
The Steel Construction Institute
Institute and
and Blackwell
Blackwell Science, 1992
1992
10. KLEINLOGEL,
KLEINLOGEL, A.
Rahmenformeln (Rigid frame formulae)
Frederick Ungar
Ungar Publishing Co. New
Publishing Co. New York
11. KLEINLOGEL,
KLEINLOGEL, A.
Mehrstielige Rahmen (Multibay frames)
Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.,
Ungar Publishing Co., New York, 1948
1948
12. KING,
KING, C.M.
to Eurocode 3,
Plastic design of single-storey pitched-roof portal frames to
(SCI-P147)
The Steel
SteelConstruction
ConstructionInstitute,
Institute,1995
1995
13. HORNE,
HORNE, M.R.
M. R.
Safeguards against frame instability
instability in
in the
the plastic
plastic design
design of
of single-storey
single-storey
pitched roof frames
frames
Conference on the Behaviour of Slender Structures, City University,
London 1977
1977

61
61
14.LIVESLEY,
LIVESLEY, R.K.
R.K. andand CHANDLER,
CHANDLER, D.B. D.B.
Stability functions
functions for
for structural
structuralframeworks
frameworks
Manchester University
UniversityPress,
Press,1956
1956
15. Eurocode 'Calcul des
Eurocode 3 ‘Calcul des structures
structures en acier’
acier' et
et Document
Document d'Application
d’Application
Nationale
Nationale—- Partie 1-1
1-1
Rkgles générales
Règles gCn6rales et regle
rkgle pour les
les bâtiments
biitiments
P-22-3 11-0, AFNOR
P-22-311-O,
16. ENV
ENV 1993-1-1
1993-1-1Eurocode
Eurocode 3:3: Design
Design ofof steel
steel structures
structures
Part 1.
1.11 General rules
rules and rules for
for buildings
buildings
Comité
Cornit6 Europeen de Normalisation (CEN),
(CEN), 19921992

62
APPENDIX
APPENDIX AA Second-order
Second-order analysis of
common portals
portals ’by
'by hand‘
hand'

Rangeofofapplication
A.1 Range applicationand
anddesign
design steps
steps
Appendix
ThisAppendix shows how
shows how second-order analysis may
second-order analysis may beperformed
performed without
without
second-order software for
second-order software for common
common formsforms of portal
portal frames
frames designed
designed byby plastic
plastic
design methods.
design methods. These portals
These portals dodo not
nothave
have ties
ties atoror near
near the
the rafter
rafter level.
level.
Portals with ties at or
or near
near the
the rafter
rafter level
levelshould
should be
be checked
checked using
using Appendix
Appendix B.
Itis is recommended that this
recommended that this method
method isis not
not used
usedforfor frames for
frames for which
whichthethe
deflection from a sway-check exceeds h/500,
sway-check exceeds h1500, as
as explained
explained inin Section
Section 5.4.3.
5.4.3.

Design steps
Design steps
The design steps are as follows:
follows:

1.
1. Identify from the first order analysis:
• the plastic collapse mechanism
• the hinge incremental
0 incremental rotations
rotations
• the axial forces in the members
0

• the load factor

0 factor at the formation of the
formation of the first
first hinge, A,(excluding
hinge, A hinges at
(excluding hinges at
bases where the moment
moment of resistance
resistance of the base is less
less than the
the moment
of resistance of the columns)
columns)
•0 the plastic collapse
collapse factor, .2,
factor,A,,
•0 the deflectionsofof
the deflections frameatatAl.
thetheframe ,.
2. Calculate the second-order
Calculate the second-order deflections
deflectionsof
ofthe
the ‘elastic’
'elastic' frame.
(a) Calculate
Calculatethe
thestiffness
stiffnessreduction
reduction factors
factors totoallow
allowfor
forP.P.ôS(P-little
(P-little delta)
delta)
effects
(b) Calculate
Calculate the
the second-order
second-order magnification factorsfor
magnification factors forthe
the ‘elastic’
'elastic' frame
frame
(c) Calculate
Calculate the
the deflections
deflections ofthe
the 'elastic'
‘elastic’ frame. These are the values
frame. These of
values of
the deflections
deflections at AI magnified
at Ai to account for second-order
magnified to second-order effects.
effects.
3.
3. Calculate
Calculate the second-order deflections of
second-order deflections ofthe
the ‘plastic’
'plastic' frame
(a) Calculate
Calculatethe
thestiffness
stiffnessreduction
reduction factors
factors to
to allow
allow for P. ôS (P-little delta)
for P. delta)
effects
(b) Calculate
Calculate the
thesecond-order
second-order magnification factor for
magnification factor for the
the ‘plastic’
'plastic' frame.
(c) Calculate
Calculatethe
thedeflections
deflections of
of the
the 'plastic'
‘plastic’frame
framefrom
from gravity
gravity loads.
loads.
(d) Calculate
Calculate the
the deflections
deflections of the 'plastic'
ofthe ‘plastic’frame
frame from horizontal
horizontal loads.
4. Calculate
4. the increased
Calculate the increased axial
axial loads
loads in
in the
the rafters
rafters to account
account for
for second-
second-
order effects.
5.
5 . Sum
Sumthe
theenergies.
energies.
6. reserve factor,
Calculate the reserve AM.
factor,AM.
7. Check that A,,,,
Check that 2M2 1.0
1.0

63
63
A.2 Basis
Basisof
ofmethod
method
A.2.1 General
General
this method, the
In this the load
load factor
factor of
of the
the frame
frame is calculated bythe
calculated by the energy
energy method,
method,
allowing
allowing for any strength
strength reduction caused by
reduction caused by second-order
second-orderstability
stabilityeffects.
effects. It
is derived from the
derivedfrom the plastic
plastic collapse
collapse load
load factor
factor A.2,calculated
calculated by
by first-order
first-order
analysis.

This load factor may be

be called the 'reserve factor
called the AM,defined
factor at ULS', 2M, as:
defined as:
= V2,PWLS)
V2PWLS)
A, =
V",,
VULS

where:
V2,p(ULS) is the
V2,p(uLs)is the load
load predictedtotocause
predicted causefailure
failureofofthe
the frame
frame including the
second-order
second-order effects, but calculated using using the
the axial forces in the
members at the ULS level of of load.
VULS
Vu,, isisthe
the ULS
ULS load
loadon
onthe
the frame.
The factor, AM,
Thefactor, allows for
AM, allows for thede-stabilising
de-stabilising effects
effects on
on the
the frame
frame of second
ofsecond
order
order effects, including
effects, both P.6
including both P.5 effects
effects and
and P.4
P.d effects
effects described
described in
in
Sections 2.4.2 and
Sections 2.4.2 and 2.4.3
2.4.3 respectively.
respectively. The P.S
P.6 and
and P.4
P.deffects
effects are
are calculated
calculated
using the
axialaxial forces
using the forces that
that occur
occur in
thethe frame
in frame atat
ULS,ULS, includingthe the
including
second-order effect of
second-order effect of any drop of the
the apex of the
the frame.

This reserve
reserve factor, AM,must
factor, 2M, must be
be equal
equal to or greater
greater than 1.0
1.0 to demonstrate that
demonstrate that
the frame is stable at ULS.

Thereserve
reserve factor
factor 2M is not exactly
AM is exactly the same
same as the
the failure
failure factor,
factor, commonly
commonly
referred as as 4, except
referredtoto except in the case
case where
where 2M
AM == 1.0.
1.0. Thisisis because 4 is
becauseA.f
defined as:

Vf
2f
VULS

where:
V,
Vf is the
the failure
failure load
load including
including second-order
second-order stability
stability effects
VULS
Vu,, isisthe
theULS
ULS load
load on
on the
the frame.
The failure
failure load VfVf isis calculated
calculated using theaxial
using the axial forces at failure and, therefore,
therefore,
the P.S
P.6 effects
effects arising
arising from
from the
theaxial
axialforces
forcesatatfailure.
failure.This contrasts
This with
contrasts AM
/%M
with
which
which is calculated usingthe
calculated using theP.6
P.S effects
effectsfrom
fromthetheaxial
axialforces
forcesatatULS.
ULS. Where
Where
the loading at ULS
ULS isis equal to the loading failure, AM
loading at failure, equaltoto4.
2Misisequal 2.

The method
method uses the plastic collapse
theplastic collapse mechanism
mechanismfoundfound byby first-order
first-order analysis.
analysis.
Thisisis sufficiently
sufficiently accurate because there
accurate because there is very little
little difference
difference between
betweenthe the
bending moment diagrams
bending moment diagrams fromfrom first-order
first-order and
and second-order
second-orderanalysis.
analysis. TheThe
plastic hinges
plastic hinges limit
limit the
the bending
bending moment
moment diagram
diagram andand prevent
prevent any
any significant
significant
change
change of curvature along the
curvature along the members betweenthetheplastic
members between plastichinges.
hinges. Therefore,
Therefore,
the energy
energy calculation can be made
calculation can using only
madeusing only the
the deflections arising from
deflections arising from the
rigid-body motions of
rigid-body motions ofthe
the elements
elements between
betweenthe thehinges.
hinges. TheThe energy
energy calculation
calculation
is made usingthe
made using the deflected
deflected form
form of theplastic
of the plastic collapse
collapse mechanism to
mechanism to calculate
calculate
the second-order effects. The
second-order effects. The stiffness
stiffness reduction
reduction toto allow
allow for P.6P.S (P-little delta)
(P-little delta)

64
effects,
effects, as described in Section
described in 2.4.2isis made
Section 2.4.2 made using
using the
the axial forces
axialforcesat at ULS
ULS
calculated from first-order analysis.

This
This method
method isis called a 'hand' method
calleda‘hand’ method because
because it isis possible
possible to perform the
toperform the
second-order analysisby
second-order analysis bythis
thismethod
methodwithout
withouta computer.
a computer. However,
However, it it will
willbebe
much
much easier if computer softwareisis used for
computer software varioussteps,
for various steps,such
such
as as calculating
calculating
the deflections ofthe
deflections of the two
two different
differentstructure
structuremodels
modelsused
usedininthe
themethod.
method. Hand
Hand
calculations will still
calculations will still be
be required to prepare
required to prepare the
the input data
inputdata and combine
and combine thethe
output data.

A.2.2 Application of the energymethod

the energy method
basis of the
The basis the energy calculationisisshown
energy calculation shown in Figure A.
in Figure 1 . An increment
A. 1. of
increment of
deflection
deflection isisconsidered
consideredat at the
the formation
formation of
ofthe
the collapse
collapsemechanism.
mechanism.TheThe strain
strain
dE, absorbed
energy dE, absorbed over this increment of deflection can bebe calculated
calculated from
from the
the
rotation of the hinges:
hinges:

dE
dE, = C MPrdB
= Mprd8

The potential energy

energy released
released by second-order effects can
can be
be calculated from
from the
the
rigid body rotations as shown in Figure
shown in Figure A.2.
A.2.

dE2 P2 (çbsdqS)

dE1 + E2 = dE,

4
Load

dEp2

A1

dEp1

Deflection
Deflection

Figure A
A.. l1 Energy
Energy over an
anincrement
increment of deflection at collapse

65
 P.
P

Figure A.2
A.2 Potential
Potentialenergy
energy release
release from
from second-order
second-order effects

The potential
potential energy released by the
the loads at failure can be calculated from:
from:

dE1
dE,, =
= AMCWA
AMWz1
Therefore the
the conservation
conservation of energy that is:
is:
dE1 + dE2
dEpl + dEp2= dE,
= dE, canbebe written
written as:
&CWA ++ CP,
2MWA Sd+ =
P2 4 sdq5 d8
CM,,dB
= Mpc

where:
2M
AM is the
the reserve
reserve factor
factor on
on the
the collapse
collapse mechanism
mechanism at ULS (see
Section 5.2.1)
w
W is the
the set
set of
of applied
applied loads
loads at ULS
ULS
A
LI is the set
set of
of incremental
incremental displacements
displacements of the
the applied loads in the
collapse mechanism including the P. 6
including the P.S (P-little delta)
(P-little delta) effects.
effects.
P2
p2 is the set
set of
of axial
axial forces
forces in the members at ULS including
including
second order effects.
sS is the set
set of
of member
member lengths
lengths
4
q$ is the set
set of
of member
member rotations
rotations at
at the
the onset
onset of
of the
the collapse
collapse mechanism
mechanism
allowing for the reduced
reduced stiffness
stiffness of
of the
the members
members due P. 6(P—little
duetotoP.S (P-little
delta) effects
d4
dØ is the set
set of
of incremental
incremental member
member rotations
rotations in the
the collapse
collapse mechanism
mechanism
MP'
Mpr is the set
set of
of plastic
plastic moments
moments ofof resistance
resistance reduced
reduced by co-existent
co-existent axial
force from first-order
first-order analysis
analysis
dG
d B is the setset
is the of of
incremental
incrementalhinge
hingerotations
rotationsininthe
thecollapse
collapse mechanism.
mechanism.

Noting that in
Noting in the first-order
first-order collapse
collapse analysis:
analysis:

2wA
~ C W A=
= M4O
CM,d6'
giving:

CWA =
=
M
CM,,pdO
de

AP

66
the requirement can be expressed as:

>M 1d0
+P2dØ = 2MprdO
2p
or

2M =
Ah4
-(CM,,dB)
__(MprdG) CM,,dB - CP2@d4
= MdOP2çbsdØ

Thus

A,
2M = 2 1P2q$sdq$
= A, [ l - CP2 @d4
CM,, dB
Mprd8
The
The minimum acceptableload
minimum acceptable loadfactor
factorat atfailure,
failure,AM,
2Misis 1.0
1.0 for
for any
any load
load
combination.
combination.

This method
method of
of calculating
calculating 2M is used
AM is used in the worked examples.

A.2.3 Deflectioncalculations
calculations
accuracy ofthe
The accuracy the calculation depends on the
calculation depends the angles 4 shown
angles q5 shown in
in Figure
FigureA.2.
A.2.
These deflections must
Thesedeflections must allow
allowfor
for second-order
second-order effects, so wherever
effects, first-order
whereverfirst-order
analysis is used,
analysis is either the member
used,either member stiffnesses must be
stiffnesses must be reduced
reduced or
or the
the results
results
must be amplified.
amplified.

This section shows how the

the deflections can be found with a combination of
of:
(i)
(1) 'Elastic frame'
‘Elasticframe’ deflections
deflections
(ii)‘Plastic
'Plasticframe’
frame' deflections.
deflections.
The 'elastic
The‘elasticframe’ frame' deflections
deflections are are the
the deflections
deflections ofof
thethe frame
frame
at at the
the load
load
factors,
factors, A2,I ,atatwhich
which the
the first
first hinge
hinge is
is about
about to form.
form.The
The frame
frame behaviour up
behaviour
to this point is elastic.

The 'plastic
‘plastic frame' deflectionsare
frame’deflections are the
the deflections ofthe
deflections of the frame
frameatatload
load factors
factors
above 2. This means that the first hinge has formed and the frame is partially
above i l l . This means that the first hinge has formed and the frame is partially
plastic.
To make
make thethe calculation
calculation asassimple
simple as possible,
possible, itit isis most
most convenient
convenient to
to assume
assume
that all the
the plastic hinges (except thethe final hinge
hinge that
that forms in any span to create
the collapse
the mechanism)occur
collapse mechanism) occur
at atload
loadfactor
factor Al.2. The deflected
formform of
Thedeflected of a
typical 2-bay frame
typical 2-bay frame isis shown
shown inin Figure
Figure A.3.
A.3.

67
67
 Undeflected
Undeflected form

Elastic
Elastic deflections
deflections

öEP2 öEp3

Elastic-plastic
Elastic-plastic deflections

Figure A.3 Deflections

Figure A.3 Deflections of
of typical frame
frame

InFigure
Figure A.7,
A .7, &l, &,3 are the sums
&2 and 8EP3
5p1, 8EP2 sums of
of the
the elastic
elastic deflections
deflections and
the deflections after the
deflections after the plastic
plastic hinges
hingeshave
have formed.
formed. The
The sum
sum of thedeflections
of the deflections
comprises:
(i) The
The'elastic
‘elasticframe'
frame’deflections
deflections at load factori l2.l .
load factor
(ii)
(ii) The
The 'plastic
‘plastic frame'
frame’ deflections from load
deflections from load factor
factori 2l l to load factor 4,
load factor using
A, using
an elastic structure model with pins
model with pinsatatthe
the position
position of
of the plastic
plastic hinges.
hinges.
The
The deflections are calcu'ated
deflections are by elastic
calculated by elastic analyses,
analyses, as described
described in
in
Appendices A.3 and
Appendices A.3 andA.4.
A.4.

A.2.4 Base stiffness

Clause 5.1.3
BS 5950-1 Clause 5.1.3 gives
gives guidance on the
guidance on base stiffness
thebase that
stiffness that may be
may be
assumed in design.
assumed in design. The
The provisions
provisions for ULS
ULS analysis may
analysis may beinthe
beused used in the
analysis model. ItItisisimportant
analysis model. important totonote
notethat
that
thethe second-order
second-order analysis uses
analysisusesthethe
stiffness ofthe
stiffness of the frameatatULS,
ULS, so so only the ULS
onlythe ULS base
base stiffness
stiffness values may
valuesmay be be
used, not
not the
the SLS
SLS values.
values.

Therefore the following

following base stiffnesses
stiffnessesmay
maybebe used:
used:

Base with
with aa pin or
or rocker
The base stiffness should be taken
taken as zero.

68
 pinnedbase
Nominally pinned base
If
If a column
columnisisnominally
nominally pin-connected
pin-connected to toaa foundation assuming that
foundation assuming that the
the base
base
moment
moment is zero, the the base
base should
should be assumed
assumed to be pinned
pinnedininthethe global
global analysis.
Therefore, where the moment
Therefore, where applied to
moment applied to the
the foundation
foundation isis required
required toto be
be zero,
zero,
the
the 10%
10% column
column stiffness
stiffness value
value cannot be be applied
cannot applied in in the
the global
global analysis.
analysis.
However,
However, the 10% 10%column
column stiffness
stiffness can beused
used inin the
the calculations
calculations of stability
stability
functions that allow
functions that allow for
for P.S
P.6 (P—little delta)effects.
(P-little delta) effects.
ThisThis
is is the
the reason
reason forfor the
the
reduction
reduction of of the
the effective
effective length
length ofof columns
columns when
when calculating Per in
calculating PCr in A.3.2,
A.3.2,
which
which isisalso
also referred to
referred to in B.3.2.
B.3.2. TheThereduction
reduction of ofeffective
effective length
length is also
also
applicable
applicable in the internal column in-plane checks recommended
recommendedinin Section
Section 6.6.

semi-rigidbase
Nominally semi-rigid base
A nominal base stiffness
nominal base of up
stiffness of up to 20%
20% of
of the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness may be
beassumed
assumed
for the
the ULS
ULS calculations,
calculations, provided
provided that
that the
the foundation is designed
foundation is for the
designed for the
moments forces obtained in the analysis.
moments and forces

Nominally rigid
rigidbase
base
The base
base stiffness should
stiffness shouldbebe taken
taken as
asequal
equal to the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness and
and the
the
foundation must be
foundation must bedesigned
designed to resist moments
moments from all load cases.

A.3 Deflections of
of the
the ’elastic’
'elastic' frame
A.3.1 General
General
The deflections of the
deflections of the frame
frame will be elastic
will be until the
elastic until the first hinge
hinge forms
forms at a load
load
factor 2. The
factor Al. Thedeflections
deflectionsare
are referred to as
referred to as the
the 'elastic
‘elasticframe'
frame’deflections.
deflections.

The value
value of
of ,%
AI may be given by elastic-plastic
given by elastic-plastic analysis software or
analysis software or it maybe
be
calculated from
calculated from an elasticanalysis
anelastic analysisofofthetheframe.
frame.
The The load
loadfactor
factorA,
2 is the
the
lowest
lowest load
load factor at which
which the
the applied
applied bending moment at
bendingmoment at any
any section ofthe
section of the
frame reaches the plastic moment of resistance,
moment of resistance, as Clause 4.8.2.3 of
Clause 4.8.2.3 of BS
BS 5950-1.
5950-1.

The
The second-order deflections
second-order deflectionsare
are calculated using the
calculated using the equation
equation from
from
Section 2.4.3:
2.4.3:

= 811 2cri 2c
2cri _1) cr2 —1
Vertical
Vertical deflections
deflectionsandand eaves
eaves spread deflections
spread deflections are
are generally
generally similar
similar toto the
symmetrical mode of
symmetrical mode of buckling
buckling of
of the frame, so
so vertical
vertical and
and spread
spread deflections
deflections
are
are treated as 52
treated as 6 2 above. SwaySway deflections are generally
deflections are generally similar
similartoto the
thesway
sway
mode
mode ofofbuckling
bucklingofof the
the frame,
frame, so
so sway
sway deflections
deflectionsare
aretreated
treatedasasS8, above.

A.3.2 Reduction factortotoallow

Reduction factor allowfor
for P.o
P.6(P—little delta)effects
(P-little delta) effects
second-order
effectseffects within
second-order
The within the
the member
member lengths
lengths reduce
reduce the effective
effective
stiffness of the members, and this
stiffness of this effect
effect must be included
included in the
the analysis
analysis from
which
which the deflections are found.
deflections are found. This
Thisis done
done bybycalculating
calculating aa reduction
reduction factor
factor
and then applying to the gross inertia
applying it to inertia to
to give an effective inertia value
effective inertia value for
for the
the
members,Jeff.
members, Ze~.

69
Rafters:
Reduction factor = (1
(1 — PuLs/Pc,
- PULS/PCr

where:
PULS
PuLs isis the
the axial
axial compressive force in
compressive force in the member
the member from
from ULS
ULS loads
loads
calculated
calculated by byfirst-order
first-orderanalysis.
analysis.Pas
Ps may becalculated
maybe calculated
by by elastic
elastic
analysis, plastic
analysis, analysis or
plastic analysis or elastic-plastic analysis. A
elastic-plasticanalysis. A consistent
consistent set
set of
of
forces from any
forcesfrom any of these analyses
ofthese analyses should
should be used throughout
beused throughout the
the
frame.
frame. Where
Wherecolumns support intermediate
columnssupport intermediate loads,
loads, for example from
example from
cranes or mezzanine floors, these intermediate
or mezzanine floors, these intermediate loads must be included
mustbeincluded
PuLs.
in PULS.
in

P,,
Per is taken
is n2EIIL2
takenasas7t2EI/L2
where:
L =
= L,
L,, the
the developed length of
developed length of the
the rafters
rafters in the
the relevant
relevant span,
span, see
see
Figure 3.8 for
Figure 3.8 for both
both the
the elastic
elastic frame andand the
frame the 'plastic
‘plastic frame
frame in
in
multi-span the 'plastic'
multi-span frames and the ‘plastic’ frame
frame for
for single-span
single-span frames.
frames.
L = O X , for single span
= 0.5Lr ‘elastic’ frames
span 'elastic' frames only.
only.

Hence,
Hence, Ieff = I
'eff = I (1 PULS/Pcr)
(1 - PuLs/Per)

Columns:
Reduction factor
factor =
= (1 — PuLs/P,,
- PULS/Pcr

where:
PULS isasas defined
PuLs is defined for
for rafters
rafters
P,,
Per is taken
is n2EIl(ah)’
takenasas7c2E1/(ah)2
where:
h is the height from the base to theneutral
neutral axis ofthe
the rafter
a =
= 2.0 for columns with truly pinned bases or rockers
columns
aa = 1.7
= 1.7 for colunms
columns with
with nominally
nominally pinned bases
aa =
= 1.4
1.4 for columns
columns with nominally fixed bases.
with nominally

Hence, Ieff
Hence, = 1I (1
'eff = (1 — PuLs/P,,)
- PVLS/Pcr)

A typical
typical column
column supporting rafters at different
supporting rafters levels is shown
different levels shown in Figure
Figure A.8.
The appropriate
appropriate values of PULS
values of andP,,P,are
PuLs and are those
thosein
in the
the greater
greater of
of

ULS ULS
or
cr A '3cr B

where:

ULS
1cr A 7r2E1
(ahA)

70
 ULS —
—
(PA +PB)
cr )B 2EI
(ahB)
PA
PA is the axial
axial compression in the column
compression in column between the higher and
and the
the
lower rafters
PA + PB +
PS isthethe axial compressioninin the colunm between the
column between the lower
lowerrafter
rafter
and the base
hA
hA is the column height
height from
from the
the base
base to
to the
the higher
higherrafter
rafter
hB
hB is the column height
height from the base
base to the lower rafter.
rafter.

PBflI
Figure A.4 Column
Columnsupporting
supporting rafters
rafters at
at different
different levels
levels

For columns
Forcolumns supporting
supporting intermediate
intermediatevertical verticalloads
loadssuch
such as crane
ascrane loads and
loadsand
mezzanine floors without
mezzanine floors without continuous
continuousconnection
connectioninto
into the
the column,
column, the
the maximum
maximum
column force should be used.

A.3.3 Second-order magnification 12cr/(r2cr -1

magnification factors, AcrI(Acr 1))
Vertical deflections
deflectionsand andeaves
eavesspread
spreaddeflections
deflections
second-orderdeflections
The second-order deflections
areare greater than
greater thanthe
the first-order
first-orderdeflections,
deulections,S,,
ô, by
by
the factor
the factor2cr2!(Acr2 — 1).
Acr2/(Acr2 - 1).

Acr2isis taken
'cr2 taken as
as the
the minimum
minimum of
of either:
the minimum
minimum value
value of Pc,/Pulsfor
of Pcr/PULS forany
anypair
pair of
of rafters,
rafters, where P.
PCrand
andPULS
Pas are
taken as for
taken as forrafters
rafters in
in A.3.2.,
A.3.2., or
Pcr/PULS
CP,,ICPuLs for
for the
the columns
columns
where:
P,, is the
the sum
sum of the values
of the values of
of PCr for all
P,, for all the
the columns
columns in
in the
the frame,
frame, where
P
P,,isistaken
takenas
as for
for columns
columns inin A.3.2
CPuLsis the sum
PULS sumof
ofthe
the axial forces in all the columns in the
columns in the frame.
frame.

Sway deflections
Sway
second-order
The second-order deflections
deflections areare greater than
greater than the
the first-order deflections, 61,
first-orderdeflections, ôi, by
the factor
factor 2cri/('cri
Acrl/(Acrl - 1)
1)

Acrl
Acri h/200 S,,,
is taken as the minimum value of h1200 ô2

where:

71
71
 h is the height of any
height of any column,
column,as
as A.3.2.
A.3.2.
S,,
42 is the
the sway
sway deflection
deflection of the frame
ofthe frame with
withmember
memberinertias
inertias'eff calculated
Iesfcalculated
as in A.3.2,
A.3.2,loaded
loadedonly
onlywithwithnotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces, as defined
forces, as defined inin
Section
Section 1.6 and applied
applied as as in
in Section
Section3.3.
3.3. O2
S,,, can
can be calculated from
be calculated from
the simplified 'elastic'
‘elastic’ frame
frame method
method inin Appendix
Appendix D using the values
of Jeff.
of Iess.

A.3.4 Calculation
Calculation of deflections
deflections
The first-order
first-order deflections
deflections are calculated usingthe
calculated using the gross I values.

Where elastic-plastic
Where elastic-plasticanalysis
analysisisisused,
used, the
the deflections
deflectionsatat the
theload
load factor
factor of
ofthe
the
hinge,A,,
first hinge,
first 2, is given
given directly bythe
directly by the software.
software.TheThe structural
structural model
model for thethe
elastic
elastic analysis
analysis must
must usethe
the same
same member
member and and base stiffnesses appropriate
basestiffnesses appropriate to to
ULS analysis,
analysis, not
not to
to SLS
SLS analysis.
analysis. Base stiffness valuesare
stiffness values are given
giveninin A.2.4.
A.2.4.

The loads
loads applied tothe
applied to the elastic
elastic frame
frameare
are1,
A x (ULS
(ULS loads), whichisis aa set
loads), which set of
of
loads in
loads in the
the same
same proportions
proportions as as the
the ULS
ULS loads.
loads. Itis is recommended
recommended that that
software be
software beused
used for thethe deflection
deflection calculations ofthe
calculations of the 'elastic frame'
‘elastic frame’ because
because
hand calculations portals is a long process.
calculations for portals process.

The second-order
second-order deflections, (a,,OY2),
deflections, (OX2, are calculated
SY,), are calculated from
from the first-order
first-order
deflections, (al,
deflections, (OX1, SY,), as
OY1), as follows:

OX2 = (0X1 OXis) {Acr2/(Acr2 —1)} + OXis {Acri/(Acri 1)}

OY2 = OY1 {Acr2I(Acr2 1)}
where:
Jcrland
A11 andJcr2
Acr2
areare calculatedasasinin A.3.3
calculated A.3.3
a,,are the sway
OX. sway deflections
deflections from the horizontal component of externally
component of externally
applied
applied loads resisted
resisted by
bythe
the‘elastic’ frame,AAIHULS,
'elastic' frame, HULs,
where:
) is the load factor at the
the formation
formation of the
the first plastic hinge
hinge
HULS
HuLs isisthe
the nett
nett horizontal
horizontalcomponent
componentofofthe
theULS
ULSloads.
loads. This includes the
includes the
notional horizontal forces where
horizontal forces where they
they are applied
applied in
in a load
load case.
case.

A.4 Deflections of the

Deflections of the ‘plastic‘
'plastic' frame
frame
A.4.1 General
General
To simplify the calculations,
simplify the this method
calculations, this method assumes
assumes that that all
all the spans develop
thespans develop
plastic hinges at
plastic hinges at one
oneend
end at the load
load factor i l l at which the first
which the first hinge
hinge forms in
the frame. Then the
frame.Then theanalysis
analysismodel
model becomes
becomes an elastic
elastic frame with a hinge
frame with hinge at
(or near)
near) the end of each
each span as shown
span as shown in in Figure
FigureA.3.A.3. The
The pins
pins are
are used
usedatat
the plastic
plastic hinges because at a pure plastic
hinges because hinge there
plastic hinge thereisis no increase of bending
bending
moment.

72
72
This
This mode
modeofof deflection
deflectionisais a sway
sway mode, even
mode,even for gravity
forgravityloads, loads, so
so all
all the
second-order deflectionsare
second-order deflections arecalculated
calculated from the magnification
from arisingfrom
magnification arising from the
the
sway mode
mode of
of buckling.
buckling. Therefore,
Therefore, the
the equation
equation in
in Section
Section 2.4.3
2.4.3reduces
reduces to:
to:

ôv = ô1 {Acr/(Acr1)}

A.4.2 Reduction
Reductionfactor
factor to allow
allowfor
for P.8
P.6(P—little delta)effects
(P-little delta) effects
The second-order
effectseffects within
second-order within the
the member
member lengths
reducereduce the
lengths the effective
effective
stiffness ofthe
stiffness of the members.
members.This
This effect must
effect must be
be included
includedininthe
theanalysis.
analysis.This
This
is is
done
done by calculating effective
calculatingeffective inertia
inertia values
valuesfor for the
themembers,
members,Jeff, for the
L R , asfor the
'elastic'
‘elastic’ frame'
frame’ inin A.3.2
A.3.2 above.
above.

A.4.3 Second-order
Second-ordermagnification
magnificationfactor, Acrpl(Acrp -1)
factor,)t.crp/(?.crp—l)
second-orderdeflections
The second-order deflections
areare greater than the
greater the first-order SI,
deflections, ô1,
first-order deflections, by
by
the factorA,,/(&,
the factor A/(A—1).
-1).

&,is taken
A as the
is taken minimum
as the minimumvalue
valueof
ofh/200
h/200 S,,,for the 'plastic' frame
‘plastic’frame

where:
where :
h is the height of any
height of any column,
column,asas A.3.2.
A.3.2.
ô,
S,,, is as defined for&
defined for 2 A.3.3
A.3.3 butfor
for the
the ‘plastic’
'plastic' frame.
frame.This
Thiscancan be
calculated from
from the
the simplified ‘plastic’
'plastic' frame method in Appendix D.

A.4.4 Calculation ofdeflections

Calculationof deflections
The loads applied
Theloads applied to to the 'plastic
‘plastic frame'
frame’ must
must be the difference
bethe difference between
between the
the
collapse loads, /2, xx (ULS loads),
loads, A,, and the
loads), and the loads resisted bythe
resisted by the ‘elastic
'elasticframe’.
frame'.
Therefore the loads
Therefore the loads to to be
be applied
appliedtoto the
the ‘plastic
'plasticframe’
frame'areare (2
(Ap—- 2)
A,) x (ULS
loads).

Typical deflectionsdue
Typicaldeflections duetotogravity
gravity
loadsloads alone
aloneare areshown
shownininFigure
Figure A.5. Note
A.5. Note
that the frame sways under
under gravity loading plus notional horizontal forces. This
loading plus notional horizontal forces. This
is partly
partly due
due to
to the
the direct effect of
directeffect the notional
ofthe notional horizontal forces
horizontalforces andand partly
partly
because
because the
the notional horizontalforces
notional horizontal forces causesthe
causes the hinge
hingetoto appear
appear on
on one
one side
side
only, creating
creating an asymmetric frameframe that results in sway.

Figure A.5 Typical

Figure A.5 Typical deflection
deflection of a 'plastic frame'
‘plastic frame‘

Inthe
the absence
absence of aa more
more detailed
detailed analysis, the hinges
analysis, the inthethe 'plastic
hinges in frame'
‘plasticframe’
model should be
model should be assumed
assumedtoto be
be asymmetric,
asymmetric,as asinin Figure
Figure A.6,
A.6, to
to avoid
avoid
unconservative deflections at collapse load.

73
73
-
Figure A.6
Figure Typicaldesign
A.6 Typical design hinge
hinge pattern
pattern for
for aa’plastic
'plasticframe’
frame'
A.4.5
A.4.5 The
The'plastic
’plasticframe' resistingvertical
frame’resisting vertical loads
loads
The deflections from AI
deflections from 2 to ;l2,p are
are calculated
calculated by simple
simple beam
beam theory
theory based on
based on
simply supported beamsbecause
supported beams because thethe plastic
plastic hinges
hinges mean
meanthat
that there
there can
can be
benono
increase
increase in end moments
moments of of the
the rafters.
rafters. ToTosimplify
simplify the
the calculations, this ‘hand’
calculations, this 'hand'
method assumes that
methodassumes that all
all rafters
rafters will
will behave
behaveasas simply
simply supported
supported beams from
beamsfrom
load factor Al.
load factor 2.

The horizontal deflections &pl due to gravity

deflections8EP1 gravity load
load result
result from
from the
the end
end rotation
rotation
ofthe
the rafters.
rafters. For
Forsimplicity,
simplicity,this
thismethod
methodtakes
takesthe
themaximum
maximum sway
sway deflection
deflection
arising fromany
arising from any span.
span. IfIf aaframe
frame analysis
analysis is
is performed
performed with a pin at the hinge
hinge
positions,
positions, a less
less conservative
conservative result may be obtained.
obtained.

The load
load on
on the
the span
span atatULS
ULSisisWULS andthe
wuLs and theload
load applied
appliedtotothe
the span
spanon on the
the
elastic frame wE. Therefore, the
frame isisWE. the load
load to be
be applied
applied to the
the 'plastic
‘plastic frame'
frame’
wp =
Wp =2p WULS -
hpWULS - WE.
WE.

column top displacement

The column for the
displacement for the external colunm/rafter that
external columdrafter that remains elastic
remains elastic
is governed bythethe rafter
governed by rafter end.The
The rafter
rafterend
endrotation
rotationisisapproximately
approximately the
the
same as for aa simply
simply supported
supported beam of the
the same
same developed length,
length, S,
S , as shown
shown
in Figure A.7.
A.7.

I
I
I
I
I
h I
I
I
I
I
I
I

o
hO
Figure A.7
Figure Column top
A.7 Column displacement
top displacement

For
For simplicity, thecalculations
simplicity, the calculations
areare based
based on deflections
on the the deflections of a symmetrical
of a symmetrical
pitched roof, but the
pitched method may be used for other
the method other geometries.
geometries.

74
The second-order rafter end
second-order rafter end slope is given by:

6R2 =
ws3 2
24EJR 2crp —1

where:
S
S is the developed length
length of
ofthethe rafter
wp
Wp is the load on the
the span
span of
of the
the ‘plastic
'plastic frame’
frame'
WULS
wuLs isisthe
theUltimate
UltimateLimit
LimitState
Stateload
load on
on the
the span
span
wE
WE is the load applied to the
applied to the ‘elastic
'elasticframe’
frame'
;ip is the
A plastic
is the collapse
plastic factor
collapsefactor
IR
'R is the
the gross
gross value
value of the major axis
axisinertia
inertia of the rafter.
E is Young's
Young’s modulus
modulus
A/(A—1)
&,/(Acv-1) is is
thethedeflection
deflectionmagnification
magnification factor from A.4.3.
factor from

Note that wp,

Note that w, wuLs w1here denote the component of load acting transverse
and w1
WJLS and
to the
the rafter
rafter measured
measured as aa distributed
distributed load
load along
along the developed
developed length of the
rafter.

vertical loads
For vertical loads measured
measured on
onplan, w,,plan, the
plan,Wvplan, the component
component transverse to the
given by:
is given
rafter is by:
W =
= wv.plan C0s2a
Cos2a
For vertical
vertical loads
loads measured
measuredalong
alongthe
theslope,
slope,Wv slope,the
w,,,lope, thecomponent
componenttransverse
transverse
to the rafter
rafter is given by:
W == Wv slopeCosa
Wv,,lope Cosa
where:
w is the set of
of loads
loadswp,
w, W-S
was or w1
or w1
a is the slope ofthethe rafter.
The second-order
second-orderchange
change of
ofthe
the column
column top
top deflections =hG
deflections = &
The spread
spread of each
each span
span is
is calculated
calculated from the
the deflection
deflection of aa simply
simply supported
supported
beam
beam as shown
shown in Figure
Figure A.8.
A.8. TheThesecond-order
second-order midspan
midspan deflection of a
deflection of
straight simply supported beam of length S carrying a distributed load w is
straight simply supported beam of length S carryingadistributed load wp
given by:

S = 5wS4
B2
2crp
3S4EIR crp —1
Thespread
spread ofthe
the rafter ends
rafterends results
resultsfromfrom the deflection
deflectionatat the
the crank
crank in
in the
the
rafter.The spread isis given
Thespread given by:

Spread
Spread = &* (Sinal
= 8B2 +Sina2)
(Sina1+Sina2)
where;
aI
a1 is the slope of one rafter inthe
the span
span

75
 a2
a2 is the slope
slope of the other rafter in the
the span.
span.

Note that there is no spread

spread if the
the rafter
rafter is
is straight
straight from
from column column.
column to column.

2j
B

B Sifl a

Figure A.8 Rafter spread

A.4.6 The
The'plastic
'plasticframe' resisting
frame'resisting horizontal
horizontal loads
loads
The sway deflections to the
deflections due to notional horizontal
the notional horizontal forces or externally
externally applied
applied
horizontal loads are calculated
horizontal loads assuming the
calculated assuming the reduced stiffness of
reduced stiffness of
thethe frame
frame
following the formation
following the formationofplastic
of plastichinges
hingesasasshown
shownininFigure
FigureA.9.
A.9.
The The
formulae are derived in Appendix D.
in Appendix

Figure A.9 Sway

Figure A.9 Swaydeflection model
deflection model

The second-order
second-order sway stiffness of each bay
bay isis given by:

1 11 1
K
K, —= - -
- X
><
1

6 s2

[g+$)
Sh2
3 El R
+
h3

3El )
II( _____
[A::-l]
I

—1)
where:
K
K, is the sway
istheswaystiffness of of
stiffness the
thespan including
span includingsecond-order
second-order effects
effects
452
2 the sway deflection
is the deflection of ofthe
the top ofthe
the column whichwhichdoes
doesnotnot have aa
have
hinge in itit or
or in
in the
the adjacent lengthofof rafter
adjacent length rafter including
including second-order
second-order
effects

76
 S istaken
taken as Lr, the developed
L,, the developed length
lengthofof
thethe rafter
rafter from
from support
support to
to
support where the support may be be either a column or valley beam
h isthe
theheight
height of the columnfrom
ofthe from the
thebase
base to neutral
tothethe neutral axis
axis of
ofthe
the
rafter
'R
ZR and ZI,are
arethe
thegross
gross values
values of
of the major
major axis
axis inertias the rafter
inertias of the rafter and the
the
column
Acw/(&,-l) —1)isisthe
thesecond-order
second-ordermagnification
magnificationfactor
factorfrom
fromA.4.3.
A.4.3.

The second-order
second-order least sway deflection
least sway deflection of
ofthe
thetop
topofof
thethe column
column in
in a frame may
may
be taken as:

A, =
=
(,
b p —1)
4 )CH
-

=K,
where:
C H is is
thethesum
sumofofthe
theequivalent
equivalenthorizontal
horizontalloads
loads H
H resisted
resisted by the
the frame.
At each column,
column, HH isis given
givenbybyHH =
= C(Hih,)/h,
(H1h1)/h, as shown in Figure A.9
CK
K ,is is
thethesum
sumofofthe
thesway
swaystiffnesses
stiffnessesallowing
allowing for
for second-order effects of
second-order effects of
all the
the spans
spans in the
the frame.
frame.

In addition to this sway deflection,

deflection, there is an
an additional
additional spread arising from
from the
angle in the
the rafter
rafter at the
the apex
apex of the span.
span. The
Thesecond-order
second-order sagging
sagging deflection
deflection
of aa straight
straight rafter
rafter would
would be:

—
—
ML 'crp
sm2
16EIR 2crp —1

where:
M
M is the moment
is the caused
moment bybythethehorizontal
caused horizontalloads
loadsresisted
resistedbyby the
the span
span and
is given
isgivenby by
M M= Kzl2h
KsA2h
L,
L. isthe
the developed lengthofofthethe rafter
developed length rafter from column
colunm top
top to
tocolumn
column top
top as
as
shown in Figure
Figure 2.5
&,/(Acw—1)
AI(A -1)isisthe
thesecond-order
second-ordermagnification
magnification factor from A.4.3.
A.4.3.

1:
H2 I

Figure A. 10
10 Horizontal
h3flJ
Horizontal forces and moments
moments from
fromhorizontal
horizontalforces
forces

77
77
Therefore the additional spread
spread in each span
span is given by:
Spread
Spread =
= &,,2
Ssin2 (Sin al+Sina2)
(Sin a1+Sina2)
Where:
al
a1 is the slope of one rafter inthe
the span
span
a2
a2 isthe
the slope ofthe
the other rafter in the span.

A.5
A . 5 Axial
Axial forces
Some of the
the axial
axial compression forces differ
compression forces differ from the first-order
first-order analysis values
analysis values
because the shape
because the shape ofofthe
the frame differs from
frame differs from the
the undeformed
undeformedshape.
shape. The
The axial
axial
forces in the deformed
deformed structure
structure must usedininthe
must be used the energy
energy summations.
summations.

Therecan
can be no change inthe
nochange the total axial
total axial forces
forces in the columns.
columns. However
However thethe
drop of the
the apex will change the
will change the axial
axialcompression
compressionininthe
therafters.
rafters. Therefore,
Therefore, inin
the absence of a detailed
detailed analysis
analysis the axial
axial loads at collapse
collapse should be taken
should be taken as:

Columns
Columns P2 = PI
= P1

Rafters P2 = + P1 b

where:
P2
P2 is the
the set
set of
of axial
axial forces
forces inthe
the members at ULS, including the
includingthe
second-order effects
PI
P1 is the
the set
set of
of axial
axial forces
forces at ULS
ULS in the
the first-order
first-order analysis
analysis
P,,
Pla is the axial compression force in
compression force inthe
the rafter
rafter at ULS at the
thehinge
hinge nearest
nearest
mid-span calculated
calculated by
by first-order
first-order analysis.
analysis. The
The value
value at
at mid-span
mid-span
may be used
Plb is the additional axial
Pib axial compression
compression force
force in
in the
the rafter
rafter such
such that
that
Pi = PI, +
p1 = Pla + Pib
Plb

A.6 Reserve
Reservefactor
factorat
atUltimate
Ultimate Limit
Limit State
State
energy released
The energy released by second-order
second-order effects
effects is calculated
calculated from
from the
the expression
expression
P2çbsdqi, whichisis defined
CP24sd4, which definedininA.2.2.
A.2.2.This
This summation is
summation is shown
shown inthe
the worked
worked
examples.
The energy absorbed by the
the plastic
plastic mechanism
mechanism is calculated
calculated from the expression
expression
>M4O
CM,,d0 which
which is defined in A.2.2.
defined in A.2.2. This
Thissummation
summation isis shown
showninin
thethe worked
worked
examples.
The reserve
reserve factor
factor on moment, M,
onmoment, AM,isiscalculated
calculated from
from the
thefirst-order
first-order plastic
plastic
collapse factor, 4, as follows:
collapse factor, 2, as follows:

—
— 1—
P2ØsdØ
M
CM,, dB
MprdO
The load factor
factor of
of the
the frame
frame atat failure
failure isistaken
takenas AM.
as2M•

78
APPENDIX
APPENDIX BB Second
Second order analysis of
orderanalysis
tied portals 'by hand'
hand'

Rangeofofapplication
B.1 Range applicationand design
design steps
steps
This Appendix shows how
Appendix shows how second-order analysis may
second-orderanalysis may be performed
performed without
without
second-ordersoftwarefor tied portal
frames, designed by plastic
second-order software for tied portal frames, designed by plastic design design
methods. These
methods.These portals have
portals have ties
tiesator
atnear
or near the
the rafter
rafterlevel.
level.
TheThe method
method is
only intended for
for frames
frames in which:
(i) the
thetietieconnects
connectseither
eithertotothe
the column/rafter
columdrafter haunch
haunch or directly
directlytoto the rafter
rafter
(ii) no hinges
hingesoccur
occur below
below ULS
ULS when
when analysed
analysed by
by first-order analysis
first-order analysis
(iii) the
the tie
tie does
does not yield
yield below ULS.
Itshould
should bebe recognised
recognised that tied
tied portals
portals with
with low
low rafter slopesare
rafterslopes are potentially
potentially
susceptible to snap-through of
susceptibletosnap-through of the
the rafters. The example
rafters.Theworked worked example
showsa shows a
significant increase
increase in
in axial
axial force
force and
andconsequent
consequent apex
apex drop
dropfor
foraaframe
frame with
with an
8° slope. ItItis
8" slope. is recommended
recommended that
that slopes less
less than
than 6°
6" should
should not be used without
additional consideration of the
the stiffnesses of members and components.
components.

Portals in which there is

which there is aa tie
tie at an internal floor
floorlevel,
level, but
but where
where there
there is
is no
no tie
tie
at or
or near
near the
the rafter level, should
rafterlevel, should be
be designed
designed using
using the
the method
method for
for common
common
portals, given in
in Appendix
Appendix A. A.
It isisrecommended
recommended that
that the
the ties
ties in tied portalsare
are designed
designed so that
that they
they do not
yield below Ultimate
Ultimate Limit because yielding
Limit State, because yielding of
of the
the tie
tie may
may cause
cause aa major
change in both the geometry
both the geometry ofofthe
the structure
structure and
andthe
thestructural
structuralbehaviour.
behaviour.It It is
is
also recommendedthat
alsorecommended thatthis
thismethod
methodisnot
is not used
used for
for frames
frames for for which
which the
the
deflections from a sway-check exceed h/500,
sway-check exceed h/500, as explained
explained in
in Section
Section 5.4.3.
5.4.3.

Design steps
Design steps
The design
design steps
steps are
are as follows:
follows:

1.
1. Identify the firstorder
Identify from the orderanalysis:
analysis:
•0 the
theplastic
plasticcollapse
collapse mechanism
mechanism
•0 the
thehinge
hinge incremental rotations
incremental rotations
• the
theaxial
axial forces
forces in
in the
the members
members
•0 the load factor
theload factor at the formation
atthe formation ofthe
the first plastichinge,
firstplastic hinge, A? I(excluding
(excluding
hinges
hinges atat bases
bases where
where the moment
moment ofof resistance ofthe
resistance of the base
base is less
less than
than
the moment of resistance of the
the columns)
the plastic
• the plastic collapse factor,.2,,
collapsefactor,
•0 the deflections of the
deflections of the frame
frameatatAl.
2.

2. Calculate the second-orderdeflections

deflections of
ofthe
the 'elastic'
'elastic'frame.
frame.
(a) Calculate
Calculate the
thestiffness
stiffnessreduction
reduction factors to
to allow
allow for
for P.
P . ô6 (P-little
(P-little delta)
delta)
effects

79
 (b) Calculate
Calculate the
the second-order
second-order magnification factorsfor
magnification factors forthe
the ‘elastic’
'elastic'
frame.
(c) Calculate
Calculate the
the deflections
deflections of the 'elastic'
‘elastic’ frame.
frame. These
These are thevalues
valuesofof
deflectionsatat A,
the deflections 2 plus additional
additional deflections
deflections calculated
calculated to
toallow
allow for
for
the second-order effects.

3. Calculate the
Calculate the second-order
second-order deflections
deflectionsofofthe
the ‘plastic’
'plastic' frame.
(a) Calculate
Calculatethe
thestiffness
stiffnessreduction
reduction factors
factors to
toallow forP.P.ô6(P-little
allow for delta)
(P-little delta)
effects
(b) Calculate
Calculate the
the second-order
second-order magnification factorof
magnification factor ofthe
the‘plastic’
'plastic' frame.
frame.
(c) Calculate
Calculatethe
the deflections
deflections of the
the‘plastic’
'plastic' frame
frame from
from gravity
gravity loads.
loads.
(d) Calculate
Calculatethe
thedeflections
deflections of the 'plastic'
of the ‘plastic’frame
frame from horizontal loads.
horizontal loads.

Calculate the
4. Calculate
4. the apex drop using an iterative method.
5.
5. Calculate the increased
Calculate the axial loads
increased axial loads in the rafters
inthe rafters to
to account
account for
for second-
second-
order effects.
effects.
6. Sum
Sumthe
theenergies.
energies.
7.
7. Calculate the reserve
reserve factor, AM.
factor, 2M•
8.
8 . Check
Check 'M
AM 21.0
1.0

B.2 Basis of method

Basis of
B.2.1
B.2.1 General
General
The basis of the
the method
method is the same
is the same as
as described in A.2.
described in A.2.11 for
for common
common portals,
portals,
which portals without
which are portals without tie
tie at
at or near
near the
the rafter
rafter level.
level.

B.2.2
B.2.2 Applicationof
ofthe
the energy
energy method
method
The energy calculations are
energy calculations are as
as described
described in
in A.2.2
A.2.2 for common portals.
portals.

B.2.3
B.2.3 Deflectioncalculations
calculations
The deflection calculationsare
deflection calculations are not
not identical to
identical to the
the calculations
calculations for
for common
common
portals in A.2.3.
A.2.3. This
Thisisisbecause,
because, where
where the
the tie in a tied portal is at or near
tie in a tied portal is at or the
near the
rafter
rafter level,
level, the
the rafters and tie
rafters and tie act more like
actmore like aa truss
truss than like
thanlikethethe rafters
rafters in
in aa
common portal. Therefore,
common portal. Therefore, the
thevertical
vertical deflection
deflection of the
the apex
apex and the spread ofof
the column tops is dominated
dominated by the axial deformations the rafters and the
deformations of the thetie
tie
instead of the bending
bending deformations the rafters and
deformations of the and the
the columns.
columns.

The deflections
deflections governed by bending
governed by bending stiffness
stiffness are calculated
calculated using
usingthethe same
same
principles A.2.3 for
principles as in A.2.3 for common portals.
portals.

following deflections are governed

The following governed by bending
bending stiffness:
stiffness:
• sway ofthe
sway of the frame,
frame,for
for both
both ‘elastic’
'elastic' and
and ‘plastic’
'plastic' frames
frames
• mid-rafter deflection
mid—rafter deflectionfrom
fromsway
swayand
and transverse
transverse loads
loads on the rafter.

The deflection
deflection of the apex
apex isis calculated
calculated from
from the
the following
following components:
components:
• The elastic deflection at ULS
calculated at
deflection calculated ULS from the first-order frame analysis.

80
• A drop from
A drop fromcurvature shortening of
curvatureshortening the rafters.
ofthe rafters.
•
0 Further deflection
Furtherdeflection arising
arisingfromfrom the
the increase
increase in
in axial
axial force
force in
in the
the rafterstoto
maintain the same
maintain the same vertical component of
verticalcomponent of force
force as inin first-order analysis
first-orderanalysis
because the rafter slope has decreased due to the
because the the drop of the
the apex.
B.2.4 Base
B.2.4Base stiffness
stiffness
The base stiffness may
may be
be taken
taken as
as in
in A.2.4.
A.2.4.

B.3 Bending deflections of

Bending deflections of the
the 'elastic'frame
frame
B.3.1
B.3. l General
General
The methods are the same as
methods are asdescribed
described in A.3
A.3 except for the
except for the differences
differences noted
below. Only
Only the
the differences
fromfrom A.3
differences A.3 are
are given
given below,
below,
to to clarify the
clarify the
comparison of the methods for common and tied
common and tied portals.
portals.

B.3.2 Reduction
B.3.2 Reduction factor
factor to allow
to allow for(P-little
for P.6 P.8 (P—little delta) effects
delta) effects
For rafters
rafters of tied portals with ties that have
portals with not yielded
have not yielded atat ULS,
ULS, the method
method isis
similar
similartoto the method
method in A.3.2 A.3.2 but
but the
the calculation
calculation ofof Per from A.3.2.
Pcrdiffers from A.3.2.
The length
length LL is taken
taken as thethe length
length along
along the
the slope
slope from apextotoeaves/valley.
from apex eaves/valley.
The
The axial
axial forces
forces inthe the rafter
rafter should
should be
be taken
taken asas the
the forces occurring in
forcesoccurring the
inthe
length resisting the
lengthresisting the tie force because these
forcebecause these are
are the
the highest forces
highestforces occurring
occurring
within the length
length ofof the
the rafter.
rafter.

For columns
columns of tied portals, the method
method is identical to that
identical to that in
in A.3.2.
A.3.2.

B.3.3
8.3.3 Second-order magnification
magnification factors, -1 1
kCr/(Acr
factors, ?crI(Acr—1)
The methods are the
methods are the same
sameas
as in
in A.3.3,
A.3.3, except
except that
that in
in the
the calculation
calculationofofS,ô, the
the
rafter span
span is taken
taken as the
the length
length from
from apex
apex to
to eaves/column.
eavedcolumn.

B.3.4
B . 3 . 4 Calculation of deflections
Calculationofdeflections
principles
The principles areare
asas in
in A.3.4.
A.3.4. However,
However,the thesecond-order
second-ordervertical deflections
verticaldeflections
are governed
governed byby truss
trussaction,
action, which
which isiscalculated
calculatedaccording
according
to toB.5.
B.5. Therefore,
Therefore,
only the sway &/(Acr -1).
sway deflections are magnified by Acr/(2cr1).
second-order
Thesecond-order deflections
deflections on on the
the elastic frame,
elasticframe, excluding the
excluding the deflections
deflections
within the truss system, are calculated
calculated as
as follows:
follows:
SX,
ox2 =
= (6x1-—m,,>
(OX1 OX1)++ OX1
8x1s {'lcri/(Acri
{JcrI/(Ax1 - 1))
1)}

SY2 arecalculated
calculated
forfor the trusssystem
system
asas in B.5.
B.5.

B.4 Bending deflections of

Bending deflections of the
the'plastic'
'plastic' frame
frame
B.4.1
B.4.1 General
General
To simplify the calculations,
simplify the calculations,thisthis method assumes that
method assumes that all
allthethe spans
spans develop
develop
plastic hinges atat one
plastic hinges one end
endatat the
the load
load factor
factorAI 2 at which
which the first hinge
hinge forms in
forms in
the frame.Then
Then thetheanalysis
analysismodel
model becomes
becomes anelastic
elasticframe
frame with
with a hinge
hinge at
(or near)
near) the
the end
end ofof each rafterasas shown
each rafter shown in in Figure
Figure B.
B.1.1. The
Thepinspinsareare used
used atat
the plastic hinges because at
hinges because at aa pure
pureplastic
plastic hinge
hinge there is
is no increase
increase of bending
moment.

81
81
This
This mode
mode of deflection
is is aa sway
ofdeflection sway mode even for
mode even for gravity loads, so
gravity loads, so all the
allthe
second-order deflections are calculated
deflections are calculated from the magnification arising
the magnification arising from the
the
sway mode of buckling.
buckling. Therefore,
Therefore, the
the second-order
second-order deflections
deflections are given by:
by:

ô = ô1 {2cr/(Acr 1)}

B.4.2
B . 4 . 2 Reduction factortotoallow
Reduction factor allowfor
for P.o
P.S (P—little delta)effects
(P-little delta) effects
The second-order effects within
second-order effects within the
the member
member lengths
lengths reduce
reduce
the the effective
effective
stiffness
stiffness ofofthe
the members.
members. This
This effect
effect must beincluded
must be includedininthe
theanalysis.
analysis. This
Thisisis
done byby calculating
calculating an effective
effective inertia
inertia value
value for
for the
themembers, l e g , as for the
members, Jeff, the
'elastic'
‘elastic’ frame
frame in
in Section
Section B.3.2
B.3.2 above.
above.

B.4.3
B . 4 . 3 Second-order
Second-order magnification
magnificationfactor,
factor,?.crpI(?crp
L r p / ( A , c r p -1)
1)
The principles thatapply
principles that applyare
areasas in
in A.4.3, except that in
except that inthe
the calculation
calculationofof dnPr
ô,,
the rafter span
span is
is taken
taken as
as the
the length
length from
from apex to
to eaves/column.
eaves/column.

B.4.4
B . 4 . 4 Calculation
Calculationofof deflections
deflections
The loads
loads applied to the 'plastic
applied to ‘plastic frame'
frame’ must
must be the
bethe difference
difference between
between the
the
collapse A xx (ULS loads),
loads, /$,
collapse loads, and the
loads), and the loads
loads resisted
resistedbyby the 'elastic frame’.
the‘elastic frame'.
Therefore the
Therefore the loads
tobe to be applied
loads to
thethe 'plastic
applied to ‘plastic frame' (4—- i)
frame’areare (A AI) xx
loads). Typical
(ULS loads). Typical deflections
deflections are
are shown
shown inin Figure
Figure B.
B. 1, which
which shows that
shows that
the
the frame sways under
framesways under gravity
gravity loading plus notional
loading plus notional horizontal
horizontalforces.
forces. This
This
sway
sway is partly
partly due
due to
to the
the direct effect ofofthe
directeffect thenotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces and
partly because
because thenotional
notional horizontal forces cause
horizontal forces cause the
thehinge
hingeto to appear
appear on one
one
creating an asymmetric
side only, creating asymmetric frame and and an asymmetric response.
an asymmetric response.

Figure
Figure BB.1
. l Typical
Typical deflection
deflection ofof a ‘plastic
'plastic frame‘
frame'
Inthe
the absence
absence of
of aa more
more detailed
detailed analysis,
analysis, the
the hinges in the
hinges in the 'plastic
‘plastic frame'
frame’
model
model should be
should be assumed
assumed
to
be to be asymmetric,
asymmetric,as as in
in Figure B.2, to
Figure B.2, avoid
avoid
unconservative
unconservative deflections at collapse load.

Figure B.2
Figure Typicaldesign
B.2 Typical design hinge pattern
pattern for
foraa‘plastic
'plastic frame‘
frame'

B.4.5
B.4.5 The
The'plastic
’plasticframe' resisting
frame’resisting vertical
vertical loads
loads
The
The deflections fromAI
deflections from 2 to 2.tpare
arecalculated
calculated by
bysimple
simple beam
beam theory
theory based
based on
on
simply
simply supported beamsbecause
supported beams because
the the plastic
plastic hinges
hingesmean
meanthat
thatthere
there can
can be
benono

82
increase in end moments
moments ofof the
the rafters.
rafters. To
To simplify
simplify the calculations, this
this ‘hand’
'hand'
method
method assumes that all
assumes that all rafters
rafters will
will behave
behave as
as simply
simply supported
supported beams
beams fromfrom
load factorA,.
load factor 2.

horizontal
Thehorizontal deflections
deflections duedue to gravity
to gravity load load results
results from
from the
the end
end rotation
rotation of
of
the
the rafters of one
rafters of one of
ofthethe spans. Where the
spans.Where the analysis
analysis model
model isis a series of
aseries of
individual spans
spansinstead
instead of
ofthe
the entire
entire frame,
frame, the greatest endrotation
greatest end rotation should
should be
used.

Theload
loadonon thethespan
spanatatULS
ULSis is +vuLs and the load applied
WULS applied toto the span
span on the
the
elasticframe
frame
is is WE.
+vE. Therefore, the
the load
loadtoto be
be applied
applied to the
the 'plastic
‘plastic frame'
frame’
Wp
WP = 2p /lp WULS
WULS -- WE.

columntop
The column topdisplacement
displacementfor
for the external column/rafter
column/rafterthat
thatremains
remains elastic
is governed by the
governed by the rafter end.
TheThe
rafterend. rafterrafter endisrotation
endrotation is approximately the
approximately the
same as for aa simply
simply supported
supported beam of the same
same developed length, S, as
as shown
shown
in Figure B.3.

T.T.TTTT.

4
Figure B.3 Column
Figure displacement
Columntopdisplacement

second-order rafter
The second-order rafter end
end slope
slope isis given
given by:

= ws3
24EI 2crp —1

giving a sway deflection ofthe

deflection of the column top = h8.
column top h&.

Thetransverse
transverse deflectionofof the
deflection the rafter
rafteratat mid-rafter
mid-rafter (where
(wherethereisthere
a is a plastic
plastic
hinge) is given by:

8R2 =
5wS4 2
384EIR 'crp —1

where:
S is the rafterlength
length from apex to eaves/valley
from eaveshalley
wp
Wp is the load
load on
on the
the span
span of
ofthe
the ‘plastic
'plastic frame’
frame'
WULS
wuLs isisthe
theUltimate
UltimateLimit
LimitState
Stateload
load on
on the
the span
span

83
 WE is the load applied to the
applied to the 'elastic
‘elastic frame'
frame’
h,
X1, is the plastic collapse factor
ZR
'R isthe
the gross value
valueofof
thethe major
major axis inertia
inertia of
ofthe
the rafter
rafter
E is Young's
Young’s modulus
modulus
2/(A-l)
&,/(&,-l)is the deflection
is the magnification
deflection magnificationfactor
factorfrom
from B.4.3.
B.4.3.

Note that W,,

Note that w, WULS
wuLs and w1 here denote the
and w1 the component
component ofload
load acting
acting transverse
transverse
to the
the rafter
rafter measured
measured as
as aa distributed
distributed load
load along
along the developed
thedeveloped length
length oftheof the
rafter.

For
For vertical
vertical loads
loadsmeasured
measuredon
onplan,
plan,Wv
w ,plan, the~component
, , ~the
~ component
, transversetotothe
transverse the
rafter is given
given by:
by:
W
W == plan Cos2a
W , plan
Wv Cos2a

For vertical
For verticalloads
loadsmeasured
measuredalong
along
thethe slope,
slope, slope ,, the component transverse
WvwVslope transverse
to the
the rafter
rafter is
is given
given by:
W
W == W , slope
Wv slope Cosa
where:
w
W is theset
set of loads W,,
ofloads w, WuLs
wuLsor
or w1
wI
aa is the slope
theslopeoftheof the rafter.

B.4.6
6.4.6 The‘plastic
'plasticframe‘
frame' resisting
resisting horizontal
horizontalloadsloads
The sway deflections due to the notional
deflections due notional horizontal
horizontal forces or externally
externally applied
horizontal loads are
horizontal loads are calculated assuming the
calculated assuming the reduced
reduced stiffness
ofthe of the frame
stiffness frame
following the formation
following the formation of
of plastic
plastic hinges
hingesas
as shown
shownininFigure
FigureBB.4.
. 4 . The
The formulae
formulae
are derived
derived in Appendix
Appendix C.

Figure B.4 Sway

Figure Swaydeflection model
deflection model

The second-order
second-order sway stiffness of each bay is given by:

— 1 — 11 11
><

8s2 2crp

3EIR 3EI —1

where:
K,
K, isthe
the sway
sway stiffness
stiffness ofthe
the span
span including
including second-order
second-order effects
S,:
8s2 is the
thesway
sway deflection
deflection of of the
the top ofthe
the column whichwhich does
does not
not have
have aa
hinge in it or
or in
in the
the adjacent
adjacent length
length of
of rafter,
rafter, including
including second-order
second-order
effects

84
 S istaken
taken as the length ofthe
the rafterfrom
fromapex
apex to eaves/valley
eaveshalley
h is the height of the columnfrom
from the
the base
base to
to the
the neutral
neutralaxis
axis of
of the
the
rafter
IRand II,are
'R arethe
thenominal
nominalvalues
values of
of the inertias
inertias of the
the rafter and the column
3Lcw/(hc,-l) is the
the second-order
second-order magnification factor
factor from
from B.4.3.
B.4.3.

The second-order least sway deflection

second-order least deflection of
of the
the top
top of the column in a frame may
be taken
taken as:

(2p —21)H

where:
>H
CH is the sum
is the sumofof
the
theequivalent
equivalenthorizontal
horizontalloads
loads H
H resisted
resisted by the frame.
At each
each column,
column,HHisisgiven
givenbyby HH =
= Y(H)i1)/h,
C(Hihi)/h,as shown
shown in Figure
Figure
B.5.
CK,
>KS is the sum of the
the sway
sway stiffnesses, allowingfor
stiffnesses, allowing forsecond-order
second-ordereffects
effects of
of
all the spans in the frame.
frame.

Thesagging
sagging deflection of
deflection ofthethe rafter
rafteratat mid-length between the
mid-length between the apex
apex and
and the
the
eaves/valley, caused
caused by horizontal loads,
loads, isis given
given by
by

=
- ~s~
zis2 2crl
'crl
Ssm2
6sm2 - ~

l€EIR
16'1, (2cri1)
('cr1-1)

where:
S is the length along the rafter slope fromapex
apextoto eaves/valley
eaves/valley
IR
'R is the gross
gross I,I value
value of the rafter
ofthe rafter
M
M is the moment
is the caused
moment bybythe
caused thehorizontal
horizontalloads resisted by
loads resisted by the
the span
span and
is givenbybyMM =
is given = Kz12h.
K,Azh.

H2

h2

Figure B.5 Horizontal

Figure B.5 Horizontalforces
forces and
and moments
moments from
from horizontal forces
forces

85
B.5
B.5 Deflections
Deflectionsof
ofthe
therafters/tie
rafterdtie 'truss'
'truss' system
system
B.5.1
B . 5 . 1 General
General
The apex deflection is calculated
calculated from
(i) First-order elastic
elastic deflections of the
deflections of the frame atat ULS.
Apex drop
(ii) Apex drop from
from rafter
rafter curvature.
curvature.
(iii) Increased rafter forces
Increased rafter so that
forces so that the
the vertical componentofofthe
vertical component therafter
rafter force
forceatat
the apex remains equal the first-order
equal to the values despite
first-order values despitethe
the reduced
reduced slope
slopeof
of
the rafters due to
to apex drop.
Step
(iii)(iii) may
Step may require
require iteration
iteration until
until
the the solution
acceptablyis acceptably close
solution
is close to
equilibrium. This
equilibrium.This is is measured
measured in terms
terms of increase ofthethe drop
increase of ofthe
drop of the apex.
apex.
The solution
solution may
may bebetaken
taken as acceptable when the
acceptable when the increase
increaseinin apex
apex drop,
drop, from
from
one
one iteration, isless
iteration, is less
thanthan 3%3% of the
ofthetotaltotal apex
apexdrop
dropcalculated
calculated before
before the
the
iteration.

B.5.2
B . 5 . 2 Apex drop from first-order
first-orderelastic
elasticdeflections
deflections
apex drop
The apex drop at ULS
ULS from first-order behaviour
behaviour may be
be calculated
calculated from
from

&LS =
where:
2
AI isthe
theload
load factor at the formation ofthe
formation of the first
first hinge
hinge
SI
5 is the apex dropatat 21,calculated
calculated from
from the
the first-order
first-order behaviour.
behaviour.

B.5.3
B.5.3 Apex
Apexdropfrom
fromcurvature
curvature shortening
shortening
It isis unusual
unusual to
to consider
consider the
the shortening
shortening of the
the end
endtoto end
end length of members
lengthof members
caused
caused by by curvature. However, where
curvature.However, where tied
tied portals
portals have
have low
low roof
roof slopes,
slopes, for
example around 8"
examplearound 8°or
or lower,
lower, the
the apex drop isis very
apexdrop very sensitive
sensitiveto to member
member
shortening.
shortening. Tied
Tied portals
portals tend
tend to
tohave
haveslender
slender rafters,
rafters, so
socurvature
curvature shortening
shortening
should be considered.
should be considered. TheThe shortening
shortening is
is calculated
calculated from
from the deflection of
thedeflection of the
the
length of the
the rafter between the 'sharp' end
between the end ofof the column/rafter
column/rafter haunch
haunch and the
apex of the roof, S,, shown in Figure
roof, Sr, Figure B.6.

Figure B.6
B . 6 Length
Lengthof of
rafter in curvature
rafter shortening
in curvature calculations
shortening calculations

86
The deflection within
Thedeflection within S.
S, isiscalculated
calculated assuming
assuming that
that the
the bending
bending moment
moment
diagram
diagram isis as
as shown
shown ininFigure
Figure B.7.
B.7. The
Thehogging
hogging moments
moments at at the
the ends ofthe
ends of the
length S are
length S, equal
to to the
areequal thesagging
saggingmoment
moment atat mid-length
mid-length due
due to
to plastic
plastic
redistribution of moment, so that
of moment,
2
W ULS Sr
WULSSr2
M,
MR =
=
16

where:
WULS
wuLs isisthe
thetransverse
transverseload
loadalong
alongthe
the rafter
rafteratat ULS.

Figure B.7
B.7 Bending
Bendingmoment
moment diagram
diagram for curvatureshortening
for curvature shortening
calculations
2
- 2 _________
WULSS
WULSSr
Thesecond-order
transverse
second-order deflection,
transverse 8cs2 —
deflection, 8cs2 -
384
384 EIeffR
EIeff.R

where:
Zeff,.R isiscalculated
'eff.R calculated according
according to B. 3.2.
B.3.2.
2/ \2
shorteningis is then approximatedasas zl
Theshortening A == 7tS2)
n2 CSl2
4Sr

The apex drop from shortening

shortening isiscalculated
calculatedasas shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure B.8 from:
A
Apex drop
Apex drop = -
Sina
A

A /sina

IA
I

Figure B.8
Figure Apexdrop
B.8 Apex drop from
fromrafter
raftershortening
shortening

87
87
B.5.4
B.5.4 Apex increasedrafter
Apex drop from increased rafteraxial
axial force
force
apex
Theapex drop reduces
drop the slope
reduces the slope of the rafters,
rafters, so
so the
the force
force must
must increase
increase to
provide the same vertical componentof
vertical component of rafter
rafterforce.
force.The
The increase
increase in axial force
force
causes additional apex
causes additional apex drop,
drop, which
which is
is calculated by
anan iterative
calculated by iterative process
process as
follows:
follows:
(i)Calculate
Calculate the
the vertical componentofof
verticalcomponent the the rafter
rafter axial
axial force
force
at at the
the apex
apex
according to first-order
first-order analysis.
analysis.
:. V1 = PR
VI = Sin a'
P R , Sina1

(ii) Calculate the reduced

Calculate the slope of
reduced slope of the rafter
rafter from firstorder
fromfirst order deflections
deflections from
Section B.5.2 and
Section B.5.2 andfrom
from curvature shortening
curvature shorteningfrom
fromSection
SectionBB.5.3.
. 5 . 3 . The
The
deflection is:
A
dl = 61 +
d1=61+ __
Sina,
Sina1
The unstressed
unstressed rise
rise of the rafter above
above the hinge
hinge at the bottom
bottom of
ofthe
the rafter,
rafter,
hl = S, Sina, as shown
= Sr shown in Figure
Figure B.9.
.: Reduced rise,
h2h2 =
Reduced rise, = hl — dl
- d1

:. Reduced slope,a2
Reduced slope, a2 = Sin-' h1
= Sin (T)11
- dl

(iii) Calculate
Calculate the reduced
reduced vertical component
component of
of the
the rafter
rafter
V2
V, =
= PRI Sina2.
P R ' Sina2.

(iv) Calculate
Calculate the required
required increase
increase in rafter
rafter axial
axial force:
force:
V2 - V1
v2 -v'
SPR
@R = _____
=
Sina
Sina2
(v) Calculate
Calculate the
theresultant
resultantincrease
increase in
inhorizontal
horizontal reaction
reaction at the
the column top:
= 6PR Cosa2.
= öPR

(vi) Calculate
Calculate the
the resulting
resulting increase in tie force:

= (c+hT
I

hT
where, ee and
and hT and cc is
hT are defined in Figure B.9 and is defined
defined in
in Figure
Figure B.
B. 10

(vii) Calculate
Calculate the
the horizontal
horizontal movement
movement of
of the
the hinge
hinge ZZ due
due to
to tie
tie stretching:
ST x halfspan
67'
Lateral displacement
Lateral displacement ofend,
of tie a ,T =
tie end,
ATE
ATE
AT isis the
where AT the cross-sectional
cross-sectional area
area of
of the
thetie
tie

Lateral displacement
Lateral displacement of of
2,Z, ZT =
2XzT =
e+hT
a,______[71 hT

88
Figure B.9 Tied
Figure 6.9 Tiedportal
portal geometry
geometry

cI;level

Figure B.10
10 Effective
Effective cantilever
cantilever above
above tie
tie
Calculate the horizontal movement of hinge Z
(viiijCalculate
(viii) 2 due to
to column
column bending:
bending:
21
oxzc —
6Hc hT +C
3EIeff C

Zeffc is calculated according to

where 'effc to B.3.2.
(ix)
(ixj Calculate
Calculate the
the rafter
rafter shortening from
from increased
increased axial strain
SPRS r
Sr =
ARE
where AR isis the
the cross-sectional
cross-sectional area of
of the rafter.
(x) Calculate the increased rafter drop from increased rafter axial as Figure
B.11.
SX.z SS r
dA = +
Tana2 Sina2
where Kz = ZT + ZC

89
 \ a dA

‘1
Figure B.1
Figure B . l l1Apex
Apexdrop
drop from
from increased
increased rafter
rafter axial
axial force
force

Re-calculate
(xi) Re-calculate the the rafter
rafter slope.
slope. TheThe definition
definition is now
is now givengiven
by: by:

d2=+
d2 + A
= 6
1
Sina
Sina2
~

+ d.4

-! h1 —d2
Revised slope a2 = Sin
Sr
(xii) Calculate
(xii) Calculate d2/d1
d2/dl
d2/dl 5 1.03, take
If d2/d1 take aa =
= a2
a2 and PR =
= PR! +5PR.
PRI + ~PR.
If d2/dl>
If d21d1 > 1.03, repeat steps (iii) to
to(xi).
(xi).
If (revised
(revised d2)/(previous d2)5 1.03, take
d2)/(previous d2) take aa =
= a2
a2 and PR =
and PRI ++SPR;
= PRI ~PR;
again.
otherwise, repeat again.

B.6
B.6 Axial forces
energy calculation
The energy uses the
calculation uses the axial
axial forcesatat ULS
ULS including
including the second-order
second-order
effects.

The
The axial
axial forces
forces in the
the columns
columns may
maybebe taken as
taken as the
the values
values from
from first-order
first-order
analysis because the total of
analysis because the total of the the axial forces must remain
remain the same
same to preserve
preserve
vertical equilibrium whatever analysis
equilibrium whatever analysis is used.
used.

The axial forces in the rafters

rafters are
are greater
greater than
than calculated
calculated by first-order
first-order analysis.
analysis.
The axial force increases
increases as the
the slope
slope decreases
decreases so so that
that the verticalcomponent
thevertical component
of the force remains the same as from the first-order
first-order analysis.
analysis.

Therefore, the forces

Therefore, the forces used in the energy
usedinthe energy calculation
calculation may
may be
be calculated
calculated as
follows:

ColumnsP2P2 ==
Columns PI

Rafter P2
P, =
= '! + 6P,
P, +
Where:
P2
P2 is the axial force used inthe
the energy calculation
calculation
P2
P2 ULS in
is the axial force at ULS the first-order
inthe first-order analysis
analysis
a1
a! is the slope ofthe
the rafter
rafter in
in the
the unstressed
unstressed condition
condition

90
 a2
a2 is
is the
the slope
slope of the rafter
ofthe rafter allowing
allowing for
for second-order
second-order effects.

B.7
B.7 Reserve factor at
Reserve factor at Ultimate Limit State
The reserve
The reserve factor
factoron
onmoments, AM, is calculated
moments, A'M, from the
calculated from the first order
order collapse
collapse
4,asasfollows:
factor, 2, follows:

—
— 1—
EP2Øsdb
M
IMprdG
The summations are
are shown in the worked
shown in worked examples.
examples.
The load
1Qad factor
factor of
of the frame failureisistaken
frameatatfailure AM.
takenasas,tM.

91
91
APPENDIX
APPENDIX CC Effective
Effective stiffness of
stiffness of
members

The horizontal thrust on

horizontal thrust ona a span
span of
of aacommon
common portal
portal (i.e.
(i.e. not
not aa tied portal) isis
tied portal)
limited if a plastic
limited if plastic hinge
hinge develops
develops atat one
one end
end of the span,
span, either
either at the
the column
column
top or in the rafter.
in the For aacolumn
rafter. For column with
withaapinned
pinned base,
base, the
thehorizontal
horizontal thrust,
thrust, H,
H,
is limited
limited to:

H= Mr
—--
h
where:
Mpr isisthe
theplastic
plasticmoment
moment of thehinge
ofthe hinge
h is the
the height
height of
of the
the hinge
hinge above
above the base.

A simple closed solution for the effective stiffness of a uniform rafter is possible
possible
if the
the geometry
geometry of the
the rafters
rafters is
is idealised
idealised as a half
half sine-curve
sine-curve and the
the loading is
loading is
idealised
idealised as a varying distributed load of a half sine-curve
distributed load sine-curve intensity as shown in
intensity as in
Figure
Figure C. 1.
1. The
The deflections
deflections from
fromaa sinusoidal
sinusoidal load
load onaauniform
uniform member
member are are
sinusoidal, allowing
sinusoidal, allowing a simple solution.
solution.

For in
For in increment
increment of loading
loading above the load
above the load that
that forms
forms the
the first
first hinge,
hinge, the
the
deflection ofthe
deflection of the roof
roof is entirely
entirely determined bythe
determined by the bendingdeflection.
bending deflection. This
This is
is
because
because the
the horizontal
horizontal thrust
thrust cannot
cannot increase
increase above
above the
the limiting
limiting value
value
m
determinedbybythe
determined theplastic
plastichinge.
hinge.For
Fora aload
loadincrement
incrementwSin
wSin--,, the deflected
L
form calculated
calculated by first-order
first-order analysis is given by:

y = aSin1 = =
= SJ_-1-JSJ(loading)d

(1
=J$- — SJwSin—
. lv;
EI) L

-
wL4
wL4 iv;
7CX
=
- Sin -
Sin—
4EI
n 4 ~L ~

7CX 7C 7Cx
lv;
:. wSrn—=EIa——Sin—-
wSin - = EIa -Sin -
L L4 L

Considering the effects

Considering the effects of deflection,
deflection, the vertical
vertical reaction
reaction from the horizontal
fromthe horizontal
thrust decreases if the roof
roof member
member deflects
deflects downwards, reducing the rise
reducing the rise of the
arch-shaped member. This
arch-shaped member. This loss
lossof
ofvertical
vertical reaction
reaction must
must be
be compensated
compensated for by
increased reaction from bending to to maintain vertical equilibrium.
equilibrium.

92
 mx
7tX
Taking the undeflected shape of
undeflected shape of the
the roof
roof member
member as
as A Sin — and
A Sin- the
andthe actual
actual
L
mx
XX
deflection as
as bI, Sin-,
Sin—, then
thenthe
theloss
lossof
of vertical reaction from H is:
vertical reaction
L
L
2 2
WH = H dy1 —H dy2

== 7cL m ?KL m
HA-Sin- -H ( A - b)-Sin-
L2 L L2 L
22
x m
mx
= Hb—Sin——
Hb-Sin-
L2
L2 L

The vertical
vertical reaction
reaction from
from bending
bending is:
is:

d2M=—
d2 d2y
w8
2 2 —El————

:. for a uniform member

4
d4
WB
WB == _EI__IbSini')=_EIb—Sini
- El-( S.ni): = -Elb-Sin-
7t m
dx4 L) L4
L4 L

For vertical equilibrium

W + WH + WB = 0
W -WB-WH
44 22
:. • m
mx it7c
wSin- = Elb-Sin-
m - Hb-Sin-
mx m
it7t • mx
wSm—=EIb-—Sin———Hb——Sm—
L L4
L4 L L2
L2 L
L

4 4
• mx
m m7t • m
mx
But
But wSin—
wSin- == Ela—Sin——
EZa-Sin-
L L4
L4 L

44 2 44
m
7t m
mx 'it
7c2 • m
mx 7t
m m
mx
:. Elb—Sm——Hb—Sin-——=EIa——Sin-—
Elb-Sin- - Hb-Sin- = Ela-Sin-
L4
L4 L L2
L2 L
L L4
L4 L

22 22
7t 7t
:. bEI-----bH=aEI---
bEI - bH = aEI
L' L'
L2 L2

2
15
Writing El
Writing --- == 'icr
EI - PCr
L2

Then
Then bp,, -- bH
bPcr bH == aPe,
aP,,
.. b(Pcr H>
bPcr -- H) =
= aP
aPcr

93
93
 'icr 11
.. b = a a
cr -H
cr
The axial thrust
thrust P in the
the rafter is always
always greater than the thrust H
horizontal thrust
the horizontal H,, so
conservatively

b=a 1----
b = a-
11
P
1--
cr
Thus the deflection including second-order effects
including second-order effects is
is greater than the deflection
deflection
from first
first order
order calculations
calculations by
by the
the factor
factor1/(1
1/(1— P/P,,). Therefore, the
- P/P).
second-order effects may
second-order effects may be
be included by using
using an effective rafter stiffness
stiffness
'eff.R =
ZeffR X x(1(1 —- P/Pcr).
= ZR P/P,,).
_______ w sin Iitx/L

I l
y = Asintx/L
A'sin n x / L

A q 7 = - % ? -H

I I
Figure C.. l1 Idealised
Figure C rafter after
Idealised rafter after formation
formation of
of the
the first
first hinge
hinge in the
span

94
APPENDIX
APPENDIX DD Deflections from horizontal
Deflectionsfrom horizontal
loads for
for 'hand'
‘hand‘
second-order
second-order calculations

D.1l General
D. General
ThisAppendix
Appendix describes
describes 'hand'
‘hand’ methods
methods of
of calculating
calculating the sway deflections
thesway deflections
arising
arising from horizontal
horizontal loads
loads for
for frames,
frames.These
Thesemethods
methods are
are intended for use
intended for useinin
Appendix A and Appendix B.

Methods are given

Methods are given for
for ‘elastic’
'elastic' frames in D.2
frames in D.2 and
and for
for ‘plastic’
'plastic' frames in
in D.3.

An alternative
alternative and more accurate
accurate method
method of calculating the deflections wouldbebe
deflections would
to use
use software
software toto analyse
analysethe
theframe.
frame. For 'plastic'
‘plastic’ frames,
frames, this can be
be done by
done by
inserting pins at the positions
inserting pins positions of all
all the
the plastic
plastic hinges
hinges assumed
assumed in the method
themethod
described in
in this
this Appendix.
Appendix.

D.2 'Elastic'
’Elastic’frame
framesway
sway deflection
deflection
D.2.1 General
General
This Section
Section describes
describes methods of calculating notional sway
calculating notional sway deflections
deflections for
for the
the
frame when it is
is entirely
entirely elastic.
elastic.

D.2.2 Simplifying
Simplifyingassumptions
assumptions
The majority
majority of multi-span portal frames
multi-span portal frames have
have slender
slender internal
internalcolumns.
columns. When
When
a horizontal load is applied
horizontal load applied to these frames,
tothese frames, there
there is only
only aa small
small bending
bending
moment induced
induced in these slender
slender internal
internal columns, because the external
external columns
are much stiffer. AAtypical
typicalbending
bending moment
moment diagram is shown D.l.
shown in Figure D.1.

D . l Bending
Figure 0.1 moments in
Bending moments in aatypical
typicaltwo-span
two-spanframe
frame under
under
horizontal loading
loading

This can be
be considered
considered as
as two sub-frames,
sub-frames, each comprisingan
each comprising an external column
external column
and a rafter
rafter pair, as
as shown
shown in Figure
Figure D.2.For
For multi-span
multi-span frames
frames in
in general,
general,
the two
two external
external sub-frames provide the
sub-frames provide the majority
majority of
of the
the stiffness,
stiffness, so
so the
thesame
same

95
model
model of a pair
pair of
of sub-frames could be
sub-frames could beused
usedforfor hand calculations.
hand calculations. Where the
Where the
stiffness of
thethe internal
stiffness of columnsisis to
internal columns to be included,
included, it isis preferable
preferable touse
use
software for the analysis of the entire
analysis of entire frame.
frame.

0 0

Figure D.2
D.2 Sub-frames
Sub-frames for
for aa typical
typical two-span frame
two-span frame

Where
Where the internal
internal columns
columns provide
provide significant stiffness, itit isuneconomic
significant stiffness, uneconomic to
to
ignore
ignore them and a detailed
themand detailed analysis of the entire
analysis of entire frame by software wouldbebe
software would
preferable
preferable to the
the simple
simple methods given
given here.
here.

Single-span portals and

Single-span portals and tied
tied portals
portals are
are better
better modelled with
modelledwiththethe rafter
rafter length
length
taken as eaves to mid-span, shown in
mid-span, as shown in Figure
Figure D.3.
D.3.

Figure D.3 Sub-frames

Figure D.3 Sub-framesfor
foraatypical
typicalsingle-span
single-span frame.
frame.

Given the above assumptions,

assumptions, the calculation thesway
calculation of the sway deflections caused by
deflections caused by
horizontal loads becomes a reasonable task.

D.2.3
D.2.3 Method forfirst-order
first-order sway deflections
deflections
The frame
frame is considered tobe
considered to be a pair of sub-frames as shown
sub-frames as shown inin Figure
Figure D.2
D.2 for
for
multi-span frames or
multi-span frames or Figure
Figure D.3 for single-span frames. AA typical
single-span frames. typical sub-frame
sub-frame is
shown in Figure
Figure D.4.

Figure D.4
D.4 ldeallsed span
Idealisedspan

When
Whena a horizontal force HH is
horizontal force is applied tothethe structure
applied to in Figure
structure in Figure D.4, the
the
resulting bendingmoment
resulting bending moment diagramisisashown
diagram a showninin Figure
Figure D.5.
D.5. The bending
The bending
moment diagram has been
been drawn on the compression side for clarity.
clarity.

96
 M
hf
H

M == Hh
Hh

Figure 00.5
Figure . 5 Bending
BMD
BMD drawn
side

Bendingmoment
S

drawn on on compression
for clarity
slde for clarity

moment diagram
diagram
compression

resulting deflections
The resulting deflectionsare
are shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure D.6.

The rafter end

end slope
slope isis given
given by:

B=- MS
33 El
E IRR
Therefore the column top deflection due to 0B is given by:
Therefore

zh1 MS HSh2
SR =hB hI(Hh)S
3EIR 3EIR 3EIR

The
The column top deflection
deflection due to column
column flexure
flexure isis given
given by:
by:

6,
Mh2
Mh2
== - - =- (Hh)h2
(Hh)h* -
-
Hh
Hh
3EI
3EI, 3El
3E I , 3EI
3 EI,
The total
total column
column top
top deflection
deflection 6 is given
given by:

= H(
Sh2 h3
6
'5. = S R ++6 ,
= =Hi +
3ElR 3E1
1
\

Figure D.6 Column

Figure D.6 Column top
top deflection
deflection

97
97
Therefore the first-order column top stiffness K
first-order column K is given
givenby:
by:

F 1
K
S/i2
+—
h3

3EIR 3EI
In the
the frame
frame shown
shown above,
above, which
which has been idealised as two sub-frames, total
sub-frames, the total
column top stiffness ofthe
stiffness of thewhole
whole frame
frame is the
the sum
sum of the
thestiffnesses
stiffnessesof of
thethe
twotwo
sub-frames,
sub-frames, CK.K.

The first-order sway deflection,

first-order sway B ,is given by:
deflection, OX,

H
sx
6X =-
CK

D.2.4 First-orderrafter
rafterspread
spread and
and apex
apex dropdrop
In addition to the column
addition to column top top deflection, the span
deflection, the span will
will spread
spread because
becauseofof
thethe
sagging deflectionininthethe rafter
sagging deflection rafter coupled
coupledwith
with
thethe angle
angleattheat theapex.
apex. By
By simple
simple
hand
hand methods,
methods, itisis only
only possible
possible toto produce
produce approximate
approximate allowance for this
allowance for this
effect
effect in multi-bay frames. This
multi-bay frames. Thisisisdone
donebybyassuming
assumingthethesub-frames
sub-frames illustrated
illustrated
in Figure
Figure D.4
D.4 are independent, calculatingthe
independent, calculating the spread
spread ofofeach
each span
span and then
then
calculating the total
total accumulation of spread across each frame.

The deflection
deflection at mid-span of a symmetrical
symmetrical rafter of length
length S can be calculated
calculated
by the
the moment area method
moment area as shown
method as showninin Figure
FigureD.7.
D.7. This
This method
method can
can be
adapted
adapted foranyanyother
other apex position.
position. The
Thedeflection
deflection at
at the mid-span 86 is
themid-span given
isgiven
by :
by:

6 =---
8ML25ML2
8ML2 5ML2 - 3ML2
3ML2
-- -
ML
- ML2 ~
48E1
48 EI 48E1
48 EI 48E1
48 EI 16 EI
16E1
S

<

48Ei
48EI ML2 16ML2
\ I 3EI - 48EI

Figure D.7 Deflection

Figure D.7 Deflection of
of aa straight
straight rafter

spread ofthe
Thespread the pitched-roof rafter is calculated
pitched-roof rafter from the
calculated from the deflection of aa
deflection of
straight
straight rafter
rafter as shown
shown in Figure D.8.
in Figure D.8. The
The spread
spread is givenby:
is given by:

Spread =8
Spread = (Sin al
6(Sin + Sina2)
a1 + Sina2)

98
(a1a2
Figure D.8
Figure

D.2.5
0.8 Spread

D.2.5Method
Spreadof

Methodfor
2jt5

ofpitched-roof

forsecond-order
sin a

pitched-roof rafter

notionalsway
second-order notional swaydeflection
deflection
second-ordernotional
The second-order notional sway deflections, S,, , isisused
deflections, ô112, used to
tocalculate
calculate the
the critical
buckling ratio
ratio for
for the sway mode, ,lcrl , for the frame when it is entirely
mode, 2crl, entirely elastic.
elastic.

The method
method is similar
similar to
to the
the method
method forforcalculating first-order sway
calculating first-order sway deflections
deflections
in D.2.3. The Thedifference
difference isis that Pô6 effects
that P effects are included
included by using
using the
the effective
effective
I,, ,, of the
inertias, 'eff the members as calculatedininA.3.2.
membersascalculated A.3.2. These
Theseare are used
used in the
the
method
method inin D.2.3 in place of the
place of the gross
grossinertias,
inertias, I.I. In
In addition,
addition, the
the effect
effect of base
base
stiffness may
may be added as explained
explained in in D.4.

The applied
applied horizontal
horizontal load, H , isis the
load, H, the notional
notional horizontal forces which
horizontal forces which mustbebe
0.5% of the
taken as the full 0.5% the Ultimate LimitLimit State (ULS)
(ULS)loads,
loads, see Section 1.6,
1.6,
because the formula for calculating
calculating the the critical buckling
buckling ratio,
ratio,

,lcr =
Acr = h1200ô
h/2006

assumes that 0.5%

assumes 0.5% of the
the ULS
ULS loads
loads has been 6.
been applied to calculate ô.

The total
total colunm deflection S8is
column top deflection i s given
given by:

Rc =H1 Sh2
(3EIeffR
+
h3
3EIeffc

Therefore
Therefore the second-order colunm
column top stiffness
stiffness K2 is
is given
given by:

K-p-
2
Sh2
1

h3
I +
+ I
3EIeffR
Ezeff.R 3 EIeff.c
3EIeffC J
the
In the
In frame shown
shown above, which has been idealised as two sub-frames, the the total
total
column
column top stiffness ofthe
stiffness of the whole frame is the
whole frame the sum of the
the stiffnesses
stiffnesses ofthe
thetwo
two
sub-frames, CK2
sub-frames, K2 .

99
The second-order S,, ,, is given
second-order notional sway deflection, ô,2 given by:
by:

S,
HH
-= ________
8fl2
x , +Kb
K2 + X b

& is
where Kb is calculated
calculated in
in D.4.
Thecritical
critical buckling ratiofor
buckling ratio for the first
first mode
modeofof frame
frame buckling
buckling (which
(which is the
the
sway mode)
mode) for
for the
the 'elastic'
‘elastic’ frame
frame is given
given by:

2cri = hI20OO2

D.3 'Plastic'
’Plastic’frame
framesway deflection
deflection
D.3.1 General
General
This Section
Sectiondescribes
describes methods of
methods of calculating notional sway
calculating notional sway deflections
deflectionsfor
for the
the
frame
frame when the stiffness
when the ofthethe frame
stiffness of frame has been
been reduced
reduced bythe
the formation of
formation of
plastic hinges.
plastic hinges.

D.3.2 Simplifyingassumptions
assumptions
loadfactor
The load factor A,
2 is defined
definedasas the load
load factor at which
factor at which the
the first
first plastic
plastic hinge
hinge
forms.
forms. To
Tosimplify
simplifyhand
hand calculations,
calculations, ititisis assumed
assumed that
that aa plastic
plastic hinge
hinge occurs
atone
one end of
end of every
everyspan
span
at atA,.
2. This
Thisisaaconservative
conservative assumption.
assumption. It It is also
also
assumed that all
assumed that all the
the spans
spans become
become mechanisms
mechanisms as as the
the same
same load
load factor,
factor,
4.
which isis 2,?.
which

Given the above assumptions,

assumptions, the calculation of the sway
sway deflections caused by
deflections caused by
horizontal loads becomes
becomes aa reasonable
reasonable task.
task.

D.3.3
D.3.3 Method
Method
A typical
typical two two span frame
frame isis shown in Figure D.9D.9 with the Ultimate
with the Ultimate Limit
Limit State
(ULS) loads.The
(ULS) loads. The load
load factor at the formation
factor at formation ofofthe
the first
first hinge
hingeisisdefined
definedasasAI2
and itit is
is assumed
assumed that a plastic
plastic hinge
hinge forms
forms in all spans so thatthat the
the structure
structure can
can
be idealised
idealised as shown
shown in Figure D. 10.
Figure D.lO. This ideal
This ideal structure
structure behaves
behaves as asaaseries
series
of beam
beam plus plus rafter pairsasas shown
rafter pairs shown inin Figure
Figure D.
D. 11,
11, which
which is the same
is the same concept
concept
as in D.2.3.
V

H —0

Figure 0.9 Typical

Figure D.9 Typical multi-span
multi-span frame
frame

100
Figure D.
D.1O Multi-span frame
10 Multi-span frame with
withfirst
firsthinge
hinge in
in each
each span
span

6
Figure D.
D. 111
1 Idealised span

horizontal load
The horizontal load applied
appliedtoto the
the ‘plastic’
'plastic' frame
frame is
is the
the difference
difference between the
between the
load
load applied
appliedtoto the
the fully
fully elastic modelofthe
elastic model of the frame
frame and the the load
load applied
appliedatat
plastic collapse,
plasticcollapse, i.e. at load
i.e.at factor4.
load factor 2. Theelastic
elastic deflections will include the
deflections
effects
effects of 2 x (ULS
of AI loads).
(ULSloads). Therefore, the
Therefore, the deflections ofthethe 'plastic'
deflections of frame
‘plastic’frame
should be calculated
should be calculatedforfor applied
applied horizontal
horizontal forces
forcesequalequal
to to(4(A -- 21)x
Al)x (ULS
loads).

The horizontal
horizontalforce
force is applied
applied to sub-frames
sub-framescomprising
comprisinga column
a colunm and
and aa rafter
rafter
pair as
asshown
shown inin Figure
Figure D.
D. 11,
11, which
which is similar
similar in concept
concept to the
the sub-structures
sub-structures
used for the analysis ofthe
analysis of the ‘elastic’
'elastic' frames in D.2.
frames in D.2.

Thedifference
difference betweenthe
between the ‘plastic’
'plastic'frame
frame
andand the
the ‘elastic’
'elastic' frame
frameis is that
that only
only
one of the
the sub-frames
sub-frames in the
the plastic
plastic frame includes
frameincludes an external
anexternal column.
column. The The
other external column is separated by
by a plastic hinge.

The deflections
deflectionsare
arecalculated
calculated using
using the
the methods
methodsfor
forthe
the ‘elastic’
'elastic' frame
frame but
but with
with
the different sub-frames resulting from
from the plastic hinges.

Therefore the column

column top stiffness
stiffness K is given by:

1
K
8
+
(3EI,
3EIR 3E1, )
3EI
Where the frame
frame isismulti-span,
multi-span, the total column topstiffness
column top stiffness
is is the
the sum
sum of
of the
the
stiffnesses ofall
stiffnesses of allthe
thesub-frames,
sub-frames,CK.
K.

The first-order sway deflection,

first-order sway deflection, ôXls,
&ls, is given by:
by:

H
sx,,
8x1s =-
CK

portals are
Tied portals are best
best modelled by taking
modelled by taking SS equal
equal to
to the
the length
length of
of the
the rafter
rafter from
from
the
the apex
apex to eaveshalley. This
the eaves/valley.
tothe This is because
because the
the trusss behaviour
trusssbehaviourof of the the

101
101
rafter-tie
rafter-tie system provides positional restraint
provides some positional restraint to
to the
the apex
apex in
in the
the sway
swaymode
mode
of the
the frame.
frame.

D.3.4 First-order rafter

rafterspread
spread and
and apex
apex dropdrop
In addition tothe
addition to the column
column top deflection,
deflection, the
the span will spread
spread because ofthe
because of the
sagging deflection in
sagging deflection in the
the rafter
rafter coupled
coupled with
withthe
the angle
angle at
atthe
the apex in the
the same
same
way
way as in D.2.4.

D.3.5 Method forsecond-order

Method for second-order notional sway
notional sway deflection
deflection
method of calculating
The method calculating the second-order
second-order notional sway deflections,
deflections, $,, used
to calculate the critical
calculate the criticalbuckling
bucklingratio
ratioforforthe
the swaymode,
sway mode,ACTA ,, for the frame
frame
when
when the
the stiffness of the
stiffness of the frame
frame has been reduced by the
beenreduced the formation
formation ofof plastic
plastic
hinges is similar
similar to the method
method in
in D.2.5.
D.2.5.

The method
method accounts
accounts for Pô
P 6 effects
effects by
by using
using the
the effective
effective inertias, 1 , ~,, ofthe
inertias, 'eff the
members
membersasas calculated
calculatedininA.2.3.
A.2.3. These
These are are used
used in
in the
the method
method described in
described in
D.2.3
D.2.3 in place
place ofthe
the gross
gross inertias,
inertias, II.. The
Theeffect
effectofofbase
base stiffness
stiffness may
maybebe
added as explained
explained in D.4.

The applied
applied horizontal load, H
horizontal load, H,, is
is the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontal force, which must be
which must be
taken as the full 0.5%
0.5% of
of the Ultimate
Ultimate Limit
Limit State
State (ULS)
(ULS) loads, see
see Section
Section 1.6,
1.6,
for the reasons given in
reasons given in D.2.5.
D.2.5.

The total
total column
column top deflection S
6 iiss given
given by:
by:

6 =6,+6, = H [ Sh
Sh (
+ h3
Rc _HI +
3EI 3EIeff c eff.R eff.c

Therefore
Therefore the
the second-order
second-order column
column top stiffness
stiffness K2 is
is given
given by:
by:
H
H 1
K2
K, -
=-
8
-
-
1

6 S/i2
+ ______
3EIeffR
3 EI eff.R 3 E’ eff.c
3EIeffC

Inthe the frame shown

frameshown above,above, which
which hashas been
been idealised as more
idealised as more than
than one
one
sub-frame, thetotal
sub-frame, the total column top stiffness
column top stiffness of
of the
the whole
whole frame
frame is
isthe
the sum of the
the
stiffnesses of the
stiffnesses of thetwo
two sub-frames, K2 .
sub-frames,CK2

The second-order
second-order notional deflection, S,,, ,, is given by:
sway deflection,
notional sway by:

= H
‘np =
K2
C K , +Kb
+CK,

K b is as calculated
where, Kb in D.4.
calculated in

The critical
critical buckling ratio for
buckling ratio for the first
first mode
modeofof frame
frame buckling
buckling (which isthe
(which is the
sway mode) for the ‘plastic’ frame
mode) for the 'plastic' frame is given by:
ACT = h/200Sn,
= h/2OOS

Tied portals
portals are best modelled by taking equal to the
taking S equal the length of the
the rafter from
the apex to the eaves/valley for the
eaves/valley for the reason
reason given
given in
in D.3.3
D.3.3

102
102
D.4 Nominally
Nominallypinned
pinnedbases
bases
BS
BS 5950-1, Clause 5.1.3.3 says
5950-1, Clause says that
that the
the stiffness
stiffness of the nominally
ofthe nominally pinned base
pinned base
may
may be assumed
assumed tohave
have aarotational
rotational stiffness equal
stiffness equal toto 10% ofthethe column
column
stiffness, which may
stiffness, which maybebe used
used when
when checking frame
checkingframe stability,
stability,eveneven where
where the
the
strength calculationsassume
strengthcalculations assumenonomoment
momentisisapplied
appliedtoto
thethe foundation.
foundation.ThisThis
stiffness
stiffness is very
very useful
usefulinin portal
portal design, particularly for
design,particularly for more
more flexible
flexible frames
frames

,
such as multi-bay portals and
multi-bay portals
4, which isis used
used to
to find
and tied
findAC,
columns with base fixity may be
tied portals.
portals.This

be added to the
Thisstiffness
2, for the frame stability.
stiffness is used
stability.The
The base
used for
base stiffness
the sway stiffness of
calculating
for calculating
stiffness of
of the
of allthe
the frame.
the

An individual column loaded

individual column loaded by
by aa horizontal force H
horizontalforce H at
at the
the top of the column is
column is
shown in Figure
Figure D. 12.
D.12.

H
:'
< >1

fJ
iOj
Illl

hL/
Figure D.

Base
D.12
12SSway
w a y stiffness

= 0.4—
stiffness,KK z=
Base stiffness, 0.4-
El
EI
I

stiffness from
from base
basefixity
fixity

h
Base moment,MM = Rh
Base moment,

.: Base rotation, 0 = —
Base rotation,
M = Hh = 5Hh2
K 10.4E1'1 2E1
l- I

5 Hh3
5Hh3
:. Deflection
Deflection ofofcolumn
columntoptop due
due to to
B8= ~

2E1
2 EI

= Hh
H/i3
Deflection of column top due toflexure
flexure =
3
3El
EIeff
eff

SHh3
5Hh3
Hh3 H/i3
:. Total column
Totalcolumn top deflection,
topdeflection, +-
6 S = ____ +
2E1
3EI,,
2EI 3EIeff
H 11
:. Sway stiffnessdue
Sway stiffness duetotobase
basestiffness, K ,Kb == —
stiffness, - ________________
_-
5/i3 h3
2E1 3EIeff
Thisstiffness
stiffness is additive
additivetoto the
the frame stiffness
framestiffnessforfor calculating
calculating 4,2 and 5 in
and 6&, in
D.2.5 and
and D.3.5.
D.3.5.

103
103
APPENDIX
APPENDIX EE Hinge
Hinge deflections
deflections by
interpolation
interpolation

E. 1l
E. Verticaldeflections
deflections
appendix gives
Thisappendix gives ananapproximate
approximate methodthat
method that may
may be
be used
usedinthe
in the energy
energy
method of second-order analysis (see
second-order analysis (see Section
Section5.6 5.6 and
and Appendices
AppendicesAAand and B)
B) to
to
calculate the deflections
calculate the deflections of of plastic
plastichinges
hingesinin rafters
rafters that
that do
do not
not occur
occur at the
the
points
points for
for which
which deflection
deflection output
output isis available.
available. For example, software
example, software
commonly gives the deflections at the apex of a span. The
commonly gives the deflections at the apex of a span. The hand calculation hand calculation
methods
methods inin Appendix
AppendixAAand and Appendix DD give
Appendix give deflections
deflections atat mid-span.
mid-span. WhereWhere
there
there are two
two hinges in any one span, it is is safe
safe to
to assume
assume that
that the
the deflections of
deflections of
one hinge
hinge are
are the
the deflections
deflections of
of the
the apex
apex (or
(or mid-span)
mid-span) andandthat
thatthethe deflections
deflections
of
of the
the other
other hinge
hinge are the
the deflections of the
deflections of the nearest
nearest eaves
eaves (or
(or valley).
valley). This
This
assumption does not normally
assumption does normally affect
affect the
the economy
economy ofof the
the method
method significantly.
significantly.
However, where there is only one
only one hinge in the span, the deflections of the
span, the deflections of thehinge
hinge
should be taken
should be taken as the
the deflections ofthe
deflections of the apex
apex (or
(or mid-span),
mid-span), unless they are
unless they are
calculated moreaccurately.
calculated more accurately. Where
Where the
the hinge isis not
hinge not far
farfrom
from the
the eaves (or
eaves (or
valley),
valley), more
more accurate
accurate values
values of
of deflection
deflection maymay improve
improve the
the economy
economy
significantly.
significantly. For
For these
these mechanisms,
mechanisms, thethe deflection can found
deflection can bebyfound by
be
interpolation.
interpolation. This
This may
may bebe done
done by
by assuming
assuming thethe deflection at the
deflection at hinge
thehingeis is
related
related to the
the known
known deflection
deflection according
according totothethe deflected form of
deflected form of a simply
simply
supported beam.

deflection, y, of
The deflection, of aa simply
simply supported
supported beam of span L supporting
of span supporting a uniformly
uniformly
W ,is derived from:
distributed load, w,
distributed

Ely =I— (wL 3 (wL

4
—I——x +l—Ix
24) 12) 24 )

=[l6( 32( +16(J][L9

Therefore,
Therefore, the ratio of the deflection
ofthe deflection at point
point aL
d, to the deflection
tothe deflection at point
point JIL
PL
Figure E.l),
(see Figure is given
E.1), is given by:

4 3
Ya
ya - -
-
a4—2a3+a
a -2a + a
yY p P4- v 3 + p
fl4—2fl3+
where JIL
PL isisthe
the mid-span,
mid-span, this
this reduces
reduces to:

-
Y, -2a3 +
= 3 . 2 ( a 4—2a3
=3.2(a a)
+a)
YP
Taking P
Taking /3 for
for the
the point
point in the span
span for
for which the deflections
whichthe are known
deflections are and a
knownand a'
for
for the
the point
point at which
atwhich the hinge occurs,
thehinge occurs, the
the deflection at the
deflection at hinge can
thehinge can be
be
calculated.

104
104
Figure
Figure E.1
€ . l Distances
DistancesaL
CXLand PL for
andfiL interpolation
forinterpolation

E.2
E.2 Horizontal deflection
Horizontaldeflection
The horizontal
The deflection may
horizontal deflection may be
be calculated
calculated by
by linear
linearinterpolation
interpolation between
between the
the
deflection
deflection atat the
the apex
apex (or
(ormid-span)
mid-span) and and the
the deflection
deflection of
ofthe
thenearest
nearest columns
columns
(or
(or valley)
valley) on
on the
the other
other side
side of
of the
the hinge.
hinge.

105
105
106
WORKED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES

Single span
span steep
steeproof
roofportal
portalframe
frame 109
109

Tied portal
portal frame
frame 127
1 27

Two-span portal frame 151

151

Two-span portal
portal frame
framewith
withhit/miss
hithiss internal
internal columns
columns 173
1 73

107
107
108
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page 1 of
1 of 17
17 Rev A
IPage
Construction
Construction Job Title
JobTitle BS 5950Portals
Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 7QN
7QN Single
Single Span Steep Roof
Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345 ~ ~~

Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944 Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
Date July 2001
2001
~~

CALCULATION SHEET
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Checked by WIS
WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
Made

INPUT FROM FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS

FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS

11.1
.1 General
General Arrangement
Arrangement

The calculations
calculations have
have been
been carried
carriedout
outusing
using by
by spreadsheet
spreadsheetsoftware.
software.The
The
numerical values
values presented
presentedbelow
beloware
are the values from the
the spreadsheet
spreadsheet rounded
to a suitable number
number of significant
significant figures.

15000 15000

-hE--
1000
1o

14660

Span
Span =
I
= 30
I

~7
<
-406

Pinned
Pinned

Angle of rafters:
rafters:

m
30 m
x 178 U B 6 7

a,= a; =
= 30°
30"
30000
30000
Pinned
>
600

54001

== 30
Developed length
length of
of rafter - 30 =- 34.64 m
m
cos30°
cos30"

Height of column
column from
frombase
basetotoNeutral
Neutral Axis
AxisofofRafter = 6.0 m
Rafter =

109
109
 The Steel
Construction
Job No:

Job Title
CDS 139
Portals
BS 5950Portals
IPage
Page
22 ofof 17
17
'''
lRev A

Institute
Subject
Subject Second-orderWorkedExample:
Worked Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN .Sinole Snan Stpen Rnnf Portal
Ascot,
Berks 7QN
Single Span Steep Roof Pnrtal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(01344) 623345 I
Fax: (01344) 622944
Fax: (01344)

CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I

l
Client

W
DETR Made by
by

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Date
)ate

Date
)ate
July 2001
July
2001
July 2001

1.2 Loading
Loading

spacing
Frame spacing =
= 6 m

Dead = 0.100
0,100 X
X 6.000
6.000 X
X 1.4
1.4 =
= 0.840
0.840 along slope
slope
Service =
= 0.150 x
X 6.000
6.000 X
X 1.4
1.4 =
= 1.260 on plan
Imposed =
= 0.600 x
X 6.000
6.000 Xx 1.6
1.6 =
= 5.760 on plan
plan
Self Weight =
Self Weight = 80 x 102 xx 1.000
1.000 x 1.4
1.4 =
= 1.120 along slope

ULS loadson
ULS loads onplan
plan = + 5.76
= 1.26 + = 7.02 kN/m
5.76 =

ULS loads on
onslope
slope = + 1.12
= 0.84 + 1.12 =
= 1.96 kN/m

ULS load
loadtransverse
transversetoto slope
slope =
= 7.02Cos2
7.02Cos230° + 1.96Cos30°
30" + = 6.96 kN/m
1.96Cos30" =

Taking notional
notional horizontal
horizontalforces
forces(NHF)
(NHF) as 0.5% of the
the column
column base reactions Clause 2.4.2.4
Clause 2.4.2.4

Total vertical
Totalvertical = 30(7.02 =
loadload = = 11.96/Cos30)
.96/Cos 30) = 279
= kN

Required NHF = 0.005 x 279

0.005 X 279 =
= 1.39 kN

110
110
 The Steel
Construction
Job No:
No:

Job Title
Title
CDS 139
139
BS 5950 Portals
Page
IPage
33 of
of 17
17
'"
Rev A

Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Span Steep
Single Span SteepRoof
Roof Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344) 622944
Fax: (013441 622944
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
Date 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Made
by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001

1 .3 Hinge Incremental
1.3 IncrementalRotations
Rotations

The values of incremental

incremental rotation of the hinges are taken from the first-order
collapse mechanism.
mechanism. These
Theseareare the
the incremental rotationsas
incremental rotations as used to calculate
calculate
the collapse
collapse factor of the
the frame
frame using
using the
the classic
classic Rigid-Plastic (Virtual Work)
Rigid-Plastic (Virtual Work)
method .
method.

The second-order analysis

analysis uses
uses the
the relative
relative magnitude
magnitude of the instantaneous
instantaneous
rotations, so
so the
the absolute
absolute magnitude
magnitude of each rotation
rotation does
does not
not affect
affect the
calculations.
calculations.

Where the
the analysis
analysis has
has been
been performed
performed by by methods
methods other
other than
than the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
method (e.g.
(e.g. by
by the
the Semi-Graphical
Semi-Graphical method),
method), the incremental rotations
rotationscan
can be be
deduced from the
deduced from the geometry
geometry ofof the
the frame
frameand
andthe
theposition
positionofofthe
thehinges.
hinges. ItIt is
is
not
not necessary
necessary to repeat the
the calculation
calculation of the
the collapse factor by the
the
Rigid-Plastic method.
method.

Failure
Failure Mechanism
Mechanism

G
b

111
111
 The Steel
Construction
Construction
Job No:
No:

JobTitle
Title
139
CDS 139

Portals
BS 5950Portals
Page 4
Pae 4 of
of 17
17
'"
Rev A

Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN Single Span Steep Roof
Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
101344) 623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client
Client DETR Made by CMK CDate
)ate July 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
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Made
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)ate July 2001
2001

Find Node Locations

Locations

PtA-(0,0)
Pt A - (0, 0) =
= (0, 0)
(0, 0)

-
PtB-'(0,6)
Pt B (0, 6) =
= (0,
(0, 6)

Pt C-
C - (15,
6 6
(15, ++1515tan
tan 30)
30) =
= (15,
14.660)
14.660)

Pt
6)D- (30,
(30, 6) 6) =
= (30, 6)

PtE—'-
Pt E (30,0)
(30, 0) = (30, 0)
0) =

- (12.698 Cos
Ptaa -. 30,6 6++ 12.698
Cos 30, 12.698sinsin
30)30) = (10.997, 12.349)
=12.349)

b -
Pt b5.400)
(30, 5.400) = 5.400)
= (30, 5.400)

Find Centre of Rotation I

-
= 30 x = 30 x 12.349-0.0 = 33.689 m
V1
X - XA 10.997-0.0

x,
X1 =30
= 30

-
Pt I -, (30, 33.689)
33.689)

Hinge Rotations
Rotations
Taking the instantaneous = 0
rotationatat AA =
instantaneous rotation 8

12.345
12.345
Rotationatat 1,
I, 4=
= 0 x = 0.579 e
=0.5790
33.689-12.345
33.689-12.345

33.689
33.689 -- 5.400
BE
Rotationatat E, eE =
= 4 x = e xX 5.239
= 0.579 0 e
= 3.032 8
5.239 =
5.400

1.4 Axial
Axial forces
forces at
at ULS
ULS from
from first-order analysis
first-order analysis

LB
LH column:
at at base = 142 kN,
= 142 kN, at haunch
haunch =
= 136
136 kN

LH rafter:
column
at at column =
= 126apex
126 at
kN, at apex =
= 5 8 kkN
58 N

RH rafter:
column
at at column =
= kN,
126 kN,
126 apex
at apex =
= 59kN
59 kN

LII
LH column:
column:
at at base
base = 142 kN,
= 142 k N , at haunch
haunch = 136 kN
= 136

112
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page 5
Page S of
of 17
17 Rev A
Rev
Construction Title Job
Job Title BS
Portals
BS 5950 Portals
5950
Institute
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
Berks SL5 70N
70N Single Span Steep
Single Span Steep Roof Frame
Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
I Fax:
Fax: 101344)
(01344) 622944 Client DETR by CMK
I
Date
)ate July 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
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)ate July 2001
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Made

1.5
1.5 Reduced
Reduced Plastic Moments at ULS from first-order analysis
analysis

Use the reduced

reduced moment
moment capacity for the sections
sections to account for
for the
the co-existent
co-existent
axial force, calculated
calculated in accordance with
with BS5950-1:2000
BS5950-1:2000Annex
Annex1.2.
1.2.These
These
may be taken
taken from
from section tables.

MIX
Mrx == PySrx
P y SIX
For the axial
axial forces in this frame under
under this load case

MPrrafter
Mpr == 403 kNm
kNm

M
MPcolumn
column =
= 452 kNm

1.6 Load factor at formation

formation of
of the
the first
firsthinge, A,
hinge,A1

From the frame analysis

analysis output,
output, the
the load
load factor
factoratat the
the formation
formation of
of the
the first
first
hinge is:

A, =
A1 = 1.232
1.232

1 .7 Plastic collapse factor, A

From the frame analysis,

analysis, the plastic collapse
collapse factor
factor calculated
calculated by
by first-order
first-order
analysis is:

.2, == 1.503
1.503

1.8 Member inertias,I,l

Member inertias,

LHcolumn:
LH column: 457x191x74UB
457 X 191 x74 UB :: 4I, ==33320
33320 cm4
cm4

LHrafter:
LH
rafter: 457x191x67UB:
457 X 191 x67 UB: 4I, =
=29380
29380 cm4
cm4

RH rafter:
rafter:
as as LH rafter
rafter

RHcolumn:
column:
as as LH
LH column
column

113
113
 The Steel
Construction
Construction
Job
Job No:

Job
No:

Job Title
CDS 139
139
BS 5950 Portals
Page
Pae 6 of 17
17
'" A
Rev A

Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Single Span Steep Roof Portal Frame
Single Span Steep Roof Portal Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: (013441 623345
344)623345
Fax: (01
101344) 622944
344)622944 Client DETR Made by CMK Date
C)ate July 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Made
WIS Date
)ate 2001
July 2001

1 .9 Deflections
1.9 Deflections of frame at A,
A, (formation of the first
first hinge)
hinge)

ô0
S,, =-79.4mm
=-79.4 mm S,, = 0.5mm
ôyB 0.5 mm

ôS,, =
= 3.4
3.4 mm ,, =
S 146.1 mm
= 146.1

S
,, =
= 86.3 mm
86.3 ,, =
S = 0.5 mm

2. SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS
SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS

2.1
2 . 1 Axial
Axial force
force in
inmembers
members

The axial force in the

the members
members is calculated
calculated from the first-order
first-order analysis
analysis
output.
output. The
Thevalues
values are
are taken
taken as
as the
the mean
mean ofof the
the axial
axial force
force at the ends of the
member where there
member where there isis no
nomajor
majorstepstepininthe
theaxial
axialforce.
force.Where
Where there
there isis aa
major
major step in the
the axial
axial force, e.g.
e.g. at
at the
the underside
underside of a crane bracket on aa
bracket on
column, the value
value should be be taken
taken as thethe mean
mean ofof the
the ends
ends of
of the
the most
most highly
highly
loaded segment.

LH col: take mid-height

take mid-height ULS
P,,, == (142 ++ 136)/2
136)/2 = 139 kN
= 139

LH rafter: mid-length P,,

take mid-length == (126 ++ 58)/2
58)/2 =
= 9 2 kkN
92 N

RH rafter: take mid-length P,,,

mid-length ULS = + 59)12
(126 +
= (126 59)/2 =
= 93
93 kN

RH col: take mid-height

take PuLs
mid-height ULS = + 136)/2
= (142 + 136)/2 = 139 kN
= 139

2.2 Bending deflections

Bending deflections of
of the
the "elastic" frame
frame A.3
A. 3

2.2.1 Stiffness reduction factors

factors allowing
allowing for
for P.o effects
P.6 effects A.3.2

LH column:

I, =
I,, = 33320
33320 cm4, h/z = mm, aa =
= 6000 mm, = 2.0 for bases,
for truly pinned bases,
P,,
'icr = 7 ~ * E I / ( a h=
=m2EI/(a'h)2 = n2xx 205000
) ~it2 205000Xx 33320 x 10/(2.O x 6000)2
104/(2.0X 6000)2 =
= 4682 kN

PuLs= 139 kN
ULS

Stiffness reductionfactor
Stiffness reduction factor(l-PULS/Pcr)
('PJLSIPr) = 139/4682 =
= 11 —- 139/4682 = 0.970

114
114
 The Steel
Construction
Construction
Job
Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139
Ie
Page 7 of 17
17 A
Job Title Portals
BS 5950Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Stiwood
Silwood Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
70N Single Span Steep Roof
Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: (01344) 623345
344) 623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01 622944
344)622944 Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
Date 2001
July 2001
I
~ ~~ ~

CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
Made July

RH column:
column:

P,,
'3cr ==as
as LH column

PuLs=
ULS = 139
139 kN

Stiffness reduction
Stiffnessreduction factor
factor = 11 -- 139/4682
(1P/Pcr) =
(l-PULS/Pcr) 139/4682 =
= 0.970

LH rafter:
rafter:

Z, =
= 29380 cm4, L=
cm4, L = 34640 mm,
mm, a =
= 0.5 forsingle
single span “elastic”
"elastic"frame
frame

P,,
'icr TC~EZ/=
==Tt2EI/(cPL)2 (=~2x2O5OOOx2938Ox
~)~~~ X 2 0 5 0 0 0 ~ 2 9 310/(0.5
104/(0.5
8 0 X X34640)2
~34640)= 1982 kN
~ 1982
=

P=92kN
PuLs= 92 kN

Stiffness reduction
Stiffnessreduction factor
factor (1P/Pcr) =
(l-PuLs/Pcr)= 11 —- 92/1982 =
= 0.953

RH rafter:

P,, = LII
= asLH rafter
rafter

PUB= 93 kN
PULS=93kN
Stiffness
Stiffness reduction
reductionfactorfactor (1P/Pcr) =
(l-PULsIPcr)= 11 —- 93/1982 =
= 0.953

2.2.2 Second-order magnification factors

Second-order magnification factors A.3.3
A. 3.3

Sway mode magnification

Sway mode magnificationfactor Acrl/(Acrl -- 1)
factorAcri/(Acri 1)

The notional
notional sway deflection
deflection is
is calculated
calculatedfrom
from the
the sum
sum of
ofthe
the stiffnesses
stiffnesses KK for
for
each of the column and
and rafter
rafter pairs:
pairs:

Sway stiffness from column

column and
andrafter
rafterstiffness:
stiffness:

K = 11 D.2.5
K2
2 =
Sh2 + _____
3EIffR

frameisistaken
This frame takenasastruly
trulypinned,
pinned, so
so there
there is no contribution
contributionto
to sway
sway
stiffness from
from base stiffness.

LH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:

Rafter : Z,,,
'effR = 1P!jI/Pcr) == 29380
= Zx(l-PuLs/Pcr) xO.953 =
29380~0.953 = 28012 cm4
cm4

115
 The
The Steel
Job
Job No:
No: CDS
CDS 139
139 Page 88 of
of 17
17 Rev A
IPage Rev
Construction
Construction Title Job
Job Title BS 5950
BS 5950 Portals
Portals
Institute
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order
Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN Single Span Steep Roof Portal
Single Span Steep Roof Frame
Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(01344) 622944
622944 Client
Client DETR
DETR by Made by CMK Date
C)ate July 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked
Checked by
Made
by WIS
WIs Date
late July 2001
July 2001

Column
column:: Zeff,c ==1x(1Uis1'1cr)
'eff.c Zx(l-Puu/Pcr) == 33320 xO.970 =
33320~0.970 = 32334
32334 cm4
cm4

11
K2=
17321
17321 (6000)2
(6000)* ++ (6000)3
(6000)
3x205000x28012x
3 ~ 2 0 5 0 0 0 ~ 2 8 0 i04
1104
2 ~ 3x205000x32334x
3 ~ 2 0 5 0 0 0 ~ 3 2 3 3104
4~
io

== 1/(0.00362 + 0.00109)
1/(0.00362 + 0.00109) == 1/0.00471
1/0.00471 =
= 212.5 N/mm
N/mm

RH
RH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:

Rafter :
Rafter: 4ffR Zx( 1-Pu,,/Pcr) =
Zeff.R ==Ix(l-PuLs/Pc) 29380 X0.953 =
= 29380x0.953 = 28008
28008 cm4
cm4

Column ::
Column Zeff,c = Zx(l-PuLs/Pcr)
= 1x('ULS,''cr) == 33320x0.970
33320~0.970 =
= 32329
32329 cm4
cm4

17321
17321 (6000)2
(6000)2 ++ (6000)
(6000)3
3x205000x28008x
3 X 205000 X 28008 X i04
lo4 3 X 205000 X 32329 Xi04
3x205000x32329x lo4

=
= 1/(0.00362 + 0.00109)
1/(0.00362 + 0.00109) == 1/0.00471
1/0.00471 == 212.5
212.5 N/mm
N/mm

Total frame:
Total frame:

2K =
= 212.5 + 212.5
212.5 + 212.5 = 425 N/mm
= 425

H
H =
= 0.005 x [Sum
[Sumof
X the column
ofthe column reactions]
reactions]

=0.005x(278)
= 0.005 X (278) =
= 1.39kN
1.39 kN

S,, == H/>JK
EH/E:K == 1390/425
1390/425 =
= 3.27
3.27 mm

'crl
Acrl = h/2006,,, =
= h/200ô2 6000/(200 X
= 6000/(200 3.27) == 9.2
x 3.27) 9.2

mode magnification
Swaymode magnification factor
factor2cri/(Acri 1) =
Acrl/(Acr, -- 1) 9.2/(9.2 -- 1)
= 9.2/(9.2 1) =
= 1.122
1.122

Symmetrical mode magnification

Symmetrical

The symmetrical
symmetrical mode
mode magnification
magnification is taken as thethe magnification
magnification arising
arising from
using
using the
the effective
effective inertia
inertia 'eff = 1(1
Zeff = PuLS/Pcr)
Z(l —- Pjs/Pcr) of the
the members.
members.

Sway mode magnification

Sway magnificationfactor Acr2/(Accr2
factorAcr2/(Acr2 1) =
- 1)
- (1— PIP,,)]
l/[minimum (1-
= 1/[minimum P/Pcr)]

1/0.953 =
== 1/0.953 = 1.049
1.049

116
116
The
The Steel
Steel
Job
Job No:
No: CDS
CDS 139
139 frae 9 ot
Page 9 of 17
17 Rev A
A
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title
Title BS 5950 Portals
BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order
Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, SL5 7QN
Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN Single
Single Span
Span Steep
Steep Roof Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(01344) 622944 CMK
622944 Client
Client
I
DETR
DETR
~
IMade
I
Made by
by CMK Date
IDate July 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET l Checked by
Checked
by WIS
WIS Date
)ate July 2001
July 2001

2.2.3
2.2.3Deflection
Deflectioncalculations
calculations A.3.4
A.3.4

Sway deflections
Sway deflections D.2.3
D.2.3

The
The first-order
first-order sway
sway deflection
deflection ôX16 X , , is calculated from the
calculated from the sum of ofthe
the
stiffnesses
stiffnesses K K for
for each
each of
ofthethe column
columnand andrafter
rafterpairs.
pairs.(The
(The base stiffness of
stiffness of
nominally
nominally pinned
pinned bases
bases is
is not
not included
included because
because this
this is
is not
not aa stability
stability
calculation like
like the
thecalculation A,,)
calculationofofAcr)

I1
K =
Sh2
S h2 +
h3
3EIR 3EI

LH
LH rafter
rafterand
andcolumn:
column:

Rafter
Rafter :: ZR == 29380
29380 cm4
cm4

Column ::
Column I,Z, == 33320
33320 cm4
cm4

K= 11
17321
17321 (6000)2
(6000)2 ++ (6000)
(6000)3
3x205000x29380x
3x205000x29380xlo4 i04
3x205000x33320X lo4
3x205000x33320x i04

1/(0.00345 ++0.00105)
== 11(0.00345 0.00105) == 1/0.0045
1/0.004511 == 222.0
222.0 N/mm
N/mm

RH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:

As
As LH
LH rafter
rafter and
and column
column

Total
Total frame:
frame:

First-order
First-order sway
sway deflections:
deflections:

ZK == 222 + 222
222 + 222 == 444
444 N/mm
N/mm

H
H == A1 x H1 = 1.232
A, X HuLs 1.232 xX 1.39
=1.39 == 1.71
1.71 kN
kN

A == EH/2K
EH/EK == 1710/444
1710/444 == 3.85 mm
3.85 mm

oK =J
dX1,= A=3.85mm
= 3.85
mm

117
117
 The Steel
Construction
Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Page
IPage
10
10 of
of 17
17
I" A
Rev A
Job Title 5950 Portals
BS 5950
Institute
Subject Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
Stlwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSLS
SL5 7QN
7QN Span Steep Roof Portal Frame
Single Span Steep Roof Portal
Single
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
Client DETR IMade
Made by
by CMK Date
[l a t e July 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Checked
WIS Date
late July 2001
2001

Second-order
Second-order deflections

OX2
a 2
=
= (a, —
dXIs){&2/(Jcr2
(OX1 - OXis){Acr2/(2cr2
—
- l)}
1)) ++OXis {'cri/('cri
{Jcr,/(Jcr1— - 1))
1)} A.3.4

SY2
OY2
= JYl{Jcr2/(Jcrz
= OY1 {'cr2'(cr2-- 1))
1)}

SX, = (-79.4 -- 3.85)(1.049}

= (-79.4 + 3.85{1.122}
3.85){1.049) + 3.85i1.122) =
= -83.0
-83.0 mm

SY, = 0.5{ 1.049)

= 0.5{1.049} =
= 0.5 mm

a,
OX = (3.4 -- 3.85){1.049}
= (3.4 + 3.85{1.122}
3.85){1.049) + 3.85{1.122) =
= 3.8 mm
3.8

SY,
OY1
=
1.049)
146.1{
= 146.1{1.049} = 153.2 mm
= 153.2

0XD
dXD == (86.3
-
- +
3.85){1.049) + 3.85{1.122}
3.85){1.049} 3.85{1.122) =
= 90.8 mm

OY
SY, == O S { 1.049)
0.5{1.049} =
= 0.5 mm

The hinges at "a"

hinges at “a” and
and "b"
“b”are
are so
soclose
close to
to points
points C
C and
and E E that
that the deflections
deflections
at the hinges can be
hinges can be assumed
assumedtotobe beatatpoints
pointsCCand
andE.E.The
The effect on the
effect on the
Energy summation insignificant.
summation is insignificant.

2.3 Bending deflections

deflections of
of the
the ”plastic“
"plastic" frame
frame A.4

2.3.1 Stiffness
Stiffness reduction factors
factors allowing
allowing for
for P.o effects
P.5 effects A.4.2

LH column:
column:

As "elastic" frame, stiffness

“elastic”frame, reductionfactor
stiffness reduction factor(l-PuLs/Pcr)
(l—PULs/P) == 0.970

RH column:
column:

As
As "elastic" frame,stiffness
“elastic”frame, stiffnessreduction
reduction factor
factor (lPij/Pcr) =
(l-Pum/Pcr) = 0.970
LH rafter:
rafter:

Z, =
= 29380 cm4, L=
cm4, L mm, aa
= 34640mm, == 1.0
1.0 for "plastic" frame
“plastic”frame

cr
Pcr = T C ’ E Z / ( ~=
= it2EI/(ct'L)2 X205000 X29380 X 104/(1.OX 34640)2 =
) ~112x205000X29380x104/(1.0x34640)2
= X’ = 495 kN

ULS = 92 kN
PuLs=

Stiffness reduction factor (l-PuLs/Pcr)

reduction factor (1PfLSIPcr) = 11 - 92/495
92/495 — = 0.814
= 0.8 14

118
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 IPa
Page 11
11 of
of 17
17
fRey
A
Construction
Construction Job Title
JobTitle BS 5950 Portals
Portals
Institute
Institute
Subject Second-order
Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Single Span Steep
Steep Roof
Roof Portal
Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(013441 622944 Client
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date July 2001
2001
Checked by
Made )ate July

RH rafter:

'cr
Pcr = as LH rafter
= as

1'uis
Pus = 93 m
= 93

reduction factor
Stiffness reduction (1P/Pcr)
factor (1- Pus/Pcr)=
= 11 -- 93/495
93/495 = 0.813

2.3.2
2.3.2Second-order magnification factors
Second-order magnification A.4.
A.4.33

Sway mode
Sway mode magnification
magnificationfactor Aap/(Aap - 1)
factorkrp"O'crp 1)

The
The notional
notional sway deflection calculated from
deflection is calculated from the
the stiffness
stiffness K,
K2 of
of the
the LH
colunm
column and rafter
rafter pair (the RH colunm hinged at
column is hinged at the
the top
top and
and pinned
pinned at
at the
the
bottom, reducing
reducing the stiffness
stiffness to zero):

stiffness from
Sway stiffness columnand
from column andrafter
rafterstiffness:
stiffness:

K2 ==
11 D.2.5
( - +Sh2
S -h 2 +
h3
h3 )
3EIeffR

frame is taken as truly

This frame truly pinned,
pinned, so
so there
there isi s no
no contribution
contribution to
to the
the sway
sway
stiffness from
from base stiffness.
base stiffness.

LH column and
LII and rafters:
rafters:

Rafters
Rafters :: Zeff.R =
'effR Zx( 1- PuLs/Pcr) =
= 'x('ULs"1'cr) = 29380 xO.813 = 23894 cm4
x0.813 = cm4

Column ::
Column Zeff,c =
= 'x('ULS'11'cr)
Zx(l-PuLS/Pcr)= 33320 x0.970 =
= 33320x0.970 = 32334 cm4
cm4

11
K, =
K2= ,

3464 1 (6000)2
34641 (6000)2 ++
(6000)3
(6000)
3 x 205000 x 23894 x lo4
3x205000x23894x iO 3 x 205000 x 32334 xi04
3x205000x32334X lo4

= 1/(0.00849 +
= 11(0.00849 0.00109)
+ 0.00109) U0.00957
= 1/0.00957 105 N/mm
= 105 N/mm

frame:
Total frame:
Total

X = 105 N/mm
= 105

H == 0.005 X [Sum ofthe

x the column
column reactions]
reactions]

=0.005x(279)
= 0,005 x (279) =
=1.39kN
1.39 kN

119
119
 The Steel Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Pa9e 12 of
Page 12 of 17
17 Rev A
Construction Job Title
Title 5950 Portals
BS 5950
Institute
Subject Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Single Span Steep Roof Portal Frame
Single Span Steep
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
Dlate July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
'ate July 2001
Made July

A =
= EH/EK
ZH/ZK =
= 1390/105
1390/105 ==13.3
13.3mm
mm

ACT = h/200Snp =
= hI200o 13.3) =
= 6000/(200 x 13.3) = 2.26
2.26

mode magnification
Sway mode
Sway magnification factor
factor A/(A -- 1) == 2.26/(2.26
Ac,.J(AcT 2.26/(2.26 - 1) =
= 1.80
1.80

2.3.3
2.3.3Deflections
Deflections from
from vertical loads
vertical loads A.4.5

The loads
loads applied
applied to
to the
the "plastic"
"plastic" frame
frame =
= (A,,
(Ap —
- A,)(loads at ULS)
21)(loads

(Ap -- 2)
(A A,)= (1.503
= (1.503- -1.232)
1.232) ==0.271
0.271

WP =
wP 0.271(7.02Cos230" +
= 0.271(7.02Cos230° + 1.96Cos30°) = 1.89kN/m
1.96Cos30") = kN/m

Sway
This arises due to the
the rotation
rotation of the column
of the column without an adjacent hinge caused
adjacent hinge caused
by the
the end
end rotation
rotation of
of the
the rafter
rafter spanning
spanning from
from colunm
column to
to column.
column.

Second-order end slope of the rafter, 0R2 = wS3

24 ElR crp

1.89 x 34640
1.89 X 346403 X
0R2 x 1.80
1-80 =
= 0.0975
0.0975 radians
radians
24 x
X 205000
205000 Xx 29380
29380 Xx lo4
iO

Horizontal deflection
Horizontal deflection ofofB,B,C,C,D D =
= hOR
heR

= 6000
6000 xx0.0975
0.0975 =
= 585 mm

Mid-span drop

5 w, s4 ACT
WP S4
Mid-span deflectionofof
Mid-span deflection thetherafter,
rafter,S,,ô, =
= ---
ZR ACT- l
384 E 'R

1.8955 1.89 x 34640

346404
ÔB2
=
--
-
X
X 1.80
1.80 = mmmm
1055
= 1055
384 205000
205000 Xx 29380
29380 Xx i04
lo4

4pex = ô-, /Cosa'

Z Z /Cosa =
= 1055/Cos
30" 30° =
1055/Cos = 1218
1218 mm
mm

Spread
Spread
This is caused by the
the drop of thethe angle
angle in the
the rafter
rafter which
which is at
at the
the apex
apex in
in this
this
frame. Because
Because this
this frame
frame is
is aa symmetrical pitched roof
symmetrical pitched roof portal,
portal, the
the drop
dropofof
the angle is the mid-span
mid-span drop calculated
calculated above.
above.

1120
20
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS
CDS 139
139 Page 13
13 of
of 17
17 Rev A
IPage
Construction Job
Job Title
Title BS 5950 Portals
5950Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Single Span Steep
Steep Roof
Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (013441
Telephone: (01 623345
344)623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944 Client
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
Date July 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET WIS
by by
Checked W IS Date
)ate July 2001
2001

dspread,D
ôspreadD S,, (Sina,
==ôB2 (Sinai + Sincr2)
+ S, (2Sin 30°)
Sina,) ==ÔB 30”)

= 1055(2 x
= 1055(2 X 0.500)
0.500) = 1055 mm
= 1055

dspread,C
ôspread,C
== ôB2
S,, Sin a'j ==
Sin a, 1055 x
1055 X 0.500
0.500 = 528 mm
mm

Column hinge horizontal

horizontal displacement
displacement

The hinge occurs at the underside

occurs at of the
underside of the haunch,
haunch, which
which isis at
at aa distance
distance from
from
the neutral axis
axis of the
the rafter,
rafter, causing an
an additional
additionalhorizontal
horizontaldisplacement.
displacement.

Second-order end slope

Second-orderend slope of the rafter,
ofthe BR,
rafter,°R2 = 0.0975 radians
radians

Off- set of the hinge below

Off-set below the
the rafter,
rafter,e e = 6000 - 5400
= 6000 -5400 =
= 600 mm
mm

Horizontaldisplacement
displacement of
ofthe
the hinge
hinge at
at G = eO
eeR =
= 600
600 x 0.0975
0.0975

=
= 59mm
59mm

2.3.4
2.3.4 Deflections
Deflections from
from horizontal loads
horizontal loads A.4.6
A.4.6

Theloads
loadsapplied
applied totothe
the “plastic”
"plastic"frame
frame = (4—- 21)(loads
= (A ULS)
A,)(Ioads at ULS)

(A
(A, -- ,) = (1.503 -
A,)= (1.503 1.232) = 0.271
0.271
- 1.232)

The
The ULS
ULS horizontal
horizontal load in this
this load case is
is the
the notional
notional horizontal force
force

H
H =(A-A1)xNHF
= (A, A,) X NHF =0.271x1.39
- = 0.271 X 1.39 =0.38kN
= 0.38 kN

The sway
sway deflection is calculated
calculated from
from the
the sum
sum of
ofthe
the stiffnesses
stiffnessesKK of the LH
column and
and rafter
rafter pair
pair(the
(the RH column is is hinged
hingedatat the
the top
top and
and pinned
pinnedatat the
the
bottom, reducing the
bottom, reducing the stiffness tozero).
stiffness to zero).

1 1
1

Sh2
3EIR 3EI 1

The first—order stiffnessofofthe

first-order stiffness theLH
LII rafter
rafterand
andcolumn
columnpair
pairisis the
the same
same as
as for
for
the "elastic" frame:
“elastic” frame:

1
1
== 125.7
125.7
S /z2 h3
3EIR

I K
K, =
= 125.7
125.7 >< (U1.80)
X (1/1.80) =
= 70.0
70.0 N/mm
N/mm

121
121
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Page 14 of
14 17
17 Rev A
Pae
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Single Span Steep
Steep Roof
RoofPorcal
Portal Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(01344) 623345
I
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944 Client
IClient DETR by IMade by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
July
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Made
Checked
Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
July

Sway = 380/70 =
deflection =
Sway deflection = 5.4 mm

Mid-span drop
Mid-span drop

The sway
sway deflection
deflection induces an additional deflection at the apex
deflection at

=
ML2
r ) crp
sm2
16 EIR 1
crp
where M M = HHih1
= 2 hi = 380 x
= 380 X 6000 = 2.26 kNm
kNm

2.26x
2.26X106X346412
106 x346412
= __________________ X x
.’. ô2
$m*= 1.80 =
1.80 5.1 mm
= 5.1mm
lo4
16 X 205000 X 29380 Xi04
16x205000x29380x

Spread
Spread

This is caused by
This by the
the drop of thethe angle in the
the rafter
rafter which is at the apex in this
frame. Because
Because this this frame
frame is
is aa symmetrical
symmetrical pitched roof portal,
pitched roof portal, the
the drop
drop of
of
angle isis the
the angle themid—
mid-spanspandrop
drop calculated above.

d,spread,D= S,,
pread,D
= ô (Sina'1++ Sina) = S,
(Sina, Sind;) = ÔB 30”)
(2Sin 30°)

=5.1(2X0.500)
= 5.1(2 X 0.500) =5.1mm
= 5.1 mm

pread,C
= m2 Sin a = 5.1 x 0.500 = 2.5 mm

2.4 Axial
2.4 Axial forces for the
the energy calculation
energy calculation A.5

The total of the

the axial
axial loads
loads in
in the
the columns
columns isis not
not affected
affected by second-order
second-order
P, which is taken
effects, so P2 = P1
effects, taken as
as the
the mid-height
mid-height value calculated
calculated in 2.1
2.1
above.

LH column: P2 =
= 139
139 kN

RH column:
column: P2 = 139 kN
= 139

The rafter
rafter axial
axial forces
forces are affected
affected by the
the drop of the
the rafters at mid-span.
mid-span.
Calculate Ia and
Calculate P,, and lb from
Plb fromthe
thevalues
valuesininSection
Section 2.2
2.2 of
of the
the worked
worked example.
example.

Mid-spandrop
Mid-span drop =
= drop from
dropfrom“elastic” + drop
"elastic" + from "plastic"
dropfrom “plastic”

=
= from 2.2.3 + from
2.2.3 + from 2.3.3 + from 2.3.4
+
2.3.3 2.3.4

122
1 22
 The Steel
Construction
Job
Job No:

Job
No:

Job Title
Title
CDS 139
139
Portals
BS 5950Portals
Pae
Page 15
15 of
of 17
17
" A

Institute
institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,Ascot,
Silwood Park, Ascot,Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Span Steep
Single Span Steep Roof
Roof Pork1
Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944 Client DETR M a d e by CMK Date
C)ate July 2001
2001
I
Client by

CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date 2001
2001
Made )ate July
~ ~ ~~

=
= 153.2 + 1218
153.2 + +
1218 + 5.1 =
= 1376mm
1376 mm

Increase
Increase in P2 == 1I{[1(ôa
in P2 l/{[l-(d. /ha)1
/h31 — - l} =
1} = 1/{[1(1376/14660)] l} =
1/([1-(1376/14660)] —- 1} = 0.104

LH rafter:
rafter:

Mid-span axial =
Mid-spanaxial giving Pzl
= 58.3, giving PA increase
increase =
= 0.104x58.3
0.104x58.3 =
= 6.0
6.0 kN

P2
P2 =
= 92.3 + 6.0
92.3 + 6.0 = 98.3 kN
= 98.3

RH rafter:
rafter:

Mid-span axial =
Mid-spanaxial = 58.6, giving Pzl
PA increase
increase == 0.104x58.6
0.104X58.6 =6.lkN
= 6.1 kN

P2
P2 = + 6.1
= 92.5 + 6.1 =
= 98.6 kN

2.5
2.5 Second-order Energy Summation
Second-order Energy A.2.2
A.2.2

ox'

°yl
Deflected
position

Original
position

O\2

0x2

The energy
energysummation
summation is required to calculate 2,
'M following the methods in
the methods
A.2.2

11 23
23
 The Steel
Steel Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page 16 of
16 17
17 Rev
Rev A
Page
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject Second-order
Second-order Worked Example:
Silwood Park, Berks SL5
Park, Ascot, Berks 5L5 ]QN
7QN Single Span Steep Roof Portal
Steep Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by
by CMK Ite
Date July 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET WIS 2001
July 2001
Checked by
Checked
Made Ite
Date July

Element
Element for
forevaluation
evaluationof Pc"phi"s"d(phi)
of
Pc'phi's'd(phi) AB
CD BC
BC CD
Eb bD
bD Eb
X-AXIS
X-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections from from thethe elastic"
"elastic"frame
frame
dxa 0.0
0.0 -830
-830 3.8
3.8 0.0
0.0 90.8
90.8
dxb -83.0
-83.0 33 88 90
9088 90.8
90.8 90
90 88
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) -83.0
-83.0 86.8
86.8 87.0 90.8
90.8 0.0
0.0
Deflections from fromthe the"plastic" frame
"plastic" frame
From gravity
gravityloads
loads
Sway of top topof
of elastic
elastic column
column
dxa 00
00 5847
5847 584.7
564.7 584.7
584.7 0.0
0.0
dxb 584.7
584.7 5847
5847 584.7
584.7 584 7 7 584.7
584 584.7
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 584.7 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 584.7
Spread
dxa
dxa 00
00 00
00 527.5
527.5 1055.0
1055.0 0.0
0.0
dxb
dxb 0.0
0.0 527.5
527.5 1055.0
1055.0 1055.0
1055.0 1055.0
1055.0
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 0.0 527.5
527.5 527.5 0.0 1055.0
1055.0
Column
Column hingehinge horizontal
horizontaldisplacement
displacement
dxa
dxa 0.0 00
00 0.0
0.0 58.5
58.5 0.0
0.0
dxb
dxb 00
00 00
00 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 585
58
5
(dxb - dxa)
(dxb 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 -58.5
-58.5 58.5
From horizontal loads loads
Sway
Sway
dxa
dxa 0.0
0.0 5.4
5.4 544
5 54
54 0.0
0.0
dxb
dxb 5.4
5.4 5.4
5.4 5.4
5.4 5.4
5.4 54
54
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb 5.40.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4
Spread
Spread
dxa
dxa 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 25
25 5.1
5.1 0.0
0.0
dxb
dxb 0.0
0 0 5.1 2.5
2.5 5.1 5.1
5.1 5.1
51
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb 0.0
0.0 2.5 2.5
2.5 0.0 5.1
5.1
ITotals of
ITotals of (dxb-dxa)
(dxb-dxa)atat collapse
collapse 507.1
507.1 616.9
616.9 617.0
617.0 32.3 1708.61
1708.61
Y-AXIS
Y-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
Deflections from
fromthe the"elastic" frame
"elastic" frame
dya
dya 0.0
0.0 0.5
0.5 153
153 2 2 0.5
0.5 0.0
dyb 0.5
0.5 153.2
153.2 0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5
(dyb
(dyb - dya)
dya) 0.5 152.7
152.7 -152.7
-152.7 0.0
0.0 0.5
Deflections
Deflections from
fromthe the"plastic" frame
"plastic" frame
Mid-span drop
Mid-span dropfromfromgravity
gravity loads
loads
dya
dYa 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 1218.2
1218.2 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
dyb
dYb 0.0
0.0 1218.2
1218.2 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
(dyb -- dya)
dya) 0.0 -1218.2
1218.2 -1218.2 0.0
0.0 0.0
Deflections
Deflections from
fromthe the"plastic" frame
"plastic" frame
Mid-span
Mid-span dropdropfromfromhorizontal
horizontal loadsloads
dya
dYa 0.0
0.0 00
00 551
1 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
dyb 0.0
0.0 5.1
5.1 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
dyb -- dya)
(dyb dya) 0.0 5.1
5.1 -5.1
-5.1 0.0
0.0 0.0
Total -- dya) at collapse
(dybof collapse
ITotal (dybat 0.5 1375.9
1375.9 -1375.9
-1375.9 0.0
0.0 0.51
0.51

(angle from
psi (angle fromX axis)
axis) 90.0
90.0 30.0
30.0 -300
-300 90.0
90.0 90.0
90.0
[(dxb -- dxa)
[(dxb dxa) at collapse]"Sin(psi)
collapse]*Sin(psi) 507.1
507.1 308.4 -308.5
308.4 -308.5 32.3
32.3 1708.6
1708.6
[(dyb - dya)atcollapse]"Cos(psi)
[(dyb- dya) at collapse]'Cos(psi) 0.0
0.0 1191.6
1191.6 -1191.6
-1191.6 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
phi at collapse
Dhi ** Ssat collaDse 507.1
507.1 1500.0
1500.0 -1500.1
-1500.1 32.3
32.3 1708.6
1708.6
Incremental rotn
Incremental rotn = d(phi)
d(phi) from mechanism
mechanism 1.000
1.000 1.000
1.000 0.579
0.579 0.579
0.579 3.032
3.032
IShortening =
IShortening = phi"s"d(phi)
phi's'd(phi) (modulus)
(modulus) 507.1
507,1 1500.0
1500,0 868.1
868.1 18.7
18.7 5179.71
5179.71
AXIAL
AXIAL FORCES
FORCES
Pcfor
Pc forcolumns
columnsandandrafters
raftersat
at ULS
ULS 138.6
138.6 923
92 3 925
925 1392
1392 139.2
139.2
Total midspan
Total midspandrop
drop 1376.5
1376.5 1376.5
1376.5
Midspan height
Midspan height 14660
14660 14660
14660
(l/(l-drop/height) -- 1}

i
Increase rafter
Increase rafter
midspan axialby
midspan axial by (11(1-drop/height) l} 0.1040.104
0.104 0.104
Midspan axial
Midspan axial 58.6 58.3
58.3 58.6
in Increase
Increasein rafter axial 6.0
6.0 6.1
6.1
Design139.2
Design axial
axial 139.2 98.6 98.3 138.6
138.6 98.3 98.6 139.2 139.2
llncremental energy== Pc"phi"s"d(phi)
llncremental energy Pc'phi's'd(phi) 70.3 147.4
147.4 85.6
85.6 2.6 721.01
721.01 Sum ==
Sum 1027
WORK
WORK DONE
DONEININROTATING
ROTATINGHINGES
HINGES
Element for
Element for evaluating
evaluatingMprd(phi)
Mprd(phi)
bD aD Ba AB Ba aD bD Eb
Eb
MprA 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 402.5
452.1
402.5 452.1 0.0
0.0
MprB
MprB 00
00 402.5
402.5 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 452.1
452.1
MprA ++ MprB
MprB 0.0
0.0 402.5
402.5
402.5
452.1
452.1 402.5 452.1 452.1
Incremental
rotn rotn = d(phi)
Incremental d(phl) from
from mechanism
mechanism 1.000
1.000
1.000 0.579
0.579
3.032
1.000 0.579 0.579 3.032
[Mpr*d(phi)
lMpr"dphi 0.0
0.0 402.5 232.9
232.9 261.6
261.6 1370.61
1370.61 Sum
Sum = 2268
2268
Factor on lambda_p
IFactor lambda-P i 0.5471
0.547
lambda ppfrom
lambda fromfirst-order
first-orderanalysis
analysis I 1.503
1.503
lambda M M I 0822
0.822

124
124
 The Steel Job
*Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 I
Page 17
17 of
of 17
17 lRev A

SE
Page
Construction Job
Job Title
Title ~ 5950 Portals
BS 5950 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks
Park, Ascot, SL5 70N
Berks SL5 7QN Span Steep
Single Span Steep Roof
Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: (01344) 623345
344) 623345 ~ ~~ -
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01 622944
344)622944 Client DETR byMade by CMK Date
Il a t e July 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
Made

I 2.6 Load factor

P2 qsdq =
factor at
atfailure,

1027
failure,AM

q
2Mpr

P, ,b s d
2 =21-
M p
EMdb
A,
2M =
= 1.503
1.503 [i
1[ - ((
-
1027
2268 ,)]
4
)J
1.503 X0.547 =
= 1.503x0.547 = 0.822

A,
2M < 1.0,
< 1.0, so the frame has
hasfailed
failed the check for
forin-plane
in-planestability.
stability.

The above shows

shows how the second-order effects
effects have
have caused
causedaamajor
majorreduction
reduction
in capacity of the
capacity of the frame
frame due
due to
to in-plane
in-planeinstability
instabilityeffects.
effects.The
The "hand" method
“hand” method
tends to be conservative,
conservative, so
so analysis
analysis by another
another method might demonstrate
demonstratethat
that
the reduction in capacity is not
capacity is not so great.

The analysis above

above would be lessless conservative if the stiffness
stiffness of the
the haunches
haunches
had been included
included in in all
all the stiffness calculations. ItIt would
stiffness calculations. would also be more
economical
economical ififthe
the frame
framewere proportionedso
wereproportioned thatA,2 were closer
sothat to Ap.
closer to

25
125
1
126
126
 The Steel
Steel Job No: 139
CDS 139 Page 1
1 of 23 Rev A
IPage
Construction Title
JobTitle BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 JQN
7QN Tied Portal Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 623345
344)623345
(01344)
Fax: (013441 622944
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client DETR byMade by CMK Date July 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked
by by WIS Date
Date July 2001
2001
Made Date

11 FROM
INPUT FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS
FROM FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS

1 .1 General
1.1 General Arrangement
Arrangement

25000
25000 25000
50 500

254 x 254 x 73 UC

C,)

S
0) C) 15000
N
N N
N
x S
0 0
(0 CD
Nominally pinned bases

I 50000 I

Angle of rafters: a, == a'2

a'1 a2 == 8°
8"

Span = 50 m

25
Developed length
Developed lengthofofrafter,
rafter,apex
apextotoeaves
eaves =
= cos 8° ~
== 25.246
25.246 m
8"

Height of column from

from base
base to Neutral Axis of
Neutral Axis of rafter
rafter =
= 15.Om
15.0 m

127
127
 1
CDS 139
Pae 2 of 23 A
Job No:
The Steel Rev
Construction
Construction Job Title
Job Title Portals
BS
BS 5950 Portals
5950
Institute
Slwood
SilwoodPark,
Park,Ascot,
Ascot,Berks SL5 ]QN
BerksSL5 7QN
Subject
Subject
IJob No: CDS 139 Worked
Second-order
Tied Portal
PortalFrame
Frame
Example:
Worked Example:
IPage 2 of 23 1 Rev A
(01344) 623345
Telephone: 1013441 623345
Fax:
Fax: 101344)
(01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
late July 2001
July 2001
I CALCULATION SHEET
CALCULATION SHEET
I

wwww
by
Checked by WIS Date
late July 2001
July 2001
Made

12
1.2 Loading
Loading

NHF
NHF
3. NHF
NHF

* *
spacing =
Frame spacing = 88 m

Dead =
= 0.100 xX 8.000 x 1.4
8.000 X 1.4 =
= kN/m
1.12 along slope
kN/m along slope
Service =
= 0.150 x 8.000
8.000 x 1.4
1.4 =
= plan
on on plan
1.68
Imposed
Imposed == 0.600 xX 8.000
8.000 xX 1.6
1.6 == 7.68 on plan
Self Weight
Self Weight= = 113 10 * x
113 Xx 102 X 1.000
1.000 X x1.4
1.4 == 1.58
alongalong slope
1.58

Notional Horizontal
Taking Notional Horizontal Forces
Forcesasas 0.5% of the column base
base reactions
reactions Clause 2.4.2.4
Clause 2.4.2.4

:. Required NHF =
= 0.005 x 650
650 kN
kN =
= 3.25 kN

ULS loads on plan

loads = + 7.68
= 1.68 + 7.68 =
= 9.36 kN/m

ULS loads
loads on slope
slope = + 1.12
= 1.58 + 1.12 =
= 2.70 kN/m

ULS load transversetoto

load transverse slope =
slope Cos28 +
= 9.36 Cos28" + 2.70 Cos8° =
2.70 Cos8" = 11.85
11.85kN/m
kN/m

28
128
1
 The
The Steel
Job
Job No:
No: CDS
CDS 139
139 Page
IPage
33 of
of 23
23
fr'
Rev A
A
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title
Title BS
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
Institute .
I institute //- Subject
Subject Second-order
Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Sliwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN Tied
Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Telephone:
Telephone: 101344)
101344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: 1013441
(01344) 622944
622944 Client
Client DETR
DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked
Checked by
by WIS
WIS Date July 2001
Made

11.3
.3 Hinge
HingeIncremental
incremental Rotations
Rotations

The values
The values of incremental
incremental rotation of the
the hinges are taken from the first-order
first-order
collapse
collapse mechanism. These are
mechanism. These arethe
theincremental
incremental rotations
rotations as used to
as used to calculate
calculate the
collapse
collapse factor of
of the
the frame
frame using
using the
the classic
classic Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic (Virtual Work)
(Virtual Work)
method.
method.

The second-order analysis

analysis uses
uses the relative
relative magnitude
magnitude of
of the instantaneous
instantaneous
rotations,
rotations, so
so the
the absolute
absolute magnitude
magnitude of each rotation does not affect the
calculations.
calculations.

Where
Where the
the analysis
analysis has
has been
been performed
performed by by methods
methods other than
than the the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
method
method (e.g.
(e.g. by
bythe
theSemi-Graphical
Semi-Graphical method),
method), the
the incremental
incremental rotations
rotations can be be
deduced
deduced from thethe geometry
geometry of ofthe
the frame
frameandandthe
theposition
positionofofthethehinges.
hinges. ItItisis not
not
necessary
necessary to
to repeat
repeat the
the calculation
calculation of
of the
the collapse
collapse factor
factor by the
the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
method.
method.

Failure
Failure Mechanism
Mechanism

C
B
—----- ------ E
F

G
G
7
*h

9 17 ___ D

1129
29
 The Steel Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Page
Page
4
4 of
of 23
23 Rev
Rev
A
Construction
Construction Job Title
Title Portals
BS 5950Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Si)wood
Silwood Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Tied Portal
PortalFrame
Frame
Telephone: (01
Fax: (01
( O ! 344) 623345
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
623345 -
Client
Client DETR byMade by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
2001
~~~ ~

CALCULATION
CALCULATJONSHEET
SHEET WIS
-
Checked
Checked by
Made
by Date
)ate July 2001
2001

Find Node
Node Locations

Pt A: (0.0, 0.0)
0.0) == (0.0, 0.0)
(0.0, 0.0)

Pt B: (0.0,
(0.0, 14.2)
14.2) == 14.2)
(0.0, 14.2)
(0.0,

Pt C: (0.0,
(0.0, 15.0)
15.0) == (0.0, 15.0)
(0.0, 15.0)

Pt D:
D: (25.0,
(25.0, (15.0 + 25.0
{15.0 + 25.0 Tan
Tan 8})
8)) = (25.0,18.514)
(25.0, 18.514)

Pt E:
E: (50.0,
(50.0,15.0)
15.0) = (50.0, 15.0)
(50.0, 15.0)

Pt F: (50.0, 14.2)
(50.0, 14.2) = (50.0, 14.2)
(50.0,

Pt G: (50.0, 0.0)
(50.0, 0.0) = 0.0)
(50.0, 0.0)

Pt a:a: ({9.170
((9.170 Cos
Cos 8}, (15.0 ++ 9.170
S), {15.0 9.170 Sin
Sin 8})
8)) = (9.081,16.276)
16.276)

Pt b: ({50
((50 -
~
24.700 Cos 8}, { 15 —- 24.700 Sin8))
S}, {15 Sin8}) = (25.540,18.438)
18.438)

Pt c: ((50
({50 - 4.000
4.000 S}, (15
Cos 8}, +
{15 + 4.000 Sin
Sin 8})
S}) = (46.039,15.557)
15.557)

Member
Member Rotations
Rotations

Rotation,,,
RotationABC == 0e

Rotation,,,
RotationEFG =
— 0e

I
I
I
I
I

1
m
I
I

I, I
I
I

I,

-
1130
30
 Job No: CDS 139
139 55 of 23 A
The Steel No:
fra
Page lRev

Construction Job Title

Job Title BS
Portals
BS 5950 Portals
5950
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Tied Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944 Client DETR Made by
IM& CMK Date
)ate July 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS Date 2001
2001
)ate July

Find slope
slope beta, p, of ac from
beta, /3, from horizontal
horizontal

p
/3 == Tan'(Y-Ya)/(Xc—Xa)
T~-'(Y,-Y,)/(X,-X,) = Tan-'(15.557 -- 16.276)/(46.039 -- 9.081)
= Taif'(15.557

=
= -1.12°
-1.12"

Shortening
Shortening ofofacac = dX,, Cos
= dXac p ++dYac
Cos /3 p
Sin /3
dY, Sin

[(Ya -
== [(Y, - Y,)B -- ((Y
YA)O K -- +
YG)8]Cos/3+ [(Xa
Y0)0]Cos/3 [(X, -- XA)8 (X, -- XG)O]
X,)@ -- (X Sin p
X,)B] Sin/3

== (16.2768—
(16.2768 15.5578) Cos/3
-Cosp +(9.0818
+(9.0810- (-3.961)8)
(-3.961)8) SSin/i
inp -

=
= (0.7200) 0.9998 +
(0.7208) 0.9998 + (13.0420)0.0195 = 0.9730
(13.0428)0.0195 = 0.9738

Find slope
slopegamma,
gamma, y,
y, of
of ab from
fromhorizontal
horizontal

y = Tan'(Yt,—Ya)/(Xb-Xa)
Tan-'(Y,-Y,)/(X,-X,) = TaK'(18.438 -- 16.276)1(25.540
= Tan'(18.438 16.276)/(25.540 -
- 9.081)

=
= 7.48°
7.48"

gamma = 7.48 -- (-
gamma -- beta = 1.12) =
(- 1.12) = 8.60°
8.60"

delta, 6,
Slope delta, ô, of cb
ô6 =
= Tan'[(Yb Y,)/(X, -
Tan-'[(& - Y)/(X —
- x,)]
Xb)]

=
= Tan'(18.438
Tan-'(18.438 -
- 15.557)/(46.039
15.557)1(46.039 -- 25.540)= 8.00°
25.540)= 8.00"

Angle
Angle L L = + delta
= gamma + delta = + 8.00
= 7.48 + 8.00 =
= 15.48°
15.48"

Angle
Angle M M = 90 -
= 90 - (gamma
(gamma
-
- beta) =
= 90
90 -- 8.60
8.60 =
= 81.40°
81.40"

Angle = 90 -
Angle N N = - (delta
(delta + beta) = 90 -
beta) = - (8.0 -- 1.12)
(8.0 1.12) =
= 83.12°
83.12"

SinL/l
SinLJI == SinM/m == SinNln
SinN/n

1l == shortening
shortening of ac
ac = 0 . 9 7 83 ~
= 0.973

m
m = 1(SinMISinL)
l(SinM/SinL) = 0.9738(Sin81.40"/Sinl5.48") =
= 0.9730(Sin8l.40°/Sinl5.48°) = 3.610
3.618

nrz = l(SinNISinL)
I(SinZV/SinL) =
= 0.973
B(Sin83.12"/Sin15.48") = 3.62 0
8(Sin83.12°/SinlS.48°) = 8

length ab =
length ab = [(Yb
[(Y, - )+
Y,)' + (Xb X,)2]''2 =
(X, --Xa)2]"2 16.601
= 16.601

Rotation ofbaba =
Rotation of =nn/(length
/(length ab) 3.628/16.601 =
= 3.620/16.601
ab) = = 0.2188

131
131
 The Steel Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Page
Page 66 of
of 23
23 Rev A
Rev
Construction JobTitle
Title BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject Example:
Second-order Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Berks SL5 7QN Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
2001
1 CALCULATION SHEET
CALCULATION SHEET
l by
Checked by
Made
WIS Date
)ate July 2001

length bc =
length bc [(Y, -- Yb)2
= [(Ye Yb)2 ++(X,
(X -- Xb)2]2 =
= 20.700
20.700

Rotation of bc
Rotation of bc = m/(length bc)
= in/(length bc) = 3.618/20.700 =
= 3.618/20.700 = 0.1748
0.1740

.4
11.4 Axial
Axialforces
forcesatatULS
ULSfrom
from first-order analysis
first-order analysis

analysis is not sensitive

The analysis to the
sensitive to the accuracy
accuracy of
ofthe
the axial
axialforces.
forces.Therefore
Therefore the
the
axial forces calculated by elastic analysis, plastic
forces may be calculated plastic analysis
analysis (factored
(factored down
down
from collapse to ULS) or elastic-plastic analysis.
collapse to ULS) elastic-plastic analysis.

LH column:at at base
base == 324 kN,
kN,atat haunch = 302 kN
haunch =

LII rafter:
LHrafter: at column =
atcolumn = 960 kN,
kN, at apex =
atapex = 919 kN
RHrafter:
rafter:
at at column = 960 kN,
column = k N , at
at apex
apex =
= 919 kN

LII
LH column:
column: at base == 326 kN,
at base kN,atat haunch = 302
haunch = 302 kN

.5
11.5 Reduced
ReducedPlastic
PlasticMoments
Momentsat
at ULS
ULS from
from first-order analysis
first-orderanalysis

Use the reduced

reduced moment capacity
capacity for the sections to account
sections to account for
for the
the co-existent
co-existent
axial force. These
Thesemay be taken
maybe taken from
from section
section tables.
tables.

610x229x
6 1 0 x 2 2 9113
113 UB
~ UB M,, =
=ppr S
S,, = x 3280 x
265 ><
= 265 x i0 == 869 kNm Annex 1.2.

11.6
.6 Load
Load factor at
at formation
formation of
ofthe
thefirst
firsthinge,
hinge, A1
h,

From the frame analysis output, the load factor at the formation
analysis output, of the
formation of the first
hinge is:

A, == 2.12
2, 2.12

.7 Plastic
11.7 Plasticcollapse
collapse factor, h,
factor, A.

From the frame analysis,

analysis, the
the plastic
plastic collapse
collapse factor
factor calculated
calculated by first-order
analysis is:

Ap =
= 2.28

1132
32
 '"
I
The Steel Job No: CDS 139 7 of 23 A
Pae
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title
Title 5950 Portals
BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Subject
Subject
/iob No: Second-order
CDS 139
Tied Portal Frame
PageI
Worked Example:
Example:
7 of 23 I
Rev A
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01
(01344)
3 4 4 ) 622944
622944 Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
late July 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS
Checked
Made
Date
)ate July 2001
2001

1 .8 Member
1.8 inertias,I,l
Member inertias,

LH column: 610x229x 113 UB:

610X229x113 4 == 87300
UB: Zx cm4
87300 cm4

LH rafter:
rafter: 610x229x
6 1 0 ~ 2 2 9113
~ 1 1UB:
UB: 4 == 87300
3 Zx cm4
87300 cm4

RH rafter:
rafter:
as as LH
LH rafter
rafter

RH column:
column: as LH column
LH column

1.9
1.9 Deflections
Deflections of frame
frame at
at A1 (formation of
A, (formation of the
the first hinge)

The deflections
deflections are found
found from
from first order elastic
elastic or
or elastic-plastic
elastic-plastic analysis.

ôxB
=
-
- 22.1 mm
*YB
=-
- 3.2 mm

=
-
- 30.3 mm *K =-
- 3.3 mm

ox0 =
-
- 49.1 mm
49.1 *Y D
=-
- 252.9 mm
252.9mm

=
-
- 67.9 mm
0YE
*YE
=
-
- 3.3 mm
3.3

0xF
=
-
- 73.0 mm
73.0mm 0yF
*,F
=-
- 3.2 mm
3.2mm

2 SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS
SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS

2.1 Axial force in

in members
members

The
The axial force
force in
in the
the members
members is calculated
calculated from
from the
the first-order
first-order analysis
analysis output.
output.
The
The values are taken
taken as
as the
the mean
mean of thethe axial
axial force at the
the ends
ends of the member
of the member
where there isis no major
where there step in the
major step the axial
axial force.
force.Where
Wherethere
there is is aa major
major step
step in
the
:he axial force, eg at the
the end of a tie in in aa tied
tied rafter
rafter or
or at
at the
the underside
underside of a
crane
xane bracket on a column,
column, the
the value
value should
should be be taken
taken as
as the
the mean
mean of of the
the ends
ends of
of
the
:he most
most highly loaded
loaded segment, e.g. between
segment, e.g. between the the ends
ends of
of aa tie
tie and
and the
the apex
apex inin a
tied
:ied rafter.

LH
LH col: mid-height PuLs
take mid-height uLs =
= (324 + 302)/2
(324 + 302)/2 = 313 kN
= 313

LH rafter:
rafter: take mid-length PuLs=
mid-length ULS = (960 + 919)12
(960 + 919)/2 = 940 kN
= 940

1133
33
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page
IPage
88 ofof 23
23 A
Construction
Construction Job Title
Title 5950 Portals
BS 5950
BS
I Institute U-
Subject
ISubJect Second-order
Second-order Worked
Worked
Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: 101344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944 Client DETR 'Made
Made by
by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET by Checked by
Checked WIS Date July 2001
2001
)ate July

RH rafter: take mid-length uLS =

mid-length P,,, = (960 ++9919)/2
19)72 == 940 kN

RH col: take mid-height IILS =

mid-height PcJLs = (326
(326 + 302)72
302)/2+ == 314
314 kN

2.2
2.2 Bending deflections
deflections of
of the
the “elastic”
"elastic" frame
frame B.3

2.2.1
2.2.1 Stiffness reduction
reduction factors
factors allowing
allowing for
for P.O
P.6 effects B.3.2
B.3.2

LH column:
column:

1,
I..
=
= 87300 cm4, hIi =
87300cm4, 15000mm, a
= 15000mm, a== 1.7
1.7 for nominallypinned
pinned bases

Pcr == x2EZ/(&)’ =
rt2EI/(cth)2 lO4/(l.7X150O0)’ =
= it2x205000x87300x104/(1.7x15000)2
.rr;’~205000~87300X 2716 kN
= 2716 kN

ULS
P,,, == 313
313 kN

Stiffness
Stiffnessreduction
reductionfactor (1- P,,,,/PCr) =
(1—P1JLS/PCf)
factor 313/2716 =
= 11 —- 313/2716 = 0.885

RH column:
column:

1cr
Pcr == as
as LH
LH column
column

ULS
PuLs =
= 314kN
314
kN

Stiffness
Stiffnessreduction
reductionfactor (1—PrJLS/PCF)
factor = 11
(1 - PULS/Pcr)
= —
- 314/2716 =
314/2716 = 0.884

LH rafter:

I,
I,, == 87300
87300 cm4,
cm4, L
L =
= 25246mm,
25246mm, a'
a == 1.0
1.0

Pcr
Pcr = x2EZ/(aL)’ =
=TC2EI/(aL)2 X’ x 205000 X 87300 x lo4/(1.O x 25246)’
= 7c2x205000x87300x104/(1.0x25246)2 = 2771
2771 kN
kN

PrJLs== 940 kN
ULS

Stiffness
Stiffness reduction factor (l—PtJLs'P)
reduction factor ( 1 - PULS/Pcr)
= 940/2771 =
= 11 —- 940/2771 0.661
= 0.661

RH rafter:

1cr
PC, =
= as LH rafter
as LI-I rafter

1ULS
P,,,, = 940
940 kN
kN

Stiffness
Stiffness reduction
reduction factor
factor (lPtJLS/Pcr)
(l-PuL,/Pcr)== 11 —- 940/2771
940/2771 == 0.661
0.661

134
134
 The Steel Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Page 9 of
of 23
23 Rev A
I1e
Construction Job Title
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject Second-orderWorked
Example:
Worked Example:
Sliwood
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN Tied Portal Frame
(01344)623345
Telephone: 1013441 623345
Fax: 101344)
Fax: (01 622944
344)622944 Client DETR IM&
Madeby
by CMK Date
late 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET WIS
Checked
by by Date
late July 2001

2.2.2
2.2.2Second-order
Second-order magnification factors
factors B.3.3

Sway mode magnification

magnification factor Acrl/(Acrl -- 1)
factor krii"Ocri

The notional
notional sway deflection calculated from
deflection is calculated from the
the sum
sum of
of the stiffnesses KK for
the stiffnesses for
each of the column and
and rafter
rafter pairs:

Sway stiffness
stiffness from column stiffness:
column and rafter stiffness:

K
K,2 ==
11 D.2.5

[-+-lSh2
Sh 3h 2
3EIffR
3EIeff.R
+
h3
3EIff 3EIeff.c

Sway stiffness from base stiffness:

stiffness:

Kb =
11 D.4
b
5h3 + h3
2EI 3EICff c

LH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:

Rafter :: Ieff.R=
'effR Ix(l-PuLs/Pcr) =
= jx(1ULS11cr) 87300~0.661 =
= 87300x0.661 cm4
= 57705 cm4

Column :: Ieff,c= Ix(l-PuLs/Pcr) =

= Ix(1PULS/PCr) 87300~0.885 =
= 87300x0.885 77241
cm4
= 77241 cm4

11
K, = .
25246 (15000)2
(15000), +
+
( 15000)3
(15000)
3x205000x57705x104
3 X 205000 X 57705 X lo4 3x205000x77241x104
3 X 205000 X 77241 X lo4

== 1/(0.01601 + 0.00711)
1/(0.01601 0.00711) + = 1/0.02311
= 1/0.02311 == 43.3 N/mm
N/mm

11
Kh=

=
5 (15000?
( 15000)3
2x205000x87300x104
2 X 205000 X 87300 X lo4

+ 0.00711)
1/(0.04715 +
= 11(0.04715 0.00711)
+
+
( 15000)3
(l5000)
3x205000x77241x104
3 X 205000 X77241 X lo4

== 1/0.054
1/0.054 =
= 18.4
N/mm
I
N/mm

RH
RH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:

Rafter
Rafter :: =
leff.R Ix(l P,,Ls/Pcr)
= Ix(1PIjLS/PCr) ~
=
= 87300x0.661
87300 x0.661 == 57705
cm4cm4

Column
Gdumn :: Ieff,c= I,( 1-PuLs/Pcr)
= 1(1 'L1LS'cr) =
= 87300 xO.884
x0.884 == 77208 cm4
cm4

135
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page 10 of
of 23 Rev A
Rev A

Construction JobTitle
Title BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Tied Portal Frame
Telephone:
Telephone: (013441
(01344) 623345
623345 -
Fax: (013441
( 0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944 Client
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
-
-
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Made
by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
-

11
K2=

K2= i 25246 (15000)2

(15000)*
3 x 205000 x 57705 x lo4
3x205000x57705x104
i
+ ( 15000)3
(15000)
3 x 205000 x 77208 x lo4
3x205000x77208x104

= 1/(0.01601 ++ 0.00711)
= 1/(0.01601 0.00711) =
= 1/0.02311
U0.02311 =
= 43.3 N/mm

1
1

==
55 (15000)

1/(0.04715
17(0.04715
(15000)3
2X205000X87300Xlo4
2x205000x87300x

+
+ ( 15000)3
(15000)
+
iO3X205000X77241 lo4
3x205000x77241 x Xi04j

+ 0.00711) == 1/0.054
1/0.054
I = 18.4 N/mm
18.4
= N/mm

Total
Total frame:

EK =
= 43.3 + +
18.4 + 43.3
+ 18.4 43.3 + 18.4
18.4+ =
= 123.4 N/mm
123.4N/mm

H == 0.005
0.005 xX [Sum ofthe
[Sumof the column
column reactions]
reactions]

== 0.005x(650)
0.005 X (650) = 3.25 kN
= 3.25

== EH/
EH/E K K = 3250/123.4
3250/123.4
= == 26.3
mm mm

Acrl == h/200ó7
h/200& == 15000/(200
15000/(200 x 26.3)
26.3) =
= 2.85

Sway mode magnification

Swaymode factor Acrl/(Acrl
magnification factor 1) =
A1/(A1 -- 1) 2.85/(2.85 -- 1)=
= 2.857(2.85 l ) = 1.54
1.54

Symmetrical mode
Symmetrical mode magnification

The symmetrical
symmetrical mode magnification
magnification is is taken
taken as the magnification arising from
magnification arising from
using the
the effective
effective inertia Zeff =
inertia 'eff = 1(1 P,,Ls/Pc,.)of the
Z ( l - PJLS/Pcr) the members.
members.

2.2.3
2.2.3 Deflection
Deflection calculations B.3.4

Sway deflections D .2.3

D.2.3

The
The first-order
first-order swaysway deflection
deflection ôX1
JX,, is calculated
calculated from the sum sum of the stiffnesses
of the stiffnesses
K for each of the column
of the column and rafter
rafter pairs. (The base stiffness of nominally
(The base stiffness of nominally
pinned bases
bases isis not
not included
included because this is notnot aa stability
stability calculation
calculation like the
the
calculation of
of 2cr)
,lcr)

- -
36
136
1
 The
The Steel
Steel Job No: CDS
CDS 139
139 Page 11
11 of
of 23
23 Rev A
Job No: Jase JRev
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title
Title 5950 Portals
BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5 70N
BerksSL5 7QN Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01
(01344)
344) 622944

CALCULATION
622944

CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Client DETR
by
Made by

Checked by
CMK
WIS
Date
)ate 2001
July 2001 1
Checked
Made
Date
)ate July 2001
2001

11
K=
K =
Sh2 +
h3
3EZR

LH rafter and column:

column:

Rafter :: ZR == 87300 cm4

87300 cm4

Column :: I,
1, == 87300
87300
cm4cm4

1
K=
25246 (1 5000)*
25246 (15000)2 +
+
( 15000)3
(15000)
3x205000x87300x104
3 x 205000 x 87300 x lo4 3 x 205000 x 87300 x lo4
3x205000x87300x104

=
= 1/(0.01058 + 0.00629)
1/(0.01058 + 0.00629) =
= 1/0.01687
1/0.01687 =
= 59.3
59.3 N/mm
Nlmm

RH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:

As LH rafter and column

rafter and column

Total
Total frame:
frame:

First-order sway
sway deflections:
deflections:

2K =
= 59.3
59.3 + 59.3
59.3 == 118.6 N/mm
118.6 N1mm

H
H = A, xx HULS
= A IfULS =
= 2.12 xX 3.25
3.25 = 6.89 kN
= 6.89

A == EH/2K
2If/ZK == 6890/118.6
68901118.6 = 58.1 mm
= 58.1

ôX1=J
sX,,=A =58.1mm
= 58.1 mm

Second-order deflections
Second-order deflections

a*=
ôX2 (8x1 — m,,)
(oX1 OX) ++OXis{Acri/(Acr1
- ~ls{Acrll(Jcr, 1))
— 1)} - B.3.4

SX, =
OX5 (22.1 - 58.1)
= (22.1 +58.1{1.54}
58.1) +
- 58.1{1.54} == 35.1mm
mm

OX
SX, = = (30.3 - 58.1) ++58.1{1.54}
- %.l{ 1.54) =
= 47.5 mm
47.5mm

(49.1 - 58.1) +
SX,, == (49.1
OX14 + 58.1{1.54}
- 58.1{1.54) =
= 75.9mm
75.9 mm

137
137
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 12
Page 12
Page of 23
23 Rev A
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject Second-orderWorked
Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Tied Portal
PortalFrame
Frame
Telephone:
Telephone: (01 (01344)
344) 623345
Fax.
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
Made July

ÔXE
SX, == (67.9 - 58.1) ++58.1{1.54}
58.1i1.54) =
= 104.4mm
104.4 mm

SX,
ÔXF =
= (73.0
(73.0 —
- + 58.1{1.54}
58.1) + 58.1{1.54} =
= 112.1 mm
112.1

hinges at "b"
The hinges “b” and
and "c"
“c”are
areso
soclose
close to
to points
points D
D and
and EE that
that the
the deflections at
deflections at
the hinges can be
hinges can be assumed
assumed toto be
be at
at the
the same
samepoints.
points.The
Theeffect
effect
onon the
the Energy
summation is insignificant.

Deflection at
at point
pointwhere
wherehinge
hinge “a”
"a" occurs
occurs

In the absence
absence of
of more
moredetailed
detailedanalysis,
analysis, the
the deflection
deflection at
at hinge
hinge “a”
"a" may be
be
taken
taken as the
the mid-span
mid-span deflection
deflection of the section of the rafter between the haunch
of the haunch
to the apex. The bending
bending moment
moment at at the
the ends
ends of
of this segment
segment ofof rafter
rafter may
maybebe
assumed to be
be wL2/16
wL2/16 hogging, which gives the midspan
midspan bending moment
moment equal
to wL2/16
wL‘l16 sagging.
sagging.

At
At A,, ,, load transverse
loadtransverse to slope
toslope =
= 2.12 x
X 11.85
11.85 = kN/m
= 25.13kN/m

Deflection = 2 wL4 = 2 _________________

25.13(21610) = 223.8 mm
384 EIff 384 205000x57705x i04

Vertical
Vertical deflection
deflection = 223.8 Cos
= 223.8 8
Cos 8° O
=
= 221.6 mm

Horizontal
Horizontal deflection =
deflection = 223.8 Sin 8°
8” = 31.1 mm
= 31.1

The total deflection of "a"

deflection of “a” is
is taken
taken as
as the
the mean
mean deflection of C and
deflection of and D plus
plus the
the
deflection calculated above:
above:

dYa = (SX, +
= (oX0 SXD)/2 +
+ OX0)12 + 31.1
31.1 = 75.9)/2 + +31.1
= (47.5 + 75.9)72 31.1 =
= 92.9mm
92.9 mm

2.3 Bending deflections of

Bending deflections of the
the “plastic”
"plastic" frame
frame B.4

2.3.1
2.3.1 Stiffness
Stiffnessreduction
reduction factors
factors to
to allow
allow for
for P.O effects
P.6 effects B.4.2

LH column:

As "elastic" frame, stiffness

“elastic”frame, stiffnessreduction
reduction factor
factor ('PtJLS/Pcr)
(l-PLJLs/PJ =
= 0.885

RH column:

As "elastic" frame, stiffness

“elastic”frame, stiffnessreduction
reductionfactor
factor(1PULS/Pcr)
(l-PuLs/Pcr) =
= 0.884

1138
38
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Page 13 of
13 of 23 Rev A
IPage
Construction Job Title
Job Title
!
BS
Portals
BS 5950
5950 Portals
5950Portals
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Tied
Portal
Frame
Tied Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (013 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date July 2001
2001
I
late

CALCULATION
CALCULATION
SHEET SHEET 1 ~ EZ
Checked
Made
by Z 7
WISG - Date
)ate July 2001
July

LH rafter:
rafter:
1 As "elastic"
As “elastic” frame,
frame, stiffness
stiffness reduction
reductionfactor factor (1PjPr)
(l-Puu/Pcr) =
= 0.661
0.661

RH rafter:

The RH
RH rafter
rafterhas
hasaaplastic
plastic hinge
hinge at each, so
so the
the stiffness
stiffness value is zero.

2.3.2
2.3.2Second-order
Second-order magnification
magnification factors B.4.3

Sway mode magnification

magnification factor herpl(Acrp
factor 'crp/O'crp 1)
-- 1)

The notional
notional sway deflection
deflection isis calculated
calculatedfrom
from the
the sum
sum of
ofthe
the stiffnesses
stiffnessesKK of
the LH column and and rafter
rafter pair
pair(the
(the RH rafter is hinged
hinged at
at each
eachend
endreducing
reducing the
stiffness to zero)
zero) and
and the
the LH andand RH base stiffness:
stiffness:

Sway stiffness from column

column and
and rafter
rafter stiffness:

K
K2 = I1 D.3.5
2 =
Sh2
S h2 + ____
3EIeffR

from base
Sway stiffness from base stiffness:
stiffness:

K= I1 D.4
D.4
b
+

2E4 3E4ff.cC

LH rafter
rafter and
andcolumn:
column:

K2 and
and Kb
Kbare
are the
the same
sameasasfor
for the
the “elastic”
"elastic" frame.

RH rafter
rafter and
andcolumn:
column:

Kb
K,, isis the
the same
same as
as for
for the
the “elastic”
"elastic" frame.
frame. K,
K2isis zero because
because the rafter isishinged
hinged
at both ends.
ends.

Total frame:

EK = + 18.4
= 43.3 + + 00 ++ 18.4
18.4 + 18.4 == 80.1 N/mm
80.1

H =
= 3.25
3.25 kN as calculated above
above

139
 1
The Steel Job No: CDS 139 14 of 23 A
Page Rev
Construction Title Job Title
Job BS 5950
BS 5950 Portals
Portals
Institute
institute
Subject
[ob No: CDS 139 Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
lPage 14 of 23 lRev A
Sllwood
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks
Park, Ascot, ]QN
Berks SL5 7QN Tied Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344)623345
623345
Fax: 101344) 622944
Fax: (01344)622944 Client DETR IM by Made by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
kecked by

A = H/K
= E:H/Z:K = 3250/80.1
3250B0.1 =
= 40.6 mm

ACT
=
= h/200ô
h/2006",
== 15000/(200 x
15000/(200 40.6)
X 40.6)
=
= 1.85
1.85

Swaymode
Sway mode magnification factorAcT/(Acrp
magnificationfactor A/(A — 1) =
- 1) l.w(l.85
= 1.85/(1.85 —
- 1)
1) =
= 2.18

2.3.3
2.3.3 Deflections from
from vertical loads B.4.5

The loads applied to

loads applied to the
the "plastic"
"plastic" frame
frame = (A,-- ,1)(loads
= (A,, A,)(loads at ULS)

(Ap - A)
- A,) = (2.28 -
- 2.12) =
= 0.16

wp
WP
=
= 0.16(9.36Cos28° + 2.7OCos8°)
O.16(9.36Cos28" + 2.7OCos8") =
= 1.90
1.90 kN/m
kN/m

Sway
This arises
arises due
due to
to the
the rotation
rotation of
of the
the column
column without
without an
an adjacent
adjacent hinge
hinge caused by
the end rotation
rotation of
of the
the rafter
rafter spalming from eaves
spanning from eaves to apex.

End slope of the

slope of the rafter, = -
rafter, °R2 = -
wP s3
wS3 A
acrp
24 EIR 3LCrp-
24 EIR 'crp 1l

3.03
3.03 x 25246
252463
°R2 =
= 2.18 =
2.18 = 0.0155 radians
24
24 x 205000
205000 xx 87300
87300xxlo4
io
Horizontal deflectionofofeaves
Horizontal deflection eaves =
= hOR
he, = 15000 x
= 15000 X 0.0155
0.0155 = 232.1 mm
= 232.1

Horizontal deflection
Horizontal deflection of tie == 14200 xX 0.0155
0.0155 =
= 219.7 mm

Drop of mid-rafter hinge

hinge "a"
"a"

s4
w S4
Midspan deflection
deflection of
ofthe 4,
rafter,ôR2
the rafter, = 384iIs5 -
= -
wP
E IR A - 1R
~
*up
Acrp
3LCrp-
crp
1

5 1.7
1.7 x 25246
252464
"'
ÔR2 =
=
384
384 205000
205000 Xx 87300 x i04
87300 X lo4
2.18
2-18 = 122.1 mm
= 122.1

X deflection =
X deflection S,, Sin
= ôR2 Sin at = 122.l x0.
= 122.1 xO. 139
139 = 17.0 mm
= 17.0

Y deflection =
Y deflection = ôR2 Cos a'=
S,, Cos a= 122.1
122. l xO.990
x0.990 = 120.9 mm
= 120.9

140
1 40
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page 15 of
15 23 Rev A
JPa9e
Co tist ru Ct ion
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Second-order Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Tied Portal Frame
Telephone: 1013441
Telephone: (01344) 623345
623345
Fax: (013441
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR byMade by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
July 2001
I CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Made
WIS Date
)ate July 2001
July 2001
~

2.3.4
2.3.4 Deflections
Deflections from
fromhorizontal
horizontal loads
loads B.4.6

the "plastic"
The loads applied to the frame =
“plastic” frame = (A, -- A1)(loads
(A A,)(loads at ULS)
ULS)

(Ap
(A,, - A)
A , ) — (2.28 - 2.12)
2.12) =
= 0.16

The ULS
ULS horizontal
horizontal load in this
this load
load case
case is
is the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontal force

H
H = (Ap -- A1)
= (A A,) x NHF == 0.160
X NHF 0.160 x
X 3.25
3.25 =
= 0.52 kN

The sway deflection calculated from

deflection is calculated from the
the sum
sum ofof the
the stiffnesses
stiffnessesKK of the LH
column and
andrafter
rafterpair
pair (the RH rafter is hingedatat each end
is hinged end reducing the stiffness
reducing the stiffness
to zero). The base basestiffness
stiffnessofofnominally
nominally pinned
pinned bases
bases isis not
not included
included because
because
this is not
not aa stability
stability calculation
calculation like
likethe
the calculation
calculation of Acr.
ofAcr.

K= 1 1

S/i2 'crp
—1
3EIR 3EI ?crp

Thefirst-order
The first-order stiffness
stiffness ofof the
theLH rafter and
LH rafter and column pair isis the
column pair the same
sameasasfor
for the
the
frame:
“elastic” frame:
"elastic"

1
1
= 59.3
S/i2
S h2 +
/i3
3EJR

K, =
= 59.3
59.3 xX (1/2.18)
(1/2.18) =
= 27.2 N/mm
N/mm

Sway deflection== 520/27.2

Sway deflection 520/27.2 =
= 19.1
19.1 mm
mm

Drop of mid-rafter hinge

hinge at
at “a”
"a"

The sway
sway deflection
deflection induces
induces an
an additional
additional deflection
deflection at
at the
the hinge
hinge point “a”
point "a"

=
MS2 A
m2 where M = H1 h = 520 x 15000 = 7.8 kNm
16 1
EIR Acrp

= 7.8x ~ x252462
7 . 8 106
106x25246’
)<
x 2.18 = mm
3.8 mm
= 3.8
ôsm2
*m2 =
16x205000x87300x lo4
16 X 205000 X 87300 X iO

X deflection
deflection =
= Sina
dSm2
ôSm2
=
= 3.8
3.8 x
X 0.139
0.139 =
= 0.5 mm

141
141
 The
The Steel
Steel Job No:
Job No:
CDS
CDS 139
139 Pae
Page 16
16 of
of 23
23 Rev A
A
Construction
Construction Job Title
Job Title BS
Portals
BS 5950 Portals
5950
Institute
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order
Second-orderWorkedExample:
Worked Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 7QN
7QN Tied
Tied Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone:
Telephone: (01344)
(013 4 4 ) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(013 4 4 ) 622944
622944 Client DETR Made by
Made by
CMK Date
)ate July 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
July

Y deflection =
Y deflection = ô2 Cosa'
dSrll2
Cosa 3.8 x
== 3.8 X 0.990
0.990 == 3.7
3.7 mm
mm

2.4
2.4 Apex
Apex drop
drop B.5
B.5

Apex drop from the

Apex the first-order
first-orderelastic
elasticdeflections
deflections BB.5.2
.5.2

Ydeflection at
Y deflectionat A, ô1
A,,6, =
= 252.9mm
252.9 mm

Apex drop
Apex dropatatULS, S,,
ULS,5ULS ==ô1 a,
6, / A1 == 252.9/2.12
2~2.9/2.12 == 119.3
119.3 mm
mm

Apex drop
dropfrom
from curvature
curvature shortening ô tjC B.5.3
B.5.3

Rafter transverse
transverse deflections
deflectionsatatULS:
ULS:

ULS
ULS transverse
transverse load onrafters
rafters == 11.85 kN/m
11.85kN/m

== ôdCs2 22 wS4
wsr4
== - _____
Take total
Taketotal transverse
transverse deflection
deflection cs2
-
384
384 El
E l eeff,R
ff,R

22 1 1 . 8 5 ~ ( 2 1 6 1 0 )=~ 105.6mm
- - ___________
=- 11.85x(21610)4 = 105.6 mm
384
384 205000 57705X
205000 xX 57705 X i04
lo4

n2(6cs2)' ~ ~ ( 1 06l2
m2(1O5
=- ________ 5 . 6=) 1.3
~
= 7t2(ô 2)
CS
shortening =
Takingshortening
Taking = 1.3 mm
4Sr
4Sr 4x21610
4x21610

Apex drop
Apex drop = 1.3/Sin 8°
= 1.3/Sin 8 = 9.3 mm
= 9.3 mm
O

Calculate
Calculate the apex drop from increased
increased rafter
rafter axial force
force B.5.4
B.5.4

(i)
(i) Verticalcomponent of rafter
component of rafteraxial, V,
axial, V1
== R1 Sin a
PRISina == 919
919 Sin8°
Sing" = 127.9 kN
= 127.9 kN

Reduced
(ii) slope
(ii) Reduced slope

Drop
Drop from first-order ++curvature,
fromfirst-order curvature, d1 = ô1
dl = + d/Sina'
6, + d/Sina,

==119.3 + 1.3/Sin
119.3 + 8°
1.3/Sin8" ==119.3 + 9.3
119.3 + 9.3 == 128.6mm
128.6 mm

Sr
S, =
= (25000 4000)/C0~8" =
(25000 - 4000)/Cos8°
- 21400/C0~8" = 21610
= 21400/Cos8° 21610 1

142
142
 The
The Steel Job No:
No: CDS
CDS 139
139 Page 17 of
17 23 A
Page
Construction Job Title
Title BS 5950
BS Portals
5950Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order
Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot,
BerksBerks SLS
SL5 7QN Tied Portal
Tied Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone:
Telephone: (01344)
(01344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
)ate July
2001
July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS 2001
Checked
Made
Date
)ate July 2001

Un-stressed rafter rise

Un-stressed rafter rise above
abovehaunch end,
end,/z1 = 21206 Sin 8°
h, = 8" == 2951 mm
2951 mm

Reduced rafter
Reducedrafter rise above
riseabove haunchhaunch
end, end,
h, h2 = 2951 -- 128.6
= 2951 128.6 = mm
2823mm
= 2823

Reduced rafter
Reducedrafter
slope, = Tan'
slope,a;a' = Tan-'(2823/21000)
(2823/21000) =
= 7.66°
7.66"

(iii)
(iii) Reducedvertical
Reduced verticalcomponent
component of the
of the rafter,
rafter,V2
V,

== Rl Sin a; =
PR,Sina 919 xX Sin7.66°
= 919 Sin7.66" =
= 122.4kN
122.4 kN

(iv) increase
Requiredincrease
Required in
in rafter axial
rafteraxial force, OPR
force, 6PR

(V, -
== (V1 - a;
V,)/Sin a'
V2)/Sin

=
= (127.9- 122.4)jSin a; =
(127.9 122.4)/Sina
- 5.5/Sin7-66" =
= 5.5/Sin7.66° 41.1 kN
= 41.1 kN

(v)
(v) Resultantincrease
Resultant increase in
in horizontalreaction
horizontal reactionatat
column top,62
top,
column 9,
OH

= 6PRCos
= 0PR C O Sa'& = 41.1 Cos
= 41.1 C O Sa'% =
= 40.7 kN

Resulting
(vi)Resulting
(vi) increase in tie force, 06 T
increase T

length
Haunch length == 4000/Cos
4000/Cos a'
a == 4039
4039 mm
mm

cc == 800 + 4039(Sin
800 + 4039(Sin a'
a - Sin a,)
Sin a'2) - == 824
824 mm

OT
ST = SH,[(c
= OH + hr)/hT]
[(C + h,)/h,] == 41.1
41.1 (824 + 14200)/14200
(824 + 14200)/14200 = 43.1 kN
= 43.1 kN

(vii)
(vii) Horizontalmovement
Horizontal of Z
movement of due to tie stretching, SX,
tie stretching, 0XT

Lateral
Lateral displacement
displacementofofthe
the end
endofofthe
thetie:
tie:

ST X halfspan
OTx halfspan
== ___________ =- 43.1 Xx lo3
43.1 tO3X25000
x25000
- _______________ == 0.6
SX,
OXT 0.6 mm
ATE 93.1 x 100 x 205000
93.1x100x205000

e
e = + 4000Tan8°
800 +
= 800 4000Tan 8 O
= 1362 mm
= 1362

SX,,
OXZT == SX,T [ ee ++ 1T
'T
h,
== 0.6
0.6 ( 1362 ++ 14200
14200
14200
14200
) =
= 0.6 mm
mm

1 43
143
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page 18 of
18 23 Rev A
Page
Construction Title
Job Title BS 5950
BS Portals
5950 Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Second-order
Silwood
Silwood Park, SL5 7QN
Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN Tied Portal Frame
(01344) 623345
Telephone: (013441 623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
)ate 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
Made

(viii) Horizontal movement of

Horizontal movement of ZZ due to column bending, S,,
columnbending,

+
- SffcC2(h,
ÔHCc2(hT C)
c) 4 0 . 7 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ 8 2 4 ~ X ( 1 4++2 824)
- 40.7x103x8242x(14200
= 824)
00 = = o.9 mm
09 mm
+

3 Eleff.CC
3EICff x 205000 x 7724 1
3 x205000x77241

(ix) Raftershortening
shortening from increased
from increased axial strain:
strain:

SPRx S, 41.1 x lo3x25246 = o.4 mm

SS,
ÔSR
PL
=-
PL =
-
- _____
ÔPRXSR =- - 41.1x103x25246
=0.4mm
AE
AE ARE
ARE 144.0x100x205000
1 4 4 . 0 ~100x205000

(x)
(x) Increased rafter
Increased rafter
drop d,
drop dA

ôX
SX, = SX,, ++ôX
ôXz SX,, = = 0.6 + + 0.9
0.9 = 1.5 mm
1.5mm

d,
dA =
= ôX
SX, /Tana2 + ôSr
/Tan&, + SS, /Sina2
/Sina2 = 13.7 mm
= 13.7

(xi)
(xi) Revised
Revised rafter slope:
slope:

d,
d2 ô ++ J/Sina1
= S, d/Sina, ++ dA
d, =119.3
=119.3 + l.3/Sin7.66°
+ 1.3Kin7.66" ++ 13.7
13.7

=
=119.3 + 9.7
119.3 + 9.7 ++ 13.7
13.7 =
= 142.8mm
142.8 mm

Revised rafter
Revised rafterslope a2 =
slope a2 = Sin'
Sin-' [(2951
[(2951 - 142.8)/21206]
142.8)/212061 =
= 7.61°
7.61"

(xii)
(xii) Check if d2
Check if d2Id,
/d, is
is less
less than
than 11.03
.03

d, /dl =
d2 Id, 142.W128.6 =
= 142.8/128.6 = 1.11 > 1.03
1.11 > 1.03 so repeat steps
steps (iii)
(iii)to (xii)
to (xii)

2nd Reduced
2nd(iii) Reduced vertical component of the
the rafter,
rafter, V2
V,

=
= RI Sina2= 919
P,, Sina,= 919 x Sin7.61°
Sin7.61" =
= 121.7 kN
121.7

2'
2Ild(iv)
(iv) Required
Required increase
increase in rafter axial
axial force, SP,
force, ÔPR

= ( V , -- V2)/Sina'2
= (V1 VJSin a2

= (127.9 121.7)/Sin2
= (127.9- 121.7)/Sin cx2
- =
= 6.2/Sin 7.61°
7.61" =
= 46.7kN
46.7 kN

22'ld
(v)(v)Resultant
Resultantincrease
increase in
in horizontal reactionatatcolumn
horizontal reaction columntop,
top,SôH
H,

= COS2
dP, Cos
= ÔPR a2 =
= 46.3
46.3 Cos 2
COScx2 =
= 46.3
46.3 kN

144
144
 The Steel Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Pae
Page 19
19 of
of 23
23 Rev A
frle
Construction Job Title
JobTitle 5950 Portals
BS 5950
I Institute //-
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN Portal Frame
Tied Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: 101344)
(01344) 622944
Client
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
)ate July 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
Made July

22"d(vi)
(vi)Resulting
Resulting increase
increase in tie
tie force,
force, ÔT
6T

Haunch length = a
4000/Cos a' =
= 4039
4039 mm

c = 800 ++ 4039(Sintz
4039(Sina -- Sina'2)
SinaJ = 827 mm
= 827

6ÔT
T =
= ôH
6 H c [(c +hT)/hT]
[(C + h,)/h,] =
= 46.3 (827 ++14200)714200
46.3 xX (827 49.0 49.0 kN
14200)/14200 kN

2"
2nd(vii)
(vii) Horizontal
Horizontal movement of Z2 due
movement of due to
to tie stretching,
stretching, ÔXT
SX,

Lateral displacement
displacement of
of the
the end of the tie:

sx, ôTx
ST X halfspan
halfspan =-
= ___________
= 49.Ox
49.0 X i03 x25000
lo3X25000
-_________________ =
ÔXT = 0.6
0.6 mm
ATE
ATE 1 4 4
144.Ox. 0 100
~ x205000
100x205000

e = + 4000Tan8°
= 800 + 4000Tan8 = 1362mm
= 1362Omm

e +hT
ôX1 = ÔXT
= 0.7 mm
hT

2'
2"d(viii)
( viii )Horizontal
Horizontal movement of ZZ due
movement of due to column
column bending, 6,, :

-
= 6HCC2(h,+ c)
ôHc2(h1 -
46.3 x lo3~ 8 2 7 ~ x ( 1 4 2 0++0827)=
C ) - 46.3x103x8272x(14200 827) = 1.0 mm
1.0 mm
+

3EIeff.cc
3EIeff 3 x205000 x 7724 1
x 205000 x77241

22nd(ix
( ix )) shortening from increased
Rafter shortening increased axial
axial strain:

6p~xsr
ÔPRXS
SS, = ______ =
ôSr 46.7X
103X25246
46.7X103X25246
- ________________
- = 0.4 mm
=
ARE
ARE 144.0~
144.Ox 100x205000
100x205000

2"* x ))
2'' (( rafter drop
Increased rafter drop d,
dA

ôX
SX, =
= ÔXZT + SX,, == 0.7 + 1.0
SX,, +ôX 1.0 =
= 1.7mm
1.7 mm

dA =
= ôX
S X , /Tan a'2
a2 ++ ôS /Sina'2
6S,/Sin 4 = 15.8 mm
= 15.8

145
145
 1
The Steel Job No: CDS 139 20 of 23 A
Page Rev
Construction Job
Job Title Portals
BS 5950Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject
[ob No: Second-order
CDS 139 WorkedWorked Example:
Example:
(Page 20 of 23 lRev A
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Tied Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344)623345
(01344) 623345

1
~

Fax: (01344)
(01344) 622944
E22944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
late 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS
Checked
Made
Date July 2001

2°c' xi)
2'ld (( xi ) Revisedrafter
rafterslope:
slope:

revised d2 =
revised d, 6, +
= ô1 A/Sin a,++dA
+ J/Sina', d, =119.3 + 1.5/Sin7.43°
= 119.3 + + 15.8
l.VSin7.43" + 15.8

=
= 119.3 + 9.8
119.3 + + 15.8
9.8 + 15.8 =
= 144.9mm
144.9 mm

Revisedrafter
slope
rafter a, =
slope a'2 = Sin-'
Sin-' [(2951 144.9)121206] =
[(2951 -- 144.9)/21206] = 7.605°
7.605"

2'
2"d(( xii )) revised d2
Check if revised /d, is less
d, /d2 less than
than 11.03
.03

revised d2
revised d, /d2
Id, =
= 144.9/142.8 =
= 1.01
1.01

The additional
additionalapex
apexdrop
drop was 1l %
% of
of previous
previous -- accept this value
accept this

Second-order axial
Second-orderaxial force inin rafters
force rafters =
= P,
P, + 6ôP
P, =
= P, + 46.7
P, + 46.7 kN
kN

2.5 Axial forces for

for the
the energy
energy calculation

The total of the axial loads

loads in the columns is not
columns is notaffected,
affected, so
so P,
P2 =
= P1
P , which is
taken as
as the
the mid-height
mid-height value
value calculated in 2.1 above.
above.

The axial
axial force
force in
in the
the rafters
rafters is the
the first-order
first-order force calculated
calculated in
in 2.
2. 1l above
above plus
plus
the second-order increase in
second-order increase in force,
force, ÔPR6 P R , from 2.4 above
above

LH col: P2 =
= 313 kN

LH rafter: P2 = + 46.7
= 940 + 46.7 =
= 987 kN

RH rafter:
rafter: P2 = + 46.7
= 940 + 46.7 =
= 987 kN

RH col: P2 = 314 kN
Pz =

L
146
146
 The Steel Job No:
'Job No: CDS 139
139 Page
IPage
21 of
21 of 23
23 fr"
Rev A
A
Construction
Construction Job Title
JobTitle BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
Institute
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Tied
Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01
(01344)
344) 622944
622944 Client DETR by CMK Date July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET WIS
Checked by
Made
Date
late July 2001
2001

2.6
2.6Second-order
Second-order Energy Summation

ox'
B.2.2
B.2.2
6x1

P
Oyl
Deflected
Deflected
position

Original
position
position

0y2

0x2

The
The energy summation
summation isis required
requiredto
to calculate
calculateA' MM following
following the methods in
B.2.2
B.2.2

147
147
 ~~,---
The Steel Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 22
Page 22
Page of
of 23 Rev A
Rev
Construction
Constructio Job Title BS 5950 Portals
BS
Institute
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
BerksBerks SL5
SL5 7QN Tied Portal Frame
Tied Portal Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 101344)
344) 623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944 Client DETR Made by
by CMK IDate
Date July 2001
July 2001
I I
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Made
Checked by WIS
Date July 2001

ofElement
evaluation
Element
for for evaluation of Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc'phi*s'd(phi)
AB aDAB Ca BC
BC Ca aD bc
cE Db
Db bc cE FE GF FE

X-AXIS
X-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
Deflections from the elastic
"elastic"frame
frame
dxa
dxa 0.0
00 351
35.1 47,5
47.5 929
929 75.9
759 75.9
759 1044
1044 0.0
00 112.1
112.1
dxb
dxb 35.1
35 1 47.5
47.5 92.9 75 9
75.9 75.9
75 9 104.4
104 4 1044
1044 1121
112 1 104.4
104.4
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 35.1
35.1 12.4
12.4 45.4 -16.9
-16.9 0.0
0.0 28.4
28.4 0.0
0.0 112.1
112.1 -7.7
-7.7
Deflections from the the plastic"
"plastic"frame
frame
From tranverse
tranverseloads
loadsononrafter
rafter
Sway
Sway of top topofofelastic column
elastic column
dxa
dxa 0.0
00 219.7
2197 232
232 11 232.1
232 1 232.1
232 1 232.1
232.1 232
232 11 0.0
00 219.77
219
dxb
dxb 2197
219 7 232.1
232 1 232
232 11 232.1
232 1 232
23211 232
232 11 232.1
232.1 219.7
219 7 232.11
232
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 219.7
219.7 12.4
12.4 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 219.7
219.7 12.4
12.4
Drop
Drop ofof mid-rafter
mid-rafter hinge
hinge
dxa
dxa 00
00 0.0 0.0
00 17,0
170 00
00 00
00 0.0
0.0 00
00 00
00
dxb
dx b 0.0
00 0.0 17.0
17.0 0.0
00 00
00 00
00 0.0
0.0 00
00 00
00
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb 0.0 0.0 17.0 -17.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
From
From horizontal
horizontalloads
loads
Sway
Sway
dxa
dxa 00
00 191
191 191
191 191
191 191
19.1 191
191 1 91
19.1 00
00 191
191
dxb
dxb 19 11
19 191
19.1 19.1
191 19.1
191 19.1
191 19.1
191 1 91
19.1 191
19.1 191
19.1
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb 19.1
19.1 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0_U 19.1
19.1 0.0
Drop ofofmid-rafter
mid-rafter hinge
hinge
dxa 0.0 00
00 00
00 0.5
0.5 0.0
00 00
00 0.0
00 00
00 0.0
0.0
dxb 00
00 00
00 05
05 00
00 0.0
00 00
00 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0
0.0
(dxb - dxa)
dxal 0.0 0.0 0.5
0.5 -0.5
-0.5 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(Total
[Total ofof(dxb - dxa) at collapse
(dxb-dxalatcollaose 312.9
312.9 63.8 101.4
101.4 5.1
5.1 39.0 67.4 389.9
39.0 43.71
389.9 43.71
Y-AXIS
Y-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Relative deflections
deflectionsfrom
fromapexapexdrop
drop
dya 00
00 00
00 00
00 803
803 1449
144 9 142.0
142.0 207
207 00
00 00
00
dyb
dYb0 0 00
00 00 80.3 144.9
144.9 1420
142 0 20.7 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0
0.0
(dyb -- dya)
dya) 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 80.3 64.5 -2.9
-2.9 -121.3 -20.7
-20.7 0.0 0.0
Deflections from
from the
the 'elastic'
"elastic"frame
frame
Drop of ofmid-rafter
mid-rafter hinge
hinge
dxa
dxa 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0
0.0 221.6 00
00 0.0 0.0
0.0 00
00 00
00
dxb
dxb 0.0
0.0 0.0 221.6 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0 0.0 00
00 0.0
0.0
(dxb - dxa)
(dxb dxa) 0.0 0.0
0.0 221.6 -221.6 00
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Deflections from
from the
the"plastic"
"plastic"frame
frame
Drop of mid-rafter
mid-rafter hinge
hingefromfromtransverse
transverseloads on on
loads rafter
rafter
dxa
dxa 0.0
0.0 0.0
00 0.0
0.0 120.9
120.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 00
00
dxb
dxb 00
00 0.0
00 120.9
120.9 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 00
00
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 0.0 0.0
0.0 120.9
120.9 -120.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
Drop of ofmid-rafter
mid-rafterhinge
hingefrom sway
from loads
sway loads
dxa 0.0 0.0
0.0 00
00 3.7 00
00 0.0 0.0
00 0.0 0.0
dxb 0.0 0.0
0.0 3.7
3.7 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 3.7
3.7 -3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
Totals ofof(dyb
[Totals (dyb-- dya) at
atcollapse
collapse 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 426.6 -281.7 -2.9
-2.9 -121.3 -20.7 0.0 0.01
0.01
SHORTENING
SHORTENING
psi (angle
psi (anglefrom X axls)
X axis) 90.0
90.0 90.0 8.0
8.0 80
80 -8.0 -8.0
-8.0 -8.0
-8.0 900
900 90.0
90.0
[(dxb -- dxa)
L(dxb dxa) at
at collapse]'Sin(ps~)
collapse]Sin(psi) 312.9 63.8 14.1
14.1 0.7
07 -5.4 -9.4
-9.4 -5.4
-5.4 389.9
389.9 43.7
437
[(dyb dya) at
[(dyb - dya) at collapse]*Cos(psi)
collapse]'Cos(psi) 00
00 0.0
0.0 422.4 -278.9
-278.9 -2.8 -1202
-120 2 -20.5
-20.5 00
00 00
00
phi S at collapse
Dhl * sat collaDse 312.9
3129 63.8
63.8 436.5 -278.2 -8.3 -129.5 -25.9
-25.9 389.9
389.9 43,7
43.7
Incremental
Incrementalrotnrotn== d(phi)
d(phi) from
frommechanism
mechanlsm 1.000
1.000 1.000
1.000 1.000
1.000 0.218 0.218 0.174
0.174 1 000
1000 1.000
1.000 1.000
1.000
(Shortening == phi*s*d(phi)
IShortening phi's'd(phi) (modulus)
(modulus) 312.9 63.8
63.8 436.5 60.7
60.7 1.8 22.6 25.9 389.9
389.9 43-71
43.71
AXIAL
AXIAL FORCES
FORCES
Pcforcolumns
columns
for
rafters
andPc and rafters at
at ULS
ULS 313.0
313.0 313.0 939.5
939.5 939.5
939.5
939
939.5 939.5 939.55 939.5
314.0
314.0 314.0 314.0
Second-order
Second-orderincrease in in
increase rafter axialaxial
rafter 46.7 46.7
46.7 46.7
46.7 46.7
46.7 46.7
DesignAxial
Design Axlal 3130
313 0 313.0
313.0
986.2 986.2 986.2
986.2
986.2 986.2 986.2 986.2
986.2 3140
3140 314.0
314.0
energyenergy == Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
llncremental
llncremental Pc*phi*s'd(phi) 97.9
97.9 20.0
20.0 430.5
430.5 59.8
59.8 1.8
1.8 22.3 25.5 122.4
122.4 13.71
13.71 Sum = 794
WORK
WORK DONEDONEIN INROTATING
ROTATINGHINGES
HINGES
Element
d(phi)
for evaluating
evaluating
Mpr Mpr d(phi) Ca BC AB
AB BC Ca cE aDbc
aD Db
Db bc cE GF
GF FE
MprA
MprA 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0
00 869.2
869.2 00
00
869.2 869.2 869.2 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
MprB
MprB 0.0 00
00 8692
869 2 00
869.2
00 8692
869 2 869.2 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
MprA + MprB
MprA 0.0 869.20.0
1738.4
869.2
869.2 869.2
869.2 869.2 1738.4 869.2 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
Incremental
rotn rotn == d(phi)
Incremental from from mechanism
d(phi)
mechanism 1.000
1.000
1.000
0.218
0.218 1.000
1.000 1.000 0.218 0.218 0.174
1.000
0.174 1.000 1.000
1.000 11000
000
Mpr*d(phi)
IMpr*d(phi) 0.0 0.0 869.2 189.5
189.5 189.5
189.5 302.8
302.8 869.2
869.2 0.0 0.01
0.01 Sum
Sum == 2420
2420
Factor
Factor on
onlambda_p
lambda-p 00 672
672
lambda
lambda pp from
fromfirst-order
first-orderanalysis
analysis 2.280
2.280
lambda_M
lambda-M I 1.532
1.532,

148
148
 I
The Steel Job No: CDS 139 23 of 23 Rev A
IPage
Construction
Institute
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Telephone:
Fax:
Ascot, Berks
(01344)
Telephone: (01
Fax: (01344)
S%..--
Berks 5L5
344) 623345
(01344) 622944
622944
623345
SL5 7QN
7QN
Job Title
Title

l Subject
Subject
o b No:
BS 5950 Portals
BS 5950
CDS 139
Second-order
Tied Portal Frame
Frame
lPage
Second-order Worked Example:
23 of 23 lRev A

Client DETR Made by

IMade by CMK Date
late 2001
July 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
)ate 2001
July 2001
tCcked by

2.6
2.6 Load
Load factor
factorat
atfailure,
failure,AM
A,, B.7

EP2çbsdq5 =794q
2Mdb = 2420 4
=2420q5

'M =

AM = 2.280
2.280 -1l + ( 794
+ (
11

1,,2420
4
4'5

4
2420 q5
l] =
= 2.280x0.672
2.280X0.672 =
= 1.532
1.532

/lM >
AM > 1.0, so
so the
the frame
frame has
has passed
passed the
the check
check for
for in-plane
in-plane stability.
stability.

149
149
150
1 50
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page 1
1 of
of 22
22 Rev
fra9e Rev
Construction JobTitle
Title BS 5950Portals
Portals
Institute
Subject Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
Stlwood
Silwood Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: (01344) 623345
344) 623345 -
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01 622944
344)622944 Client DETR by Made by CMK Date May 2001
May
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET WIS 2001
Checked
Checked by
Made
Date
Date
Date July 2001 -
1.
1. INPUTFROM
FROM FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS
FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS

calculations have
The calculations have been
been carried
carriedout
outusing
usingspreadsheet
spreadsheetsoftware.
software.The
The
numerical values
values presented
presentedbelow
below are
are the
the values
values from
from the
the spreadsheet
spreadsheet rounded
rounded
to a suitable number
number of significant
significant figures.

11.1
.1 General
General Arrangement
Arrangement

000 15000 15000 15000

6'
O
4 5 7 x 1 9 1 ~ 6 7UB 4 5 7 x 1 9 1 ~ 6 7UB

1 3
"
3
0

9400
I-
' 2
N
0
9350

NOmlnalIy pnned

-1-

Sprn
Span 11 Spar
Span 2
2

Angle of rafters: a1 =
a, = a2 =
a2 6"
= 6°

Span = 30 m
Span = m

30
Developed length of
Developedlength of rafter = -=
rafter = - 30.165
30.165mm
cos 66"

Height of column from base

column from base to
toNeutral
NeutralAxis
Axisofofrafter
rafter =
= 10.0 m

-
151
151
 The Steel Job No: CDS 139 Page 2 of 22
Rev
Construction Job
Job Title BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Sublect
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Example:
Stlwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
70N Two-span
Two-span Portal
Portal Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(01344) 623345
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client DETR by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
Made July

1.2 Loading
Loading

NHF NHF NHF

zz? mm 7?n?

spacing
Frame spacing =
=6 m

Dead =
= 0.100
0.100 xx 6.000
6.000 x 1.4
1.4 = kN/m
= 0.840 along slope
kN/m along slope
Service =
= 0.150 x 6.000 1.4
0.150 X 6.000 x 1.4 = 1.260
on on plan
= 1.260 plan
Imposed =
= 0.600
0.600 Xx 6.000 x 1.6
6.000 X 1.6 =
= 5.760
on on plan
plan
Self Weight =
= 80 x 102
80 X lo-* x
X 1.000
1.000 Xx 1.4
1.4 =
= 1.120
1.120 along slope
along slope

30
DevelopedLength
Length of Rafters =
= =
= 30.165
30.165
cos 6°
6"

Notional
Notional Horizontal Force
Force Cl 2.4.2.4.

0.5%
0.5% factored
factored load
load on span
span

=
= 0.5%
0.5% x
X 2
2 xX[30.165 (0.84 ++ 1.12)
[30.165 xX (0.84 1.12) ++ 30 (1.26 ++5.76)]
30 xX (1.26 5.76)]

=
= 0.005
0.005 xX22xX[59.1 + 210.6]
[59.1 + 210.61 =2.7 kN
kN

1152
52
 The Steel Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Page 33 of
of 22
22 Rev
IPage Rev
Construction Job Title
Title BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal Frame
Telephone:
Telephone: 101344)
(01344) 623345
623345 ~ ~

Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
Client DETR bv IMade
IMade by CMK Date
late May 2001
May 2001
~

CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS
WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
Checked July

~ 1 .3 Plastic Hinge Incremental

1.3 IncrementalRotations
Rotations

The values of incremental

incremental rotation the hinges are taken from the first-order
rotation of the first-order
collapse mechanism (determined
(determined elsewhere).
elsewhere).These
These areare the
the incremental
incremental
rotations
rotations as used
used to calculate the collapse
collapse factor
factor of the
the frame using the classic
classic
Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic (Virtual Work) method.
method.

The second-order analysis

analysis uses
uses the
the relative
relative magnitude
magnitude of the
the instantaneous
instantaneous
rotations, so
so the
the absolute
absolute magnitude
magnitude of each rotation does not affect the
calculations.
calculations.

Where the analysis

analysis has been performed
performed by methods otherother than the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
method (e.g.
(e .g. by
by the Semi-Graphical
Semi-Graphical method), the the incremental
incremental rotations be
rotations can be
deduced
deduced from thethe geometry
geometry of
ofthe
the frame
frame and
andthe
theposition
positionofofthe
thehinges.
hinges. It is
not necessary
necessary to repeat
repeat the
the calculation
calculation of the
the collapse factor by the
Rigid-Plastic method.
Rigid-Plastic

Failure Mechanism
Mechanism

The mechanism
mechanism will have
have two instantaneous centres of
instantaneous centres of rotation,
rotation, as
as shown
shown
below (locations
(locations of
of hinges
hinges determined
determined from analysis).
analysis).

I
/ \
/
\
/
\
,,;12
12
\
,,,
\ , I
I

B ,, G
/
/ \
/ \
/ \
/

,,
/ \
/ \
/
\
H
7 h

1153
53
 The Steel
Steel Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page
Pae 4
4 of
of 22
22 Rev

Construction Job Title

Title BS 5950Portals
Portals
Institute
Institute
Subject Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
PortalFrame
Frame
Telephone: 101
Telephone: (01344)
344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
522944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
late May 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
Made

Node Locations (coordinates)

(coordinates)

Pt A-- (0.0,
Pt A (0.0, 0.0)
0.0) =
= (0.0,
(0.0, 0.0)

Pt B -(0.0,
PtB (0.0,10.0)
10.0) = (0.0, 10.0)
= (0.0,

C - (15.0,
Pt C-. (10.0 ++15.OTan6})
(15.0, {10.0 15.OTan6)) = 11.577)
= (15.0, 11.577)

Pt D - (30.0,
PtD- 10.0)
(30.0,10.0) = 10.0)
= (30.0, 10.0)

-
Pt EE -. (30.0, 0.0) =
= (30.0, 0.0)

-
Pt F - ({30.0+15.0},
((30.0+ 15.01, (10.0 +15.OTan6})
{10.0 + 15.OTan6)) = (45.0,11.577)
11.577)

Pt
PtG- (60.0,10.0)
G - (60.0, 10.0) =
= (60.0,10.0)
10.0)
Pt H
Pt H-- (60.0,
(60.0, 0.0)
0.0) =
= (60.0, 0.0)

-
Pt a -. (10.9llCos6,
(10.911Cos6, {10.0 +
(10.0 + 10.9llSin6})
10.911Sin6)) =
= (10.851,11.141)
11.141)
-
Pt b -. ({30.0-2.993Cos6},
((30.0-2.993Cos6}, (10.0 + 2.993Sin6})
{10.0 + 2.993Sin6)) =
= (27.023,10.313)
10.313)
-
Pt c -. ({60.0-
((60.0- 10.91
10.911Cos6}, {10.0++ 10.9llSin6})
lCos6},(10.0 10.911Sin6)) = (49.149,11.141)
= (49.149, 11.141)
-
Pt dd9.400)
- (60.0, 9.400) =
9.400)
= (60.0, 9.400)

Find Centre of Rotation

Rotation I1
I,

XE -- XA - 30.0 - 0.0
K , == - = 23.759 m
= 23.759
(dx
( dY)Aa - (
(dX'l
%)Eb
dY)Eb (G)
11.141) - (
10.851 - ( 30-27.023
( 10.851' 30-27.023
10.313
10.313 )
X = x, ++
x,,=X A
( z)Aa
[dY)A x
>< = 0.0+(0.97397~23.760)
= 0.0+(0.97397x23.760) =
= 23.142 m

PtI1- -
Pt I, (23.142,
(23.142, 23.759)
23.759)

Find Centre
Centre of
of Rotation
Rotation12
I,
XH -- XE
xE - 60.0
= 60.0 - 30.0
- 30.0 m
17.454 m
= 17.454
=
K 2 =
(dx (dx (1.719)
(1.719) -- (0.0)
(0.0)
k dY)EC ( dY)Hd

X,, =
X12 (obvious by
= 60.0 (obvious inspection)
by inspection)

Pt 12
Pt -
I, -. (17.454, 60.0)
60.0)

154
 1
The Steel Job No: CDS 139 Page 5 of 22
Rev
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title
Title 5950 Portals
BS 5950
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Subject
IJob No: Second-order
CDS 139
Two-span
WorkedExample:
Example:
Portal Frame
Two-span Portal
Page 5I of 22 lRev

Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344)623345
623345
Fax: 101344) 622944
(01344)622944
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I by
Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001

Hinge Rotations

Taking the instantaneous rotation about

instantaneous rotation about AA as
as 8
0

6, = Ox
ex - K =
= Ox
e x 11.141
11. 141
= 0.883 e
= 0.883 8
r l l a'- 23.759
23.759
—
-
11.141
11.141

BE =
= &
IIb
Y,,
e,, xx - b'-
=
= 0.8830
0 . 8 8 3 ~X
23.759 —
x 23.759 10.313
- 10.313
=
= 1.151 0
1.151 6
Yb 10.313
10.313

x yc 11. 141
012
= °E = 1.1518 x
Y12-Yc 17.454 — 11.141

= 1.151 Ox 1.765 = 2.0310

8eH= 0e,,- xx - ?2-'d

= 2.0310x
2.0318 X
17.4549.400
17.454 - 9.400
H =
d' 9.400

= 2.031 8 x 0.857 = 1.740 0

.4 Axial
11.4 Axial forces
forces at
at ULS
ULS from
from first-order plastic analysis
first-order plastic analysis

Span 11
Span

LH column: at base
base = 131.9 kN,at at haunch
=131.9 = 122.3 kN
= 122.3

LH rafter: at column
column = 59.8 kN, at apex =
= 46.0
46.0 kN

RH rafter:
rafter: at column
column =
= 62.0
62.0 kN, at
apex
apex =
= 48.2
48.2 kN

RH column:
column: at base
base ==291.5
29 1.5 kN, at at haunch =
= 283.3 kN

Span 2
LH rafter:
rafter: at column =
= 62.0
62.0 kN,at at apex =
= 48.3 kN

RH rafter:
rafter: at column =
= 60.1
60.1 kN,at at apex =
= 46.3 kN

RH column: at base
base =
= 132.8
132.8 kN, at haunch =
= 122.6 kN
122.6

155
 The Steel Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Page
IPage
66 ofof 22
22 Rev

Construction
Construction Job Title
Job Title Portals
BS
BS 5950 Portals
5950
Institute
Subject Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5 70N
SL5 7QN Two-span Portal Frame
Two-span Portal
Telephone:
Telephone: ((01344)
01344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
)ate May
2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
Checked by WIS Date
late July 2001
July 2001

1.5
1.5 Reduced Plastic Moments at ULS
Reduced Plastic ULS from first-order analysis
analysis

Use the reduced

reduced moment capacity
capacity for the sections to account for
for the co-existent
co-existent
axial force,
force,calculated
calculated in
in accordance
accordance with BS
BS 5950-1 :2000,Annex
5950-1:2000, Annex1.2.
1.2.These
These
may be taken from
from section
section tables.

Mrx = p Srx 1.2 p Z,, Cl 4.2.5

For the
the axial
axial forces in
in this
this frame
frame under this
this load
load case

rafters(457xx 191
Mprrafters(457 191 x 67
67 UB)
UB) =
= 404 kNm

Mpr external
M,,, external columns
columns 191xx74
(457 (457X x191 74UB)
UB) =
= 454kNm
kNm

.6 Load
11.6 Load factor at
at formation
formation of the
the first
first hinge,
hinge, A,
A,

From the frame analysis output,

frame analysis output, the load factor at the formation of the
formation of the first
is:
hinge is:

1,=
= 0.957

.7 Plastic
11.7 Plastic collapse
collapse A,,
factor, A.

From the frame analysis,

analysis, the
the plastic
plastic collapse factor
factor calculated
calculated by
by first-order
first-order
analysis is:

/l,== 1.122

1.8
1.8 Member inertias, I,I,

External columns:
columns: 191 x 74
457x 191 74 UB:
UB: I, = cm4
= 33320 cm4

Rafters: 191 x 67
457x 191 67 UB:
UB: I,
Zx = cm4
= 29380 cm4

Internal column:
203 203x203
x203 Xx 60
60 UC: I,
UC: = 6125
= 6125
cm4
cm4

156
156
 The Steel
Construction
Job No:
No:

Job Title
CDS 139
139
BS 5950 Portals
Page
IPage
7 of 22
'"
Rev

Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
70N Two-span Portal Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(01344) 623345 -
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET WIS 2001
- Checked by
Made
by Date
)ate July 2001 -
11.9
.9 Deflections of frame at A1 (formationof
A, (formation of the
the first
first hinge)
hinge)
The following
following deflections are from
deflections are from the first order
order frame
frame analysis output.
output,

S,,
ÔXB = -33.0mm
-33.0 mm S,, =
ÔYB
= 0.6 mm

S,, =
= -- 8.8
8.8 mm S,, =
= 234.7 mm

S,,
ÔXD = 15.3 mm
15.3 S,, =
ÔYD = 1.7mm
1.7 mm

S,,
ôxF =
= 38.3 mm S,, =
ôyF = 224.6
224.6 mm

S,,
ôxG = 61.4 mm S,,
ôyG =
= 0.6
0.6 mm

2.
2. SECOND-ORDER
SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS

2.1 Axial
Axialforces
forcesin
inmembers
members

Use the average axial forces in the members, from

from first order analysis

span 11
Span
LHcol:
col: mid-height PuLs
take mid-height ULS =
= (131.9 + 122.3)/2
122.3)/2 =
= 127.1 kN
127.1

LHrafter:
rafter: take mid-length
mid-length P,,,
ULS = + 46.0)/2
= (59.8 + 46.0)/2 =
= 52.9 kN

RH rafter:
rafter: take mid-length P,,Ls
take mid-length ULS = = (62.0 +
-t- 48.2)/2 =
= 55.1 kN

RH col: take JLS =

= (291.5
mid-height PLILS
take mid-height (291.5 +283.3)/2
+283.3)/2 =
= 287.4 kN

Span 2
LI-I rafter:
LHrafter: JLS =
= (62.0
mid-length PLILs
take mid-length
take + 48.3)/2
(62.0 + 48.3)/2 =
= 55.2 kN

RI-I
RH rafter: mid-length PLILS
take mid-length ULS = + 46.3)12
(60.1 +
= (60.1 46.3)/2 =
= 53.2 kN

RH
RH col: mid-height PuLs
take mid-height = (132.8+122.6)/2
ULS = + 122.6)/2 = 127.7 kN
= 127.7

-
1157
57
 I
The Steel Job No: CDS 139
Page
8 of 22 Rev
Construction Job Title
Job Portals
BS 5950Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject
[ob No: Second-order
Second-order
CDS 139 Worked Example:
lPage 8 of 22 lRev
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot,Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
70N Two-span
Two-span Portal Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(01344) 623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
l Checked by
Made
WIS Date
)ate July 2001
July 2001

2.2 Bending Deflections

Deflections of
of the
the "elastic" frame
frame

2.2.1
2.2.1 Stiffness
Stiffnessreduction
reduction factors
factors allowing
allowing for
for P.O effects
P.6 effects A.3.2

Columns

The stiffness
stiffness of
of each
each external column
column differs
differsfrom
from the
the stiffness
stiffness of the
the internal
internal
column.Therefore
Therefore thethereduction
reduction in
in frame
frame stiffness
stiffness is
is calculated from the
calculated from the sum
sum
of the
the ULS
ULS loads
loads in the columns
in the and the sum of the critical
columns and critical loads of the
columns.

Sum of
of load
load in
incolumns, W,,, = 127.1
columns,EPULs + 287.4
127.1 + + 127.7
287.4 + 127.7 =
= 542.2 kN

External columns:
columns: =
= 33320
4Z, 33320
cm4cm4 A.3.2
h=
h = 10000 mm
Nominal pinned bases a=
a = 1.7
1.7 A.2.4

cr
P,, = 7~'EZ/(ah)~=
= rc2EII(ah)2 7 ~ ~ x 2 0 5 0 0x 033320 X 10'41 .7 x 10000)' =
= m2x205000x33320x104/(1.7x10000)2 2333 kN
= 2333

Internal column: 4Z, = 6125

cm4cm4
= 6125
hh == 10000 mm
10000mm
Nominally pinnedbases
Nominally pinned basesaa =
= 1.7

cr
P,, = 7 ~ ~ E Z / ( a h=
= it2EI/(ah)2 n2X205000~6125X
) ~7t2X205000x6125
= X 104/(1
.7 X 10000)2
10'V(1.7x = 429 kN
10000)2 =

Sum of load in columns,

columns, EP
2 P cr
,T = 2333 + 429 ++2333
2333 + 2333 =
= 5094 kN

(1
(1 —- EPULS
EPULs /p)
/I$,,) =
= (1 - 542.2/5094) == (1(1 -
- - 0.147) =
= 0.894

1/(1 — .CPU,, 'Pcr)

- EPULS /Qcr) = 1.119
= 1.119

Rafters A3.2

span 11
Span

Average PuLs = (52.9 ++55.1)12

Average ULS 55.1)/2 =
= 54.0 kN

I,
I,, =
= 29380 cm4, = 30165mm, a
cm', LL = a= 1.0
= 1.0

Pcr
PCr = TC'EZ/(~L)~
= 'TC2EI/(aL)2 =
= 1t2X205000x29380x
7 ~ ~ x 2 0 5 0 0 0 ~ 2 9 3 81041(1.Ox
0 ~ 1 0 ' / (30165)2
1 . 0 ~ 3 0=
=1 6653
653
5 ) ~kN

Reduction factor
factor is given by:

(1-PULS 54.01653)
/P,,) ==(1(1—- 54.0/653)
( 1 - P " L S "cr) (1 —
(1 0.083) = 0.917
- 0.083)

1158
58
 The Steel Job No: CDS 139 Pae 9 of 22
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 70N
7QN Two-span Portal
PortalFrame
Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344)623345
(01344) 623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
Client
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
late May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET by Checked by
Checked WIS
WIS Date July 2001
Made
late July

span 22
Span

Average PLILS
Average ULS == (55.2 + 53.2)72
53.2)/2 =
= 54.2 kN

Z, = 29380 cm4,
= cm4, L L == 30165mm, aa == 1.0
cr
PCr = TC*EZ/(~L)~
rt2EI/(aL)2 =
= = 653 kN
~ ~ ~ ~ 2 0 5 0 0 0 ~ 2 9104/(1.0~30165)2
380X
= rc2x205000x29380x104/(1.0x30165)2 =

Reduction
Reduction factor
factor isis given
given by:

(1-PLJLS /Pcr)
('—PtJLs /1cr) = (1
= (1 —
- 54.2/653) = (1
= (1 —
- 0.083) =
= 0.917

2.2.2 Second
2.2.2 order magnification
Second order magnification factors
factors

notional sway deflection is calculated

The notional from the sum of the stiffnesses
calculated from K for
stiffnesses K
each of the
the column and rafter pairs:
pairs:

Sway stiffness from

from column
column and
andrafter
rafterstiffness
stiffness

- - 1

Sh h3 D.2.5
+
3EIeffR 3E1

LH Rafter and
and Column
Column

4ff,R = 'R (1
Ieff, R = (1 - P1cr)
/Pcr) == 29380(1
29380 (1 —
- 54/653) = 26951
= 26951

Zeff.c =
'eff.c Z, (1
= Ic P/Pcr)
(1—- P/Pcr) == 33320 (1(1— - 127.1/2333)
127.1/2333) =
= 31505

Sh2
S/i2
- - 30 165 x ( 1OOOO)*
30165x(10000)2
= = 0.01820
x 205000 x 2695 l X
3Eleff,R 3 3x205000x26951
3EIeffR x lo4
iO

- -h3
h3 =
______ i00003
10000~
- __________________ ==0.00516
0.00516
3EIeffC
3E& 3x205000x31505x iO
3 X 205000 X 3 1505X lo4

1
1
K
K SSubi
ubl
=
= =42.8NImm
= 42.8 N/mm
0.01820
0.01820 ++ 0.00516
0.00516

RH Rafter and Column

'eff, R = 'R (1 -/P) = 29380 (1 - 54.2/653) =

= 26944

I
Zeff,c = I, (1
'eff.c (l - P/Pcr) =
PIPcr) 33320 (1
= 33320 -- 122.6/2333)
122.612333) =
= 31496

159
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page
Page 10
10 of
of 22
22 Rev
Rev
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title 5950 Portals
BS 5950
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot,Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span
Two-span Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 3 4 4 ) 623345
623345
Fax: (01
(01344)
3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I by
Checked
Made
by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001

Sh2
Sh2 30 165 x (10000)2
30165x(10000)2
-
==
~~
0.01820
3Eleff,R 3 3 XX 205000
3EIeffR 26944XXIlo4
205000 XX 26944

h3
_____ 10000~
h 3 =-__________________
___________________ ==0.00516
~~

0.00516
3EI,ff,c
3EICff c 3 x 205000 x 3 1496 xi04
x205000x31496x IO4

I1
K Sub2
KSuh2
=
=
=42.8N/mm
= 42.8N/mm
0.01820 ++ 0.00516

Sway stiffness
stiffness from
from nominal basefixity
nominal base fixity

K=!= b
1

D.4
5/i3 +
h3
3EJe

1
1
K
Khbext
ext
=
= =23.9N/mm
= 23.9 N/mm
(0.0366 ++ 0.00516)

Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness

'K =
= K Subi
Sub I +
+KbCXI K Sub 2 +
+ KSUb2
Kb ext + + KbCXt
K h ex1

'K = 42.8 +
= 42.8 23.9 +
+ 23.9 + 42.8 +23.9 ==133.5
42.8+23.9 133.5 N/mm

H
H = 0.005 x [sum
[sumofof column
= column reactions]
reactions] = 0.005 x
X [542.2] = 2.711
X [542.2] 2.711 kN = =

ô' =—=
H 2.711x1000
=20.31mm
EK 133.5

h
h -=- 10000
10000
A =
cr1 =
Jcr, =2.5
= 2.5
x 20.31
~

200 c5"2
200ô2 200x20.31
200

magnification
Sway mode magnification

[&]
1
Acr1
Acr1
=
= 1.7
1.7

2.2.3 Deflection
2.2.3 Deflection calculations
calculations A.3.4

Sway deflections D.2.3

The first-order
The first-order sway deflection ôX, isis calculated
sway deflection m,,
calculated from the sum
from the of the
sum of the

1 60
160
 The Steel
Steel
Construction
Construction
Job
Job No:

Title Job
No:

Job Title
CDS 139
139
BS 5950
BS 5950 Portals
Portals
Page
Pae 11 of
11 of 22
22
'''
Rev

Institute
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344)623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944 Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
2001
Made
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS Date
)ate July 2001

stiffnesses K for
stiffnesses K for each
each of
of the
the column
colunm andand rafter
rafter pairs.
pairs. (The
(The base
base stiffness
stiffness of
of
nominally pinned
pinned bases
bases is not included because this is not aa stability
stability
calculation like the
calculation like the calculation
calculationof of A,,).
'cr)

K=-=
ô
1

Sh h3

Sub Frame
Sub Frame 11 (Elastic)
(Elastic)

Sh2
-Sh2
- =- 30165
30165x(10000)2
X (1OOOO)* == 0.01669
3EIR
3EIR 3 X 205000 X 29380 X i04
3x205000x29380x lo4

- h3
____ 10000~ i'
h-3 =- ____________________ == 0.00488
0.00488
3 ~ 4 3x205000x33320x
3EI 3 X 205000 X 33320 X i04
104

11
KSubi
KSubl
=
=
=46.4N/mm
= 46.4 N/mm
0.01669
0.01669 ++ 0.00488
0.00488

Sub Frame
Frame 22 (Elastic)
(Elastic)

As Sub
Sub frame 11

1
1
KSub2
=
= N/mm
= 46.4
=46.4N/mm
KSubZ
0.01669 -+ 0.00488

Total Frame
Total Frame Stiffness
Stiffness

= K Sub I ++Ks5b2
= KsUbi K Sub 2

ZK =
= 46.4
46.4 + 46.4 = 92.7 N/mm
46.4 =

First-order
First-ordersway
sway deflection
deflection

OXiS =—=
21H
A ~ H - 0.957X2.711XlOOO
0.957x2.711x1000 = 27.99 mm
=27.99mm
2K1 92.7
92.7

Acr2 Acr1 A.3.4

A.3.4
ox2 = (OX 1
—OX ) ><
is — 1
+ oxis x — 1
2cr2 'cr1

Acr2
Ôy=Ôy x 1
'cr2 — 1

161
161
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page 12 of
12 22 Rev
Pae Rev
Construction Job Title
JobTitle BS 5950 Portals
Institute //
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portal Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(013441
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client DETR byMade by CMK Date
)ate 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked
Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
Made July

Values S X , and
Values of oX1 and SY,
O)"are
aretaken
takenfrom
from first
first order
order analysis
analysis (See
(See Sheet
Sheet7).
7).

S,, =
0XB (-33.0 -- 27.99)
= (-33.0 27.99) x
X 1.12 + 27.99
1.12 + 27.99 xx 1.7 =-21.1 mm
1.7=-21.1 mm
= 0.6 x
S,, = X 1.12
1.12 = = 0.7mm
0.7mm

S,, (-8.8 -
== (—8.8 - 27.99) X 1.12++ 27.99
X 1.12 27.99Xx1.7
1.7 == 6.0 mm
S,, == 234.7
0yC 234.7 xl.12
X 1.12 =
= 262.7mm
262.7mm

S,, = (15.3 -- 27.99) x

= (15.3 X 1.12 + 27.99
1.12 + 27.99 x
X 1.7
1.7 =
= 32.9 mm
D
S,, =1.7x1.12
= 1.7 X 1.12 =1.9mm
= 1.9
mm

S,, == (38.3 -- 27.99) xX 1.12 + 27.99

1.12 + 27.99 x
X 1.7
1.7 =
= 58.7mm
58.7 mm
°yF
S,, == 224.6 x X 1.12
1.12 == 251.4mm
251.4mm

S,, =(61.4 - 27.99) X

= (61.4 - 1.12 +
X 1.12 + 27.99 x 1.7
27.99 X 1.7 =
= 84.5mm
84.5 mm
S,,
°yG =0.6
= 0.6 x
X 1.12
1.12 =
= 0.7mm
0.7 mm

2.3
2.3 Bending deflections
deflections of
of the
the “plastic”
"plastic" frame
frame A.4
A.14

2.3.1
2 . 3 . 1 Stiffness reduction factors
factors to
to allow
allow for P.o effects
P.5 effects

Columns: as the
the "elastic"
“elastic” frame
frame

External Column
Column RHS
RHS (1 -- ULS
EPuLs/EPcr) =
= 0.946

Internal Column EPuLs/Pcr)

(1 -- ULS /Wcr) =
= 0.330

External Column LHS

Column (1 -- ULS
EPuLs/EPcr)
/ W c r ) = 0.945

Rafters: as the
the "elastic" frame, because
“elastic”frame, usedusedaa =
becausethat
that = 1.0

Span 1:
1: (l-PuLs/Pcr) ==0.917
(1—uLs 0.917

Span
2: 2: (l-PULS /I') == 0.917
(l-PuLs /Pc,)

2.3.2 Second Order

2.3.2 Order Magnification Factor

Sway mode magnification factor

notional sway deflection

The notional deflection is calculated
calculated from
from the
the sum of the stiffnesses K
the stiffnesses K of
of
the rafter and
and column
columnpairs between plastic
pairs between plastic hinges
hinges and
and the
thebase
base stiffness
stiffnessofof
each column.

62
1162
 The Steel
Construction
Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page
IPa9e
13 of
13 22
I''
Rev

Job Title BS 5950 Portals

Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QNJ
7QN Frame
Two-span Portal Frame
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344)623345
(01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client DETR Made by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked
Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
Made July

Sway stiffness column and rafter

stiffness from colunm rafter stiffness.
stiffness.

1
K2 -
5h2 h3 D.3.5
+
3EIeffR 3EIeff c

Sub Frame 1:
1: LH
LH Column
Column and Rafter Span
Span 11

Sh2 =-
- -
x ( 10000)2
30165 x(10000)2 0.01820
= 0.01820
3E1eff.R
3EIeffR 3 X
X 205000
205000 X 2695
269511 X i04
lo4

h3
h3 =
______ - 10000~
iOOOo
__________________ == 0.00516
~- 0.005 16
3E1eff,c
3EICff C X 205000 X 3 1505 X io
3 3x205000x31505x lo4

11
K sub
Ksub 11 =
= =42.8N/mm
= 42.8 N/mm
0.01820 + 0.00516

Sub Frame 2: Internal

Internal Column and Rafter Span 2

- -
Sh2
S/i2 -
= 30165 X(lOOOO)*
30165x(10000)2 == 0.01820
3E1eff.R
3EIeffR 3X205000X26944x io
3 X 205000 X 26944 X lo4

- -h3
h3 =- 10000
10000~ == 0.0805
EI
33 E',,,., x 205000 X
3X x 2020 Xx lo4
i04

11
K sub 2
Ksub
=
= . =
= 10.1 N/mm
10.1N/mm
0.01820 ++ 0.0805

Nominal Base fixity

fixity

H 1
Kb--_ 5/i3 +
D.4
3EICIf

External Column
Column
11
K
K bext
b ext
=
=
=22.8N/mm
= 22.8 N/mm
(0.0387 + 0.00516)

1163
63
 I
The Steel Job No: CDS 139 14 of 22
Pae
Construction Title Job
Job Title BS 5950
BS 5950 Portals
Portals
Institute
Subject
IJob No: CDS 139 Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
IPage 14 of 22 lRev
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5 ]QN
Berks SL5 7QN Two-span Portal
Portal Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Checked
Made
WIS Date
)ate July 2001
July 2001

Internal
Internal Column
Column

K.
Kbb == int
rn
1
=1.5N/mm
= 1.5N/mm
(0.2106 0.0805)
(0.2106 + 0.0805)
+

Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness

CK =
= K sub I +
K sub + Kb ex1 +
K b ext + KK sub
sub 2
2 ++ Kb
Kb ml +Kb
int + Kb ext
ext

CK =
= 42.8 + 22.8
42.8 + 22.8 + 10.1
10.1 + 1.5 + 22.8
+1.5 22.8 =
= 100.0N/mm
N/mm

ôd,,pfl =—=
EH
CH
= -
-
-
2.711x1000
2.711 x1000 =27.1mm
= 27.1 mm
D.3.5
K2
ZK2 110.0
110.0

h = 10000
A
crp
= =1.84
2OOo 200x27.1
Sway mode magnification factor
mode magnification

I&]
Acrpl
2.3.3
A
crp =
= 2.185
2.185

Deflections ofthe
Deflections of the “plastic”
"plastic" framefrom
from gravity
gravity loads
loads

Loads

The loads applied to the

applied to the “plastic”
"plastic"frame
frame =
= (4
(Ap—- A1)(loads
A,)(loads at ULS)
ULS)

A, and A1
A,are
aretaken
taken from
from the
the first
first order
order plastic
plastic analysis
analysis

(Ap —- A,,) =
(A,,, A,) = (1.122 -- 0.957) =
= 0.165

Slope ofrafters
Slope of raftersa,
a= a? == a =
= a'., = 6°, giving Cosa
6 ” , giving Cosa' =
= 0.9945

Service load and imposed

imposed load
load are
are specified
specified “on
"on plan",
plan”,

ULS,
at ULS, w , , ~=
, ~1.26
= 1.26
~ + 5.76
5.76 == 7.02kN/m
kN/m

giving aa transverse
transverse load on the "plastic
“plastic frame"
frame”

= (Ap
= (A —
- A , ) ( W , ~ , ~at, ~ULS)Cos2a
i)(1v.pian U~s)Cos‘a
= x 7.02(0.9945)2 =
= 0.165 X7.02(0.9945)2 = 1.15 kN/m
kN/m

164
1 64
 1
The Steel
Steel Job No: CDS 139 15 of 22
jPa9e Rev
Construction BS 5950 Portals
%K--
JobTitle
Title
Institute
institute
1Subject
Subject
0 1 NO: Second-order
Second-order
CDS 139 Worked Example:
lpage 15 of 22 IRev
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal Frame
Two-span Portal
Telephone:
Telephone: 101344)
(01 344)623345
623345
Fax: ((013441
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS 2001
Checked
Made
by Date
)ate July 2001

Dead load and self-weight

Dead are values
self-weight are values "along
“along the slope",
slope”,

ULS, Wv
at ULS, slope== 0.84
w,,,lope 0.84 + 1.12
1.12 =
= 1.96 kN/m

giving a transverse load on the "plastic frame"

“plastic frame”

= (A, -
= (Ar, - A,)(W,,,lope
A1)(w55100 ULS)COSCX
at ULS)Cosa

= 0 . 1 6 5 ~ 1 . 9 6 ~ 0 . 8 6 6=
= O.165x1.96x0.866 = 0.32 kN/m

Summing loads
Summing loads from
from components
components “on
"on plan”
plan" and
and “along
"along the
the slope”,
slope",

wp
w, 1.15
= 1.15 + 0.32
0.32 = 1.47 kN/m
= 1.47

Sway A.4.5

This arises
arises due
due to
to the
the rotation
rotation of
of the
the column
column without
without an
an adjacent
adjacent hinge.
hinge.

s3
wp S3
w
First-order end slope of the rafter
First-order end rafter as a simply supported beam, 8R
supported beam, @R =
=
24
24 EI
EIR

wp s3
Second-order end slope
Second-order end slope of
of the OR, == -
the rafter, °R2
24 ER‘ A
ACT

l)
( ‘crp - 1] [
E
E = 205000
= N/mm2
N/mm2

I, = cm4
29380 cm4
= 29380

8em= 1.47 x 30165

301653
= xX 2.185
2.185 == 0.06087 radians
24
24 x
X 205000 x 29380
205000 X lo4
x i04
29380 X

Horizontal deflectionofofPoint
Horizontal deflection PointB, B,
C,C,
DD =
= he,
=
= 10000
10000 x 0.06087
0.06087 =
= 608.7 mm

Mid-span drop
Mid-span drop

Deflection given value for

given by value for simply
simply supported
supported beam of span equal to the
developed
developed length
length of the rafters.
rafters,

span 1:
Span 1:

wS4
o
b23 El A 'crp-1 R crp

1165
65
 The Steel Job
J o b No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Page 16
16 of
of 22 Rev

Construction Job
J o b Title BS 5950Portals
Portals
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Second-order Examde:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Telephone:
Ascot, Berks
Telephone: 101344)
Fax:
(01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944
623345
S1-5 70N
Berks SL5 7QN
I Two-span Portal Frame
Two-span Portal
Client DETR by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET Made
by WIS Date
late July 2001
July 2001

o*b2b2 == 384
5 xx
1.47
1.47 xx 30165
301654 x 2.185 = 573.8 mm
X 2.185 = 573.8 mm
384 205000 x 29380 x lo4
205000 i04

= dB* =-- -573.8

= ____
°B2
o&apex
apex
- 573'8 =577.Omm
= 577.0 mm
cos a 0.9945

Span 2:
2: asasSpan
Span 11

Spread A.4.5

This is caused
caused byby the
the drop
drop of the angle
angle in
in the
the rafter
rafter which
which is
is at
at the
the apex
apex in
in this
this
frame. Because
Because this
this frame
frame is aa symmetrical pitched roof
symmetrical pitched roof portal,
portal, the
thedrop
dropofof
the angle is the
the mid-span
mid-span drop calculated
calculated above.

span 1:
Span 1:

Full span
Full Sspread
span0spread & (Sina1
=0B2
= (Sina, + Sina2)
Sind;) = S, (2Sin
= 0B 6")
(2Sin 6°)

= 573.8 (2 xX 0.1045)
= 573.8(2 0.1045) =
= 120.0mm
120.0
mm

Half span
Half span 0spread S,, Sin
&spread = =
052 Sin aa1
, == 573.8 x 0.1045
X 0.1045 =
= 60.0 mm

Span 2:
2: asasSpan
Span 11

Column hinge horizontal

horizontal displacement
displacement

The hinge occurs at the underside of the

the haunch, which
which is at a distance
distance from
the neutral axis of
of the
the rafter,
rafter, causing
causing an
anadditional
additional horizontal
horizontal displacement.
displacement.

Second-order endslope
Second-order end slopeofofthetherafter,
rafter,Om
O == 0.06087 radians (Sheet 15)

Off-set of the hinge below

below the 10000 -- 9400
the rafter, e == 10000 = mm
= 600mm

Horizontal deflection of Point M

deflection == eO
eOR

=
= 600 x 0.06087
0.06087 = mm
36.5mm
= 36.5

2.3.4 Deflections
Deflections of the "plastic"
"plastic" frame
frame due
due to
to horizontal
horizontal loads A.4.6

Loads

The unfactored
unfactored loads applied
applied to the "elastic frame" included
included the horizontal
horizontal
loads and
and were
were in
in proportion to the
proportion to the ULS
ULS loads,
loads, so
so the
the additional
additional horizontal
horizontal
load on the plastic frame =
plastic frame (Ap -- 21)(loads
= (A,, ULS)
A,)(loads at ULS)

166
1 66
 The Steel
Steel Job No:
No: 139
CDS 139 Page 17 of
17 of 22 Rev
IPage
Construction Job Title
Title 5950Portals
BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344)623345
623345
Fax: (01344) 622944
Fax: (01344) 622944
Client DETR IMade
Made by
by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS Date
)ate July
2001
2001
Checked July

(Ap -
(2, (1.122 --
A,) == (1.122 0.957) =
= 0.165

Slope of
Slope of rafters a' = q == ixa =
raftersa, 6", giving
= 6°, Costx =
giving Cosa = 0.9945

Sway A.4.6

Total ofcolumn
Total of column forces =
forces = 542.2 kN (Sheet 8)

0.5%
0.5% x of
of total
total of
of column forces
columnforces (elastic
(elastic = 0.005x542.2
frame) =
frame) 0.005~542.2 =
= 2.7
2.7 kN (Sheet 2)

Additional horizontal
horizontal load on plastic
plastic frame
frame

H == 0.165 x
X 2.7
2.7 xX 1000
1000 == 447N
447N

For a multi-span
multi-spanframe,
frame, the
the sway
sway deflection calculatedfrom
deflection is calculated from the
the sum
sum of
of the
the
stiffnesses K for
for each of the
the spans:
spans:

1 11
K=
K, =
1
xX
Sh2
S h2 +
h3 A
3EIR 3EI 'crp
1

- 1
1 11
K
Ksub
sub 1
1
=
-
=- =45.1
= 45.1
sS h 2 j3 0.0055
0.0167 ++ 0.0055
+
3EIR

11 11
K
%ub
=
2 =
-
=21.5
= 21.5
Sh2
S h2 h3 0.0167 ++ 0.0297
0.0167
+
3EZR

Total Frame Stiffness

Stiffness

sub iI +
K5 K Ksub +KK sub 2

X s = 45.1
= 45.1 + 21.5
+ 21.5 =
= 66.6 N/mm

Second-order
Second-order least sway deflection of
of the column top

= H = __________
0.447x1000 x 2.185
2
= 14.7 nini
K5 66.6

1167
67
 1
The Steel Job No: CDS 139 18 of 22
Page Rev
Construction Job Title
Job Title Portals
BS
BS 5950 Portals
5950
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Berks SL5
Subject
IJob No: CDS I39 Worked
Second-order
Two-span
Portal
Two-span Frame
Example:
Worked Example:
Portal Frame
IPase 18 of 22 I Rev

(01344) 623345
Telephone: 1013441
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client
Cllent DETR Made by
by CMK Date
late May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET I Checked by
Made
by WIS Date
late July 2001
2001

Mid-span drop

Second order sagging

sagging deflection
deflection of a straight rafter:
rafter:

.H
Lsm22 =

Hi is the
=

the proportion
ML,"r
ML2
16E1,
16EIR

proportion of the
A
lcrp
Acrp
crp
—1
2crp - 1 1
where M
where

the horizontal force

M =
=EZ H.
Hih1

force carried
hi

carried by each sub frame

frame
proportion of
calculated as a proportion of the
thestiffness
stiffnessK2.
KZ.

Sub frame 1:
1:

Drop in the apex

apex of rafter
rafter span
span 11 due
due to
to horizontal load.
load.

0.293 x 1000
1000 xx10000
10000(30165)2
(30165)2
... o.
?m2
srn2
=
= x 2.185
2. 185 == 6.1
6.1 mm
16 x
16 X 205000
205000 xX 29380x
29380 X i04
IO4

Sub frame 2:
2:

Drop in
in the
the apex
apex of rafter span 22 due
rafter span duetotohorizontal
horizontalload.
load.

o*m2 0.154 x 1000

1000xx10000
10000(30165)2
(30165)2
x 2.185
... sm2
== 2. 185 = 3.2 mm
~

16 X
16 x 205000
205000 Xx 29380x i0
29380X lo4

Spread
span 1:
Span

Full spanspread
spread = SsmZ
= Osm2 (Sinal +
(Sina'1 SinaJ =
+ Sina'2) 6.1 (Sin
= 6.1 6° +
(Sin 6" + Sin
Sin 6°)
6")

=
= 6.1 (0.1045 ++ 0.1045)
6.1 (0.1045 0.1045) =
= 1.3mm
1.3 mm

Half span
Half span spread = 06
spread (Sina,) =
(Sina') 6")
6.1 (Sin 6°)
= 6.1

= (0.1045)
= 6.1 (0. 1045) =
= 0.6mm
0.6 mm

span 2:
Span

Full span
Fullspan spread =
spread (Sina, ++ SinaJ
= 6 sm2 (Sina'1 = 3.2 (Sin
Sinz2) = 6° +
(Sin 6" + Sin
Sin 6°)
6")

=
= 3.2 (0. 1045++0.1045)
(0.1045 0.1045) =
= 0.7mm
0.7 mm

Half-spanspread
Half-span = 6 sm2 (Sina'1)
spread = (Sinal) == 3.2 (Sin 6")
6°)
=
= 3.2 (0.1045) =
= 0.3mm
0.3 mm

68
1168
 The Steel
Construction
Job
Job No:
No:

Job Title
Job Title
CDS 139
BS
139
Portals
BS 5950 Portals
5950
Ie
Page 19
19 of
of 22
22
'"
Institute
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park,Ascot,
Ascot,Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client
Client DETR
DETR by
M a d e by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
l Checked
Checked by
Made
WIS
WIS Date
)ate 2001
2001
July

2.4
2.4 Axial
Axial forces
forces for
for the
the energy
energy calculation
calculation

The total of the

the axial
axial forces in
in the
the columns
columns is not
not affected
affected by
by second-order
second-order
effects because
because of vertical equilibrium,
equilibrium, so PzP2 == P1
P, which is taken as
as the
mid-height value
value calculated
calculated in 2.2 above.
above.

Column Forces
Forces

Span
span 1:
1:

LH col:
col:
take take mid-heightPzP2 =
mid-height 127.1 kN
= 127.1

RH col:
take take mid-heightPzP2 =
mid-height = 287.4 kN 7)
(Sheet 7)

Span
span 2:
2:

RH col:
col:
take take mid-heightPzP2 = 127.7 kN
mid-height

Rafter
Rafter Forces
Forces

The rafter
rafter axial
axialforces
forcesare
areaffected
affected by the
the drop
drop of the rafters
of the rafters at mid-span.
mid-span.

Span 1:

Total mid-span
Totalmid-spandropdrop = 845.7 mm
= 845.7
Increase
Increase ininP2P2 =
= {1/[1(ôa i'hla)]l} =
{l/[l-(da/ha)]-l} = {1/[1—(845.7/11577)J
{1/[1-(845.7/11577)] —
- l}
1}

=
= 0.079

LH rafter: take mid-length P = 52.9 kN

P1, =

Mid-span axial==46.0
Mid-span axial= 46.0 (sheet
(sheet5),
5), giving
giving PA
Pzi increase
increase = 0 . 0 7 9 ~ 4 6 . 0=
= 0.079x46.0 = 3.6 kN

P,
P2 = 52.9 + 3.6
= 52.9 3.6 =
= 56.5 kN

RHrafter:takemid-length
rafter:take P,
mid-length P1 == (62.0
(62.0 + 48.2)/2
48.2)/2 = 55.1 kN
= 55.1

Mid-span axial =
Mid-span axial = 48.2(Sheet 5).
5 ) , giving
giving Pzi
PA increase 0 . 0 7 9 ~ 4 8 . 2=
= 0.079x48.2
increase = 3.8 kN
= 3.8

P2
Pz = 55.1 + 3.8
= 55.1 3.8 =
= 58.9 kN

Span
span 2:

Total mid-span
Totalmid-spandropdrop = 831.5 mm
= 831.5

169
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 IPage 20 of
Page 20 of 22 Rev
Rev
Construction Job Title
JobTitle BS 5950Portals
Portals
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order
Worked Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5 70N
Berks SL5 7QN Two-span
Two-span Portal Frame
Frame
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344)623345
623345
Fax.
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
)ate May
2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
Made

~ Increase
Increase ininPzP2 = {l/[l-(6a /ha)]1}
= {1/[1—(o = {1I[1(831.5/11577)1
/ha)]-l} = {1/[1-(831.5/11577)] - l}
I}
=
= 0.077

LH rafter: take mid-length

rafter:take mid-length P1 (62.0 ++ 48.3)/2
P , = (62.0 48.3)/2 = 55.2 kN
Mid-span axial = 48.3, giving
giving Pzl
P A increase = 0.077x48.3=
increase = 3.7 kN
0.077X48.3= 3.7 kN

P2
P2 = + 3.7
= 55.2 + 3.7 =
= 58.9
58.9 kN

RH rafter: take
RH rafter:take mid-length
mid-length P, P = (60.1 +
= (60.1 46.3)/2 =
+ 46.3)/2 = 53.2 kN

Mid-span = 46.3, giving

axial =
Mid-span axial giving PPJ
A increase = 0.077x46.3
increase = = 3.6
0.077X46.3 = 3.6 kN

P2
P2 = 53.2 +
= 53.2 + 3.6 == 56.8
56.8 kN

2.5
2.5 Second-order
Second-order Energy
Energy Summation

a>"

oy!
Deflected
position

Original
position

ôy2

ô>'2

the second
The following spreadsheet shows the second order
order energy summation.
summation.

170
1 70
 The Steel
Construction
Construction
Job
Job No:
No:

Job Title
Title
CDS 139
139
BS 5950 Portals
fr
Page 21 of
21 of 22 Rev
Rev

Institute
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
B e r k sSL5
SL57QN
7QN Two-span Portal Frame
Telephone:
Telephone: (01344>
(01344)623345 623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344> 622944
(01344) 622944 Client DETR by Made by CMK IDate
Date May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET by Checked by
Checked WIS
WIS Date July 2001
2001
Made Date July

Element
evaluation
for for evaluation of
o f Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc'phi*s'd(phi)
BC AB AB BC CD
CD ED
ED OF
DF FG
FG dG Hd
Hd
X-AXIS
X-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
Deflections from
from the
theelastic' frame
"elastic" frame
dxa
dxa 1 0.0
00 -21.1
-21
845 6.0 5 8 7 00
6.0 00 32.9
329 58.7 84.5 00
00
dxb
dxb 587 1 329 -21
3 219
-21 60
60 329 329 587 84
84 55 845
845 84
84 55
(dxb-- dxa)
(dxb dxa) -21.1
-21.1 27.1
27.1 27.0 32.9
32.9 25.7
25.7 26.9
25.9 0.0
0.0 84.5
84.5
Deflections
Deflections from
from the
the'plastic' frame
"plastic" frame
From
From gravity
gravity loads
loads
Sway
Sway of toptopofofelastic column
elastic column
dxa
dxa 00
00 6087 6087 6087 00
608.7
608.7 0 0 6087
6087 6087 6087 0.0
00
dxb
dxb 6087
6087 608.7
608.7 608.7
608.7 6087
6087 6087
608 7 608.7
608.7 6087 608.7
608.7
(dxb-- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 608.7
608.7 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 608.7
608.7 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 608.7
608.7
Spread
Spread
dxa 00 0.0
00 0,0 60.0
60.0 0.0 120.0
0 0239.9
1200 179.9
179.9 239.9 239.9
2399
dxb 1200 0.0
1200
00 60.0
600 239.9 1200
1200 239.9 179.9
179.9 239.9 239.9 0.0
00
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 0.0
60.0
0.0 60.0
60.0 60.0 120.0
120.0 60.0 60.0
60.0 0.0
0.0 -239.9
-239.9
Column hingehingehorizontal
horizontaldisplacement
displacement
dxa
dxa 00
00 0.0 0.0
0.0 00
00 00
00 0.0
0.0 365
365 00
00
dxb
dxb 00
00 00
00 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0
0.0 00
00 36.5
36.5
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 -36.5
-36.5 36.5
From horizontal
horizontalloads
loads
Sway
Sway
dxa
dxa 00
00 147
147 14.7
14.7 0.0
0.0 147
14 714.7 14.7
14.7 14.7 0.0
0.0
dxb
dxb 14.7
1 4 7 1 4 714.7
147 14.7 14.7
14.7 14.7
147 14.7
147 14.7
14.7 14.7
147
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 14.7 0.0
0.0 0.0 14.7
74.7 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 14.7
Spread
Spread
dxa
dxa 0.0
0.0 00
00 06
06 0.0
0.0 13
13 1.6
1.6 1.9
19 00
00
dxb 0.01 3 06
0.0 0 61.9 1.3
1.6 1.3
1.3 1.6 1.9 1.9
1.9 1.9
1.9
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 0.0
0.0 0.6
0.6 0.6 1.3
1.3 0.3
0.3 0.3
0.3 0.0 1.9
1.9
ITotal
ITotal ofof(dxb-dxa)
(dxb-dxa)at at
collapse
collapse 602.2
602.2 87.7 87.6 777.5
777.5 86.0
86.0 86.2 -36.5
-36.5 506.41
506.41
Y-AXIS
Y-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
Deflections from
fromthe
the"elastic" frame
"elastic" frame
dya
dya 0.0
0.0 0.7
0.7 2627
262 7 0.0 9 1.9
1 251.4
251.4 0.7
0.7 0.0
0.0
0.7 dyb 0.7 1.9 0.7 0.7 2627 1.9
7 251.4 1.9
1.9 251.4 0.7 0.7 0.7
07
(dyb-- dya)
(dyb dya) 0.7
0.7 262.0 -260.8 1.9
1.9 249.5 -250.7 0.0 0.7
Deflections fromfromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"frame
frame
Mid-span
Mid-span dropdropfrom
fromgravity loads
gravity loads
dya
dya 0.0 00
00 577.0
577.0 0.0 0.0
00 577.0
577.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
dyb
dYb 0.0
0.0 577.0
577.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 577.0
577.0 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0
0.0
(dyb
(dyb - dya)
dya) 0.0
0.0 577.0
577.0 -577.0
-577.0 0.0
0.0 577.0
577.0 -577.0
-577.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
Mid-span
Mid-span dropdropfrom
fromhorizontal
horizontal loads
loads
dya
dya 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 6.1
6.1 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 3.2
3.2 0.0
0.0 00
00
dyb
dyb 0.0
0.0 6.1
6.1 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 3.2
3.2 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 00
00
(dyb dya)
(dyb-- dya) 0.0
0.0 6.1 -6.1
-6.1 0.0
0.0 3.2
3.2 -3.2
-3.2 0.0
0.0 0.0
ITotal
ITotal ofof (dyb-dya)
(dyb-dya) atatcollapse
collapse 0.7
0.7 845.0
845.0 -843.8
-843.8 1.9
1.9 829.6
829.6 -830.8
-830.8 0.0
0.0 0.71
0.71
SHORTENING
SHORTENING
psi (anglefrom
PSI (angle fromX axis)
axis) 90.0
90.0 66 00 -6.0
-6.0 900
900 6.0
6.0 -60
-6 0 90.0
90.0 90.0
90.0
[(dxb - dxa)
[(dxb dxa) at
at collapse]*Sin(psi)
collapse]'Sin(psi) 602.2
602 2 9.2
9 2 -9.2
-9.2 777.5
777.5 9.0
9.0 -9.0
-9 0 -36.5
-36.5 506.4
506.4
[(dyb - dya) at collapse]'Cos(psi)
[(dyb collapsejCos(psi) 00
00 8404
8404 -839
-83911 0.0
0.0 8250
825 0 -826.3
-826.3 0.0
0.0 00 00
phi
Dhl ** Ssat
at collapse
collaDse 6022
602 2 849.5
849.5 -848
-848 33 7775
777 5 834.0
834.0 -835.3 -36.5
-36.5 506.4
506.4
Incremental
incremental rotn=
rotn = d(phi)
d(phi) from
from mechanism
mechanism 1.000
1.000
1.000 1.000 0.883
0.883 1.151
1.740
2.031
2.031
1.151
1.151 1.151 2.031 2.031 1.740
Shortening == phi*s*d(phi)
IShortening phi*s*d(phi) (modulus)
(modulus) 602.2
602.2 849.5 748.9
748.9 895.0
895.0 960.1
960.1 1696.7
1696.7 74.2
74.2 881.31
AXIAL
AXIAL FORCES
FORCES
Pc for columnsrafters
and rafters at
at ULS
ULS 127.1
55.1
52.9
127.1 52.9 55.1 2874
2874 12755.2
127.7
53.2
55.2 53.2 127.7 12777
845.7 drop
Total midspan
Total mldspandrop 845.7 845.7
845.7 831.5
831.5 831
831 55
Mldspan height
Midspari helght 11577 11577 11577
11577 11577 11577 11577
11577
Increase rafter
Increase rafter
mlspan
axial {l/(l-drop/height)--1)1)
by{1/(1-drop/height)
mispan axial by 0.079 00 0.077
079
079
0.077 0.077 0.077
Midspan
Mldspan axial
axial 46.0
46.0 482
46.3
48 2 48.3 46.3
Increase
axial in rafter
Increase rafter axial 3.6
3.6 33 88 6 3.7
3.7 36
3
Design
Deslgn axial
127.1 axlal 127.7 127.1
127.7 56.5
56.8
56.5 58.9
58.9
58.9 287.4
287.4 58.9 56.8 127.7 127.7
Incremental
Incremental
energy energy == Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc'phi's'd(phi) 76.5 48.0
48.0 44.1
44.1 257.2 56.5
257.2 96.3
56.5 96.3 9.5
9.5 112.51 Sum
112.51 Sum == 701
701
WORK
WORK DONE
DONEIN INROTATING
ROTATINGHINGES
HINGES
Element
Element for
for evaluating
evaluatingMprd(phi)
Mprd(phi) AB Ba
Ea ab
ab bD
bD Dc
DC cG
cG dG Hd
Hd
MprA
MprA 00
00 0.0
0.0 404.0
404.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 404.0
404.0 454.0 0.0
0.0
MprB
MprB 0.0
0.0 404.0
404.0 404.0
404.0 404.0
404.0 404.0
404.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 454.0
454.0
MprA ++ MprB
MprA MprB 00
00 404.0
404.0 808.0
808.0 404.0
404.0 404.0
404.0 404 0 454.0 454.0
454.0
Incremental
Incremental roth
rotn =
= d(phi)
d(phi) from
frommechanism
mechanism 11000
000 11000
000 0.883
0.883 1151
1151 1.151
1.151 2031
2031 2.031
2.031 1.740
1.740
Mpr'd(phi)
IMpr*d(phi) 0.0
0.0 404.0
404.0 713.3
713.3 4650
465.0 465.0
465.0 820.7
820.7 922.2 790.11
790.1) Sum
Sum == 4580
4580

Factor
Factor on
on lambda_p
lambda-p 0.847
0.847
lambda
lambda ppfrom
fromfirst-order
first-orderanalysis
analysis 1.122
1.122
M lambda
Iambda_M I 0.950
0.950

171
171
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS 139
139 Page 22 of 22 Rev
Page Rev
Construction Title
JobTitle BS 5950 Portals
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Telephone:
Telephone: (01
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01
Ascot, Berks
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
BerksSL5
344) 623345
623345
SL5 7QN
70N
Subject
Subject

Client
Second-order Worked Example:
Second-order
Two-span Portal Frame
Two-span

DETR Made by
by CMK Date
)ate May 2001
May 2001
1
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
Made July

2.6
2.6 Load
Load factor
factorat
at failure,
failure,A0,
A,

Z: P2 q5sdq5 =7Olçb
EP2bsdq = 701 q5

Z MP‘ dq5
Mprdb = 4580 q5
=4580q5
A.2.2
A/A =
M P
1—
E (P2 q1i s dj5)
E(Mprdq5)

701 4 ) ] =
- ( 701 = 0.847
M /
dM f A pp =
-
- [l - (4580 0
4580q
0.847

AM =
= 0.847
0.847 Xx A,
= 0.847
= 0.847x X
1.122
1.122==0.950
0.950

A, << 11.0,
2M .0, so the frame has failed the check for in-plane
check for in-plane stability.
stability.

The above shows how

above shows the second-order
how the second-order effects have caused
caused a major
major reduction
reduction
in capacity
capacity of the frame due
due toto in-plane
in-plane instability
instabilityeffects.
effects.The
The “hand”
"hand" method
method
tends to be
be conservative,
conservative, so
so analysis
analysis by
by another
another method
method might
might demonstrate that
the reduction in capacity
capacity is not so great.

The analysis above

above would be less conservative the stiffness of the
conservative if the the haunches
haunches
had been
been included
included in in all
allthe
the stiffness calculations. It would
stiffness calculations. would also
also be
be more
more
economical if
if the
the frame
frame were
were proportioned
proportioned soso that A, were
that A1 were closer
closer toto A,.
A.

1 72
172
 TheSteel
Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 1 of
1 of 41
41 A
~

JPa9e Rev
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 JON
SL5 7QN Two-span Portal
Two-span Portal with
with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss
Internal
Columns.
Internal Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
101344)
Fax: (101344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client DETR by Made by CMK
CMK IDate
Date May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS
Checked
Made
by Date
Date July 2001

1.
1. INPUTFROM
FROM FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS
FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS

1 .1 General
1.1 General Arrangement
Arrangement

Miss Frame

Span 1 Span 2

Hit Frame

Span 11 Span 22

Angle
of of rafters:
rafters: a1 = o+ = 6°
a, = 6"

Spans = 30 m
Spans =

30
30
length of
Developedlength
Developed of rafter = -=
rafter = - 30.165 m
cos 6°
6"

Height of column from base

column from base to
to Neutral
NeutralAxis
Axisof
of rafter
rafter =
= 10.0 m

73
1173
The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 22 of 41
of 41 Rev A
Page Rev
Construction Title Job
Job Title BS 5950
BS 5950 Portal
Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portalwith
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
I
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
July 2001
Made

wwwww
1.2 Loading
Loading

Miss Frame

NHF NHF NHF NHF

'
Hit Frame

Valley beam
beam load
load

I""'
NHF NHF

Loading

Dead =
= 0.100
0.100 Xx 6.000 Xx 1.4
1.4 = 0.840kN/m
0.840 kN/m along slope
Service =
= 0.150 x 6.000
6.000 XX 1.4
1.4 = 1.260kN/m
1.260 kN/m on plan
Imposed
Imposed = 0.600
0.600 Xx 6.000
6.000 xX 1.6
1.6 = 5.760kN/m
5.760 kN/m on plan
Self = 80 xX 10-2 Xx 1.000
Weight =
Weight 1.000 xX 1.4 = 1.l2OkN/m
1.120 kN/m along slope

Valley beam factored load = 300kN

300 kN

174
174
 The Steel Job
lob No:
No: CDS139 IPage
Pae 33 of 41
41 lRev A I
Construction Job Title
JobTitle BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Worked
Stiwood
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span
Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(01344f 623345
Fax: (01
(013441
3 4 4 ) 622944

CALCULATION
622944

CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Client DETR 'Made
Made by
by CMK Date
late May
May 2001
2001 1
Checked by WIS Date
late July 2001
July
Checked

MISS FRAME
FRAME

1.3
1.3 INPUT FROM FIRST-ORDER
FROM ANALYSIS
FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS

1.3.1
1.3.1 General Arrangement
Arrangement

The values of incremental

incremental rotation
rotation of
of the
the hinges
hinges are
are taken
taken from
from the
the first-order
first-order
collapse mechanism.
collapse mechanism. These are the
These are the incremental
incremental rotations
rotations as used to calculate
calculate
collapse factor of the
the collapse the frame
frame using
using the
the classic
classic Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic (Virtual
(Virtual Work)
Work)
method.

The second-order relative magnitude

second-order analysis uses the relative magnitude of the instantaneous
the instantaneous
so the
rotations, so the absolute
absolute magnitude
magnitude of each rotation
rotation does
does not
not affect the
calculations.

Where the
the analysis
analysis has
has been
been performed
performed by methods
methods other than the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
by the Semi-Graphical
method (e.g. by Semi-Graphical method),
method), the
the incremental
incremental rotations
rotations can bebe
deduced from
deduced from the
the geometry
geometry of
ofthe
the frame
frameand
andthe
theposition
positionofofthethehinges.
hinges.ItIt isis
not necessary to
to repeat the calculation of the
calculation of the collapse
collapse factor
factor by
by the
the
Rigid-Plastic method.
Rigid-Plastic

Failure
Failure Mechanism for the Miss Frame
Frame

175
175
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 4 41
of 41 Rev A
IPage
Construction JobTitle
Title BS 5950Portal
Portal
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Stlwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
SL5SL5 7QN
Berks 7QN Two-span Portal
Two-span Portal with
with Hit/Miss
HitIMiss
Internal
Columns.
Internal Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
(01 344) 622944
Fax: IClient
622944 DETR byIMade
CMK
Client DETR 'Made by Date
late May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Checked
WIS Date
late July 2001
2001

Find Node
Node Locations
Locations

PtA
Pt A - (0.0,
-. (0.0, 0.0) =
= (0.0,
(0.0, 0.0)
0.0)

Pt B -,- (0.0,
(0.0, 10.0) = 10.0)
= (0.0, 10.0)

Pt C
C -'- (15.0,(10.0 + 15.OTan6})
{10.0 + 15.0Tan6)) =
= (15.0,11.577)
11.577)

Pt D -. (30.0, 10.0)
+ 10.0) =
= (30.0, 10.0)
10.0)

-
Pt E -. (30.0, 10.0)
(30.0, 10.0) = (30.0,10.0)
= (30.0, 10.0)

Pt F -,- ({30.0+15.0},
((30.0+15.0}, {10.0 + 15.OTan6})
(10.0 + 15.0Tan6)) = (45.0,11.577)
11.577)

Pt G -'- (60.0, 10.0)

PtG 10.0) =
= (60.0,10.0)
10.0)

PtH -
Pt H -' (60.0,
(60.0, 0.0)
0.0) =
= (60.0, 0.0)

Pt a -' - (10.9llCos6, {10.0 +

(10.911 Cos6,(10.0 10.911Sin6))
+ 10.9llSin6}) =
= (10.851,11.141)
11.141)

Ptcc - ({30.0+2.993Cos6},
-. (10.0 +
((30.0+2.993Cos6}, {10.0 2.993Sin6))
+ 2.993Sin6}) =
= (32.977,10.313)
10.313)

Ptd d - (60.0,9.400)
-. 9.400) = (60.0, 9.400)
= (60.0,

Hinge Rotations

Taking
Taking the instantaneous rotationabout
instantaneous rotation aboutAAas
as 88

ei@
E A
=
(xa -x A1 =0.567
(XE—X)

yy == tan'
tan-' [ V -Y ]
d'

Xd-XC
"d
d

- "c
- ' cC
= 1.935
= 1.935

dY Cos(y)
dYc Cos( y) ++ dX Sin( y)
dXc Sin(y)
edcleA==
°dc'1°A
C C
=
= 0.077
0.077
8,
cd 8A

dX
edHleA
== _______
dxd == 1.229
1.229
d-H)
'(d-11) 8A
A'

1176
76
 The Steel Job No:
,Job No:
CDS139
CDS139 Page
Page 55 of
of 41
41 Rev A
Construction
Construction Job Title BS 5950Portal
Portal
Institute
Subject
ISubiect Second-order Worked
WorkedExample:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN withHit/Miss
Two-span Portal with InternalColumns.
Hit/MissInternal Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(01344) 623345 -
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR byMade
Made by CMK Date
Il a t e May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
Checked July

1 .4 Axial
1.4 Axialforces
forcesat
atULS
ULS from first-order analysis
first-order analysis

span 1l
Span

LII
LH column:
at at base =
= 132.0
132.0 kN,
kN, athaunch
haunch =
= 122.4
122.4 kN

LHcolumn
rafter:
rafter:
at at column =
= 60.0 kN,
kN, apex
at apex =
= 46.2kN
46.2 kN

RHcolumn
rafter:
at at column =
= 62.1 kN, apex
at apex =
= 48.4kN
48.4
kN

span 2
Span
LHcolumn
rafter:
rafter:
at at column =
= 62.lkN,
62.1 kN, apex
at apex =
= 48.3kN
48.3 kN

RH
at rafter:
column
rafter: at column = 60.1 kN,
= 60.1 kN, apex
at apex =
= 46.3kN
46.3 kN

RH column:
column:
at at base =
= 132.5 kN,
kN, at haunch
haunch =
= 122.9 kN

Notional Horizontal
HorizontalForces
Forces
Cl 2.4.2.4

l:
span 1:
Span

External Column
Column

0.5% x 127.2
0.5% 127.2 == 0.636
0.636 kN

Span 2:

External Column
Column

0.5% x 127.7 =
= 0.638 kN

-
+ -+
0.7 kN 0 kN
0 kN 0.7 kN

* *r

1 .5 Reduced
1.5 Reduced Plastic
Plastic Moments atULS
Moments at ULSfrom
from first-order
first-orderanalysis
analysis

the reduced moment

Use the moment capacity
capacityfor
for the sections to account
accountfor
for the co-existent
axial
axial force, calculated in
force, calculated in accordance with BS5950-1
accordance with :2000Annex
BS5950-1:2000 Annex1.2.
1.2.These
These
may
may be taken from section
taken from sectiontables.
tables.

177
1 77
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 6 of
Page 6
Page of 41
41 Rev A
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Telephone:

CALCULATION
Park, Ascot,
Telephone: (01
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)

CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Ascot, Berks
(01344)
Berks SL5
344) 623345
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
SL5 7QN
70N

t
Client
Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
DETR Ifblade by

Checked by
Made
by
CMK
WIS
I[Date May
)ate

Date
)ate
May
2001
2001

July 2001
2001

4r
Mrx Py
~y Srx

For the axial forces in

in this
this frame under this
frame under this load case

Mprrafters = 404 kNm

kNm

Mpcexternal
external columns
columns =
= 454 kNm

1.6 Load
Loadfactor
factor at
at formation the first
formation of the A,
first hinge, A1

A, == 0.960
0.960
(from (from the frame analysis
analysis output)

1 .7 Plastic
1.7 collapse factor,
Plasticcollapse factor, A,4

A, == 1.12
1.12 (from the frame analysis output)

11.8
.8 Member
Member inertias,
inertias, I,
I,

Externalcolumns:
columns: 191 x
457x 191 X 74
74 UB:
UB: II(, = 33320 cm4
cm4

Rafters: 191 x 67
457x 191 67 UB:
UB: I,I, =
= 29380 cm4
cm4

1.9
1 . 9 Deflections of
of frame (formation of the
A, (formation
frame atatA1 the first
first hinge)
hinge)

S,,
xB =
= -- 35.7
35.7 mm Sy,
ôyB
=
= 0.6mm
0.6 mm

S,,
oxc = - 11.3 mm
11.3 d,,
ôyC
=
= 236.7 mm

S,, = 13.1 mm
= mm
13.1 dyD =
ÔYD
= 3.4mm
3.4 mm

S,,
ÔXF
=
= 36.4 mm SyF =
= 225.4 mm

oX0
S,, =
= 59.6 mm
mm dyG =
= 0.6mm
0.6 mm

2.
2. SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS
SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS

2.1
2 . 1 Axial
Axialforces
forcesininmembers
members

span 11
Span

LII
LH col:
col: mid-height
take P,,,
mid-height uLS = + 122.4)/2
= (132.0 + 122.4)/2 =
= 127.2
127.2 kN

LH rafter:takemid-length
take P,,,
mid-length ULS = + 46.2)/2
(60.0 +
= (60.0 46.2)/2 = 53.1 kN
= 53.1

RH rafter:take
take mid-length
mid-length ULS
PuLs = + 48.4)/2
(62.1 +
(62.1 48.4)/2 =
= k
55.3 kN
55.3

178
178
 The
The Steel
Job No:
No: CDS139
CDS139 Page 7
7 of 41
41 Rev A
IPage
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title
Title 5950 Portal
BS 5950
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order
Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Sllwood Park,Ascot,
Silwood Park, Ascot,Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 70N
7QN Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944 Client
Client DETR M a d e by CMK Date
C)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET WIS
Checked
Checked by
Made
Date
[:)ate July 2001
2001

Span
span 2

LH rafter: take
takemid-length PuLs =
mid-length ULS + 48.3)/2
(62.1 +
= (62.1 48.3)/2 =
= 55.2 kN

RH rafter: take
takemid-length
mid-length ULS
PuLs = + 46.3)12
(60.1 +
= (60.1 46.3)/2 == 53.2 kN
53.2

RH col: take mid-height P,,

mid-height ULS =
= (132.5 +122.9)/2
(132.5 +122.9)/2 == 127.7
127.7 kN

2.2
2.2 Bending Deflections of
Bending Deflections of the
the "elastic"
"elastic" frame
frame A.3.2

2.2.1
2.2.1 Stiffness reductionfactors
Stiffnessreduction factors allowing
allowing forefore P.6 effects

Columns
Columns

The stiffness
stiffness of each external column differs from the stiffness
stiffness of the internal
internal
column. Therefore
Therefore the
the reduction
reduction in
in frame stiffness
stiffness is calculated from the
calculated from the sum
sum
of the ULS
ULS loads
loads in the
the columns and the sum of the
columns and the critical
critical loads of the
loads of the
columns.

Sum ofcolumns
Sum of columnsPuLs,
uLs, ZP,,,
EPULS =
= 127.2 + 127.7
127.2 + 127.7 = 254.9 kN
= 254.9

External columns:
columns: I,
Z, =
= 33320 cm4,
h h=
33320cm4, = 10000 mm, a == 1.7
10000mm, 1.7

cr n2EZ/(uh)2
P,, ==7r2EJ/(a'h)2 = n2X 205000 X 33320 X lo4/( 1.7X 10000)2=
= n2x205000x33320x104/(1.7X10000)2 = 2333 kN

Sum of columns
Sum of columns P,,, 2333 + 2333
cr, Z P cr ==2333 2333 = 4666 kN
= 4666

(1 -- ULS
ZPuLs1cr)
/ZPcr) =
= (1
(1 -
- 254.9/4666) == 0.945
0.945

1/(1
1/(1—- ZPuLsiPcr)
ULS /CP,,) ==1.058
1.058

Rafters

Span
span 1:

Average PuLs
Average = (53.1 + 55.3)12
ULs = 55.3)/2 =
= 54.2 kN

l, = 29380 cm4,
= 29380 cm4, LL = 30165mm, a
= 30165mm, a== 1.0
1.0

Pcr= . ~ C * E Z / ( ~=
P,, = rc2EI/(a'L)2 ~~~ x 2 0 5 0 0 0 X 2 9 3 8 0104/(1.0X30165)2
X
L )rc2x205000X29380X104/(1.0X30165)2
= =
= 653kN
653 kN

('—PULS 'Pcr) =
(l-PuLs/Pcr) = (1
(1 —
- 54.2/653) = —
0.083)
(1 - 0.083)
= (1 == 0.917

1179
79
 The Steel
Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 88 41
of 41 Rev A
IPage Rev
Construction JobTitle
Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
70N Two-span Portal
Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(01344) 623345
I
Fax: (01
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
Client
Cllent DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET WIS July 2001
Checked
Checked by
Made
by Date
)ate July 2001

2:
Span 2:

Average PuLs
Average ULS == (55.2 + 53.2)/2
53.2)/2 =
= 54.2 kN

I, = cm4, LL =
= 29380cm4, a =
= 30165mm, a' = 1.0
1.0

cr= z2EI/(aL)* =
P,, = rc2EI/(a'L)2 .r~~X205000~29380X10~/(1.0X30165)~
= rc2x205000x29380X104/(1.0x30165)2 =
= 653kN
653 kN

(I-P(,l-s cr)
(l-P(Jis /P,.,) ==(1(1 - 54.2/653)
- = (1 - 0.083)
= (1 0.917 = 0.917
-

2.2.2
2.2.2 Second factors
Second order magnificationfactors

notional sway deflection is calculated

The notional calculated from
from the
the sum of the stiffnesses KK for
sum of for
each of the column and
and rafter
rafter pairs:
pairs:

Sway stiffness
stiffnessfrom
fromcolumn
columnand
andrafter stiffness
rafter stiffness

K= H - 1 D.2.5
Sh2 +
h3
3EleffR 3E1

Sub Frame
Frame 1l (Elastic)
(Elastic)

Sh2
Sh = 30 165 x ( 10000)2
30165x(10000)2 =
~- = 0.01820
3Ereff.R
3EIeffR 3x
X 205000 x 26944 x
X 26944 X lo4
i04

- -h3
h3 - ioOoo
100003 ==
= 0.00516
3EIeff,c 3 3X205000X31503x
3EIeff X 205000 X 3 1503X io
lo4

11
K
K SSubl
ubl
=
= =42.8N/mm
= 42.8 N/mm
0.01820 + 0.00516

Sub Frame
Frame 22 (Elastic)
(Elastic)

Sh2
- -
Sh2 = 30165X(10000)2
30165 x(10000)2 =
= 0.01821
3Eleff.R
3EJeffR 3 x 205000 x 26942 xi04
3x205000x26942x lo4

~-
h3
h3 =
______ - 10000~
__________________ ==0.00516
0.00516
3 EIeff,c
3EIeff c 3X205000x31505x l0
3 X 205000 X 3 1505X lo4

11
K
Kmh22U
=
=
=
= 42.8 N/mm
42.8N/mm
+
0.01821 + 0.00516

180
180
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS139
CDS139 ka
Page 9 9ofof41
41 Rev A
Construction Job
Job Title
Title BS
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order
Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 JON
7QN Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344)623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
C)ate May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Made
by WIS Date
)ate 2001
July 2001

Nominal Base
Basefixity
fixity D.4

KH=
b
—

— 5/3
1

+ ______
3EI
External
External Column

K =- 1
1
== 23.95 N/mm
Kbbext
ext -
(0.0366 ++ 0.00516)
0.00516)

Total Frame Stiffness

Stiffness
= K sub I + Kb ext + K sub 2 + Kb mt + Kb ext

= 42.8 + 23.95 + 42.8 +23.95 = 133.5 N/mm

Second -order
-order notional
notionalsway
sway deflection
deflection A.2.5
A.2.5

ôq,2 =—=
H
H - 1.274x1000
ii2 = - -
= 9.55 mm
1.274~1000=9.55mm
EK2
=K2 133.5
133.5

Critical Buckling Ratio

Ratio

hh =- 10000
10000
A =-
4 cr11 - --
=5.2
= 5.2
2oo 412
200ô112 200 xx9.55
9.55

Sway mode magnification

[h]ACr!

Acr1 -1
=
= 1.24
1.24

2.2.3 Deflection
Deflectioncalculations
calculations

Sway Deflections
Deflections A.3.4

The
The first-order
first-order sway
sway deflection a,,
deflection oX15 isis calculated
calculated from
from the
the sum
sumofofthe
the
stiffnesses
stiffnesses KK for
for each
each of
of the column
column andand rafter
rafter pairs. (The
(The base stiffness of
stiffness of
nominally pinned bases
nominally pinned bases is not included
included because this is not a stability
stability
calculation
calculation like
like the
thecalculation A,,).
calculationofofAcr).

181
181
The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 10 of
Page 10 of 41
41 Rev A
Construction Job
Job Tale
Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute ~~~~ ~~~

Subject
Subject Second-order
Second-order Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 ]QN
7QN Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Columns.
Telephone:
Telephone: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 )623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Chent
Cllent DETR lhnade by
by CMK Date May
2001
)ate May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
Made July

K=1=
o
1

' D.2.3
S/i2 h3

(
Sub Frame
Frame 11 (Elastic)
(Elastic)

Sh2
Sh2
- - -
- 30 165 X ( 10000)2 = 0.01669
30165x(10000)2
_________________ = 0.01669
3ElR
3EIR 3 x 205000 x 29380 xx i04
205000 X29380 lo4

i00003
10000~
- h-3 -- ____________________
____ == 0.00488
0.00488
3EI
3 El, 3 x 205000 x 33320 x IO4
i04

11
= == 46.4 N/mm
KsUbl
KSubl =
0.01669
0.01669 + 0.00488
+ 0.00488

Sub Frame
Frame 22 (Elastic)
(Elastic)

As Sub frame
frame 11

11
= == N/mm
46.4 N/mm
KSub2 =
KSUb2
0.01669
0.01669 ++ 0.00488
0.00488

Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness

sub iI +
+ KK sub 22
=
= K
K sub

EK =
= 46.4 + 46.4
46.4 + 46.4 ==92.7
92.7N/mm
N/mm

First-order
First-ordersway
sway deflection
deflection

A H =0.960x1.275x
oXiS = —i-— 0.960 X 1.275 X1000
_____________
- 13.20 mm
1000 --= 13
20 mm
K2 92.7

[&]
IA1
IAcr2 —ii
== 1.09
J

A.3.4
x kr2 x I Acri
(OX1 -OXiS)
= 1
oX2
IAcr2—1 ] + S
[Acr1— iij

oY2 = oy
IA 1

[22
182
1 82
 i

1
The Steel Job No: CDS139 11 of 41 A
fPa9e fRey
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Telephone: (01
Telephone:
Fax:
(01344)
(01344)
Fax: (01
Berks SL5
344) 623345
344) 622944
622944
623345
S.----
]QN
SL5 7QN
Title Job
Job Title

I Subject
JSubject
obNo:
BS 5950
BS 5950 Portal

Two-span
Portal
Second-order
CDS139 WorkedWorked
Portalwith
Two-span Portal
Example:
Example:
lPage 11 of 41
with Hit/Mks
IRev A
Columns.
Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
I
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET WIS
- Checked by
Made
Date
)ate July 2001

Values of m<, 6 y , are

of oX1 and OY1 aretaken
takenfrom
fromfirst
firstorder
order analysis
analysis (See
(See Sheet
Sheet 7).

S,,
0xB (-35.7 -- 13.19)
= (-35.7 13.19) x
X 1.09
1.09 + 13.19
13.19 x
X 1.24
1.24+ =
= -37.0 mm
-37.0 mm
S,,
ôyB
=
= 0.6
0.6 x
X 1.09
1.09 == 0.7mm
0.7 mm

S,, = 13.19) x
(-11.3 - 13.19)
= (-11.3 - X 1.09 + 13.19
1.09 + 13.19 x
X 1.24
1.24 =
= -10.4mm
-10.4 mm
S,, X 1.09 =
= 236.7 xl.09 = 258.1 mm

S,,
ÔXD =
= (13.1
(13.1 -- 13.19) x
13.19) X 1.09
1.09 + 13.19
13.19 x+
X 1.24
1.24 =
= 16.2 mm
S,, = 3.4 x
= 3.4 X 1.09
1.09 =
= 3.7 mm

S,,
OxF =
= (38.3 13.19) x
(38.3 --13.19) X 1.09
1.09 ++ 13.19
13.19 x
X 1.24
1.24 =
= 41.6mm
41.6 mm
0yF
S,, =
= 225.4 X
X 1.09
1.09 =
= mm
245.8 mm

S,,
5xG = (59.6
(59.6
13.19) -
13.19) X
X 1.09
- 1.09 + 13.19 x 1.24
13.19 X 1.24 + =
= 66.9mm
66.9 mm
0yG = 0.6 x
SYG = X 1.09
1.09 =
= 0.7mm
0.7 mm

Interpolation
Interpolation of
of deflections at hinge
deflections at hinge ‘c’
'c'

x ______
2977
Across span
Acrossspan a == —
ratio a'
ratio - =
= -= = 0.099
0.099
S 30165

Ratio of hinge
hinge deflection
deflection to
to maximum
maximum deflection
deflection

E! =
= 3.2(a4
3.2(a' -
- 2a'
2 d ++a')
a)== 0.312
0.312 E.
E.11
yti
YP

S,, == 41.6 mm SYF== 245.8 mm

S,, =
ÔXD =
16.2 mm
16.2mm SyD== 3.7 mm
ÔYD

aL - E.2
dxxc== 0XD
S,, + - (SxF -
(OXF
SxD)== 19.5
°XD)
19.5 mm
PL

E. 1
E.1
+ _a'
SYc== ôYD
Sy, + -
YP
(o SyD)== 79.1
Y a (SyF-- OYD) 79.1 mm

1183
83
 The Steel
Steel
Job No: CDS139 12 of 41 A
Rev
Construction
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks5L5
SL57QN
7QN Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Telephone:
Telephone: (01344)
(01344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(01344) 622944
622944 Client DETR by CMK Date May 2001
I CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked
Checked by
Made
by WIS
WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
July

2.3
2.3 Bending
Bending deflections of the
the plastic
plastic frame
frame

2.3.1
2.3.1 Stiffness
Stiffness reduction factors to allow for P.o
reduction factors P.5 effects A.4.2
A.4.2

Columns:
Columns:
as as the
the "elastic"
“elastic” frame
frame

LH
LH Column:
Column: (1 P cr)
( 1 -- P /Pcr) = 0.945
0.945

Rafters: as
as the
the "elastic" frame
“elastic”frame becausethat
because thatused
usedaa =
= 1.0
1.O

Span
Span 1:
1: (1P/Pcr)
(1-P I P c r ) == 0.917
0.917

Span
2:
Span2: (1P/Pcr)
(1-P /Pcr) == 0.917
0.917

2.3.2
2.3.2 Second Order Magnification Factor

Sway mode
Sway mode magnification
magnification factor

The
The notional
notional sway
sway deflection
deflection is
is calculated
calculated from the
the sum
sum of the stiffnesses
of the stiffnesses K
K of
of
the
the rafter
rafter and
and column
column pairs
pairs between plastic
plastic hinges
hinges and the base
and the base stiffness
stiffness of
of
each
each column.
column.

Sway stiffness from column

column and rafter stiffness.
stiffness.

1
K=
-
Sh2 ht
+ D.3.5
3E1. 3E1eff,c D.3.5
etf,R

I eff.R ==1"e (l-P/Pcr)

'cff.R (1P/Pcr) == 26944
26944 cm4
cm4 A.4.2
A.4.2

'eff.c
Ieff.c= I
= 1, (1
(1 -PIP)
P/Pcr)=
- = 31503
31503 cm4
cm4

Sub
Sub Frame
Frame 11 (Plastic)
(Plastic)

S/i2
Sh2 = 30165X(10000)2
30165x(10000)2
- - =
= 0.01820
0.01820
3Eleff,R 3 3 XX205000
3EIeffR 26944XX i04
205000XX 26944 lo4

ht =- ___________________
______
~-h 3
i00003
10000~ == 0.00516
0.00516
3EIeff,,
3EIeff c 3 3x205000x31503x i04
X 205000 X 3 1503 X lo4

11
Ksub
Ksub 1 =
1
== 42.8 N/mm
42.8N/mm
0.01820
0.01820 ++ 0.00516
0.00516

184
184
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS139 IPa9e 13 of
Page 13 of 41
41 Rev A
Construction Job
Job Title Portal
BS 5950Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portal with
with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
(01344) 623345
Telephone: 1013441
Telephone:
Fax: (01344) 622944
Fax: (013441
Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I ked by
Checked
by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
July 2001

Nominal Base fixity

fnity D.4

K- 5Iz
1

h3
3EIff

External Column

11
K
Kbbext
ext
=
=
== 23.95 N/mm
N/mm
(0.0366 +
+ 0.00516)

Total Frame Stiffness

Stiffness

2JK2 = K sub
sub I I +
+ Kb
Kb ext +Kb
ext + Kb ext
ext

EK2 = + 23.95 ++ 23.95

= 42.8 + 23.95 =
= 90.7N/mm
N/mm

Second-order notional sway

sway deflection
deflectionfor
for the
the plastic
plastic frame
frame

ô" =—=
H 1.274x1000
90.7
=14.05mm

Critical Buckling Ratio D.3.5

A= h 10000
Cfl5
= =3.56
200ô 200 x 14.05

Magnification Factor

[&l
Acrp-1
crp =
= 1.391
1.391

2.3.3 Deflections of the"plastic"

"plastic"frame
framefrom
from gravity loads
gravity loads

Loads

The loads
Theloads appliedtotothe
applied the"plastic"
"plastic" frame =
frame = (A,,
(Ap —
- ULS)
A,)(loads at ULS)
A1)(loads

(A,, A,)
(Ap -- A1) =
= (1.12 -
- 0.96) =
= 0.16

Slope ofrafters
Slope of 4 =a
raftersa,a = er =a = 6", giving
= 6°, Cosaa =
giving Cos = 0.9945

Assuming bothservice
Assuming both service load
load and
and imposed
imposed load
load are
are specified
specified "on
"on plan",
plan",

185
185
 The Steel
Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 14
14 of 41
41 Rev A
Page
Construction Job Title
Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Two-span Portal with
with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
(01344) 623345
623345
Fax: (013441
(01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date 2001
Date May 2001
May
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Made
WIS Date
)ate July 2001

at ULS,
ULS, W plan = 1.26
= 1.26 + 5.76
5.76 == 7.02
kN/m
kN/m

giving
giving a transverse load on the
transverse load the "plastic
“plastic frame"
frame”

= (Ap - A1)(Wv.pian
= (A ULS)Cos2a
A I ) ( ~ , , p l a nat ULS)Cos2
-

=
= 0.16X7.02(0.9945)2
0.16X7.02(0.9945)2 =
= kN/m
1.11kN/m
1.11

Assuming both
both dead
dead load and self-weight are values
self-weight are values “along
"along the
the slope",
slope”,

ULS, w , , , ~ ~=
at ULS, =~ 0.84
~ + 1.12
1.12 = kN/m
kN/m
= 1.96

giving a transverse
transverse load on the "plastic
“plastic frame"
frame”

=
= (Ap - —
/ZI)(~,,,,ope ULS)Cosa
at ULS)Cosii

= 0.16x1.96x0.9945
0.16~1.96~0.9945 = kN/m
kN/m
= 0.31

Summing loads
loads from
fromcomponents
components “on
"onplan”
plan"and
and“along
"along the
the slope”,
slope",

w = 1.11 + 0.31
W, 0.31 = 1.42kN/m
= 1.11 kN/m = 1.42

Sway A.4.5

This arises due to

to the
the rotation
rotation of the colunm
of the column without
without an adjacent hinge.
adjacent hinge.

w s3
wpS3
First-order end
end slope
slope of the rafter as aa simply
simply supported beam, °R
supported beam, OR =.
EIR
24 EIR
~

wp s3
wS3 A
Second-order end slope
Second-order end slope of
of the
the rafter, eR2= -
rafter, °R2
24 EIR

E
E =
= 205000
N/mm2
N/mm2

I, =
= 29380cm4
cm4

x 30165
1.42301653
xX 1.391
8R2
‘R2 == 1.391 == 0.03472
0.03472 radians
radians
24
24 xX 205000
205000 x
X 29380
29380 Xx i04
lo4

Horizontal deflectionofofPoint
Horizontal deflection PointB,B,C,C,DD =
= he,

=
= 10000
10000 x
X 0.03472
0.03472

=
= 347.2 mm

186
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139
CDS139 (Page 15
15 of
of 41
41 1Rev A
Page
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title
Title BS Portal
BS 5950Portal
Institute
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal with
Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: 101344)
(01344) 622944 Client
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked
Checked by WIS Date 2001
2001
Made
)ate July

Mid-span drop

Deflection given by value for simply

simply supported
supported beam
beam of span equal
equal to
to the
developed length of
developed length of the
the rafters.
rafters.

span 1:
Span 1:

o - wS4 Acrp
b2 EIR 'crp1
o = 5 xx 1.42 x 30165
1.42 X 301654 x 1.391 = 354.3 mm
b2 = 384
fib2
384 205000
205000 Xx 29380 iO X 1.391 := 354.3 mm
29380Xx lo4

0apex = = ôB2
_____ = 354.3 = 356.2 mm
°apex
0.9945

Span 2:
2: as
as Span
Span 11

Hinge Drop From interpolation

interpolation

' OY Ya ô
SY == -
YP
SAApex
Apex
= 0.312 x 356.2
= 356.2 == 111.0mm
111.0 mm

Spread
Spread

This caused by the

This is caused the drop of the
the angle
angle in the rafter
in the rafter which
which is at the
the apex
apex in
in this
this
frame. Because
Because this
this frame
frame is
is aa symmetrical pitchedroof
symmetrical pitched roof portal, the
portal, the drop
drop ofof
the
the angle
angle is
is the mid-span
mid-span drop calculated
calculatedabove.
above.

Span
span 1:
1:

Fullspan
span Sspread ==OB2
0spread S,, (Sina, + Sina'2)
(Sinr1 + Sina,) = $,(2Sin
= OB2 (2Sin 6")
60)

= (2 (2 xx 0.1045)
= 354.3
354.3 0.1045) == 74.1 mm

span
Half span Sspread
5spread
== OB2
S,, Sin
Sin a, 354.3 x
a == 354.3 0.1045 =
X 0.1045 = 37.0 mm

Span
Span 2:
2: as
asSpan
Span 11

1187
87
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS139
CDS139 Page 16 of
16 41
41 Rev A
Pae
Construction Job
Job Title 5950 Portal
BS 5950
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5 70N
Berks SL5 70N Two-span Portal
Two-span with Hit/Miss
Portal with Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Telephone:
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
(01344) 623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
I)ate 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I by
Checked
Made
by &
sI‘
WIS Date
late 2001
July 2001

at hinge from Interpolation

Spread at Interpolation

oX
m == +
+ -Yd’
yp = 74.1 +
= 74.1 + (0.3
12 X 74.1) = 97.1
X 74.1) = 97.1 mm
’SpreadSpanl
0SprcadSpanl Opjspfl2
‘SSpreadSpanZ (0.312 mm

Column hinge horizontal

horizontal displacement
displacement

hinge occurs at the

The hinge the underside
underside of
of the
the haunch,
haunch, which
which isis at
at aa distance
distance from
from
the neutral
neutral axis
axis of the rafter,
of the rafter, causing
causing an
anadditional
additional horizontal
horizontal displacement.
displacement.

Second-order endslope
Second-order end slopeofofthetherafter,
rafter,Om
O == 0.03472 radians (Sheet 14)
14)

Off-set ofthe
the hinge below the
hinge below the rafter, 10000 -- 9400 =
rafter, e == 10000 600 mm
= 600

Horizontal deflection
Horizontal deflection of of Point
Point M M=
= e@R
eoR

=
= 600
600 xX 0.03472
0.03472

=
= 20.8 mm

2.3.4 Deflections of
of the”plastic”
"plastic"frame
framefrom
from horizontal loads
horizontal loads

Loads

The unfactored
unfactored loads applied
applied to the
the "elastic
“elastic frame"
frame” included the horizontal
included the horizontal
loads and were
were in
in proportion
proportion to the ULS loads,
the ULS loads, so
so the
the loads
loads applied
applied to the
“plastic” frame
"plastic" frame = (A(A,—- A)(loads
A,)(loads at ULS)
ULS)

(4- A,)
(Ap - A) == (1.12 - 0.96) == 0.16
-

Slope of rafters
Slope of raftersa,
a' =
= a'2
a2 ==a'
a= = 66°,
” , giving Cos a == 0.9945
Cos a' 0.9945

Sway
Total of column = 254.9 kN
forces =
column forces (Sheet 7)

0.5% xXofoftotal
totalofofcolumn
columnforces = 0.005 x254.9
forces — ~ 2 5 4 . 9= 1.27.kN
= 1.27 5)
(Sheet 5)

Additional
Additional horizontal load on plastic
horizontal load plastic frame

H
H =
= 0.16 x
x 1.27 = 0.204 kN
1.27 = kN =
= 204 N

88
188
1
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139
CDS 139 17 of 41
Page 17
IPage 41 Rev A
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title
Title 5950 Portal
BS 5950
In stitute
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portal with Hit/Miss Internal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
Date May
May
2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET WIS
Checked by
Made
Date
)ate July 2001

For aamulti-span
multi-span frame, the
frame, the sway
sway deflection is calculated
deflection is calculatedfrom
from the
the sum
sum of
of the
the
stiffnesses K
K for each
each of the spans:
spans:

1 1

A.4.6
'"crp

2
crp
-1
1
1 1
1
= 45.8
KSUb ______________________ =
K s u b 11= =
- ~

=45.8
[-+g)
(Sh2
(
S h2
3El 3El)
0.0167 ++ 0.0052

Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness

x =KKsub
K5= S " b II

M S =
= 45.8
45.8 N/mm

Second-order least sway deflection of

Second-order of the
the column
column top
top

= H = __________
0.204x 1000 x 1.391 =
2 6.2 mm
EK5 45.8

Mid-span drop
Mid-span
sagging deflection
Second order sagging deflection of
of a straight rafter:
rafter:

ML2
r 2crp
sm2
= where M = H h1 A.4.6
16EIR 1

Hi isis the
H1 the proportion
proportion ofof the
the horizontal
horizontal force
force carried
carried by
by each sub
sub frame
frame calculated
calculated
as aa proportion
proportion ofof the
thestiffness K*.
stiffnessK2.

Sub frame 1:
1:

Drop in the apex of

of rafter
rafterspan
span I1 due
due to horizontal
horizontalload.
load.

ossmz = 0.204
x 1000
1000 x 10000 (30165)2
(30165)2 x
x = 2.7
:. sm2 = 1.391 = 2.7
16 x
16 X 205000
205000 Xx 29380x io
29380X lo4

189
I

The Steel Job No:

No: CDS139 Page 18
18 of
of 41
41 Rev A
IPage Rev
Construction
Construction Job Title0 BS
RC 5950 Portal
Institute
I Subject
Example: Second-order Worked Example:
Worked
ISubJect

1
Si)wood
Telephone:
Fax:

CALCULATION
(01344)
(01344)
Fax: (013 4 4 ) 622944
622944

CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
623345
SL5 70N
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
Telephone: (01 3 4 4 ) 623345
7QN

t
Client

I
Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.

DETR IM
IMadeby
by

Checked by
Checked
CMK
WIS
I[Date May
late

Date
late
May 2001
2001
July 2001
I

Spread
Spread

span 1:
Span

Full spanspread
Full span spread =
=ôS,, (Sina' + Sina,)
(Sina, + SinaJ =
= 2.7 (Sin
(Sin 6" + Sin 6°)
6° + 6")

= (0.1045 ++ 0.1045)
= 2.7 (0.1045 = 0.6mm
0.1045) = 0.6 mm

Half
Half span
span spread =
spread = ô,,,2
Ssmz(Sina,)
(Sina1) =
= 2.7 (Sin 6")
6°)
=
= 2.7(0.1045)
(0. 1045) =
= 0.3 mm

2.4 Axial forces for the energy calculation A.5

The total of the axial

of the axial loads
loads in
in the
the columns
columns is not affected by second-order
affected by second-order
effects because
because of vertical equilibrium, so
vertical equilibrium, so P2
P2 == P1 which is taken
P, which taken as the
mid-height value
value calculated
calculated inin 2.2 above.
above.

I span 1:
Span
LH col: take
LH col: mid-heightP,P1 =
take mid-height = (132.0 + 122.4)/2=
+ 122.4)/2 127.2
= 127.2 kN

span 2:
Span 2:

RH col: take
RH col: takemid-height
mid-height = (132.5 + 122.9)/2
P, P = 122.9)/2 = 127.7 kN
= 127.7

The rafter axial

axial forces
forces are
are affected by the drop of the rafters
affected by rafters at mid-span.
mid-span.

1:
span 1:
Span

Total Mid-span
Total Mid-spandrop = 617.0 mm
drop =

Increase
IncreaseininP2
P2 =
= {1/[1(ôa
{ l / [ l - ( d . i'ha)]l}
/h3]-1} = {1/[1-(617.0 /11577)]
= {1/[1—(617.0 /11577)] — l}
- 1}

== 0.056
LH rafter: take
takemid-length
mid-length P1
P, = + 46.2)/2
= (60.0 + 46.2)/2 =
= 53.1 kN

Mid-span = 46.2, giving

axial =
Mid-span axial giving PP/i increase =
A increase = 0.056x46.2
0.056X46.2 =
= 2.6 kN

P2 =
= 53.1 + 2.6
53.1 + 2.6 =
= 55.7 kN

1190
90
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139
CDS139 IPage 19 of
Page 19 of 41
41 Rev A
Construction Job Title
JobTitle BS 5950 Portal
BS 5950
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order
Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN Two-span Portal with
with Hit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Telephone:
Telephone: 101344) 623345
(01344) 623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01 622944
344)622944 Client DETR IM by
Made by CMK Date
)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001

RH rafter: take
rafter:take mid-length P1
mid-length = (62.1
P, = + 48.4)/2
(62.1 + 48.4)/2 = 55.3 kN
= 55.3

Mid-span axial =
Mid-span axial = 48.4,
48.4, giving P
P/iA increase 4 8 . 4= 2.7
0 . 0 5 6x ~48.4
increase = 0.056 2.7 kN
kN

P2
P2 == 55.3
55.3 + 2.7 = 58.0 kN
= 58.0

Span
span 2:
2:

TotalMid-span
Mid-spandrop = 602.0
drop = 602.0 mm

Increase in Pr
Increase in P2 = {l/[l-(da /ha)]1}
= {1/[1(ôa /ha)]-l} = {1/[1-(602.0 /11577)]
= {1/[1—(602.0 - 1}
l} =
= 0.055

LH rafter:
rafter: take
take mid-lengthP,P1 =
mid-length (62.1 + 48.3)/2
= (62.1 48.3)/2 = 55.2 kN
= 55.2

Mid-span axial =
Mid-span axial 48.3, giving
= 48.3, P/iincrease
giving PA increase = 0.055~48.3 =
= 0.055x48.3 = 2.6
2.6 kN

P2
P2 =
= 55.2 + 2.6
55.2 + 2.6 = 57.8 kN
= 57.8

RH
RH rafter:take
take mid-length P1
mid-length P, = (60.1 + 46.3)12
= (60.1 46.3)/2 = 53.2 kN
= 53.2

Mid-span axial =
Mid-spanaxial 46.3, giving
= 46.3, giving PPu increase =
A increase 0.055~46.3 =
= 0.055x46.3 2.5 kN
= 2.5

P2
P2 =
= 53.2 + 2.5
53.2 + 2.5 == 55.7
55.7 kN
kN

2.5 Second-order Energy

Energy Summation
Summation A.6
A. 6

The energy
energy summation
summation isisrequired
requiredtotocalculate AM following the methods in
calculate AM
A.2.2
A.2.2

191
191
 The Steel
Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 20 of
Page 20
Page 41
of 41 Rev A
Construction Job
Job Title
Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portal with
with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(01344) 623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date May 2001
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked
Checked
by WIS Date
Date 2001
July 2001
Made
by
Date July

Element
Element for
for evaluation
evaluation
of of Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc*phi's'd(phi) BC AB BC CD DC ED
ED HdDc dG cG
cG dG Hd

DEFLECTIONS
X-AXIS DEFLECTIONS E=D
E=D
Deflections fromfrom the
the"elastic frame
"elastic" frame
dxa 0.0 -37.0 -10.4
-10.4 16.2
16.2 19.5
19.5 66.9
66.9 0.0
dxb -37.0
-37.0 -104
-104 16.2
16.2 19.5
19.5 66.9 66.9
66 9 66.9
66.9
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) -37.0
-37.0 26.6
26.6 26.6 3.3
3.3 474
47.4 0.0
0.0 66.9
66.9
Deflections
Deflections from
fromthethe"plastic" frame
"plastic"frame
From gravity loads
loads
Sway of top topofofelastic column
column
dxa
dxa 00 347.2 347.2 3472
347 2 347.2
347.2
347.2 347.2 0.0
0.0
dxb
dx b 347.2 347.2 347.2
347 2 347.2
347.2 3472
3472
3472 3472 347.2
347.2
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb 0.0 0.0 347.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 347.2
347.2
Spread
Spread
dxa
dxa 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 37.0
37.0 74.1
97
74.1 97.11 148.1
148.1 0.0
0.0
dxb
dxb 0.0 37.0 74.1
74.1 97.1
148.1
97.1 148.1 148.1
1148
148.1 1481
(dxb - dxa)
(dxb 0.0 37.0 37.0 51.0 23.1
23.1 51.0 00
0.0 148.1
148.1
Column hinge
Column hingehorizontal
horizontaldisplacement
displacement
dxa
dxa 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.08 208
20 0.0
dxb
dxb 0.0 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8 208
20
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.020.8 -20.8 20.8
From
From horizontal
horizontalloads
loads
Sway
Sway
dxa
dxa 00
00 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2
6.2 6.2 6.2
6.2 0.0
dxb
dx b 6.2
62 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 2
6.2
6.2 62
6 6.2
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb 6.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 6.2
Spread
Spread
dxa 0.0 0.0 0.3 06
06 0.6
0.6 0.6 0.0
0.0
dxb 0.0 0.3
0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6
0.6 0.6 0.6
0.6
(dxb
(dxb-- dxal
dxa) 0.0
0.3 0.3 03 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.6
ITotal of
ITotaI of(dxb -
(dxb- dxa)
dxa) at
atcollapse
collapse 316.4 63.9
63.9 63.9
63.9 98.4 26.4
26.4 98.4 -20.8 589.81
589.81
Y.AXIS
Y-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
Deflections from
fromthe the"elastic" frame
"elastic" frame
dya 0.0 0.7
0.7 258
258 11 79.17 37
3 79.1 0.7 0.0
0.0
dyb 07
07 258.1
258.1 3.7
0.7 0.7 79.1
79.1 0.7 0.7 07
07
(dyb - dya)
dya) 257.50.7 257.5 -254.4
-254.4 -78.5 75.4 -78.5 0.0
0.0 0.7
Deflections
Deflections from
fromthe the"plastic"
"plastic"frame
frame
Mid-span dropdropfrom
fromgravity
gravityloads
loads
dya 0.0 00 3562
356 2 0.0
0.0 111
111 0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
dyb 0.0 356.2
356.2 0.0 111.0
111.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 00
00
(dyb -- dya)
(dyb dya) 0.0
0.0 356.2
356.2 -356.2
-356.2 111.0
111.0 -111.0
-111.0 0.0 0.0
Deflections
Deflections from
fromthe the"plastic" frame
"plastic"frame
Mid-span dropdrop from
fromhorizontal
horizontalloads
loads
dya 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7
2.7 0.0
0.0 0.0 00
00 0.0
dyb 00
00 2.7 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
(dyb - dya)
dya) 0.0 2.7 -2.7 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
Total of
ITotal (dyb-- dya)
of(dyb dya) atatcollapse
collapse 616.40.7 616.4 -613.3
-613.3 186.4 -189.5 0.0 0.7'
0.71

psi (angle from

PSI (angle fromX axis)
axis) 90.0
90 0 6.0
6.0 -6.0
-6 0 6.0 -6.0
-6.0 90.0
90 0 90.0
90 0
[(dxb -- dxa) at wllapse]'Sin(ps~)
[(dxb collapse]Sin(psi) 316.4
316.4 7 6.76 -6.7
-6.7 2.8
2.8 -10.3
-10 3 -208
-208 589.8
589.8
[(dyb-- dya)
[(dyb dya) at
at collapse]*Cos(psi)
collapse]'Cos(psi) 0.0
-609.9
00 613.0
613.0 -609.9 1854
185.4 -188.4 00
00 0.0
00
at collapse
phi * Ssat collapse 316.4
316.4 619.7
619.7 -6166 1 188
188 1 -198.7 -20.8
-20.8 589.8
589.8
Incremental rotn
Incremental rotn= d(phi)
d(phi) from
frommechanism
mechantsm 1.000
1.000 1,000
1.000 0567
0 567 0.567
0.567 0077
0 077 0.077 1 229
IShortening =phi*s*d(phi)
IShortening phi's*d(phi)(modulus)
(modulus) 316.4
316.4 619.7 349.4
349.4 106.6
106.6 15.3 1.6
1.6 724.91
724.91
AXIAL
AXIAL FORCES
FORCES
rafters
and
columns
for Pc
Pc for columns and rafters at at ULS
ULS 127.2
127.2 53.1
53.1 55.3 5 3 2552
552 532 127.7
127.7 127.7
1277
Total midspan
Total midspandropdrop 617.0 617.0
617.0 602
602 00 602.0
1577 Mldspan height
Midspan height 11577 11577 11577
11577
11577 11577
Increase raftermispan
Increase rafter mlspanaxial
axial {ll(l-dropiheight)-- 1)
by {1/(1-drop/height)
by l} 0.056
0.055 00 056
056 0.055 0.055
Midspan axial
Midspan axlal 46.2
46.24 484
48 483
48 3 463
46 3
Increase
Increase ininrafter
rafteraxial
axial 6 2 7
2.6
2.6 27
2 2.6 2.5
Desian
Design axial
axlal 127.2
127.2 55.7
55 7 58.0 578
578 557
1277 1277 127.7
127.7
llncrementalenergy
llncremental energy==Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc'phi"s*d(phi) 6.2 34.5 40.2
40.2 34.5 20.3 6.2 0.9
0.9 0.2
92.61 92.61
. Sum =
Sum 195
195

WORK
WORK DONE
DONE ON ONROTATING
ROTATINGHINGES
HINGES
evaluating
bD for Element
Element
ab forBa ABMprd(phi)
evaluating Mprd(ph1) AB Ba ab bD dG
Dc
DC cG
cG dG Hd
Hd
MprA
MprA 00
00 0.0 404.0
404.0 0.0
0.0 404.0
404 0 454.0
454.0 00
00
MprB
MprB 00
00 404.0
404.0 404.0 404.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 454 0
454.0
MprA ++ MprB
MprA MprB 0.0
0.0 404.0
404.0 808 0 404 0 404
404 00 454
454 00 454
454 00
Incremental
Incremental
rotn rotn =from
d(phi)
d(phi) from mechanism
mechanism 0.567
0.567
1.000
1.000
1.000 1.000 0.567 0.567 1229
0077
0077
0.077 0.077 1.229 .
IMpr*d(phi)
IMpr*d(phi) 404.0
0.0 457.9
34.9 31.0 228.9 404.0 457.9 228.9 31.0 34.9 558.01
558.01 Sum
Sum =
= 1715
1715

Factor
Factor on
onlambda_p
lambda-p 0 886
886
lambda_p
lambda p from first-order
first-order analysis
analysis 1.120
1120
lambda-M
lambda_M I 0.993

192
192
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Pae
IPage 21
21 of
of 41
41 lRev
fRey
A I
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
I Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
70N I Two-span Portal with
T w n - c n o n Pnrtol with Hit/Miss
U i t l M i c c Internal
Tnternal Columns.
Pnlllmnc I
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Ctent
Client DETR byMade by CMK Date
I)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I by
Checked by
Made
WIS Date
late July 2001
2001

2.6
2.6 Load
Loadfactor
factoratatfailure,
failure,AM A.6

'2 qsdq = 195 q

Mprd5
X Mprd@ = 1715 @
= 1715Q5

AM /2 = 1-
P
(P2 q5 s d5)
(Mprdb)

/2M / A,
'M = -
- [l -
[i (( i )j
")J
195
1715 @
0.886
= 0.886

AM = 0.886 A.,
0.886 Xx A = 0.886
0.886 Xx1.120
1.120 == 0.993
The above
above shows
shows how the second-order effects
effects have
have caused
caused aamajor
majorreduction
reduction
in capacity of the frame due to in-plane
in-planeinstability
instabilityeffects.
effects. The
The "hand" method
"hand" method
tends to be conservative,
conservative, so
so analysis
analysis by another
another method
method might
might demonstratethat
demonstrate that
the reduction in capacity is
is not so great.

The analysis
analysis above would be less conservative
above would conservative if the stiffness of the haunches
had been
beenincluded
includedinin all the stiffness calculations.ItIt would also be
stiffness calculations. be more
more
economical if
economical if the frame were
were proportioned
proportionedso thatA,
so that were closer to JP.
2 were

193
The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS139
CDS139 Page 22 of
of 41 A
IPage Rev
Construction
Construction Job Title
JobTitle BS 5950 Portal
Portal
Institute
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span with Hit/Miss Internal
Portal with
Two-span Portal Inter a1 Columns.
Columns.
Telephone:
Telephone: (01(01344)
344)623345
623345
Fax: (01344) 622944
F a x : (01344) 622944 Client
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
l a t e May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked
Checked by
Made
WIS
WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001

HIT FRAME
FRAME

As geometry of the hit frame

frame is
is similar
similar to
to the two-spanportal
the two-span portalinin
thethe previous
previous
worked example
example some
some of the
the checks are not explicitly
explicitly shown in this example.
example.

.3 Hinge
11.3 HingeIncremental Rotations
IncrementalRotations

The values of incremental

The incremental rotation of the
the hinges
hinges are taken
taken from
from the
the first-order
first-order
collapse mechanism.These
collapse mechanism. These arearethe
theincremental
incremental rotations
rotations as
as used to calculate
used to calculate
the
the collapse
collapse factor of
of the
the frame
frame using
using the
the classic
classic Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic (Virtual
(Virtual Work)
method.
method.

The second-order
second-order analysis
analysis uses the relative
relative magnitude the instantaneous
magnitude of the instantaneous
rotations, so
so the
the absolute
absolute magnitude
magnitude ofof each
each rotation
rotation does
does not affect
affect the
calculations.

Where the
the analysis
analysis has been
been performed
performed by methods
methods other than the the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
method (e.g.
(e.g. by
by the
theSemi-Graphical
Semi-Graphical method),
method), the
the incremental
incremental rotations can be
deduced from the
deduced from the geometry
geometry of
ofthe
the frame
frame and
andthe
theposition
positionofofthethehinges.
hinges. ItIt isis
not necessary
necessary to
to repeat
repeat the
the calculation the collapse
calculation of the factor by
collapse factor by the
the
Rigid-Plastic method.
Rigid-Plastic

Failure
Failure Mechanism for Hit Frame

Ii
/
/
/ \
/
/
\ ,A ‘ 22
\ , I
\ ,‘ I
\ , I
\

B
/
/ \
/
/ \
\ , ,,
/
\ ,,
,,
/
/ \\
/

H
mE’‘

194
194
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS 139
CDS139 Page 23
23 of
of 41
41 Rev A
Construction Job
Job Title
Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Stlwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax: (01344) 622944
Fax: (01344) Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
late May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
Checked by WIS
WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
Made

Find Node Locations

Locations

Pt A -
A -. (0.0, 0.0)
(0.0, 0.0) == (0.0,
(0.0, 0.0)

-
Pt BB -. (0.0,
(0.0, 10.0)
10.0) == (0.0, 10.0)
10.0)

Pt CC -- (15.0,
Pt (10.0{10.0 ++15.OTan6})
15.OTan6)) == (15.0,
(15.0, 11.577)
11.577)

Pt -'- (30.0, 10.0)

D 10.0)
Pt D == (30.0, 10.0)
10.0)

Pt EE -- (30.0, 0.0)
Pt =
= (30.0, 0.0)

Pt
Pt F -
F -. (30.0+15.0}, (10.0 ++15.OTan6})
({30.0+15.0}, {10.0 15.OTm6)) = 11.577)
= (45.0, 11.577)

Pt G -
G 10.0)
-, (60.0, 10.0) =
10.0)
= (60.0, 10.0)

Pt
Pt H -
H -. (60.0, 0.0)
(60.0, 0.0) = (60.0, 0.0)
= (60.0,

Pt -
Pt aa -' (10.9llCos6,
(10.911Cos6, {10.0 +
(10.0 10.911Sin6))
+ 10.9llSin6}) == (10.851,
11.141)
11.141)

Pt
Pt bb -,- ({30.0—2.993Cos6}, {10.0 ++ 2.993Sin6})
((30.0-2.993Cos6},(10.0 2.993Sin6)) = (27.023,10.313)
(27.023, 10.3 13)

Pt
Pt cc -'- ({60.0-13.551Cos6},(10.0
{10.0 ++ 13.551Sin6})=
({60.0—13.551Cos6}, 13.551Sin6))=(46.523,
(46.523,11.416)
11.416)
Pt - (60.0,
Pt dd -.
9.400)
(60.0, 9.400) == (60.0,
(60.0, 9.400)

Find Centre
Centre of
of Rotation
RotationI I

yIi =
( dY
XE —XA

Aa
-
dY Eb
= 300-00
(0.974) - (-0.289)
=23.759m

XI1 == XA
X, ++ [ (S)
[() x ql]Aa x =
= 0.0 + (0.97397
(0.97397 x 23.760)
23.760) == 23.142m

Pt
Pt I -
-' (23.142,23.759)
23.759)

195
195
 The Steel Job No:
IJob No: CDS139
CDS139 IPage 24 of
Page 24 of 41
41 Rev A
Construction Job
Job Title 5950 Portal
BS 5950
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portalwith
Two-span Portal withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Telephone:
Telephone: (01 (01344)
344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
C)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
Made July

Find Centre
Centre of
of Rotation
Rotation12
I

XH XE 60.0 - 30.0 = 20.728

= m
- (dx' (1.447) - (0.0)
dY)EC dY)Hd

X12 = XE + {() =
= 30.0 (1.447 x 20.728)
30.0 ++ (1.447 20.728)== 60.0 m
Ec
Note that X,, =
that X12 60.0 is obvious without
= 60.0 withoutcalculation!
calculation!

Pt I I -- (20.728,
Pt 60.0)
(20.728,60.0)

Hinge Rotations
Taking the instantaneous rotationabout
instantaneous rotation about AA as
as 8
8

o4, K == 8e xx 11.141
11.141
I' = a
e xx ______ = 0.8838
= 0.8838
- YIl - y2
a3.759 23.759 —- 11.141
11.141
-
- Yb 23759-10313
23.759 - 10.313 =
oBE= e,,x
E = 8 11
YI, b == 0.8838 X ____________ = 1.1518
0.8838 x
Ytl 10.313
10.313

11141
11.141
8e12=8
12
= 6E,X
X _____ =1,1518x
- = 1.1518 x
20.728 -- 11.141
20.728 11.141
4, - yc
= 1.151 Ox
= 1.151 8 x 1.162
1.162 = 1.4118
= 1.411 8

O
BH == e
q2xx
2y12 - Yd -
17d
=
= 14118
1.4118X
20.728
20.728 -- 9.400
9.400
H
d ' 9.400
9.400

=1.4118Ox 1.205 =
X 1.205 = 1.7018
1.701 6

1 .4 Axial
1.4 Axialforces
forcesatatULS
ULSfrom
fromfirst-order analysis
first-orderanalysis

Span 1:

LH column:
column:
at at base = 131.7kN,
= 131.7 at haunch =
at haunch 122.0kN
= 122.0

LH rafter:
column
at at column == 59.1
59.1 kN, at apex
apex = 45.4kN
= 45.4

1196
96
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 25
25 of
of 41
41 Rev A
(Pane
Construction Job
Job Title BS 5950Portal
Portal
Institute
institute
Subject Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portal with Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(013441
Fax: (01344>
(01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR byMade by CMK Date
late May 2001
May 2001
-- ~

CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS c)ate
Date 2001
July 2001
Made --
RH rafter:
column
at at column = 1.3
6
61.3 kN,
kN, at apex =
= 47.6
47.6 kN

RH column:
at at base = kN,kN,
593.3 haunch
at haunch =
= 583.9 kN

span 2:
Span

LH rafter:
column
at at column = kN,
atkN,
= 62.0 at apex =
= 48.2
48.2 kN

RH rafter:
column
at at column = kN,
= 60.1 kN, apex
at apex =
= 46.4 kN

RH column:at at base
base =
- 133.1 kN,
-
kN, at haunch = 123.5 kN
= 123.5

Forces
Notional Horizontal Forces

Span 1:

External Column
Column

0.5% xX Axial
Axial Force in Column
Force in Column =
= 0.005 X
X 126.9
126.9 = 0.635

Internal
Internal Column

0.5%
0.5% xX Axial
Axial Force in Column
Force in Column =
= 0.005 xX 588.6
588.6 = 2.943

Span 2

External Column

0.5% xX Axial
Axial Force in Column
Force in Column =
= 0.005 x 128.3
0.005 X = 0.642

--t -+
0.7 kN 1.5 kN 1.5 kN 0.7 kN

Tk m m

1 .5 Reduced
1.5 Plastic Moments
ReducedPlastic at ULS
Moments at ULS from first-order analysis
first-orderanalysis

Use the reduced moment

Use moment capacity
capacityfor
for the sections account for
sections to account for the co-existent
axial force,calculated
ixial force, calculated in
in accordance withBS5950-1:2000,
accordance with BS5950-1 :2000,Annex
Annex1.2.1.2. These
may
nay be taken from
from section
sectiontables.
tables.

Mrx = Jy Srx 1.2 p Z1 Cl 4.2.5

For
;or the axial forces in this
this frame underthis
frame under thisload
loadcase
case
-
197
19J
 The Steel
Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS139
CDS139 Page 26 of
of 41
41 Rev A
A
IPage Rev
Construction
Construction Job
Job Title
Title BS
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN Two-span
Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344)623345
623345
Fax.
Fax: (01344) 622944 Client
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
late May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked
Checked by
Made
by WIS
WIS Date
late July 2001
2001

Mpr rafters =
MPrrafters = 404 kNrn
kNm

Mpcexternal columns
columns = kNm
= 454 kNm

1.6
1.6 Load
Load factor at
at formation
formation of the
the first hinge, Ai
first hinge, h,

1,==0.945
0.945
(From the frame
(From the frame analysis
analysis output)
output)

1.7
1.7 Plastic
Plasticcollapse h,
factor,A.?
collapse factor,

AP =
= 1. 117
1.117
(From frame analysis)
(From the frame analysis)

11.8
.8 Member
Member inertias,
inertias, I,I

External columns: 457x

Externalcolumns: 191 x
457x 191 X 74
74 UB:
UB: I,l == 33320
33320 cm4
cm4

Rafters: 457x 191 x 67

191 X 67 UB: 4
UB: I, =
= 29380
29380 cm4
cm4

Internal column:
254 x254 x 73
254 x254 73 UC: I,4
UC: =
= 11410
11410 cm4
cm4

11.9
.9 Deflections
Deflections of frame
frame at
at A1 (formation of
A, (formation of the first hinge)
hinge)

S,, = —28.9
-28.9 mm
=mm *,B =0.6 mm
mm

S,, =
=mm4.8 mm S,, =233.5
=233.5
mm mm

S,,
ôxD =
mm
= 19.0
19.0 mm mm 2.9 mm
SyD
ÔyD

S,,
ÔXF = 41.7
=mm41.7 mm ÔYF
$F =223.1 mm
=223.1

S,,
ÔxG = 64.7mm
=mm64.7 SYGmm
ôyG =0.6=0.6mm

98
1198
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS139
CDS139 27 of 41
Page 27
IPaQe 41 Rev A
(Rev
Construction Job Title
Job Title BS 5950
BS 5950 Portal
Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 JQN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344)623345
623345
Fax: (01
(01344)
344)622944
622944 Client
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
Date May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked
Checked by
by WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
Made

2. SECOND-ORDER
SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS

2.1
2.1 Axialforces
forces in
in members
members

Use the average axial

axial forces in the members, fromfirst
members, from firstorder
order analysis
analysis

span 1l
Span
LII
LH col: mid-height PuLs
take mid-height ULS =
= (131.7 + 122.0)12
(131.7 + 122.0)/2 =
= 126.9
126.9 kN

LII rafter: take mid-length

LHrafter: mid-length PuLs
ULS == (59.1 + 45.4)/2
(59.1 + 45.4)/2 == 52.3kN
52.3 kN

RH rafter: take mid-length

mid-length PuLs
ULS =
= (61.3 + 47.6)/2
(61.3 + 47.6)/2
=54.5 =54.5 kN
kN

RH col:
col: mid-height PuLs
take mid-height ULs = (583.9+593.3)/2
= (583.9 +593.3)12 =
= 588.6 kN

Span
span 2

LH rafter: mid-length PuLs

rafter: take mid-length ULS = + 48.2)/2
(62.0 +
= (62.0 48.2)/2 = 55.1 kN
= 55.1

RH rafter: take mid-length PuLs

take mid-length uLS = + 46.4)/2
(60.1 +
= (60.1 46.4)/2 =
= 53.3kN
53.3 kN

RHcol:
col: uLs =
mid-height P,,,
take mid-height (133.1 ++123.5)/2
= (133.1 123.5)/2 =
= 128.3 kN
128.3 kN

2.2
2.2 Bending deflections
Bending deflections of the"elastic"
"elastic" frame
frame

2.2.1
2.2.1 Stiffness reductionfactors
Stiffnessreduction factorsallowing
allowing for
forP.O
P.5 effects A.3.2
A.3.2
l
Columns

Sum ofcolumns
Sum of columns uLS,
W UuLS
PLILs, Ls =
= 126.9 588.6 ++128.3
126.9 + 588.6 128.3 = 843.8 kN
= 843.8

External columns:Z,I =
External columns: = 33320 cm4,
cm4, hh =
= a=
10000mm, a'
10000mm, = 1.7
1.7

cr
P,, =
= 2333 kN

Internal column: I, = 11410 cm4,

= 11410 cm4,h h = 10000mm, a'
= 10000mm, a= = 1.7
1.7

P,,
Pcr =
= 799 kN

Cr, E P Cr
Sum of columns Pcr, cr = + 799
= 2333 + 799 ++2333
2333 = 5464 kN
kN

(1
(I -- ULS
ZPuLs/EPcr)
/2Pc,) == 0.846
0.846

1/(1 1LS /P)

1/(1—- ~ P L I/ZPc,)
Ls =
= 1.18
1.18

199
199
 The Steel No:
Job No:
Job CDS139 28
Page 28 41
of 41 Rev A
Pae
Construction JobTitle
Job Title Portal
BS 5950Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 70N
7QN Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Two-span Portal
Telephone:
Telephone: (01 (01344)
344)623345
623345
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client
Client DETR byIMade
Made by CMK Date
C)ate May
May
2001
2001
--
lCALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET

Rafters
SHEET
I Checked by
jChecked
by WIS c)ate
--Date July 2001
July

span 1:
Span 1:

uLs == (52.3
Average P,,Ls
Average + 54.5)12
(52.3 + 54.5)/2 =
= 53.4 kN

I, = = 30165mm, a'
cm4, L =
= 29380cm4, a == 1.0
cr
P,, = T C ~ E I / ( ~ L=) ’653 kN
= rc2EI/(a'L)2

cr) == 0.918
(l-PuL,/Pcr)
(1-PJLs 0.918

Span 2:

P,,,, =
Average tJLS = (55.1 + 53.3)12
(55.1 + = 54.2 kN
53.3)/2 =

I, = = 30165mm, a'
cm4, LL =
= 29380cm4, a = 1.0
= 1.0

Pcr X*EI/(~L)*=
P,, = rt2EIl(aL)2 = 653 kN

(l-PLILs
(l-PULs /Pcr) = 0.917
"1')
2.2.2 order magnificationfactors
Second order factors A.3.3

The notional
notional sway
sway deflection
deflection is calculated
calculated from the sum of the stiffnesses K for
stiffnesses K
each of the column and rafter
column and rafter pairs:
pairs:

Sway stiffness
stiffnessfrom
fromcolumn
columnand
and rafter stiffness
stiffness

K='=
ô S/i2
1

D.2.5

3EICffR 3EI1

Sub Frame
Frame 11 (Elastic)
(Elastic)

- -
Sh2
Sh2 -
= x ( 1OOOO)*
30 165x(10000)2
30165 = 0.01818
3EIeff,R 3 3x205000x26981
3EJeffR X 205000 X 2698 1 x
X i04
lo4

~- h3
h3 =- 10000~
IOOOO3
=
= 0.00516
3E1eff,c 3x205000x31508x i04
3X205000X31508X104
3EIeff c

= 1
1
== 42.8N/mm
K ubb l
KSU 1 = N/mm
0.01818
0.01818 ++ 0.00516

-
200
 The Steel Job No:
'Job No: CDS139 Page 29 of 41
41 Rev A
fae
SE.
IRev
Construction
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Second--order Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL57QN
7QN Two-span Portalwith
Two-span Portal Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
with Hit/Miss Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(013441
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client
Client DETR by'Made
Made by CMK C
Date May 2001
--
I CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CALCULATION
I Checked by
Checked
W IS
WIS c)ate
--Date July 2001
July

Sub Frame 2 (Elastic)

(Elastic)

Sh2
Sh2 - ___________________
______
- - 30165X(10000)2
30165 x(10000)2 == 0.01818
0.01818
3E1eff.R 3 3x205000x26981
3EIffR X 205000 X 2698 1xX i04
lo4

- -h3
______ i00003
h 3 -- ___________________
10000~ == 0.00516
0.00516
3E1eff.c
3EIff 3x205000x31508x
3X205000X31508Xlo4 i04

11
= __________________ = 42.8 N/mm
KSub2- =
KsUb Nlmm
= 42.8
0.01818 ++ 0.00516

Nominal Base fixity

fixity D.4

Kb H I
Ô ( s3
I + __
h3
3EI
1 ExternalColumn
Column

Kb
Kb ext
=
=
___________
1 1
=
=
24.0
24.0 N/mm
N/mm
(0.0366
(0.0366 + 0.00516)
+

1 Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness

EK
'K =
= K
K sub sub I + Kb ext +
+ Kb +KK sub
sub 2
2 ++ Kb
Kb int + Kb
Kb ext

2X
Y2K = + 24.0
= 42.8 + 24.0 +
+ 42.8
42.8+24.0
+24.0 == 133.6
133.6 N/mm
N/'mm

dn*== -H =._ H
- 4*219x 'Oo0
4.219x1000 == 31.6 mm
31.6 mm
on2
2K2 133.6
133.6

h
h
= ______
/lcr* =
'cr1 - — loooo =-= 1.6
-- _________
10000
200 d"*
2000fl2 200x31.6
200 x 31.6

1 Sway mode magnification

magnification

[h]
21
1A1
=
= 2.7

201
20 1
l
 The Steel Job No: CDS139 30 of 41 A
~ TheSteel IPage
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portal
, Institute
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
70N Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344)623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR by CMK Date
l a t e May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
Checked by WIS Date
late July 2001
2001
Made July

2.2.3
2.2.3Deflection
Deflectioncalculations
calculations

deflections
Sway deflections
Sway A.3.4

order sway
The first order deflection &X,,
sway deflection ÔX isis calculated
calculated from the sum of the
stiffnesses K for
stiffnesses K foreach
each of
ofthe
the column
column and and rafter
rafterpairs.
pairs. (The
(The base stiffness of
stiffness of
nominally pinned bases
nominally pinned bases is not included because this
included because this is
is not
not a stability
stability
calculation like
like the
the calculation
calculation of A,,).
of 'icr)

KH- -
Ô Sh2
1

h3
D.3.3
D.3.3

Sub Frame
Frame 11 (Elastic)
(Elastic)

S/i2
S h 2 =- 30 165 xx(10000)2
30165 ( 10000)2
=
- - = 0.01669
0.01669
3EIR x 205000 x 29380 x io
3EIR 3 3x205000x29380x lo4

- h-3 =
____ ioooo
10000~
- ____________________ =
= 0.00488
0.00488
3EI
3 E 4 3 x205000 x 33320 x
x205000x33320x iO lo4

11
KSubi
KSubl
=
=
=46.4N/mm
N/mm
= 46.4
0.01669 ++ 0.00488
0.00488

Sub Frame
Sub Frame 22 (Elastic)
(Elastic)

As Sub frame 11
Sub frame

11
KSub2
KSub2
=
N/mm
= 46.4 N/mm
= 46.4
0.01669
0.01669 + 0.00488
+ 0.00488

Total Frame Stiffness

Stiffness

EK == KSUbI
K +
+ KSUb2
Ksub l sub 2

EK = 46.4 + 46.4
= 46.4 46.4 = =
92.7 N/mm
92.7N/mm

First-order sway deflection

oX =—
21H
AIH - 0.950x4.219x1000
= = 43.23 mm
0.950X4.219X 1000 =43.23mm
92.7
D.3.3
2K2

202
 The Steel Job No:
(Job No: CDS139
CD5139 (Page 31 of
31 41
41 lRev A
~ ~~ __
__ ________~ Pa9e
__ ~ ~~ ~

Construction JobTitle
TiUe Portal
BS 5950Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Second-order Example:
Example:
Stiwood Park, Ascot, Berks
Silwood Park, SL5
Berks SL5 7QN Two-span Portal
Portal with Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: (01344)
344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client
Client DETR byMade by CMK Date
)ate May
May
2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
Checked by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
Made July

Acr2 Acr1 A.3.4

= (OX + OXIs X -
2 1 Is) ><
2cr2 — 1 'cr1 —

SY, == SYl x
oy2 [ i
cAcr

cr2
::
l]

&X,
and 8,
Values of OX1 and ÔY1are
aretaken
takenfrom
fromfirst
firstorder
order analysis
analysis (See
(See Sheet
Sheet 7).
7).

S,,
0xB = (-28.9 -- 43.23) x
= (-28.9 1.183 + 43.23
X 1.183 43.23Xx 2.7
2.7 =
= 32.1 mm
dyyB
0yB
=
= 0.6
0.6 x 1.183
1.183 == 0.7mm
0.7 mm

S,,
0xC =
= (4.8
(4.8 -
- 43.23) x 1.183
1.183 + 43.23
43.23 X +
X 2.7
2.7 =
= 71.9 mm
SYc =
0yC = 233.5
233.5 xl.183
X 1.183 = 276.1 mm
= 276.1

S,,
OXD = (19.0 -- 43.23) x
= (19.0 1.183 ++ 43.23
X 1.183 43.23X x2.7
2.7 == 88.7
88.7 mm
S,, =
= 2.9 xX 1.183
1.183 = 3.4mm
3.4 mm

S,,
OxF = (41.7 -- 43.23) x
= (41.7 1.183 ++ 43.23
X 1.183 43.23X x2.7
2.7 == 115.6mm
115.6 mm
S,,
OyF
= 223.1
= 223.1 x X 1.183
1.183 == 263.8mm
263.8
mm

0xG
S,, == (64.7 - 43.23) x 1.183
- 1.183 ++ 43.23 xx 2.7
2.7 == 142.8mm
142.8 mm
0yG
S,, == 0.6 xX 1.183
1.183 = 0.7mm
0.7 mm

2.3 Bending deflections

Bending deflections of
of the
the "plastic"
“plastic“ frame
frame A.4
A. 4

2.3.1
2.3.1 Stiffnessreduction
reductionfactors
factors to allow for P.o
P.5 effects A.4.2
A.4.2

Columns: as the "elastic"

frameframe
“elastic”

LII
LH Column:
Column : (1 -- ULS
PuLsIPr)
/Pcr) =
= 0.946
0.946

Central
Central Column:
Column:
(1 (1 -- ULS
PuLs'cr)
/Pcr) =
= 0.263
0.263

Rafters:
Rafters: as the
the “elastic”
"elastic" frame
becausebecausethat
frame usedaa =
thatused = 1.0
1.0

Span 1:
Span 1: lPCJ
(1 - P U L S /Pcr)
(l-PJLs =
= 0.917

Span 2:
Span ( 1-
('-PULS /Per>
IPcr) =
= 0.917

203
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 32
Page 32
Page of 41 Rev A
Construction JobTitle
Title 5950 Portal
BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Inst it Ut e
Subject Worked
Second-order Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Berks SL5 7QN Two-span Portal
Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 623345
344)623345 ~

Fax: (01344) 622944

Fax: (01344) 622944 Client DETR 'Made
Made by
by CMK Date
)ate May
May
2001
2001
~

CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001
Checked

2.3.2
2.3.2 Second Order
Second OrderMagnification Factor
MagnificationFactor A.4.3
A.4.3

mode magnification factor

Sway mode
Sway

The notional
notional sway
sway deflection
deflection is calculated
calculated from the sum of the
the stiffnesses K of
stiffnesses K of
the rafter
rafter and
and column
column pairs between plastic hinges and
plastic hinges and the
thebase
base stiffness
stiffness of
of
each column.

Sway stiffness
stiffness from column and
and rafter stiffness.
stiffness.

11
K=
K2
2 = D.3.5
D.3.5
Sh2 +
h3

3EIeffR

Sub Frame
Frame 11(Plastic)
(Plastic)

Sh2
- -
Sh2 -
= 30 165x(10000)2
30165 X ( 10000)2 == 0.01818
3Ezeff,R
3EJCffR 3 x 205000 x 2698 1xx i04
3x205000x26981 lo4

- -h3
h3 =- 10000
10000~ =
= 0.00516
3 E1,,,,,c
3EIeff 3x205000x31508x
3 x 205000 x 3 1508 x i04
lo4

1
1
K
Ksub
sub I1 =
== 42.84 N/mm
N/mm
0.01818 + 0.00516

Sub Frame 22 (Plastic)

(Plastic)

Sh2
Sit2
- - 30165 ~ ( 1 0 0 0 0 ) ~
30165x(10000)2
-
= =
= 0.01818
3E1cff.R 3x205000x26981
3EIffR 3 X 205000 X 2698 1 XxlO
lo4

~- h3
h 3 =- i00003
10000~ == 0.05416
3Eleff,c
c 3x205000x3003x
3 X 205000 X 3003 X i04
lo4

1
1
K sub22
Ksub
=
=
== 13.82 N/mm
13.82N/mm
0.01818 +
+ 0.05416

Nominal Base fixity D.4

Kb =-= 1

+
h3
3EIff

204
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 33 of
33 41
41 Rev A
JPae IRev
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-orderWorked
Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portalwith
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
(01344) 623345
Telephone: 1013441
Fax: 1013441 622944
(01344) 622944
Client
Client DETR Made by
by CMK Date
c)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
l Checked
Checked by
Made
WIS Date
late July 2001

External Column
11
K
K bext
b ext
=
=
= 23.95 N/mm
N/mm
= 23.95
(0.0366 ++ 0.00516)

Internal Column

K.
bint
K bint
= =
11
=6.2N/mm
= 6.2 N/mm
0.0542)
(0.1069 ++ 0.0542)

Total Frame Stiffness

Stiffness

zK == K
K sub 11 ++ K
K b int
mt++ K sub 22’ + Kb +Kb
K b in[ + K b ext , ext

EK 42.84 ++ 23.95
== 42.84 23.95 + 13.82
+ +6.2++23.95
13.82 +6.2 23.95 = 110.8N/mm
= 110.8 N/mm

Second-order notional sway deflection for

sway deflection for the
the plastic
plasticframe
frame

ôdn,'' =—=
=-H -
-
4.219x
4 . 2 1 9 1000
~1000
110.8
= 39.8 mill
=39.8mm
EK2 =K2 110.8

Critical
Critical Buckling Ratio D.3.5
D.3.5

= Iih -= 10000
10000 =
A = 1.31
= 2OOô - 200 x 39.8
200x39.8
Magnification Factor A.4.3

[&l
krp1
CTV
=
= 4.20

2.3.3
2.3.3 Deflections
Deflectionsofofthe
the"plastic"
”plastic”frame from
framefrom gravity loads
gravity loads A.4.5

Loads

The loads
loadsapplied
appliedtoto the
the “plastic”
"plastic"frame
frame =
= (A,,
(Ap —
- ULS)
A,)(loads at ULS)
A,)(loads

(Ap -- A1)
AI) = (1.117
(1.117 -- 0.95) =
= 0.167

Slope of rafters
Slope a =
rafters al = a2
4 =a' =
=a = 6°, a
6 ” , giving Cos a' .= 0.9945

Assuming bothservice
Assuming both service load
load and
and imposed
imposedload
loadare
arespecified
specified “on
"on plan”,
plan",

at w , , ~ , ~=, , 1.26
ULS,Wypian
at ULS, 1.26 ++5.76
5.76 == 7.02 kN/m

205
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139
CDS139 Page 34 of
Page 34 of 41
41 Rev A
Construction Job
Job Title
Title 5950 Portal
BS 5950
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: IClient
(01344)
(01344) 622944
622944 Client DETR
DETR byIMade
by CMK
I
Date
)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET I Made
Checked by
by WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001

giving
giving a transverse
transverse load on the "plastic
“plastic frame"
frame”

== (Ap
(A,—
- AI)(~,,p,an
2l)(''v.p1an at ULS)Cos2a
ULS)Cos2a

== 0.171X7.02(0.9945)2
0.171X7.02(0.9945)* =
= 1.16 kN/m

Assuming both
both dead load and self-weight are values
self-weight are values "along
“along the slope",
slope”,

at ULS,w,~,lope
at ULS, w,10= 0.84++1.12
= 0.84 1.12 = 1.96 kNfm
= 1.96 kN/m

giving a transverse
transverse load on the "plastic
“plastic frame"
frame”

= (A,-- A1)(w0
= (A at ULS)Cos
AI)(w,,,lope ULS)Cos aa

== 0.171x1.96x0.9945
0.171 X 1.96X0.9945 =
= 0.33 kN/m

Summing loads
Summing loads from
fromcomponents
components“on
"onplan” and
plan" “along
and "along the
the slope”,
slope",

wp =
= 1.16 + 0.33
0.33 == 1.49
1.49 kN/m

Sway A.4.5

This arises due to

to the
the rotation
rotation of
of the
the column
column without
without an
an adjacent
adjacent hinge.
hinge.

w s3
w pS3
First-order end
end slope of the rafter as a simply
simply supported beam, 0R
supported beam, OR == ~

24 EIR
24EIR

wS3
wp s3
Second-order end slope
Second-order end slope of
of the eR2==
the rafter, 0R2 -
EIR
24 EIR
24k' [ A
L p
Acrp - l ]

E
E =
= 205000
205000 N/mm2
N/mm2

I,,
I, == 29380 cm4
29380 cm4

8R2== 1.49 x 30165

1.49 301653
‘R2
xX 4.20
4.20 == 0.11834
0.1 1834 radians
radians
24 xX 205000
205000 x
X 29380
29380 x
X i04
lo4
Horizontal deflectionofofPoint
Horizontal deflection PointB,B,C,C,DD = he,
= hOR

= 10000 x 0.11834
= 10000 0.11834

= 1183.4 mm
= 1183.4

206
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 35 of 41
35 Rev A
Construction Job
Job Title Portal
BS 5950Portal
Institute
Subject Second-order
Worked
Second--order Example:
Worked Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span
Portal
Two-span with Hit/Miss
Portal with Internal
Hit/Miss Columns.
Internal Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: (01344) 623345
344)623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01 622944
344)622944 Client DETR Made by CMK Date
l a t e May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Checked
Made
WIS Date
late
~~
July 2001
July

Mid-span drop

Deflection given
given by value for simply
simply supported beam
beam of span equal
equal to
to the
developed length of
developed length of the
the rafters.
rafters.

span 1:
Span 1:

ob2 = S
5 wW PS4
s4 '1crp
*b2 = 384 EI,
384 [kc> -1l ]
EIR Xcrp

= 384
_—
J
z
xX 1.47
1.47 x 30165
301654
xX 4.20
o
b'2b2 =
384
4.20 == 1115.5
1115.5 mm
mm
205000
205000 Xx 29380
29380 Xx i04
lo4

= ____
dB2 = 1115.5 = 1l21.7mm
- _____
odaapex
apex
-
= _____ - - 1121.7 mm-
cos a 0.9945

Span 2: as
as Span
Span 11

Spread
Spread A.4.5

This is caused by the drop of the angle in the the rafter which
which isis at the apex in this
frame. Becausethis
frame. Because thisframe
frame
is aissymmetrical
a symmetrical pitched roof portal,
pitched roof portal, the
the drop
drop of
of
the angle is the
the mid-span
mid-span drop calculated
calculated above.
above.

span 1:
Span
Full span
Full span pread $,(Sin a + Sin
==OB2 (Sinal +
Sin a2) $, (2Sin 6°)
2) ==0B2 6")

=
= 1115.5 (2 xX 0.1045)
1115.5 0.1045) == 233.2mm
233.2 mm

Half span
Half span0prcad =0B2 Sin al
dsspread
= a =
= 1115.5
11 15.5 xX 0.1045
0.1045 = 116.6 mm
= 116.6

Span
Span 2:
2: as
as Span
Span 11

Column
Column hinge horizontal displacement
horizontal displacement

The hinge occurs at

The at the underside of the
underside of the haunch,
haunch, which
which isis atataadistance
distance from
from
the
the neutral axis
axis of the
the rafter,
rafter, causing an
an additional horizontal displacement.
additional horizontal displacement.

Second-order endslope
Second-order end slope of
of the
the rafter, BR2 == 0.11834
rafter, 8R' radians
0.11834 radians (Sheet 34)

Off-set ofhinge
3ff-setofthe the below
hinge below the
the rafter,
rafter, ee = 10000 -- 9400
= 10000 == 600 mm

Horizontal deflectionof
Horizontal deflection ofPoint
Point M
M== et9R
eoR == 600
600 x 0.11834
0.11834 = 71.0mm
7 1.O mm

207
 The Steel
Construction
Construction
Job No:
No:

Job Title
CDS 139
CDS139
BS 5950 Portal
Page
Page
41
36 of 41
'''
Rev A

Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 ]QN
Berks 5L5 7QN Two-span
Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Portal with
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344) 623345
(013441 623345
Fax: (013441
(01344)622944 Client DETR byMade by CMK Date
C)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Made
WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001

2.3.4
2.3.4 Deflections
Deflectionsofofthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"frame
framefrom
fromhorizontal
horizontal loads
loads

Loads

The unfactored
unfactored loads applied
applied to the "elastic
"elastic frame"
frame" included
included the
the horizontal
horizontal
loads and were
were in proportion to the
the ULS loads,
loads, so the loads applied
applied to the
"plastic" frame =
"plastic" frame = (A,
(4 —- A,)(loads
2)(loads atat ULS)
ULS)

(4 A,) = (1.117 -
(A, 2)- 1 - 0.950) =
= 0.167

Slope of rafters
Slope of a, =
rafters a' = a'2 =a' =
a2 =a = 6°, a=
6", giving Cos a' = 0.9945
0.9945

Sway
Sway

Total of column forces =

column forces = 843.8 kN (Sheet 27)

0.5% xXofoftotal
totalofofcolumn
column forces
forces (elastic
(elastic frame) = 0.005
frame) = 0.005 x843.75 = 4.22 kN
kN

Additional horizontal load

Additional horizontal load on plastic
plastic frame
frame

H == 0.167 x 4.22
4.22 xX 1000
1000 == 705N

For aa multi-span
For multi-span frame,
frame,the
the sway
swaydeflection
deflectionisis calculated
calculated from the sum
from the sumofofthe
the
stiffnesses
stiffnesses K for each
each of
of the
the spans:
spans:

1 1
=
S
3EIc
3EIR
3EIR
hh 32 h3
3EI
jx 2crp
-
A.4.6

krp
Acrp -

, == 44.5
KSub
KSUbI

K sub2 =
K = 29.8
29.8

Total Frame Stiffness Order)

Stiffness (First Order)

'K~ =
= KSUbI
K sub I ++ K
K sub2
sub 2

'Ks =
= 44.5 + 29.8
44.5 + 29.8 =
= 74.3 N/mm

Second-order
Second-order least sway
sway deflection of
of the
the column
column top
top

= H 0.705x1000 x 4.20 = 39.8

= mm
74.3

208
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 37
37 of
of 41
41 Rev A
JRev
Construction JobTitle
Title Portal
BS 5950Portal
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Sllwood
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal
Portal with
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: (01344)
344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
Client DETR by Made by CMK Date
C)ate May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION SHEET WIS
WIs
Checked
by
Made
by Date
)ate July 2001

Mid-span drop

Second order sagging deflection

deflection of a straight rafter:
rafter:

'm2
sm.
=
=
ML,"
ML2
-
r
[
16E1 ,lcpA
16E1,R crp
A
4rp
rp
-1l ]
-
where HiII
where MM==ZH. h.
h i

I]
Hi is the
the proportion of the horizontal force
force carried
carried by each sub frame
frame
calculated as a proportion of
of the
the stiffness K2.
stiffnessK2.

Sub frame 1:
1:

Drop in the apex of rafter span

span 11 due
due to horizontal load.
horizontal load.

0.425 xX 1000
0.425 1000XX10000
10000(30165)2
(30165)2 x 4.20 16.8 mm
=
srn2 =
'm2 x 4.20 == 16.8 mm
16
16 x 205000
205000 x 26951
2695 1 x i04
1..

lo4

Sub frame 2:
Drop in the apex of rafter span
span 2 due
due to horizontal load.
horizontal load.

0.280 x 1000
1000 xx10000
10000(30165)2
(30165)2 x 4,,20 == l l . lmm
... o$m2
sm.
= x 4,20 11.1mm
16
16 >< 205000Xx 26951
X 205000 26951 Xx i04
lo4

Spread
span 1:
Span 1:

Full span
Fullspan spread Ssm2(Sin tz
spread = O2 + Sin
a, + Sin a;>
2) = 16.8 (Sin
= 16.8 6° +
(Sin 6" + Sin
Sin 6°)
6")
=
= 16.8(0.1045
(0.1045 + 0.1045)
+ 0.1045) =
= 3.5mm
3.5 mm

Half spanspread
Half span spread = dSm2
= 0sm2 (Sina'1) =
(Sina,) 16.8 (Sin 6")
= 16.8 6°)
= 16.8 (0. 1045)
= (0.1045) =
= 1.8 mm

span 2:
Span 2:

Fullspan
Full span spread =
spread dsm2
= Osfl2 a,
(Sina1
(Sin + Sin a*)
+ a2) = 1 1.1 (Sin
= 11.1 6° +
(Sin 6" + Sin
Sin 6°)
6")
=
= 11.1(0.1045
11.1 (0.1045 ++0.0.1045)
1045) =
= 1.2mm
1.2 mm

Half-spanspread
Half-span spread = dsm2
= Om2 (Sin a,)
(Sin a1) =
= 11.1
11.1 (Sin 6")
6°)
=
= (0.1045)
11.1 (0. 1045)
11.1 =
= 2.3mm
2 . 3 mm

209
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 38 of
38 of 41
41 Rev A
JPae Rev
Construction JobTitle
Title Portal
BS 5950Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN InternalColumns.
Portal with Hit/Miss Internal
Two-span Portal Columns.
Telephone: (01
Telephone: 344)623345
(01344) 623345
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
)ate May
May 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
I Checked by
Checked
Made
WIS Date
)ate July 2001
2001

2.4
2.4 Axial
Axialforces
forcesfor
forthe
theenergy calculation
energycalculation

total of the axial loads in the columns

The total columns is not affected
affected by
by second-order
second-order
effects because
because of
of vertical
vertical equilibrium,
equilibrium, so P2
P2 =
= P1
P , which taken as the mid-
which is taken
height value
value calculated
calculated in 2.2 above.
above.

span 1:
Span 1:

LH col: take mid-height

takemid-height P1 = 126.9
P, = 126.9 kN

RHcol:
col: take
take mid-height
mid-height P1 = 588.6 kN
P, =

Span 2:

RH col: take
take mid-height
mid-height P1 = 128.3
P, = 128.3 kN

The rafter
rafteraxial
axialforces
forcesare
areaffected
affected by the
the drop of the rafters
of the rafters at mid-span.
mid-span.

Span 1:
1:

Mid-span
drop
Mid-span drop =
= 1414.7 mm

Increase in P2
P2 =
= {l/
{ l / [1(ôa
[1-(6, /ha)]-l}
/ha)J1} = {1/[1-(1414.7/11577)] —- 1}
= {1I[1—(1414.7/11577)} 1)

=
= 0.139
0.139

LH rafter: take
rafter:take mid-length PP, =
mid-length = 52.3 kN
axial =
Mid-spanaxial
Mid-span givingPP/i
= 45.4,giving increase =
A increase = 0.139x45.4
0.139~45.4 =
= 6.3 kN

52.3 ++ 6.3
P2 = 52.3 6.3 = 58.6
= kN

RH rafter:
RHrafter: take mid-lengthP ,P=54.5
takemid-length 54.5 kN
kN

Mid-span axial =
Mid-spanaxial givingPP/i
= 47.6,giving increase = 0.139x47.6
A increase 0.139X47.6 =
= 6.6 kN

P2 = + 6.6
= 54.5 + 6.6 =
= 61.1 kN

Span 2:
TotalMid-span
Mid-span drop
drop = 1396.6 mm
= 1396.6
Increase inP2
Increase in P2 =
= {1/[1(ôa
{1/[l-(da /ha)]1}
/ha)]-l} =
= {1/[1-(1396.6/11577)]
{1/[1(1396.6 /11577)] —- l}
1}

=
= 0.137

LH rafter:
rafter: take
take mid-length
mid-length PP, = 55.1
55.1 kN

210
210
 The Steel Job
Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 39 of
of 41
41 A
Rev
Construction Job
Job Title
Title Portal
BS 5950Portal
Institute
Subject
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 ]QN
SL5 7QN Two-span Portal
Portal with
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Telephone:
Telephone: (101344) 623345
0 1344) 623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944 Client DETR Made by CMK Date
C)ate May
May 2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by
by WIS c)ate
Date July 2001
Made

Mid-span axial =
Mid-spanaxial givingPPu
= 48.2,giving increase =
A increase = 0.137x48.2
0.137X48.2 =
= 6.6 kN

P2 =
= 55.1 + 6.6
55.1 + 6.6 = 61.7 kN
kN

RH rafter:
RH rafter: take
take mid-lengthP ,P1 =
mid-length = 53.3
53.3 kN

Mid-span axial =
Mid-spanaxial givingPPu
= 46.4,giving increase =
A increase = 0.137x46.4
0.137X46.4 =
= 6.4 kN

P2 = 53.3 + 6.4
= 53.3 6.4 =
= 59.6 kN

2.5 Second-order
Second-order Energy Summation A.6

The energy summation

summation isis required
requiredtotocalculate AM following the methods
calculate 2M methods in
A.2.2

211
21 1
 The Steel Job No:
No: CDS139 Page 40 of
Page 40 of 41
41 Rev A
Rev
Construction JobTitle
Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Subject Second-order Worked Example:
Second-order
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal
Two-span Internal Columns,
Columns.
Telephone: (01344)
Telephone: (01 344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
CMK 2001
Client DETR 'Made
Made by Date May 2001
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET Checked by WIS Date
Date July 2001
Checked Date

Element
Element for evaluation
evaluationof
ofPc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc'phi*s*d(phi) AB BC CD DF ED DF FG
FG dG Hd
Hd
X-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections from
from the
the'elastic frame
"elastic" frame
dxa 00
00 321
32 1 71.9
71 9 00
00 887
88 7 115.6
115.6 1428
1428 00
00
dxb 32 1
32.1 71.9
71.9 88.7
88 7 88.7
88.7 1156
1156 142.8
142.8 142.8
142.8 1428
142.8
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 32.1
32.1 39.9 16.8 88.7 268
26.8 27.2 0.0
0.0 142.8
142.8
Deflections from
fromthethe'plastic"
"plastic"frame
frame
From gravity
gravityloads
loads
Sway of toptop of
of elastic
elasticcolumn
column
dxa 0.0
00 1183.4
1183.4 11834
11834 11834
1183 411834
11834 1183.4
1183.4 11834
1183 4 00
00
dxb 1183.4
1183 4 1183.4
11834 1183.4
11834 1183.4
1183.4 1183.4
11834 1183.4
11834 1183.4
11834 1183.4
11834
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 1183A
1183.4 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 1183.4
Spread
Spread
dxa 00
00 00
00 116.6
116.6 0.0 233 2 5830
2332 583 0 6996
699 6 00
00
dxb 0.0
0.0 116.6
116.6 233 2 2332
2332 233 2 5830
583 0 6996 6996
6996 699.6
699.6
(dxb - dxa)
(dxb dxa) 0.0
0.0 116.6
116.6 116.6 233.2 349.8
349.8 116.6
116.6 0.0
0.0 699.6
hinge horizontal
Column hinge horizontaldisplacement
displacement
dxa 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0
00 00
00 0.0
0.0 71
71 00 0.0
dxb 00
00 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0 00
00 0.0
0.0 00
00 71.0
71.0
(dxb dxa)
(dxb - dxa) 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 -71.0
-71.0 71.0
From horizontal
horizontalloads
loads AB
AB BC
BC CD
CD ED
ED DF
DF FG
Hd
FG dG
dG Hd
Sway
dxa 00
00 39.8
39.8 398 8
39 00 39.8
39.8 398
39 8 39.8
39.8 00
00
dxb 39.8
39.8 398
398 398 398
39 8 39.8
39.8 398
39 8 39.8
39.8 39 88
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 39.8
39.8 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 39.8 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 39.8
Spread
dxa 00
00 00
00 1 .8
1.8 00
00 35
35 4.7
4.7 58
58 00
00
dxb
dxb 00
00 11 8
8 33 5
5 3.5
3.5 4 77 5.8
5.8 55 88 5.8
5.8
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb dxa) 0.0
0.0 1.8
1.8 1.8
1.8 3.5 1.2
1.2 1.2 0.0
0.0 5.8
ITotal of (dxb-
ITotal -
(dxb dxa)
dxa) at
atcollapse
collapse 1255.2
1255.2 158.2
158.2 135.2
135.2 365.2 377.8
377.8 145.0
145.0 .71.0
-71.0 2142.41
2142.41
Y-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
Deflections from
fromthe
the"elastic"
"elastic"frame
frame
dya
dya 00
00 0.7
0.7 276.1
276.1 0.0 3.4
3.4 263.8
263.8 07
07 0.0
dyb
dyb 07
07 2761
276 1 3.4
3.4 3.4
3.4 2638
263 8 0.7
0.7 07
0.7
07 0.7
( W -- dya)
(dyb dya) 07
0.7 275.4 -272.7 3.4 260.4
260.4 -263.1
-263.1 0.0 0.7
0.7
Deflections
Deflections fromfromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"frame
frame
Mid-span
Mid-span dropdropfrom
fromgravity
gravity loads
loads
dya
dYa 00
00 0.0
0.0 1121.7
1121.7 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 1121.7
1121.7 00
00 0.0
dyb
dyb 00
00 1121 7 7 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 1121
1121 7 7 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0
(dyb -- dya)
(dyb dya) 0.0
0.0 1121.7
1121.7 -1121.7 00
0.0 1121.7 -1121.7
-1121.7 0.0 0.0
0.0
Deflections
Deflections fromfromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"frame
frame
Mid-span dropdropfrom
fromhorizontal
horizontalloads
loads
dya
dYa 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 16.8
16.8 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 11.1 00
00 0.0
dyb
dYb 0.0
0.0 16.8
16.8 0.0
0.0 00
00 11.1
11.1 0.0
0.0 00
00 0.0
(dyb - dya)
(dyb- dya) 0.0 16.8 -16.8
-16.8 0.0 11.1
11.1 -11.1
-11.1 0.0 0.0
0.0
ITotal of
ITotal of (dyb-
(dyb - dya)
dya) at
atcollapse
collapse 0.7 1414.0
1414.0 -1411.2 3.4 1393.2 -1395.9 0.0 0.71
0.71

psi from X axis)

PSI (angle from axts) 900
90 0 6.0
6.0 -6.0
-6.0 90.0
90.0 60
60 -6.0
-6.0 90.0
90.0 90.0
90.0
[(dxb -- dxa)
[(dxb dxa) at
at collapse]*Sin(psi)
collapse]'Sin(psi) 1255.2
1255.2 16.5
16 5 -14.1
-14.1 365.2
365.2 39.5
39.5 -15.2
-15 2 -71.0
-71.0 2142.4
2142.4
[(dyb -- dya)
[(dyb dya) at
at collapse]*Cos(psi)
collapse]'Cos(pst) 0.0
0.0 1406.2 -1403.5
1406.2 -1403.5 0.0
0.0 13856
13856 -13883
-1388 3 0.00.0 0.0
phi at collapse
phl * Ssat collapse 1255.2
1255.2 1422.7 -1417.6
1422.7 -1417.6 365.2
365.2 1425.0
1425 0 -1403.4
-1403.4 -71.0 2142.4
-71.0 2142.4
rotn rotn ==
Incremental
Incremental d(phi)
d(phi) from mechanism
mechanism
from 1.000
1.000
1.000
0.8831.000
1.151
1.151
1.4111.7010.883
1.411 1.151 1.151 1.411 1.411 1.701
Shortening =phi*s*d(phi)
IShortening phi's'd(phi) (modulus)
(modulus) 1255.2
1255.2 1422.7
1422.7 1251.6
1251.6 420.4 1640.4 1980.7
1980.7 100.2
100.2 3643.81
3643.81
AXIAL
AXIAL FORCES
FORCES
Pc
Pc for columns
at
columns and
and rafters at ULS
rafters ULS 588.6 52.3
126.9
52.3
54.5
126.9 54.5 588.6 55 11
55 53.3
128.3 128.3
53.3
128.3 128.3
Total mldspan drop
midspan drop 1414.7
1414.7 1414.7
1414.7 1396.6
1396 6 1396.6
1396.6
Midspan height
height 11577
11577 11577
11577 11577
11577 11577
11577
rafter mispan
Increase rafter mispanaxial
axlalby (l/(l-droplheight) -- 1)
by {1/(1-drop/height) l} 0.139
0.139 0.139
0.139 0.137
0.137 0.137
0.137
Midspan axial
Midspan axlal 45.4
47.6
45.4 47.6 48.2
48.2
46
4 464
in Increase in rafter axial 6.3
6.3 6.6
6.6 6.6
66 64
64
Design axial
Design axial 126.9
126.9 61.1 58.6
58.6 61.1 588.6
588.6 61.7
61.7 59.6
59.6 128.3
128.3 128.3
128.3
llncremental energy==Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
[Incrementalenergy Pc'phi*s"d(phi) 159.2
159.2 83.3 76.4 247.5 101.2
101.2 118.1
118.1 12.9
12.9 467.51 Sum ==
467.51. Sum 1266
WORK
WORK DONE
DONEROTATING
ROTATINGHINGES
HINGES
ABMprd(ph1)
evaluatlngfor Element
Element for evaluating Mprd(phi) AB Ea
Ba ab bDHd
bD Dc
DC
dG cG
cG dG Hd
MprA
MprA 0 00 00
00 4040 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 404.0
404.0 454.0
454.0 00
00
MprB
MprB 0.0 404.0
404.0
404.0 404.0 4040
4040 404.0
404.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 454
454 00
MprA + MprB
MprA 0.0
404.0 808.0 404.0
404.0 808.0 404.0 404.0
404.0
404.0 404.0 454.0
454.0
454.0 454.0
Incremental rotn ==d(phi)
Incremental rotn d(phi)from
frommechanism
mechanism 1.000
1.000 11000
000 0.883
0.883
1151 1151 1.151
1.411
1.411
1.151 1.411 1.411 1.701
1701
IMpr*d(phi)
IMpr*d(phi) 0.0 404.0
404.0 713.3
713.3 465.0
465.0 465.0 570.2
570.2 640.7
640.7 772.2)
772.21 Sum
Sum == 4031
4031
Factor on lambda_p
IFactor lambda D _. I 0.686
06861
lambda p from
lambda_p from first-order
first-order analysis
analysis I 1.117
1.117
M lambda
Iambda_M I 0.766

212
21 2
 1
The Steel Job No:
lJob No;o
CDS139 IPage 41 of 41 A
fRey
Construction Job Title BS 5950 Portal
Institute
Construction CDS139
Institute lPage 41 of 41 lRev A
Subject Second-order Worked
Worked Example:
Example:
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
7QN Two-span Portalwith
Two-span Portal withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Telephone: 101344)
Telephone: (01344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Client DETR Made by CMK Date
late May
May 2001
2001
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET by Checked by WIS
Checked
Made
Date
late July 2001
2001

I
2.6 Load factor
factor at
at failure, ,,A,,
failure,AM A.6

4sd4 =
2 P2 q5sdçb 4
1266 5
= 1266

= 4031 4
2 Mprd 4 =4031çz5
EMprd;b

,M /2 = 1- (P 5 s dq5)
E(Mprdcb)

A, / A,
2M =
= [l
[1
- ( 1266
4031 m)l
4
)} = 0.686
= 0.686

A, =
= 0.686 x
X 2,
A, =
= 0.686 xX 1.117
1.117 =
= 0.766

This frame
frameexceeds
exceeds the
the h/1000
/z/l000 limit
limit for
for the sway-check methodby
sway-check method byaafactor
factor of
of
about 3.
3 . The
Theabove
above calculations demonstrate that such aaflexible
calculations demonstrate flexibleframe
framehas
has
a a
serious reduction
reduction in
in capacity in-planestability
capacity from in-plane stabilityeffects.
effects.

213
21 3