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Force: A push or pull in any direction that can change the shape of an object or change how it
moves. Measure in newtons (N).
Types of Forces:
1. Gravitational Force AKA Weight: Force that attracts you to the center of the earth.
2. Electrostatic Force: force b/w 2 objects that are charged, once charged can attract or repel
other charged objects.
3. Magnetic Force: Force between magnets and magnetic materials (iron,steel,nickel).
4. Friction: Force between two objects sliding across each other.
i. a.Air Resistance: Force acting on object moving through air.
ii. b.Water resistance:Force on object moving through any liquid.
5. Upthrust: Force of water pushing an object up, causing it to float.
6. Tension: Force acting on any cable, wire, rope or string with a weight on it.
Measuring Forces: devices used to measure forces known as forcemeters like a spring balance.
Sun evaporates water and makes it rain. Rainwater is trapped and used in dams to create hydroelectricity.
Sun heats up land and water to create land breeze and sea breeze which can be used to create electricity
in wind turbines.
The sun’s energy can be directly transferred to electricity using solar cells.
Solar Panel: Water runs through pipes and is heated by sun energy.
Physics Notes: 2.3
Types of Energy:
Potential Energy: Energy something has because of its shape, or position or motion. These changes store energy.
Potential Energies:
o Chemical potential Energy: Energy in Foods and Fuels
o Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy something has because it has changed position.
o Kinetic Energy: Energy moving objects have.
o Thermal Energy: Energy hot objects store.
Types of energy transfer: These cannot store energy but only show how energy is transferred.
o Electrical Energy
o Light Energy
o Sound Energy
Nuclear Energy: Energy produced by the sun through nuclear fusion that produces nuclear energy. Hydrogen
atoms are combined to form helium and energy is released.
stores energy.
Physics Notes: 2.10
Efficiency: Amount of useful energy compared to wasted energy. Formula:
Useful Energy/Total Energy x 100%
Sankey Diagram: Shows energy transfer and useful and wasted energy.
Stars start drom a colud of gas and dust called nebula. Gravity pulls it together. Hydrigen make the sun shine. It is
now a main sequence star. After all tthe hydrogen is used it will become a red giant and will swallow anything
around it