Memo for exam May/June 2010

(by Ashton Ruiters, based on Biology 8th edition)

Question 1

1.1 c

1.2 e

1.3 b

1.4 e

1.5 e

1.6 d

1.7 b

1.8 d

1.9 d

1.10 a

Question 2

2.1 mixotroph

2.2 endodermis

2.3 bioremediation

2.4 carpel

2.5 charophyte

Question 3

3.1 It is the two part latinized name of a species, consisting of the genus and specific epithet. To
avoid ambiguity when communicating about their research, biologists refer to organisms by Latin
scientific names. The two-part format of the scientific name, commonly called a binomial, was instituted
in the 18th century by Carolus Linnaeus. The first part of a binomial is the name of the genus to which
the species belongs. The second part, called the specific epithet, is unique for each species within the
genus
3.2 starting from most comprehensive

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

3.3 The cell walls of gram positive bacteria is made up of a thick layer of peptidoglycan (which traps
the crystal violet in the cytoplasm during gram stain ad masks the safranin dye) and the cell wall of gram
negative bacteria is made up of a thinner layer of peptidoglycan which is protected by an outer
membrane (the crystal violet is easily rinsed from cytoplasm and the cells appear pink or red from the
safranin dye).

Using the gram stain method one can quickly determine if a patient's infection is due to gram-negative
or to gram-positive bacteria. This information has treatment implications.

The effectiveness of certain antibiotics, such as penicillin, derives from their inhibition of the
peptidoglycan cross-linking. The resulting cell wall may not be functional, particularly in gram-positive
bacteria. Such drugs destroy many species of pathogenic bacteria without adversely affecting human
cells, which do not contain peptidoglycan.

3.4 1. Alternation of generations

2. Walled spores produced in sporangia

3. Multicellular gametangia

4. Multicellular dependant embryos

5. Apical meristems

Question 4 (figure 29.8)

Question 5

An apicomplexan is a protist in a clade that includes many species that parasitize animals. Some
apicomplexans cause human disease such as Plasmodium. (Figure 28.10)

Question 6

6.1 Growth hormone (GH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (THS)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

6.2 Androgens

Estrogens

Progestins

6.3 (Adrenal medulla) Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

(Adrenal cortex) Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids
6.4 Melatonin

Question 7

7.1 sexual reproduction

7.2 sperm

7.3 budding

7.4 fragmentation

7.5 question incomplete

7.6 hermaphrodite

7.7 pheromone

7.8 spermatheca

7.9 cloaca

7.10 prostate gland

Question 8

Homo sapiens