Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Extracts as an Antibacterial Hand Sanitizer against

Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Personal hygiene is essential to every person’s life; specially in terms of one’s physical,
psychological and mental health. Maintaining good personal hygiene helps keep infections,
bad odours and illnesses away from our body. It also boosts a person’s self confidence and
social confidence.(Beth Orenstien, 2009) People are very conscious about their personal
hygiene and health thus they have manufactured and produced products that further enhance
and better strengthen our personal hygiene.

Hand sanitizers are a commonly used hygiene product that remove and kill bacteria and
viruses, it is used mainly for hands. (www.britannica.com, 2015)Although sanitizer is
essential for keeping clean, most commercially-made hand sanitizer contain different kinds of
chemicals that are harmful to the environment and sometimes harmful to people.(Purdue
University,2011) Today, people try to find more environment- friendly and natural hand soap
made of natural components.

The orange (Citrus sinensis) is part of the citrus family Rutaceae, native to China. Today,
orange trees are one of the most cultivated fruit trees around the world. Orange trees are
widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for their sweet fruit. (Umesh Rudrappa,
2009) An orange can be eaten fresh, processed or used for its fragrant peel. But the orange
peel does have a lot of uses, as the orange shows very good anti-inflammatory and anti-
bacterial properties, it helps prevent different kinds of skin diseases and stomach ailments,
and treats different kinds of diseases such as vitamin deficiencies, colds, flu and scurvy.
(Parle Milind et al. IRPJ ,2012)

Food wastage is a very serious environmental and economical problem today. In the US
alone, 30 million acres of land, 4.2 trillion gallons of water and 1.8 billion pounds of nitrogen
fertilizer were used to make crops that would be thrown away. (Robert Priedt,2018). The
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated that about 60% of all food
waste in the world comes from fruits and vegetables.

Orange are a large source of fruit waste, with 3.8 million tons of it being wasted every year,
but researchers have found many ways to resolve this, one of them is by using orange peels
for their anti bacterial and anti inflammatory properties in medical works.(Thais Ceasar,2014)

These factors make it possible for the orange peel extract to be a key component in making
a kind of hand sanitizer that will be more cost effective than and just as effective as other
commercial hand sanitizer. This research will benefit people and their households to make
their own hand sanitizer can be made easily and quickly while being more environmentally
friendly but still retaining the anti-microbial properties of a commercial hand sanitizer.
 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Orange Peel extract as an alternative
Antibacterial Hand Sanitizer. The following questions should be answered:

1. What are the chemical components found in the orange peel extract?
2. What is the significant difference between the bacteria count of commercial antibacterial
hand sanitizer and the orange peel antibacterial hand sanitizer?
3. Does the orange peel hand sanitizer have any kind of side effects(Irritation, Itchiness, etc)?

Null Hypothesis 33333

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the effectiveness of Orange Peel

extract as an alternative Antibacterial Hand Sanitizer compared to Commercial Hand
Sanitizers.

Research Paradigm

Input Process Output

- 8 Oranges were bought
from a local market in
Binondo
3333363333
- 500ml of 70% ethanol
alcohol was bought from
SM Supermarket
-Oranges will be sent to BPI
(Bureau of Plant Industry)
for testing and verification
-150 mg of orange peelings
were grounded into powder
form and placed into a
beaker filled with 150ml of
70% ethanol alcohol for 1
hour
-10ml of the product were
placed on each of the 3 petri
dishes that had
Staphylococcus aureus
-Used dependent t-test for
measuring the significant
difference between the
amount of Staphyloccocus
aureus bacteria before and
after the treatment using the
Orange peel hand sanitizer.

-All the equipment comes bacteria.

from the school chemistry -The amount of bacteria was
lab. measured before and after
treatment using a colony
counter device.

Feedback
-150 ml of ethanol alcohol per trial -Same kind of Orange

-10 ml of finished product used in each trial -Same amount of bacteria

Scope and Delimitations

This study that the researchers will conduct shall focus on the effectiveness of orange peel
extract as an antibacterial hand sanitizer and its capability on killing bacteria. The
researchers will only use Orange and not any other alternative fruit. The researchers will
concentrate on Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria specifically for the study.

The research will be limited to the testing of the final product on a petri dish contaminated
with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The researchers are limited due to time constraint and
insufficient knowledge.

Significance of the Study

The study will focus on the effectiveness of Orange Peel extract as an alternative
Antibacterial Hand Sanitizer. The study will be significant for the following:

Students. Students are vulnerable to many kinds of bacteria and viruses. The study can help
by maintaining cleanliness and proper hygiene practices in schools and proper disposal of
waste materials. This can lessen students getting sick and being absent in their classes.

Factory Workers. Because of their work environment and exposure to many kinds of
chemicals and machinery, factory workers often contract different diseases. The study will
help the workers be conscious of using sanitizers to protect them from getting sick due to
bacterial infection.

Dermatologists. This study will benefit dermatologists because they are in contact with
patients whose disorders are concentrated in the skin. Not only does this protect them from
the bacteria they come in contact with, but also protects the patients they come in contact
with.

Future Researchers. This study can provide information to researchers about the
antibacterial properties of citrus fruits, especially orange, and its effectiveness in killing
bacteria; they can also use this study as their related literature in their study.

Definition of Terms

Orange is a citrus fruit with antibacterial properties that will be the main product used in the
making of the alternative hand sanitizer.

Bacteria Population is how much bacteria there is, it will be the variable that will be
measured in this study on how effective the orange peel extract is in killing bacteria.

Hand Sanitizer is a hygiene product used to eliminate or decrease bacteria in the hands. It
will be the final product that the researchers will make.

Petri Dish is a cylindrical lidded dish where bacteria is cultured so that bacteria can grow in
it. It will be the apparatus where the bacteria will be placed in.

Colony Counter is a device that will measure how much bacteria is present in the petri dish.