Teaching Materials for Speaking Test

12 + 19 dec 2018

I. Earth Layer

1. Earth is composed of several layers.

2. They are Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core.
3. The layer of Earth that we live on is the crust.
4. The Crust is the outermost solid layer of Earth.
5. The crust is about 5 kilometers thick.
6. The layer below the crust is the mantle.
7. The mantle is much thicker than the crust.
8. The mantle extends to a depth of about 2,900 kilometers below the crust.
9. Earth’s core is made up of the outer core and the inner core.
10. The core is the densest layer of Earth and is mainly composed of iron.
11. A combination of heat and pressure make the outer core a liquid mass.
12. The inner core is a solid because the pressure is so great that the iron cannot
melt.
13. The temperature of the core is about 5000°C.
 II Photosynthesis

1. Photosynthesis is a process ..................

2 . P h o t o s y n t h e s i s p r o c e s s n e e d s w a t e r, C O 2 , S u n L i g t .
3. Chemical reaction of Photosynthesis process is .....
....................................

4. Photosynthesis process are as follows:

a. .................
b. .................
c. .................
d. .................
e. ..................
 III Magnet

1. Magnet memiliki berapa kutub?

2. Sebutkan kutub tersebut.
3. Bagaimana cara menentukan kutub magnet Batang?
4. Bagaimana cara menentukan kutub U dan S magnet batang?
5. Bagaimana cara membuat magnet?

1. A magnet has 2 poles.

2. The 2 poles are North Pole and South Pole.
3. ................
4. ..................
5. ......................
 IV Rocks

 On the basis of their formation, rocks are broadly classified into three types.
 They are:
a. igneous rocks,
b. sedimentary rocks, and
c. metamorphic rocks.
a. Igneous rocks
 Igneous rocks are found in volcanic region.
 Igneous rocks are formed from magma.
 When magma comes out or erupts from volcano, it flows as lava.
 When this lava cools, it becomes igneous rocks.
 Granite and Pumice (batu apung) are example of igneous rocks.

b. Sedimentary rocks
 Sedimentary rocks are formed from natural processes like rain, wind, and
flowing rivers which carry soil particles, sand, and dead plants.
 Over time, soil particles, sand, and dead plants are deposited on top each
other.
 They create layers of sediment.
 Over time these layers press over each other to form sedimentary rocks.
 Sedimentary rocks take thousands of years to form.
 Examples of sedimentary rocks are sandstone, limestone, and coal.

c. Metamorphic rocks
 Sedimentary rocks can change into metamorphic rocks due to high
temperature and high pressure.
 An example of metamorphic rock is “Marble” which is changed from
“Limestone” when it is heated and pressured over time.
 V. HEAT

1. What is heat?
Heat is a form of energy
2. What is the unit of heat?
The unit of heat should be the joule ( J ).
Besides the joule, the conventional unit of heat which is called the calorie is still in use.
3. What happen to a system or an object when heat energy is added to it?
When heat energy is added to a system, at least 2 different things can happen:
a. The temperature of the system increases;
b. The system may expand.
4. What is melting point?
The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.
5. What is boiling point?
The temperature at which a liquid changes into gas or vapour.
6. The heat of fusion Lf of a solid is the amount of heat needed to convert a unit mass of a
solid into liquid at the same temperature and pressure.
7. The heat of vaporization Lv of a liquid is defined as the amount of heat needed to change a
unit mass of the liquid to the vapor phase while keeping the temperature and the pressure
constant.

Figure 1 shows the plot of the temperature T versus time t.

Boiling point
D
100oC E

Temperature

Water and
Vapour (steam)
Melting point
B C
Water
0oC
ice and water
10oC A Time (t)
ice

Once the temperature reaches 0 0C, the ice starts melting. Even though heat energy is being supplied,
the temperature does not change until all the ice has melted and changed into water. This is indicated
by the first horizontal line BC. Thus a phase change has taken place from a solid to liquid without a
change of temperature. The heat supplied is used to increase the energy of the molecules so that they
can break loose from their bonds in the solid structure and change into a liquid.

Once all the ice has melted, the temperature once again starts rising, as shown in Figure 1. When the
water reaches a temperature of 100 0C, it starts changing into steam. The temperature does not change
as indicated by the second horizontal line DE, until all the water has changed into steam. The heat is
again being used to break lose the molecules of water into free molecules in the steam or gaseous
phase. Once all the water has changed into steam, the temperature starts increasing again. We
conclude that the heat supplied can be used to change the phase or to increase the temperature. The
reverse of this process - changing steam into water and water into ice - takes place when heat is taken
out.

The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid is called its melting point; the temperature at
which a liquid changes into a solid is called its freezing point. As noted above, the melting and
freezing point of water is 00C. As we shall see, the melting point depends upon the pressure. Different
materials need different amounts of heat to change phases. The heat of fusion Lf of a solid is the
amount of heat needed to convert a unit mass of a solid into liquid at the same temperature and
pressure. Thus, 1 kg of ice at 0 0C and 1 atm (atmosphere) pressure needs 80 kcal (kilo calori) to
change into water. Therefore, the heat of fusion of water is 80 kcal/kg.

The heat of vaporization Lv of a liquid is defined as the amount of heat needed to change a unit mass
of the liquid to the vapor phase while keeping the temperature and the pressure constant. The heat of
vaporization of water at 1000C and 1 atm pressure is 539 kcal/kg. The process in which the molecules
escape directly from a solid into the gas phase without going through the liquid phase is called
sublimation.