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Class IX - NCERT –Maths Exercise (1.
1)
Question 1:
p
Is zero a rational number? Can you write it in the form , where p and q are integers and q  0?
q
Solution 1:
Consider the definition of a rational number.
p
A rational number is the one that can be written in the form of , where p and q are integers and
q
q  0.
0 0 0 0 0
• Zero can be written as , , , , .
1 2 3 4 5
0 0 0 0
• Zero can be written as well , , , ….
−1 −2 −3 −4
p
So, we arrive at the conclusion that 0 can be written in the form of , where p and q are
q
integers ( q can be positive or negative integers).
Therefore, zero is a rational number.
Question 2:
Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4.
Solution 2:
We know that there are infinite rational numbers between any two numbers. As we
have to find 6 rational numbers between 3 and 4
So multiply and divide by 7 (or any number greater than 6)
21
7= 7
7
We get, 3 = 3×
7 28
4=4× =
7 7
1. Number Systems www.vedantu.com 1

22 23 24 25 26 27
Thus the 6 rational numbers are , , , , ,
7 7 7 7 7 7
Question 3:
3 4
Find five rational numbers between and .
5 5
Solution 3:
We know that there are infinite rational numbers between any two numbers.
3 4
As we have to find 5 rational numbers between 5 and 5
So, multiply and divide by 6 (Or any number greater than 5)
3 3 6 18
= × =
5 5 6 30
4 4 6 24
= × =
5 5 6 30
19 20 21 22 23
Thus the 5 rational numbers are , , , ,
30 30 30 30 30
Question 4:
State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answers.
(i) Every natural number is a whole number.
(ii) Every integer is a whole number.
(iii) Every rational number is a whole number.
Solution 4:
(i) Consider the whole numbers and natural numbers separately.
We know that whole number series is 0,1, 2, 3, 4,5..... .

We know that natural number series is 1, 2, 3, 4,5..... .
So, we can conclude that every natural number lie in the whole number series.
Diagrammatically, we can represent as follows:
Therefore, we conclude that, yes every natural number is a whole number.
(ii) Consider the integers and whole numbers separately.
p
We know that integers are those numbers that can be written in the form of , where q = 1.
q
Now, considering the series of integers, we have – 4, – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2,3, 4..... .
We know that whole number are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5..... .
We can conclude that whole number series lie in the series of integers. But every integer does not
appear in the whole number series.
Therefore, we conclude that every integer is not a whole number.
But, clearly every whole number is an integer.
(iii) Consider the rational numbers and whole numbers separately.
p
We know that rational numbers are the numbers that can be written in the form ,where q  0
q
We know that whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5..... .

p
We know that every whole number can be written in the form of as follows
q
0 1 2 3 4 5
, , , , , .
1 1 1 1 1 1
We conclude that every whole number is a rational number.
But, every rational number (1/2, 1/3, 1/4,1/5,1/6…. ) is not a whole number. Therefore, we
conclude that every rational number is not a whole number.
But, clearly every whole number is a rational number.
Exercise (1.2)
Question 1:
State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answers.
(i) Every irrational number is a real number.
(ii) Every point on the number line is of the form m , where m is a natural
number.
(iii) Every real number is an irrational number.
Solution 1:
(i) Consider the irrational numbers and the real numbers separately.
p
➢ The irrational numbers are the numbers that cannot be converted in the form
q
, where p and q are integers and q  0. (Eg: √2, 3𝜋, .011011011…)

➢ The real number is the collection of rational numbers and irrational numbers.
Therefore, we conclude that, every irrational number is a real number.
(ii) Consider a number line. on a number line, we can represent negative as

well as positive numbers.
➢ Positive numbers are represented in the form of √1, √1.1, √1.2 … …
➢ But we cannot get a negative number after taking square root of any number.
(Eg: √−5 = 5i is a complex number (which you will study in higher classes))
Therefore, we conclude that every number point on the number line is not of the
form m , where m is a natural number.
(iii) Consider the irrational numbers and the real numbers separately.
p
➢ Irrational numbers are the numbers that cannot be converted in the form ,
q
where p and q are integers and q  0.
1 1 1 1
➢ A real number is the collection of rational numbers (Eg: , , , ……) and
2 3 4 5
irrational numbers (Eg: √2, 3𝜋, .011011011…).
So, we can conclude that every irrational number is a real number. But every real
number is not an irrational number.
Therefore, every real number is not an irrational number.

Question 2:
Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational? If not, give an example of
the square root of a number that is a rational number.
Solution 2:
➢ Square root of every positive integer will not yield an integer. (Eg:
√2, √3 , √6 … . ) which are called irrational numbers
But 4 is 2, which is an integer.
Therefore, we conclude that square root of every positive integer is not an

irrational number.
Question 3:
Show how 5 can be represented on the number line.
Solution 3:
We need to draw a line segment AB of 2 unit on the number line. Then draw a
perpendicular line segment BC at B of 1 units. Then join the points C and A, to
form a line segment AC. According to Pythagoras Theorem
AC² = AB² +BC²
AC² = 2² + 1²
AC² = 4 + 1 = 5
AC = √5
Then draw the arc ACD, to get the number 5 on the number line.

Exercise (1.3)
Question 1:
Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of decimal expansion each
has:
36
(i)
100
1
(ii)
11
1
(iii) 4
8
3
(iv)
13
2
(v)
11
329
(vi)
400
Solution 1:
36
(i)
100
On dividing 36 by 100, we get
36
Therefore, = 0.36, which is a terminating decimal.
100
1
(ii)
11

We observe that while dividing 1 by 11, the quotient = 0.09 is repeated.
1 1
Therefore, = 0.0909..... or = 0.09 , which is a non-terminating and recurring
11 11
decimal.
1 1 32+1 33
(iii) 4 = 4 + = =
8 8 8 8
while dividing 33 by 8, the remainder is 0.

1 33
Therefore, 4 = = 4.125, which is a terminating decimal.
8 8
3
(iv)
13
while dividing 3 by 13 the remainder is 3, which will continue to be 3 after

carrying out 6 continuous divisions.
3 3
Therefore,  0.230769 ..... or  0.230769 , which is a non-terminating and
13 13
recurring decimal.
2
(v)
11

We can observe that while dividing 2 by 11, first the remainder is 2 then 9, which
will continue to be 2 and 9 alternately.
2 2
Therefore,  0.1818 ..... or  0.18 , which is a non-terminating and recurring
11 11
decimal.
329
(vi)
400

While dividing 329 by 400, the remainder is 0.
329
Therefore,  0.8225 , which is a terminating decimal.
400
Question 2:
1
You know that = 0.142857..... . Can you predict what the decimal expansions of
7
2 3 4 5 6
, , , , are, without actually doing the long division? If so, how?
7 7 7 7 7
1
[Hint: Study the remainders while finding the value of carefully.]
7
Solution 2:
1 1
= 0.142857 or = 0.142857.....
7 7
2 3 4 5 6
find the values of , , , and , without performing long division.
7 7 7 7 7
2 3 4 5 6 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , and can be rewritten as 2  , 3  , 4  , 5  , and 6  .
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1
On substituting value of = 0.142857..... , we get
7

1
• 2   2  0.142857....  0.285714....
7
1
• 3   3  0.142857....  0.428571....
7
1
• 4   4  0.142857....  0.571428....
7
1
• 5   5  0.142857....  0.714285....
7
1
• 6   6  0.142857....  0.857142....
7
2 3 4 5 6
Therefore, we conclude that, the values of , , , and , without performing
7 7 7 7 7
long division, we get
2
•  0.285714
7
3
•  0.428571
7
4
•  0.571428
7
5
•  0.714285
7
6
•  0.857142 .
7
Question 3:
p
Express the following in the form , where p and q are integers and q  0.
q
(i) 0.6
(ii) 0.47
(iii) 0.001
Solution 3:
i. Let x = 0.6 ⇒ x = 0.6666..... …(1)
ii.
Multiply both sides by 10,
10x = 0.6666 × 10

10x = 6.6666…… …..(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
9x = 6
6 2
x= =
9 3
2 p
Therefore, on converting 0.6 = which is in the form,
3 q
(i) Let x = 0.47 ⇒ x = 0.47777.... ....(a)
Multiply both sides by 10, we get

10x = 4.7777..... ....(b)
Subtract the equation (a) from (b),we get
4.3 ×10 43
x=
9 ×10 90
43
x= .
90
43 p
Therefore, on converting 0.47 = in the form.
90 q
(iii) Let x = 0.001 ⇒ ... (a)
multiply both sides by 1000 (because the number of recurring decimal number is 3)
1000 × x = 1000 × 0.001001....
So, 1000x =1.001001..... ...(b)

Subtract the equation (a) from (b),

1
→x= .
999
1
Therefore, on converting 0.001 = which is in the p form.
999 q
Question 4:
p
Express 0.99999.... in the form . Are you surprised by your answer? Discuss why
q
the answer makes sense with your teacher and classmates.
Solution 4:
Let x = 0.99999.... .....(a)
We need to multiply by 10 on both sides, we get
10x = 9.9999.... .....(b)

Subtract the equation (a) from (b), to get
9
9x = 9 as x  or x = 1.
9
1 p
Therefore, on converting 0.99999...= which is in the form,
1 q
Yes, at a glance we are surprised at our answer.
But the answer makes sense when we observe that 0.9999……… goes on forever.
So, there is no gap between 1 and 0.9999……. and hence they are equal.
Question 5:

What can the maximum number of digits be in the recurring block of digits in the
1
decimal expansion of ? Perform the division to check your answer.
17
Solution 5:
1
We need to find the number of digits in the recurring block of .
17
1
Let us perform the long division to get the recurring block of .
17
We need to divide 1 by 17, to get

We can observe that while dividing 1 by 17 we get 16 number of digits in the
repeating block of decimal expansion which will continue to be 1 after carrying out
16 continuous divisions.
1 1
Therefore, we conclude that = 0.0588235294117647..... or =
17 17
0.0588235294117647 ,which is a non-terminating and recurring decimal.
Question 6:
Look at several examples of rational numbers in the form p (q  0), where p and q
q
are integers with no common factors other than 1 and having terminating decimal
representations (expansions). Can you guess what property q must satisfy?
Solution 6:
5 5 2 2 5 p
Let us we take the examples , , , , of the form that are terminating
2 4 5 10 16 q
decimals.
5
 2.5
2
5
 1.25
4
2
 0.4
5
2
 0.2
10
5
 0.3125
16
We can observe that the denominators of the above rational numbers have powers
of 2, 5 or both. Therefore, q must satisfy in the form either 2𝑚 or 5𝑛 or both
p
2𝑚 × 5𝑛 (where m= 0,1,2,3….. and n = 0,1,2,3….) in form .
q
Question 7:
Write three numbers whose decimal expansions are non-terminating non-recurring.

Solution 7:
All irrational numbers are non-terminating and non-recurring.

Eg: √2 = 1.41421 …, √3 = 1.73205 … …
√7= 2.645751……
Question 8:
5 9
Find three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers and .
7 11
Solution 8:
Let us convert 5 and 9 into decimal form, we get
7 11
5 9
= 0.714285.... and = 0.818181....
7 11
Three irrational numbers that lie between0.714285.... and 0.818181....
are:
0.73073007300073….
0.74074007400074….
0.76076007600076….
Irrational numbers cannot be written in the form of p/q.
Question 9:
Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational:
(i) 23
(ii) 225
(iii) 0.3796
(iv) 7.478478...
(v) 1.101001000100001...
Solution 9:
We know

(i) 23
23 = 4.795831…..
It is an irrational number
(ii) 225 =15

Therefore 225 is a rational number.
(iii) 0.3796
It is terminating decimal. Therefore, it is rational number
(iv) 7.478478….
The given number 7.478478…. is a non-terminating recurring decimal, which can

p
be converted into form.
q
p
While, converting 7.478478…. into form, we get
q
x = 7.478478.... … (a)
1000x = 7478.478478.... … (b)

While, subtracting (a) from (b), we get
999x = 7471
7471
x
999
Therefore, 7.478478…. is a rational number.
(v) 1.101001000100001....
We can observe that the number 1.101001000100001.... is a non-terminating non-

recurring decimal. Thus, non-terminating and non-recurring decimals cannot be
p
converted into form.
q
Therefore, we conclude that 1.101001000100001.... is an irrational number.

Exercise (1.4)
Question 1.
Visualize 3.765 on the number line using successive magnification.
Solution 1:
▪ Clearly, the value lies between 3 and 4

▪ The numbers 3.7 and 3.8 lie between 3 and 4.
▪ The numbers 3.76 and 3.77 lie between 3.7 and 3.8.
▪ The numbers 3.764 and 3.766 lie between 3.76 and 3.77
▪ The number 3.765 lies between 3.764 and 3.766.
Therefore, we need to use the successive magnification, after locating numbers 3

and 4 on the number line.

Question 2:
Visualize 4.26 on the number line, up to 4 decimal places.
Solution 2:
The number 4.26 can also be written as 4.262.... .
The number 4.2 lie between 4 and 5
The numbers 4.26 lie between 4.2 and 4.3
The numbers 4.262 lie between 4.261 and 4.263
The number 4.2626 lie between 4.262 and 4.263
Therefore, we need to use the successive magnification, after locating numbers 4

and 5 on the number line to visualize up to 4 decimal places.

Exercise (1.5)
Question 1:
Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational:
i. 2 5
ii. 
2 7
iii.
7 7
1
iv.
2
v. 2
Solution 1:
(i) 2  5
5 = 2.236...., is a non-terminating and non-repeating irrational number.

2  5 = 2 – 2.236.... ( By substituting the value of 5 )
= –0.236...., which is also an irrational number.
Therefore, 2  5 is an irrational number.
(ii) (3  23)  23
3
(3  23)  23  3  23  23  3 =
1
𝑝
which is in the form of and it is a rational number.
𝑞
Therefore, we conclude that (3  23)  23 is a rational number.
2 7 2
(iii) =
7 7 7
𝑝
Which is in the form of and it is a rational number.
𝑞
2 7
Therefore, we conclude that is a rational number.
7 7
1
(iv)
2
2 =1.414...., is a non-terminating and non-repeating irrational number.

1
Therefore, we conclude that is an irrational number.
2
(v) 2
 = 3.1415...., which is an irrational number.
Observe, Rational x Irrational = Irrational

Therefore 2 will also be an irrational number.
Question 2:
Simplify each of the following expressions:
(i) (3  3)(2  2)
(ii) (3  3)(3  3)
(iii) ( 5  2)2
(iv) ( 5  2)( 5  2)
Solution 2 :
(i) (3  3)(2  2)
(3  3)(2  2)  3(2  2)  3(2  2) (multiplication on binomial by binomial)
 63 2 2 3  6
(ii) (3  3)(3  3)
2 2
Using the identity (a  b)(a  b)  a  b
Therefore
(3  3)(3  3)  32  ( 3)2
9 3 6
(iii) ( 5  2)2
Using Identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
( 5  2)2  ( 5)2  2 5 2  ( 2)2

 5  2 10  2
 7  2 10

(iv) ( 5  2)( 5  2)
Using Identity (a – b)(a + b) = a2– b2
( 5  2)( 5  2)  ( 5)2  ( 2)2
5 23
Question 3:
Recall,  is defined as the ratio of the circumference (say c) of a circle to its diameter (say d).
c
That is,   . This seems to contradict the fact that 𝜋 is irrational. How will you resolve this
d
contradiction?
Solution 3:
Here, pi = 22/7 is a rational no. but this is an approximate value.
If we divide 22 by 7, the quotient (3.14....) is a non-terminating non-recurring number. i.e. it is irrational.
Approximate fractions include (in order of increasing accuracy)

22/7, 333/106, 355/113, 52163/16604, 103993/33102, and 245850922/78256779
If we divide anyone of these we get, the quotient (3.14....) is a non-terminating non-recurring number.
i.e. it is irrational
Therefore, either circumference (c) or diameter (d) or both can be irrational numbers.
Therefore, we can conclude that as such there is no contradiction regarding the value of  and
we realize that the value of  is irrational.
Question 4. Represent 9.3 on the number line.
Solution 4:
• Mark the distance 9.3 units from a fixed-point A on a given line to obtain a point B
such that AB = 9.3 units.

• From B mark a distance of 1 unit and mark the point as C.
• Find the mid-point of AC and mark the point as O.
• Draw a semi-circle with centre O and radius OC = 5.15 units

𝐴𝐶 10.3
(AC = AB + BC = 9.3 + 1=10.3. Therefore OC = 2
= 2
= 5.15 ).
• Draw a line perpendicular at B and draw an arc with centre B and let meet at semicircle
AC at D
• BE = BD = 9.3 (Radius of an arc DE).
Question 5. Rationalize the denominators of the following:

1
i. .
7
1
ii.
7 6
1
iii.
5 2
1
iv.
7 2
Solution 5:
1
(i)
7
Multiply and divide by 7,
1 7 7
 
7 7 7
1
(ii)
7 6

Multiply and divide by 7 6
We get,
1 7 6 7 6
 
7 6 7  6 ( 7  6)( 7  6)
Using (a – b)(a + b) = a2– b2 in the denominator
1 7 6

7  6 ( 7)2  ( 6)2
7 6

76
7 6

1
1
(iii)
5 2
Multiply and divide by 5  2 We get,
1 5 2 5 2
 
5 2 5  2 ( 5  2)( 5  2)
Using identity (a – b)(a + b) = a2– b2 in the denominator
1 5 2

5  2 ( 5)2  ( 2)2
5 2

52
5 2

3
1
(iv)
7 2
Multiply and divide by 7  2 . we get,
1 7 2 7 2
 
7 2 7  2 ( 7  2)( 7  2)
Using identity (a – b)(a + b) = a2– b2 in the denominator

1 7 2

7  2 ( 7)2  (2)2
7 2

74
7 2

3

Exercise (1.6)
Question 1:
Find:
1
(i) 64 2
1
(ii) 32 5
1
(iii) 1253
Solution 1 :
1
(i) 64 2
m
a n  n a m , where a > 0.
1
64 = 2 2
64  2 8  8  8
1
Therefore, the value of 64 2 is 8.
1
(ii) 32 5
m
a n  n a m , where a > 0
1
32 5 = 5
32  5 2  2  2  2  2  2
Alternatively :
Using (am )n  amn
1 1
32  (2  2  2  2  2)
5 5
1
5 5
 (2 )
1
5
2 5
2
1
Therefore, the value of 32 5 is 2.

1
(iii) 1253
m
a  n a m , where a > 0.
n
1
1253 = 3 125  3 5  5  5  5
1
Therefore, the value of 1253 is 5.
Question 2:
Find:
3
(i) 9 2
2
(ii) 32 5
3
(iii) 16 4
1
(iv) 125 3
Solution 2:
3
(i) 9 2
m
We know that a  n a m , where a > 0.
n
3
We conclude that 9 2 can also be written as
2
(9)3  2 9  9  9
 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
 3 3 3  27
Alternatively :

3 3
9 2  (3  3) 2
3
 (32 ) 2
3
2
3 2
 33  27
3
Therefore, the value of 9 will be 27. 2
2
(ii) 32 5
m
We know that a n  n a m , where a > 0.
2
We conclude that 32 can also be written as
5
5
(32)2  5 (2  2  2  2  2)  2  2  2  2  2)
 2 2
4
2
3
(iii) 16 4
m
We know that a n  n a m , where a > 0.
3
4
4
(16)3  5 (2  2  2  2)  (2  2  2  2)  (2  2  2  2)
 2 2 2
8
3
Alternatively :

3 3
16 4  (4  4) 4
3
 (42 ) 4
3
2
 (4) 4
3
2
 (22 ) 4
3
22
2 4
 23  8
1
(iv) 125 3
1
We know that a  n 
an
1
1
1  1 3
3
1
or  
 125 
125 3
1
We know that a  n a , where a > 0. n
1
 1 3
We conclude that   can also be written as
 125 
 1  3 1 1 1 1
3
     
 125  5 5 5 5
1
1
Therefore, the value of 125 3 will be .
5
Question 3:
Simplify:
2 1
(i) 2 3  25
7
 1
(ii)  33 
 
1
112
(iii) 1
114
1 1
(iv) 7  82 2
Solution 3:

2 1
(i) 2  2 3 5
We know that am  an  amn

2 1 2 1

We can conclude that 2 3  25  (2) 3 5
2 1 103 13
2 3  25  (2) 15
 215
2 1 13
Therefore, the value of 2 3  25 will be 215 .
7
 13 
3 
(ii)  
We know that (am )n  amn

7
 13   73 
We conclude that  3  can also be written as  3  .
   
1
112
(iii) 1
11 4
am
We know that n
 amn
a
We conclude that
1
1 1 2 1 1
112 
1
 112 4
 11 4  114
11 4
1
1
11 2
Therefore, the value of 1
will be 11 . 4
11 4
1 1
(iv) 7 2  82
We know that am ×bm = (a ×b)m.
1 1 1
We can conclude that 7 2  82  (7  8) 2
1 1 1
7 2  82  (56) 2
1 1 1
Therefore, the value of 7 2  82 will be (56) 2 .

Class IX - NCERT –Maths Exercise 2.1
Question 1:
Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which are not? State
reasons for your answer.
(i) 4x2 – 3x + 7
(ii) y 2  2
(iii) 3 t  t 2
2
(iv) y 
y
(v) y  2 y 1
Solution 1:
i) 4x2 – 3x + 7
One variable is involved in given polynomial which is ‘x’
Therefore, it is a polynomial in one variable ‘x’.
(ii) y 2  2
One variable is involved in given polynomial which is ‘y’
Therefore, it is a polynomial in one variable ‘y’.
(iii) 3 t  t 2
1
No. It can be observed that the exponent of variable t in term 3 t is , which is nota whole
2
number. Therefore, this expression is not a polynomial.
2
(iv) y 
y
 y  2 y 1
The power of variable ‘y’ is -1 which is not a whole number.

Therefore, it is not a polynomial in one variable
2
No. It can be observed that the exponent of variable y in term is −1, which is not a
y
whole number. Therefore, this expression is not a polynomial.
(v) x10  y3  t 50
In the given expression there are 3 variables which are ‘x, y, t’ involved.
2. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 1
Therefore, it is not a polynomial in one variable.
Question 2:
Write the coefficients of 𝑥2 in each of the following:
(i) 2  x2  x
(ii) 2  x2  x3

(iii) x2  x
2
(iv) 2x 1
Solution 2:
(i) 2  x2  x3
 2 1( x2 )  x
The coefficient of x2 is 1.
(ii) 2  x2  x3
 2 1( x2 )  x
The coefficient of x2 is −1.

(iii) x2  x
2

The coefficient x2 of is .
2
(iv) 2x 1 0x2  2x 1
The coefficient of x2 is 0.
Question 3:
Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a monomial of degree 100.
Solution 3 :
Binomial of degree 35 means a polynomial is having

1. Two terms
2. Highest degree is 35
Example: x35  x34
Monomial of degree 100 means a polynomial is having
1. One term
2. Highest degree is 100
Example : x100.
Question 4:
Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:
(i) 5x3  4x2  7 x
(ii) 4  y 2
(iii) 5t  7
(iv) 3
Solution 4:
Degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the polynomial.
(i) 5x3  4x2  7 x
Highest power of variable ‘x’ is 3. Therefore, the degree of this polynomial is 3
(ii) 4  y 2
Highest power of variable ‘y’ is 2. Therefore, the degree of this polynomial is 2.
(iii) 5t  7
Highest power of variable ‘t’ is 1. Therefore, the degree of this polynomial is 1.
(iv) 3
This is a constant polynomial. Degree of a constant polynomial is always 0.
Question 5: Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial:

(i) x2  x
(ii) x  x3
(iii) y  y 2  4
(iv) 1 x
(v) 3t
(vi) r2
(vii) 7x2 7𝑥3
Solution 5:
Linear polynomial – whose variable power is ‘1’
Quadratic polynomial - whose variable highest power is ‘2’

Cubic polynomial- whose variable highest power is ‘3’
(i) x2  x is a quadratic polynomial as its highest degree is 2.

(ii) x  x3 is a cubic polynomial as its highest degree is 3.
(iii) y  y 2  4 is a quadratic polynomial as its highest degree is 2.
(iv) 1 + x is a linear polynomial as its degree is 1.
(v) 3t is a linear polynomial as its degree is 1.
(vi) r2 is a quadratic polynomial as its degree is 2.
(vii) 7x2 7𝑥3 is a cubic polynomial as highest its degree is 3.
Exercise 2.2
Question 1:
Find the value of the polynomial at 5x  4 x2  3 at
(i) x=0
(ii) x = −1
(iii) x=2
Solution 1:
(i) p(x)  5x  4x2  3
p(0)  5(0)  4(0)2 3 = 3
(ii) p(x)  5x  4x2  3
p(1)  5(1)  4(1)2  3

= 5  4(1)  3  6
(iii) p(x)  5x  4x2  3

p(2)  5(2)  4(2)2  3 = 10 16  3  3
Question 2:
Find p(0), p(1) and p(2) for each of the following polynomials:
(i) p(y) = y2 − y + 1
(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 − t3
(iii) p(x) = x3
(iv) p(x) = (x − 1) (x + 1)
Solution 2:
(i) p(y) = y2 − y + 1
• p(0) = (0)2 − (0) + 1 = 1
• p(1) = (1)2 − (1) + 1 = 1 – 1 + 1 = 1
• p(2) = (2)2 − (2) + 1 = 4 -2 +1 = 3
(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t 2 − t3
• p(0) = 2 + 0 + 2 (0)2 − (0)3 = 2
• p(1) = 2 + (1) + 2(1)2 − (1)3 = 2 + 1 + 2 − 1 = 4
• p(2) = 2 + 2 + 2(2)2 − (2)3

=2+2+8−8=4
(iii) p(x) = x3
• p(0) = (0)3 = 0
• p(1) = (1)3 = 1
• p(2) = (2)3 = 8
(v) p(x) = (x − 1) (x + 1)
• p(0) = (0 − 1) (0 + 1) = (− 1) (1) = − 1
• p(1) = (1 − 1) (1 + 1) = 0 (2) = 0
• p(2) = (2 − 1 ) (2 + 1) = 1(3) = 3
Question 3:
Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial, indicated against them.
1
(i) p( x)  3x  1, x  
3
4
(ii) p( x)  5x   , x 
5
2
(iii) p( x)  x  1, x 1,  1
(iv) p( x)  ( x 1)( x  2), x  1, 2
(v) p( x)  x2 , x  0
m
(vi) p( x)  lm  m, x  
l
1 2
(vii) p( x)  3x2 1, x   ,
3 3
1
(viii) p( x)  2 x  1, x 
2
Solution 3:
1  1
(i) If x   is a zero of given polynomial p(x) = 3x + 1, then p    should be 0.
3  3
 1  1
Here, p     3    +1 = -1+1=0
 3  3
Therefore, is a zero of the given polynomial.
4 4
(ii) If x  is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 5x − π, then p   should be 0.
5 5
 4 4
Here, p   = 5   -π = 4 – π
5 5
4
As p    0
5
4
Therefore, x  is not a zero of the given polynomial.
5
(iii) If x = 1 and x = −1 are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = x2 − 1, then p(1) and p(−1)should be 0.
Here, p(1) = (1)2 − 1 = 0, and
p(−1) = (−1)2 − 1 = 0
Hence, x = 1 and −1 are zeroes of the given polynomial.
(iv) If x = −1 and x = 2 are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = (x +1) (x − 2), then p(−1)
and p(2)should be 0.
Here, p(−1) = (−1 + 1) (−1 − 2) = 0(−3) = 0, and
p(2) = (2 + 1) (2 − 2) = 3(0) = 0
Therefore, x = −1 and x = 2 are zeroes of the given polynomial.
(v) If x = 0 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = x2, then p(0) should be zero.
Here, p(0) = (0)2 = 0
Hence, x = 0 is a zero of the given polynomial.
 m   m 
(vi) If p   is a zero of polynomial p(x) = lx + m, then p   should be 0.
 l   l 
 m   m 
Here, p   l   m  m  m  0
 l   l 
m
Therefore, x  is a zero of the given polynomial.
l
1 2
(vii) If x  and x  are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = 3x2 − 1, then
3 3
 1   2 
p  and p   should be 0.
 3  3
2
 1   1  1
Here, p    3  1  3  3  1  1 1  0 , and
 3  3  
2
 2   2  4
p   3  1  3 3  1  4 1  3
 3  3  
1
Hence, x  is a zero of the given polynomial.
3
2
However, x  is not a zero of the given polynomial.
3
1 1
(viii) If x  is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 2x + 1, then p   should be 0.
2 2
1 1
Here, p   = 2   + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
2 2
1
As p    0 ,
2
1
Therefore, x  is not a zero of the given polynomial.
2
Question 4:
Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases:
(i) p(x) = x + 5
(ii) p(x) = x – 5
(iii)p(x) = 2x + 5
(iv) p(x) = 3x – 2
(v) p(x) = 3x
(vi) p(x) = ax, a ≠ 0
(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c ≠ 0, c, d are real numbers.
Solution 4:
Zero of a polynomial is that value of the variable at which the value of thepolynomial is obtained
as 0.
(i) p(x) = x + 5
Let p(x) = 0
x+5=0
x=−5
Therefore, for x = −5, the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, x = −5 is a zero of the given
polynomial.
(ii) p(x) = x − 5
Let p(x) = 0
x−5=0
x=5
Therefore, for x = 5, the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, x = 5 is a zero of the given
polynomial.
(iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
Let p(x) = 0
2x + 5 = 0
2x = − 5
5
x
2
5 5
Therefore, for x   , the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, x   is a zero of the given
2 2
polynomial.
(iv) p(x) = 3x – 2
p(x) = 0
3x − 2 = 0
2 2
Therefore, for x  , the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, x  is a zero of the given
3 3
polynomial.
(v) p(x) = 3x
Let p(x) = 0
3x = 0
x=0
polynomial.
(vi) p(x) = ax
Let p(x) = 0
ax = 0
x=0
polynomial.
(vii) p(x) = cx + d
Let p(x) = 0
cx + d = 0
d
x
c
d d
Therefore, for x  , the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, x  is a zero of the given
c c
polynomial.
Exercise 2.3
Question 1:
Find the remainder when x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 is divided by
(i) x + 1
1
(ii) x 
2
(iii) x
(iv) x + π
(v) 5 + 2x
Solution 1:
(i) x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 ÷ x + 1
By long division, we get
Therefore, the remainder is 0.
1
(ii) x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 ÷ x 
2
By long division,
27
Therefore, the remainder is .
8
(iii) x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 ÷ x
By long division,
Therefore, the remainder is 1.
(iv) x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 ÷ x + π
Therefore, the remainder is  3  3 2  3 1 .
(v) 5 + 2x
27
Therefore, the remainder is  .
8
Question 2:
Find the remainder when x3 − ax2 + 6x − a is divided by x − a.
Solution 2:
x3 − ax2 + 6x – a ÷ x - a
By long division,
Therefore, when x3 − ax2 + 6x − a is divided by x − a, the remainder obtained is 5a.
Question 3:
Check whether 7 + 3x is a factor of 3x3 + 7x.
Solution 3:
Let us divide (3x3 + 7x) by (7 + 3x).
The remainder is not zero,

Therefore, 7 + 3x is not a factor of 3x3 + 7x.
Class IX - NCERT –Maths Exercise (3.1)
Question 1:
How will you describe the position of a table lamp on your study table to another person?
Solution 1:
Let us consider the given below figure of a study stable, on which a study lamp is placed.
From the Figure Above,

• Consider the lamp on the table as a point
• Consider the table as a plane.
• We can conclude that the table is rectangular in shape, when observed from the top.
o The table has a short edge and a long edge.
o Let us measure the distance of the lamp from the shorter edge and the longer
edge.
o Let us assume
▪ Distance of the lamp from the shorter edge is 15 cm
▪ Distance of the lamp from the longer edge, its 25 cm.
Therefore, we can conclude that the position of the lamp on the table can be described in two
ways depending on the order of the axes as (15, 25) or (25, 15).
Question 2:
(Street Plan): A city has two main roads which cross each other at the center of the city. These
two roads are along the North–South direction and East–West direction.
All the other streets of the city run parallel to these roads and are 200 m apart. There are 5 streets
in each direction. Using 1 cm = 200 m, draw a model of the city on your notebook. Represent the
roads/streets by single lines. There are many cross- streets in your model. A particular cross-
street is made by two streets, one running in the North–South direction and another in the East–
West direction. Each cross street is referred to in the following manner: If the 2nd street running
3. Coordinate Geometry www.vedantu.com 1

in the North–South direction and 5th in the East–West direction meet at some crossing, then we
will call this cross-street (2, 5). Using this convention, find:
(i) How many cross - streets can be referred to as (4, 3).
(ii) How many cross - streets can be referred to as (3, 4).
Solution 2:
• Draw two perpendicular lines as the two main roads of the city that cross each other at
the center
• Mark it as N–S and E–W.
• Let us take the scale as 1 cm = 200 m.
• Draw five streets that are parallel to both the main roads, to get the given below figure.
Street plan is as shown in the figure:

(i) There is only one cross street, which can be referred as (4, 3).
(ii) There is only one cross street, which can be referred as (3, 4).

Exercise (3.2)
Question 1: Write the answer of each of the following questions:

(i) What is the name of horizontal and the vertical lines drawn to determine the position of any
point in the Cartesian plane?
(ii) What is the name of each part of the plane formed by these two lines?
(iii) Write the name of the point where these two lines intersect.
Solution 1:
(i) The horizontal line that is drawn to determine the position of any point in the Cartesian plane
is called as x-axis.
The vertical line that is drawn to determine the position of any point in the Cartesian plane is
called as y-axis.
(ii) The name of each part of the plane that is formed by x-axis and y-axis is called as quadrant.

(iii) The point, where the x-axis and the y-axis intersect is called as origin (O)
Question 2: See the figure, and write the following:

(i) The coordinates of B.
(ii) The coordinates of C.
(iii) The point identified by the coordinates (–3, –5).
(iv) The point identified by the coordinates (2, –4).
(v) The abscissa of the point D.
(vi) The ordinate of the point H.
(vii) The coordinates of the point L.
(viii) The coordinates of the point M.
Solution 2:
From the Figure above,
(i) The coordinates of point B is the distance of point B from x-axis and y-axis.
Therefore, the coordinates of point B are (–5, 2).
(ii) The coordinates of point C is the distance of point C from x-axis and y-axis.
Therefore, the coordinates of point C are (5, –5).
(iii) The point that represents the coordinates (–3, –5) is E.
(iv) The point that represents the coordinates (2, –4) is G.

(v) The abscissa of point D is the distance of point D from the y-axis. Therefore, the
abscissa of point D is 6.
(vi) The ordinate of point H is the distance of point H from the x-axis. Therefore, the
abscissa of point H is –3.
(vii) The coordinates of point L in the above figure is the distance of point L from x-axis
and y-axis. Therefore, the coordinates of point L are (0, 5).
(viii) The coordinates of point M in the above figure is the distance of point M from x-axis
and y-axis. Therefore the coordinates of point M are (–3, 0).
Exercise (3.3)
Question 1:
In which quadrant or on which axis do each of the points (–2, 4), (3, –1), (–1, 0), (1, 2) and
(–3, –5) lie? Verify your answer by locating them on the Cartesian plane.
Solution 1:
To determine the quadrant or axis of the points (–2, 4), (3, –1), (–1, 0), (1, 2) and
(–3, –5).
Plot the plot the points (–2, 4), (3, –1), (–1, 0), (1, 2) and (–3, –5) on the graph, to get

From the figure above, we can conclude that the points
• Point (–2, 4) lie in IInd quadrant.
• Point (3, –1) lie in IVth quadrant.
• Point (–1, 0) lie on the negative x-axis.
• Point (1, 2) lie in Ist quadrant.
• Point (–3, –5) lie in IIIrd quadrant.
Question 2:
Plot the points (x, y) given in the following table on the plane, choosing suitable units of distance
on the axes.
Solution 2:
Given,

Draw X'OX and Y'OY as the coordinate axes and mark their point of intersection O as the
Origin (0, 0)
In order to plot the table provided above,

• Point A(–2, 8)
o Take 2 units on OX' and then 8 units parallel to OY
• Point B (–1, 7)
o Take -1 unit on OX' and then 7 units parallel to OY

• Point C(0, –1.25),
o Take 1.25 units below x-axis on OY' on the y-axis
• Point D(1, 3)
o Take 1 unit on OX and then 3 units parallel to OY
• Point E(3, –1),
o Take 3 units on OX and then move 1 unit parallel to OY'

Question 1:
The cost of a notebook is twice the cost of a pen. Write a linear equation in two variables to
represent this statement. (Take the cost of a notebook to be Rs. x and that of a pen to be Rs. y.)
Solution 1:
• Let the cost of a notebook be Rs. x
• Let the cost of a pen be Rs. y
Given: Cost of Notebook is twice the cost of Pen
Therefore, we can write the required linear equation in the

form of, Cost of notebook = 2 × Cost of pen
x = 2y
x − 2y = 0
Question 2:
Express the following linear equations in the form ax + by + c = 0 and indicate the values of a, b,
c in each case:
(i) 2x  3 y  9.35
y
(ii) x  10  0
5
(iii) −2x + 3y = 6
(iv) x = 3y
(v) 2x = − 5y
(vi) 3x + 2 = 0
(vii) y − 2 = 0
(viii) 5 = 2x
Solution 2:
(i) 2x  3 y  9.35 --------------- Equation (1)
2x  3 y  9.35  0
Comparing this equation with standard form of the linear equation, ax + by + c = 0 we have,
• a = 2,
• b = 3,
• c = 9.35
4. Linear Equations in Two Variables www.vedantu.com 1

y
(ii) x 10  0 --------------- Equation (1)
5
Comparing Equation (1) with standard form of the linear equation, ax + by + c = 0 we have,
• a = 1,
1

• b = 5,
• c = −10
(iii) −2x + 3y = 6 --------------- Equation (1)

−2x + 3y − 6 = 0
• a = −2,
• b = 3,
• c = −6
(iv) x = 3y --------------- Equation (1)

1x − 3y + 0 = 0
• a = 1,
• b = −3,
• c=0
(v) 2x = −5y --------------- Equation (1)

2x + 5y + 0 = 0
• a = 2,
• b = 5,
• c=0
(vi) 3x + 2 = 0 --------------- Equation (1)

We can write Equation (1) as below,
3x + 0y + 2 = 0
Comparing this equation with ax + by + c = 0,
• a = 3,
• b = 0,
• c=2
(vii) y − 2 = 0 --------------- Equation (1)

We can write Equation (1) as below,
0x + 1y − 2 = 0
• a = 0,

• b = 1,
• c = −2
(viii) 5 = 2x --------------- Equation (1)

−2x + 0y + 5 = 0
• a = −2,
• b = 0,
• c=5
Exercise (4.2)
Question 1:
Which one of the following options is true, and why? y = 3x + 5 has
(i) A unique solution, (ii) only two solutions, (iii) infinitely many solutions
Solution 1:
Given:
o y = 3 x + 5 is a linear Equation.
o For x = 0, y = 0 + 5 = 5 Therefore, (0, 5) is another solution.
o For x = 1, y = 3 × 1 + 5 = 8 Therefore (1, 8) is another solution.
o For y = 0 , 3x + 5 = 0 is the one solution
Clearly, for different values of x, we get another value of y.
Thus, the chosen value of x together with this value of y constitutes another solution of the given
equation.
So, there is no end to different solutions of a linear equation in two variables. Therefore, a linear
equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions
Hence (iii) is the correct answer

Question 2:
Write four solutions for each of the following equations:
(i) 2x + y = 7
(ii)  x + y = 9
(iii) x = 4y
Solution 2:
(i) 2x + y = 7
Given,
• Linear Equation, 2x + y = 7
We can write the above equation as below by simplifying
y = 7- 2x ----------Equation (1)
Let us now take different values of x and substituting in the Equation (1), we get
• For x = 0,
2(0) + y = 7
⇒y=7
Hence, we get (x, y) = (0, 7)
• For x = 1,
2(1) + y = 7
⇒y=5
• For x = 2,
2(2) + y = 7
⇒y=3
• For x = 3,
2(3) + y = 7
⇒y=1
Hence we get (x, y) = (3, 1)
Therefore the four solutions of the given equation are (0,7) , (1,5), (2, 3), (3,1)

(ii)  x + y = 9
Given,
• Linear Equation,  x + y = 9
We can write the above equation as below by Transposing
y = 9-  x ----------Equation (1)
• For x = 0,
y = 9 -  (0)
⇒y=9
• For x = 1,
y = 9-  (1)
= 9- 
Hence we get (x, y) = (1, 9-  )
• For x = 2,
y = 9-  (2)
Hence we get (x, y) = (2, 9 −2  )
• For x = 3,
y = 9-  (3)
Hence we get (x, y) = (3, 9 - 3  )
Therefore the four solutions of the given equation are (0, 9), (1, 9 - ), (2, 9 −2 ), (3, 9 - 3 )
(iii) x = 4y
Given,
• Linear Equation, x = 4y
We can write the above equation as below by Transposing
y = x/4 ----------Equation (1)
• For x = 0,
y = 0/4 = 0

• For x = 1,
y = 1/4
Hence we get (x, y) = (1, 1/4)
• For x = 2,
y = 2/4 = 1/2
• For x = 3,
y = 3/4
Therefore the four solutions of the given equation are (0, 0), (1, 1/4), (2, 1/2), (3, 3/4)
Question 3:
Check which of the following solutions of the equation are x − 2y = 4 and which are not:
(i) (0, 2)
(ii) (2, 0)
(iii) (4, 0)
(iv) ( 2, 4 2)
(v) (1, 1)
Solution 3:
Given : x − 2y = 4 is a Linear Equation----------Equation(1)
(i) (0, 2)
B Substituting x = 0 and y = 2 in the L.H.S of the given Equation (1)
x − 2y
= (0) – (2) 2
= − 4 ≠ 4 ≠ RHS
L.H.S ≠ R.H.S
Therefore, (0, 2) is not a solution of this equation.
(ii) (2, 0)
By Substituting, x = 2 and y = 0 in the L.H.S of the given Equation (1),
x − 2y
= 2 – 2(0)
= 2 ≠ 4 ≠ RHS
L.H.S ≠ R.H.S

(iii) (4, 0)
By Substituting, x = 4 and y = 0 in the L.H.S of the given Equation (1)
x − 2y
= 4 − 2(0)
=4
L.H.S = R.H.S
Therefore, (4, 0) is a solution of this equation.
(iv) ( 2, 4 2)
By Substituting, x  2 and y  4 2 in the L.H.S of the given Equation (1)
x  2y
 2 8 2
 7 2  4  RHS
L.H.S ≠ R.H.S
Therefore, is not a solution of this equation.
(v) (1, 1)
By Substituting, x = 1 and y = 1 in the L.H.S of the given Equation (1)
x − 2y
= 1 − 2(1)
=1−2
= − 1 ≠ 4 ≠ RHS
L.H.S ≠ R.H.S
Question 4:
Find the value of k, if x = 2, y = 1 is a solution of the equation 2x + 3y = k.
Solution 4:
Given : 2x + 3y = k is the Linear Equation ---------------- Equation (1)
• x=2
• y=1
• k =?
By substituting the values of x and in the Equation (1),

2x + 3y = k
⇒ 2(2) + 3(1) = k
⇒4+3=k
⇒ Hence, k = 7
Therefore, the value of k is 7.

Exercise (4.3)
Question 1:
Draw the graph of each of the following linear equations in two variables:
(i) x + y = 4
(ii) x – y = 2
(iii)y = 3x
(iv) 3 = 2x + y
Solution 1:
(i) x + y = 4
Given : Linear Equation
x + y = 4 ⇒ y = 4 – x ------------------Equation (1)
By substituting the different values of x in the Equation (1) we get different values for y
o When x = 0 , we have : y = 4 – 0 = 4
o When x = 2, we have : y = 4 – 2 = 2
o When x = 4, we have : y = 4 – 4 = 0
Thus, we have the following table with all the obtained solutions:
x 0 2 4
y 4 2 0
By Plotting the points (0, 4) (2, 2) and (4, 0) on the graph paper and drawing a line joining them,
we obtain the Graph.
The graph of the line represented by the given equation as shown.
The graph of this equation is constructed as follows:

(ii) x – y = 2
Given : Linear Equation
x - y = 2 ⇒ y = x – 2 ------------------Equation (1)
o When x = 0 , we have y = 0 – 2 = – 2
o When x = 2, we have y = 2 – 2 = 0
o When x = 4, we have y = 4 – 2 = 2
x 0 2 4
y -2 0 2
By Plotting the points (0, –2), (2, 0) and (4, 2) on the graph paper and drawing a line joining
them, we obtain the Graph.
The graph of the line represented by the given equation as shown
(iii) y = 3x
Given: Linear Equation
y = 3x ------------------Equation (1)

o When x = 0 , we have : y = 3(0) = 0
o When x = 1, we have : y = 3 (1) = 3
o When x = –1, we have : y = 3(–1) = – 3
x 0 1 -1
y 0 3 -3
By Plotting the points (0, 0), (1, 3) and (–1, –3) on the graph paper and drawing a line joining
them, we the Graph.
The graph of the line represented by the given equation as shown:
(iv) 3 = 2x + y
Given: 3 = 2x + y be the Linear Equation
⇒ y = 3 – 2x ------------------Equation (1)
o When x = 0, we have: y = 3 – 2(0) = 3 – 0 = 3
o When x = 3, we have: y = 3 – 2(3) = 3 – 6 = – 3
o When x = – 1, we have: y = 3 – 2 (–1) = 3 + 2 = 5
x 0 3 -1

y 3 -3 5
By Plotting the points (0, 3), (3, –3) and (–1, 5) on the graph paper and drawing a line joining
them, we obtain the graph:
Question 2:
Given the equations of two lines passing through (2, 14). How many more such lines are there, and why?
Solution 2:
Given :
• Equations of two lines passing through (2, 14).
• It can be observed that point (2, 14) satisfies the equation 7x − y = 0 and x − y + 12 = 0.
Therefore, 7x − y = 0 and x − y + 12 = 0 are two lines passing through point (2, 14).
As it is known that through one point, infinite number of lines can pass through, therefore, there are infinite
lines of such type passing through the given point.
Question 3:
If the point (3, 4) lies on the graph of the equation 3y = ax + 7, find the value of a.

Solution 3:
Given :
• 3y = ax + 7 is the Linear Equation -----------Equation(1)
• Point (3, 4) lies on the Equation (1)
By Substituting the value of x = 3 and y = 4 in the Equation (1),

3y = ax + 7
3(4) = a(3) + 7
5 = 3a
We get, a  5
3
Question 4:
The taxi fare in a city is as follows: For the first kilometre, the fares is Rs. 8 and for the subsequent distance it is
Rs. 5 per km. Taking the distance covered as x km and total fare as Rs. y, write a linear equation for this
information, and draw its graph.
Solution 4:
Given,
• Fare for 1st kilometer = Rs. 8
• Taxi fare for the subsequent km = Rs 5
• Fare for the rest of the distance = Rs. (x − 1) 5
• Let the Total distance covered = x km
• Let the Total fare covered = Rs. y
The linear equation for the above information is given by,

Total fare, y = [8 + (x − 1) 5]
y = 8 + 5x − 5
y = 5x + 3
5x − y + 3 = 0
o When x = 0, y = 5 × 0 + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3
o When x = 1, y = 5 ×( 1) + 3 = 5 + 3 = 8
o When x = 2, y = 5 × (2) + 3 = 10 + 3 = 13
o When x = -1, y = 5 × (–1) + 3 = –5 + 3 = -2
o When x = -2, y = 5 × (–2) + 3 = –10 + 3 = -7
x 0 1 2 -1 -2
y 3 8 13 -2 -7

By Plotting the points (0, 3), (1, 8) , (2, 13) , (-1, -3) , (-2, -7) on the graph paper and drawing a line joining
them, we, obtain the required graph
The graph of the line represented by the given equation as shown:
Here, it can be seen that variable x and y are representing the distance covered and the fare paid for that distance
respectively and these quantities may not be negative.
Hence, only those values of x and y which are lying in the 1st quadrant will be considered.
Question 5:
From the choices given below, choose the equation whose graphs are given in the given figures.
For the first figure For the second figure
(i) y = x (i) y = x +2
(ii) x + y = 0 (ii) y = x − 2
(iii) y = 2x (iii) y = − x + 2
(iv) 2 + 3y = 7x (iv) x + 2y = 6

Solution 5:
For the First Figure:
• Points on the given line are (−1, 1), (0, 0), and (1, −1).
• It can be observed that the coordinates of the points of the graph satisfy the equation
x + y = 0.
Therefore, x + y = 0 is the equation corresponding to the graph as shown in the first figure.
Hence, (ii) is the correct answer.

For the Second Figure :

• Points on the given line are (−1, 3), (0, 2), and (2, 0).
• It can be observed that the coordinates of the points of the graph satisfy the equation y = −x + 2.
Therefore, y = −x + 2 is the equation corresponding to the graph shown in the second figure.
Hence, (iii) is the correct answer.
Question 6:
If the work done by a body on application of a constant force is directly proportional to the distance travelled by
the body, express this in the form of an equation in two variables and draw the graph of the same by taking the
constant force as 5 units. Also read from the graph the work done when the distance travelled by the body is
(i) 2 units (ii) 0 units
Solution 6:
Given:
• Let the distance travelled and the work done by the body be x and y respectively.
• Work done ∝ distance travelled
Hence, y ∝ x
y = kx ----------- Equation (1)
Where, k is a constant
o When x= 0, y = 0
o When x= 1, y = 5
o When x =-1, y= -5
x 0 1 -1
y 0 5 -5
By Plotting (0, 0) , (1,5) and (–1, –5) on the graph paper and drawing a line joining them we obtain the required
graph

(i) From the graphs, it can be observed that the value of y corresponding to x = 2 is 10. This implies that
the work done by the body is 10 units when the distance travelled by it is 2 units.
(ii) From the graphs, it can be observed that the value of y corresponding to x = 0 is 0. This implies that
the work done by the body is 0 units when the distance travelled by it is 0 unit.
Question 7:
Yamini and Fatima, two students of Class IX of a school, together contributed Rs. 100 towards the Prime
Minister’s Relief Fund to help the earthquake victims. Write a linear equation which satisfies this data. (You
may take their contributions as Rs. x and Rs. y.) Draw the graph of the same.
Solution 7:
Given,
• Let the amount that Yamini and Fatima contributed be x and y respectively towards the Prime Minister’s
Relief fund.
• Amount contributed by Yamini and Fatima together would be = 100
x + y = 100
y = 100- x
o When x = 0, y = 100
o When x = 50, y = 50
o When x = 100, y = 0
x 0 50 100
y 100 50 0
By Plotting the points (0, 100), (100, 0) and (50, 50) on the graph paper and drawing a line

joining them, we obtain the required graph
Here, it can be seen that variable x and y are representing the amount contributed by Yamini and Fatima
respectively and these quantities cannot be negative. Hence, only those values of x and y which are lying in the
1st quadrant will be considered.
Question 8:
In countries like USA and Canada, temperature is measured in Fahrenheit, whereas in countries like India, it is
measured in Celsius. Here is a linear equation that converts Fahrenheit to Celsius:
9
F    C  32
5
(i) Draw the graph of the linear equation above using Celsius for x-axis and Fahrenheit for y-axis.
(ii) If the temperature is 30 °C, what is the temperature in Fahrenheit?
(iii) If the temperature is 95 °F, what is the temperature in Celsius?
(iv) If the temperature is 0 °C, what is the temperature in Fahrenheit and if the temperature is 0 °F, what is the
temperature in Celsius?
(v) Is there a temperature which is numerically the same in both Fahrenheit and Celsius? If yes, find it.
Solution 8:
(i)
Given,
9
F    C  32
• 5 -------------------Equation(1)
o When C = 0,
9
F    0  32  32
5

o When C = – 40, F = -40
o When C = 10, F = 50
x 0 -40 10
y 32 -40 50
By Plotting the points (– 40, – 40) and (10, 50) on the graph point. On joining these points by
line segment we obtain the required graph
(ii) Given:
• Temperature = 30 °C
• F= ?
9
We know that, F    C  32
5
By Substituting the value of temperature in the Equation above,
9
F    30  32  54  32  86
5
Therefore, the temperature in Fahrenheit is 86 °F.
(iii) Given,
• Temperature = 95 °F
• F=?
9
We know that, F    C  32
5

By Substituting the value of temperature in the Equation above,
9
95    C  32
5
9
63    C
5
C = 35
Therefore, the temperature in Celsius is 35 °C.
9
(iv) We know that, F    C  32
5
If C = 0 °C, then by Substituting this value in the Equation above,
9
F    0  32  32
5
Therefore, if C = 0 °C, then F = 32 °F
If F = 0 °F, then by Substituting this value in the Equation above,
9
0    C  32
5
9
  C  32
5
160
C  17.77
9
Therefore, if F = 0 °F, then C = −17.8 °C
9
(v) We know that, F    C  32
5
Let us consider, F = C
By Substituting this value in the Equation above,

9
F    F  32
5
9 
  1 F  32  0
5 
4
  F  32
5
Hence, F = –40
Yes, there is a temperature, −40°, which is numerically the same in both Fahrenheit and Celsius.

Exercise (4.4)
Question 1:
Give the geometric representation of y = 3 as an equation
(i) in one variable
(ii) in two variables
Solution 1:
(i) Given,
• y = 3 is the equation
• The representation of the solution on the number when y = 3 is treated as an equation in
one variable
In one variable, y = 3 represents a point as shown in following figure.
(ii) Given:
• y = 3 is the equation
We know that y = 3 can be written as 0.x + y = 0 .
In two variables, y = 3 represents a straight line passing through point (0, 3) and parallel to
x-axis. It is a collection of all points of the plane, having their y-coordinate as 3.
Hence,
• When, x = 0, we get y = 3 ;
• When x = 2, we get y = 3 ;
• When x = - 2 , we get y = 3 are the solutions for the equations.
Plotting the points (0, 3) (2, 3) and (–2, 3) and on joining them we get the graph AB as a line
parallel to x-axis at a distance of 3 units above it
The graphical representation is shown below:

Question 2:
Give the geometric representations of 2x + 9 = 0 as an equation
(i) in one variable
(ii) in two variables
Solution 2:
(i) Given: 2x + 9 = 0 is the Linear Equation ------------ Equation (1)
2x +9 =0
2x = 9
9
x  4.5
2
Hence, in one variable 2x + 9 = 0 represents a point as shown in the following figure.
(ii) Given: 2x + 9 = 0 is the Linear Equation ------------ Equation (1)
We know that 2x + 9 = 0 can be written as 2x + 0y + 9 = 0 as a linear equation in variables x and

y.
Value of y is always 0. However, x must satisfy the relation 2x + 9= 0
9
i.e. x   4.5
2
Hence,
• When, y= 0, we get x= -4.5 ;

• When y = 2, we get x= -4.5;
• When y = - 2, we get x= -4.5 are the solutions for the equations.
Hence three solution of the given equation are, y = 0 ; ,y = 2 and ,y =– 2.
Therefore, plotting the point and on joining them we get the graph AB as a line parallel to y-axis
at a distance of on the left of y-axis It is a collection of all points of the plane, having their x-
coordinate as 4.5.

Question 1:
In the given figure, lines AB and CD intersect at O. If AOC  BOE  70 and BOD  40
find ∠BOE and reflex ∠COE.
Solution 1:
AB is a straight line, rays OC and OE stand on it.
AOC  COE  BOE  180
 (AOC  BOE)  COE  180
 70  COE  180
 COE  180  70  110
Reflex COE  360 110  250
CD is a straight line, rays OE and OB stand on it.
COE  BOE  BOD  180
 110  BOE  40  180
 BOE  180 150  30
Hence, ∠BOE = 300 and Reflex ∠COE = 2500
Question 2:
In the given figure, lines XY and MN intersect at O. If ∠POY = 90o and a: b = 2:3, find c.
Solution 2:
Let the common ratio between a and b be x.
 a = 2x, and b = 3x
6. Lines and Angles www.vedantu.com 1

XY is a straight line, rays OM and OP stand on it.
 ∠XOM + ∠MOP + ∠POY = 180º
b + a + ∠POY = 180º
3x + 2x + 90º = 180º
5x = 90º
x = 18º
a = 2x = 2 × 18 = 36º
b = 3x= 3 ×18 = 54º
MN is a straight line. Ray OX stands on it.
 b + c = 180º (Linear Pair)
54º + c = 180º
c = 180º − 54º = 126º
 c = 126º
Question 3:
In the given figure, ∠PQR = ∠PRQ, then prove that ∠PQS = ∠PRT.
Solution 3:
In the given figure, ST is a straight line and ray QP stands on it.
 ∠PQS + ∠PQR = 180º (Linear Pair)
∠PQR = 180º − ∠PQS … (1)
∠PRT + ∠PRQ = 180º (Linear Pair)
∠PRQ = 180º − ∠PRT … (2)
It is given that ∠PQR = ∠PRQ.
Equating Equations (1) and (2), we obtain
180º − ∠PQS = 180 − ∠PRT
∠PQS = ∠PRT (Proved)
Question 4:
In the given figure, if x  y  w  z then prove that AOB is a line.

Solution 4:
It can be observed that,
x + y + z + w = 360º (Complete angle)
It is given that,
x+y=z+w
 x + y + x + y = 360º
2(x + y) = 360º
x + y = 180º
Since x and y form a linear pair, therefore, AOB is a line. (Proved)
Question 5:
In the given figure, POQ is a line. Ray OR is perpendicular to line PQ. OS is another ray lying
between rays OP and OR. Prove that
1
ROS  (QOS  POS)
2
Solution 5:
It is given that OR ⊥ PQ
∠POR = 90º
∠POS + ∠SOR = 90º
∠ROS = 90º − ∠POS … (1)
∠QOR = 90º (As OR ⊥ PQ)

∠QOS − ∠ROS = 90º
∠ROS = ∠QOS − 90º … (2)
On adding Equations (1) and (2), we obtain
2 ∠ROS = ∠QOS − ∠POS
1
ROS  (QOS  POS)
2
Question 6:
It is given that ∠XYZ = 64o and XY is produced to point P. Draw a figure from the given
information. If ray YQ bisects ∠ZYP, find ∠XYQ and reflex ∠QYP.
Solution 6:
It is given that line YQ bisects ∠PYZ.

Hence, ∠QYP = ∠ZYQ
It can be observed that PX is a line. Rays YQ and YZ stand on it.
∠XYZ + ∠ZYQ + ∠QYP = 180º
64º + 2∠QYP = 180º
2∠QYP = 180º − 64º = 116º
∠QYP = 58º
Also, ∠ZYQ = ∠QYP = 58º
Reflex ∠QYP = 360º − 58º = 302º
∠XYQ = ∠XYZ + ∠ZYQ
= 64º + 58º = 122º
Hence, ∠XYQ = 122º, Reflex ∠QYP = 302º

Exercise (6.2)
Question 1:
In the given figure, find the values of x and y and then show that AB || CD.
Solution 1:
It can be observed that,
50º + x = 180º (Linear pair)
x = 130º … (1)
Also, y = 130º (Vertically opposite angles)
As x and y are alternate interior angles for lines AB and CD and also measures of these angles
are equal to each other, therefore, line AB || CD.
Question 2:
In the given figure, if AB || CD, CD || EF and y: z = 3:7, find x.
Solution 2:
It is given that AB || CD and CD || EF
 AB || CD || EF (Lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each other)
It can be observed that
x = z (Alternate interior angles) … (1)
It is given that y: z = 3: 7
Let the common ratio between y and z be a.

 y = 3a and z = 7a
Also, x + y = 180º (Co-interior angles on the same side of the transversal)
z + y = 180º [Using Equation (1)]

7a + 3a = 180º
10a = 180º
a = 18º
∴ x = 7a = 7 × 18º = 126º
Question 3:
In the given figure, If AB || CD, EF  CD and ∠GED = 126º, find ∠AGE, ∠GEF and ∠FGE.
Solution 3:
It is given that,
AB || CD and EF  CD
∠GED = 126º
∠GEF + ∠FED = 126º
∠GEF + 90º = 126º
∠GEF = 36º
As ∠AGE and ∠GED are alternate interior angles.
∠AGE = ∠GED = 126º
However, ∠AGE + ∠FGE = 180º (Linear pair)

126º + ∠FGE = 180º
∠FGE = 180º − 126º = 54º
Hence, ∠AGE = 126º, ∠GEF = 36º, ∠FGE = 54º
Question 4:
In the given figure, if PQ || ST, ∠PQR = 110º and ∠RST = 130º, find ∠QRS.
[Hint: Draw a line parallel to ST through point R.]

Solution 4:
Let us draw a line XY parallel to ST and passing through point R.

∠PQR + ∠QRX = 180º (Co-interior angles on the same side of transversal QR)
110º + ∠QRX = 180º
∠QRX = 70º
Also,
∠RST + ∠SRY = 180º (Co-interior angles on the same side of transversal SR)
130º + ∠SRY = 180º
∠SRY = 50º
XY is a straight line. RQ and RS stand on it.

∠QRX + ∠QRS + ∠SRY = 180º
70º + ∠QRS + 50º = 180º
∠QRS = 180º − 120º = 60º
Question 5:
In the given figure, if AB || CD, ∠APQ = 50º and ∠PRD = 127º, find x and y.
Solution 5:
∠APR = ∠PRD (Alternate interior angles)
50º + y = 127º
y = 127º − 50º
y = 77º
Also,
∠APQ = ∠PQR (Alternate interior angles)
50º = x
Therefore, x = 50º and y = 77º

Question 6:
In the given figure, PQ and RS are two mirrors placed parallel to each other. An incident ray AB
strikes the mirror PQ at B, the reflected ray moves along the path BC and strikes the mirror RS at
C and again reflects back along CD. Prove that AB || CD.
Solution 6:
Let us draw BM  PQ and CN  RS.

As PQ || RS,
Therefore, BM || CN
Thus, BM and CN are two parallel lines and a transversal line BC cuts them at B and C
respectively.
∠2 = ∠3 (Alternate interior angles)
However, ∠1 = ∠2 and ∠3 = ∠4 (By laws of reflection)

∠1 = ∠2 = ∠3 = ∠4
Also,
∠1 + ∠2 = ∠3 + ∠4
∠ABC = ∠DCB
However, these are alternate interior angles.

 AB || CD

Exercise (6.3)
Question 1:
In the given figure, sides QP and RQ of  PQR are produced to points S and T respectively. If
∠SPR = 135º and ∠PQT = 110º, find ∠PRQ.
Solution 1:
It is given that,
∠SPR = 135º and ∠PQT = 110º
∠SPR + ∠QPR = 180º (Linear pair angles)
135º + ∠QPR = 180º
∠QPR = 45º
Also, ∠PQT + ∠PQR = 180º (Linear pair angles)

110º + ∠PQR = 180º
∠PQR = 70º
As the sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180º, therefore, for  PQR,
∠QPR + ∠PQR + ∠PRQ = 180º
45º + 70º + ∠PRQ = 180º
∠PRQ = 180º − 115º
∠PRQ = 65º
Question 2:
In the given figure, ∠X = 62º, ∠XYZ = 54º. If YO and ZO are the bisectors of ∠XYZ and ∠XZY
respectively of  XYZ, find ∠OZY and ∠YOZ.

Solution 2:
As the sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180º, therefore, for  XYZ,
∠X + ∠XYZ + ∠XZY = 180º
62º + 54º + ∠XZY = 180º
∠XZY = 180º − 116º
∠XZY = 64º
64
∠OZY = = 32º (OZ is the angle bisector of ∠XZY)
2
54
Similarly, ∠OYZ = = 27º
2
Using angle sum property for  OYZ, we obtain
∠OYZ + ∠YOZ + ∠OZY = 180º
27º + ∠YOZ + 32º = 180º
∠YOZ = 180º − 59º
∠YOZ = 121º
Hence, ∠OZY = 32º and ∠YOZ = 121º
Question 3:
In the given figure, if AB || DE, ∠BAC = 35º and ∠CDE = 53º, find ∠DCE.
Solution 3:
AB || DE and AE is a transversal.
∠BAC = ∠CED (Alternate interior angles)
∠CED = 35º
In  CDE,
∠CDE + ∠CED + ∠DCE = 180º (Angle sum property of a triangle)
53º + 35º + ∠DCE = 180º
∠DCE = 180º − 88º
∠DCE = 92º
Question 4:
In the given figure, if lines PQ and RS intersect at point T, such that ∠PRT = 40º,

∠RPT = 95º and ∠TSQ = 75º, find ∠SQT.
Solution 4:
Using angle sum property for  PRT, we obtain
∠PRT + ∠RPT + ∠PTR = 180º

40º + 95º + ∠PTR = 180º
∠PTR = 180º − 135º
∠PTR = 45º
∠STQ = ∠PTR = 45º (Vertically opposite angles)
∠STQ = 45º
By using angle sum property for  STQ, we obtain
∠STQ + ∠SQT + ∠QST = 180º

45º + ∠SQT + 75º = 180º
∠SQT = 180º − 120º
∠SQT = 60º
Question 5:
In the given figure, if PQ  PS, PQ || SR, ∠SQR = 28º and ∠QRT = 65º, then find the values of
x and y.
Solution 5:
It is given that PQ || SR and QR is a transversal line.
∠PQR = ∠QRT (Alternate interior angles)
x + 28º = 65º

x = 65º − 28º
x = 37º
By using the angle sum property for  SPQ, we obtain
∠SPQ + x + y = 180º
90º + 37º + y = 180º
y = 180º − 127º
y = 53º
x = 37º and y = 53º
Question 6:
In the given figure, the side QR of  PQR is produced to a point S. If the bisectors of ∠PQR and
1
∠PRS meet at point T, then prove that ∠QTR= ∠QPR.
2
Solution 6:
In  QTR, ∠TRS is an exterior angle.
 ∠QTR + ∠TQR = ∠TRS
∠QTR = ∠TRS − ∠TQR … (1)
For  PQR, ∠PRS is an external angle.

 ∠QPR + ∠PQR = ∠PRS
∠QPR + 2∠TQR = 2∠TRS (As QT and RT are angle bisectors)
∠QPR = 2(∠TRS − ∠TQR)
∠QPR = 2∠QTR [By using Equation (1)]
1
∠QTR = ∠QPR
2

Question 1:
In quadrilateral ACBD, AC = AD and AB bisects ∠A (See the given figure). Show that ∆ABC ≅
∆ABD. What can you say about BC and BD?
Solution 1:
In ∆ABC and ∆ABD,
AC = AD (Given)
∠CAB = ∠DAB (AB bisects ∠A)
AB = AB (Common)
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆ABD (By SAS congruence rule)
∴ BC = BD (By CPCT)
Therefore, BC and BD are of equal lengths.
Question 2:
ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC and ∠DAB = ∠CBA (See the given figure). Prove
that
(i) ∆ABD ≅ ∆BAC
(ii) BD = AC
(iii) ∠ABD = ∠BAC.
Solution 2:
In ∆ABD and ∆BAC,
AD = BC (Given)
∠DAB = ∠CBA (Given)
AB = BA (Common)
∴ ∆ABD ≅ ∆BAC (By SAS congruence rule)
7. Triangles www.vedantu.com 1
∴ BD = AC (By CPCT)
And, ∠ABD = ∠BAC (By CPCT)
Question 3:
AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to a line segment AB (See the given figure). Show that CD
bisects AB.
Solution 3:
In ∆BOC and ∆AOD,
∠BOC = ∠AOD (Vertically opposite angles)
∠CBO = ∠DAO (Each 90º)
BC = AD (Given)
∴ ∆BOC ≅ ∆AOD (AAS congruence rule)
∴ BO = AO (By CPCT)
⇒ CD bisects AB.
Question 4:
l and m are two parallel lines intersected by another pair of parallel lines p and q (see the given
figure). Show that ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA.
Solution 4:
In ∆ABC and ∆CDA,
∠BAC = ∠DCA (Alternate interior angles, as p || q)
AC = CA (Common)
∠BCA = ∠DAC (Alternate interior angles, as l || m)
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA (By ASA congruence rule)
Question 5:
Line l is the bisector of an angle ∠A and B is any point on l. BP and BQ are perpendiculars from
B to the arms of ∠A (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) ∆APB ≅ ∆AQB
(ii) BP = BQ or B is equidistant from the arms of ∠A.
Solution 5:
In ∆APB and ∆AQB,
∠APB = ∠AQB (Each 90º)
∠PAB = ∠QAB (l is the angle bisector of ∠A)
AB = AB (Common)
∴ ∆APB ≅ ∆AQB (By AAS congruence rule)
∴ BP = BQ (By CPCT)
Or, it can be said that B is equidistant from the arms of ∠A.
Question 6:
In the given figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and ∠BAD = ∠EAC. Show that BC = DE.
Solution 6:
It is given that ∠BAD = ∠EAC
∠BAD + ∠DAC = ∠EAC + ∠DAC
∠BAC = ∠DAE
In ∆BAC and ∆DAE,

AB = AD (Given)
∠BAC = ∠DAE (Proved above)
AC = AE (Given)
∴ ∆BAC ≅ ∆DAE (By SAS congruence rule)

∴ BC = DE (By CPCT)
Question 7:
AB is a line segment and P is its mid-point. D and E are points on the same side of AB such that
∠BAD = ∠ABE and ∠EPA = ∠DPB (See the given figure). Show that
(i) ∆DAP ≅ ∆EBP
(ii) AD = BE
Solution 7:
It is given that ∠EPA = ∠DPB
∠EPA + ∠DPE = ∠DPB + ∠DPE
∴ ∠DPA = ∠EPB
In ∆DAP and ∆EBP,
∠DAP = ∠EBP (Given)
AP = BP (P is mid-point of AB)
∠DPA = ∠EPB (From above)
∴ ∆DAP ≅ ∆EBP (ASA congruence rule)
∴ AD = BE (By CPCT)
Question 8:
In right triangle ABC, right angled at C, M is the mid-point of hypotenuse AB. C is joined to M
and produced to a point D such that DM = CM. Point D is joined to point B (see the given
figure). Show that:
(i) ∆AMC ≅ ∆BMD
(ii) ∠DBC is a right angle.
(iii) ∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB
1
(iv) CM = AB
2
Solution 8:
(i) In ∆AMC and ∆BMD,
AM = BM (M is the mid-point of AB)
∠AMC = ∠BMD (Vertically opposite angles)
CM = DM (Given)
∴ ∆AMC ≅ ∆BMD (By SAS congruence rule)
∴ AC = BD (By CPCT)
And, ∠ACM = ∠BDM (By CPCT)
(ii) ∠ACM = ∠BDM

However, ∠ACM and ∠BDM are alternate interior angles.
Since alternate angles are equal,
It can be said that DB || AC
∠DBC + ∠ACB = 180º (Co-interior angles)
∠DBC + 90º = 180º
∴ ∠DBC = 90º
(iii) In ∆DBC and ∆ACB,

DB = AC (Already proved)
∠DBC = ∠ACB (Each 90 )
BC = CB (Common)
∴ ∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB (SAS congruence rule)
(iv) ∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB

AB = DC (By CPCT)
AB = 2 CM
1
∴ CM = AB
2
Exercise (7.2)
Question 1:
In an isosceles triangle ABC, with AB = AC, the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C intersect each other at
O. Join A to O. Show that:
(i) OB = OC (ii) AO bisects ∠A
Solution 1:
(i) It is given that in triangle ABC, AB = AC

∠ACB = ∠ABC (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal)
1 1
∠ACB = ∠ABC
2 2
∠OCB = ∠OBC
∴ OB = OC (Sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are also equal)
(ii) In ∆OAB and ∆OAC,

AO =AO (Common)
AB = AC (Given)
OB = OC (Proved above)
Therefore, ∆OAB ≅ ∆OAC (By SSS congruence rule)

∠BAO = ∠CAO (CPCT)
∴ AO bisects ∠A.
Question 2:
In ∆ABC, AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC (see the given figure). Show that ∆ABC is an
isosceles triangle in which AB = AC.
Solution 2:
In ∆ADC and ∆ADB,
AD = AD (Common)
∠ADC =∠ADB (Each 90º)
CD = BD (AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC)
∴ ∆ADC ≅ ∆ADB (By SAS congruence rule)
∴ AB = AC (By CPCT)
Therefore, ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC.
Question 3:
ABC is an isosceles triangle in which altitudes BE and CF are drawn to equal sides AC and AB
respectively (see the given figure). Show that these altitudes are equal.
Solution 3:
In ∆AEB and ∆AFC,
∠AEB and ∠AFC (Each 90º)
∠A = ∠A (Common angle)
AB = AC (Given)
∴ ∆AEB ≅ ∆AFC (By AAS congruence rule)
∴ BE = CF (By CPCT)
Question 4:
ABC is a triangle in which altitudes BE and CF to sides AC and AB are equal (see the given
figure). Show that
(i) ∆ABE ≅ ∆ACF
(ii) AB = AC, i.e., ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Solution 4:
(i) In ∆ABE and ∆ACF,
∠ABE and ∠ACF (Each 90º)
∠A = ∠A (Common angle)
BE = CF (Given)
∴ ∆ABE ≅ ∆ACF (By AAS congruence rule)
(ii) It has already been proved that

∆ABE ≅ ∆ACF
∴ AB = AC (By CPCT)
Question 5:
ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base BC (see the given figure). Show that
∠ABD = ∠ACD.
Solution 5:
Let us join AD.
In ∆ABD and ∆ACD,
AB = AC (Given)
BD = CD (Given)
AD = AD (Common side)
∴ ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD (By SSS congruence rule)
∴ ∠ABD = ∠ACD (By CPCT)
Question 6:
∆ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC. Side BA is produced to D such that AD = AB
(see the given figure). Show that ∠BCD is a right angle.
Solution 6:
In ∆ABC,
AB = AC (Given)
∴ ∠ACB = ∠ABC (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are also equal)
In ∆ACD,
AC = AD
∴ ∠ADC = ∠ACD (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are also equal)
In ∆BCD,
∠ABC + ∠BCD + ∠ADC = 180º (Angle sum property of a triangle)
∠ACB + ∠ACB +∠ACD + ∠ACD = 180º
2(∠ACB + ∠ACD) = 180º
2(∠BCD) = 180º
∴ ∠BCD = 90º
Question 7:
ABC is a right angled triangle in which ∠A = 90º and AB = AC. Find ∠B and ∠C.
Solution 7:
It is given that
AB = AC
∴ ∠C = ∠B (Angles opposite to equal sides are also equal)
In ∆ABC,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180º (Angle sum property of a triangle)
90º + ∠B + ∠C = 180º
90º + ∠B + ∠B = 180º
2∠B = 90º
∠B = 45º
∴ ∠B = ∠C = 45º
Question 8:
Show that the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60º each.
Solution 8 :
Let us consider that ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Therefore, AB = BC = AC
AB = AC
∴ ∠C = ∠B (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal)
Also,
AC = BC
∴ ∠B = ∠A (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal)
Therefore, we obtain
∠A = ∠B = ∠C
In ∆ABC,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∠A + ∠A + ∠A = 180°
3∠A = 180°
∠A = 60°
∴ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
Hence, in an equilateral triangle, all interior angles are of measure 60º.
Exercise (7.3)
Question 1:
∆ABC and ∆DBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base BC and vertices A and D are on
the same side of BC (see the given figure). If AD is extended to intersect BC at P, show that
(i) ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD

(ii) ∆ABP ≅ ∆ACP
(iii) AP bisects ∠A as well as ∠D.
(iv) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
Solution 1:
(i) In ∆ABD and ∆ACD,
AB = AC (Given)
BD = CD (Given)
AD = AD (Common)
∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD (By SSS congruence rule)
∠BAD = ∠CAD (By CPCT)
∠BAP = ∠CAP …. (1)
(ii) In ∆ABP and ∆ACP,

AB = AC (Given)
∠BAP = ∠CAP [From equation (1)]
AP = AP (Common)
∴ ∆ABP ≅ ∆ACP (By SAS congruence rule)
∴ BP = CP (By CPCT) … (2)
(iii) From Equation (1),
∠BAP = ∠CAP
Hence, AP bisects ∠A.
In ∆BDP and ∆CDP,
BD = CD (Given)
DP = DP (Common)
BP = CP [From equation (2)]
∴ ∆BDP ≅ ∆CDP (By SSS Congruence rule)
∴ ∠BDP = ∠CDP (By CPCT) … (3)
Hence, AP bisects ∠D.
(iv) ∆BDP ≅ ∆CDP

∴ ∠BPD = ∠CPD (By CPCT) …. (4)
∠BPD + ∠CPD = 180o (Linear pair angles)
∠BPD + ∠BPD = 180o
2∠BPD = 180o [From Equation (4)]
∠BPD = 90o … (5)
From Equations (2) and (5), it can be said that AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
Question 2:
AD is an altitude of an isosceles triangles ABC in which AB = AC. Show that
(i) AD bisects BC (ii) AD bisects ∠A.
Solution 2:
(i) In ∆BAD and ∆CAD,
∠ADB = ∠ADC (Each 90º as AD is an altitude)
AB = AC (Given)
AD = AD (Common)
∴ ∆BAD ≅ ∆CAD (By RHS Congruence rule)
∴ BD = CD (By CPCT)
Hence, AD bisects BC.
(ii) Also, by CPCT,

∠BAD = ∠CAD
Hence, AD bisects ∠A.
Question 3:
Two sides AB and BC and median AM of one triangle ABC are respectively equal to sides PQ
and QR and median PN of ∆PQR (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) ∆ABM ≅ ∆PQN

(ii) ∆ABC ≅ ∆PQR
Solution 3:
(i) In ∆ABC, AM is the median to BC.
1
∴ BM = BC
2
In ∆PQR, PN is the median to QR.
1
∴ QN = QR
2
However, BC = QR
1 1
∴ BC = QR
2 2
∴ BM = QN … (1)
In ∆ABM and ∆PQN,
AB = PQ (Given)
BM = QN [From Equation (1)]
AM = PN (Given)
∆ABM ≅ ∆PQN (By SSS congruence rule)
∠ABM = ∠PQN (By CPCT)
∠ABC = ∠PQR … (2)
(ii) In ∆ABC and ∆PQR,

AB = PQ (Given)
∠ABC = ∠PQR [From Equation (2)]
BC = QR (Given)
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆PQR (By SAS congruence rule)
Question 4:
BE and CF are two equal altitudes of a triangle ABC. Using RHS congruence rule, prove that the
triangle ABC is isosceles.
Solution 4:
In ∆BEC and ∆CFB,
∠BEC = ∠CFB (Each 90°)
BC = CB (Common)
BE = CF (Given)
∴ ∆BEC ≅ ∆CFB (By RHS congruency)
∴ ∠BCE = ∠CBF (By CPCT)
∴ AB = AC (Sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal)
Hence, ∆ABC is isosceles.
Question 5:
ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. Draw AP ⊥ BC to show that ∠B = ∠C.
Solution 5:
In ∆APB and ∆APC,

∠APB = ∠APC (Each 90º)
AB =AC (Given)
AP = AP (Common)
∴ ∆APB ≅ ∆APC (Using RHS congruence rule)
∴ ∠B = ∠C (By using CPCT)
Exercise (7.4)
Question 1:
Show that in a right angled triangle, the hypotenuse is the longest side.
Solution 1:
Let us consider a right-angled triangle ABC, right-angled at B.
In ∆ABC,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (Angle sum property of a triangle)
∠A + 90º + ∠C = 180°
∠A + ∠C = 90°
Hence, the other two angles have to be acute (i.e., less than 90º).
∠B is the largest angle in ∆ABC.
∠B > ∠A and ∠B > ∠C
AC > BC and AC > AB
[In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger (greater) angle is longer.]
Therefore, AC is the largest side in ∆ABC.
However, AC is the hypotenuse of ∆ABC. Therefore, hypotenuse is the longest side in a right-
angled triangle.
Question 2:
In the given figure sides AB and AC of ∆ABC are extended to points P and Q respectively. Also,
∠PBC < ∠QCB. Show that AC > AB.
Solution 2:
In the given figure,
∠ABC + ∠PBC = 180° (Linear pair)

∠ABC = 180° − ∠PBC ... (1)
Also,
∠ACB + ∠QCB = 180°
∠ACB = 180° − ∠QCB … (2)
As ∠PBC < ∠QCB,

180º − ∠PBC > 180º − ∠QCB
∠ABC > ∠ACB [From Equations (1) and (2)]
AC > AB (Side opposite to the larger angle is larger.)
Hence proved, AC > AB
Question 3:
In the given figure, ∠B < ∠A and ∠C < ∠D. Show that AD < BC.
Solution 3:
In ∆AOB,
∠B < ∠A
AO < BO (Side opposite to smaller angle is smaller) ... (1)
In ∆COD,
∠C < ∠D
OD < OC (Side opposite to smaller angle is smaller) ... (2)

AO + OD < BO + OC
AD < BC , proved
Question 4:
AB and CD are respectively the smallest and longest sides of a quadrilateral ABCD (see the
given figure). Show that ∠A > ∠C and ∠B > ∠D.
Solution 4:
Let us join AC.
In ∆ABC,
AB < BC (AB is the smallest side of quadrilateral ABCD)
∠2 < ∠1 (Angle opposite to the smaller side is smaller) ... (1)
In ∆ADC,
AD < CD (CD is the largest side of quadrilateral ABCD)

∠2 + ∠4 < ∠1 + ∠3
∠C < ∠A
∠A > ∠C
Let us join BD.
In ∆ABD,
AB < AD (AB is the smallest side of quadrilateral ABCD)
In ∆BDC,
BC < CD (CD is the largest side of quadrilateral ABCD)

∠8 + ∠7 < ∠5 + ∠6
∠D < ∠B
∠B > ∠D (Hence, proved)
Question 5:
In the given figure, PR > PQ and PS bisects ∠QPR. Prove that ∠PSR > ∠PSQ.
Solution 5:
As PR > PQ,
∠PQR > ∠PRQ (Angle opposite to larger side is larger) ... (1)
PS is the bisector of ∠QPR.
∠QPS = ∠RPS ... (2)
∠PSR is the exterior angle of ∆PQS.

∠PSR = ∠PQR + ∠QPS ... (3)
∠PSQ is the exterior angle of ∆PRS.

∠PSQ = ∠PRQ + ∠RPS ... (4)
Adding Equations (1) and (2), we obtain

∠PQR + ∠QPS > ∠PRQ + ∠RPS
∠PSR > ∠PSQ [Using the values of Equations (3) and (4)]
Question 6:
Show that of all line segments drawn from a given point not on it, the perpendicular line segment
is the shortest.
Solution 6:
Let us take a line l and from point P (i.e., not on line l), draw two line segments PN and PM. Let
PN be perpendicular to line l and PM is drawn at some other angle.
In ∆PNM,
∠N = 90º
∠P + ∠N + ∠M = 180º (Angle sum property of a triangle)
∠P + ∠M = 90º
Clearly, ∠M is an acute angle.

∠M < ∠N
PN < PM (Side opposite to the smaller angle is smaller)
Similarly, by drawing different line segments from P to l, it can be proved that PN is smaller in
comparison to them.
Therefore, it can be observed that of all line segments drawn from a given point not on it, the
perpendicular line segment is the shortest.
Exercise (7.5)
Question 1:
ABC is a triangle. Locate a point in the interior of ∆ABC which is equidistant from all the
vertices of ∆ABC.
Solution 1:
Circumcentre of a triangle is always equidistant from all the vertices of that triangle.
Circumcentre is the point where perpendicular bisectors of all the sides of the triangle meet
together.
In ∆ABC, we can find the circumcentre by drawing the perpendicular bisectors of sides AB, BC,
and CA of this triangle. O is the point where these bisectors are meeting together. Therefore, O is
the point which is equidistant from all the vertices of ∆ABC.
Question 2:
In a triangle locate a point in its interior which is equidistant from all the sides of the triangle.
Solution 2:
The point which is equidistant from all the sides of a triangle is called the incentre of the triangle.
Incentre of a triangle is the intersection point of the angle bisectors of the interior angles of that
triangle.
Here, in ∆ABC, we can find the incentre of this triangle by drawing the angle bisectors of the
interior angles of this triangle. I is the point where these angle bisectors are intersecting each
other. Therefore, I is the point equidistant from all the sides of ∆ABC.
Question 3:
In a huge park people are concentrated at three points (see the given figure)
A: where there are different slides and swings for children,

B: near which a man-made lake is situated,
C: which is near to a large parking and exit.
Where should an ice-cream parlour be set up so that maximum number of persons can approach
it?
(Hint: The parlor should be equidistant from A, B and C)
Solution 3:
Maximum number of persons can approach the ice-cream parlour if it is equidistant from A, B
and C. Now, A, B and C form a triangle. In a triangle, the circumcentre is the only point that is
equidistant from its vertices. So, the ice-cream parlour should be set up at the circumcentre O of
∆ABC.
In this situation, maximum number of persons can approach it. We can find circumcentre O of
this triangle by drawing perpendicular bisectors of the sides of this triangle.
Question 4:
Complete the hexagonal and star shaped rangolies (see the given figures) by filling them with as
many equilateral triangles of side 1 cm as you can. Count the number of triangles in each case.
Which has more triangles?
Solution 4:
It can be observed that hexagonal-shaped rangoli has 6 equilateral triangles in it.
3 3 2
Area of ∆OAB  (side)2  (5)
4 4
3 25 3
 (25)  cm2
4 4
25 3 75 3
Area of hexagonal-shaped rangoli = 6   cm2
4 2
3 2 3
Area of equilateral triangle having its side as 1 cm = (1)  cm2
4 4
Number of equilateral triangles of 1 cm side that
75 3
can be filled in this hexagonal-shaped Rangoli = 2  150
3
4
Star-shaped rangoli has 12 equilateral triangles of side 5 cm in it.
3
Area of star-shaped rangoli = 12   (5)2  75 3
4
Number of equilateral triangles of 1 cm side that can be filled in this star-shaped rangoli =
75 3
 300
3
4
Therefore, star-shaped rangoli has more equilateral triangles in it.
Question 1:
A traffic signal board, indicating ‘SCHOOL AHEAD’, is an equilateral triangle with side ‘a’.
Find the area of the signal board, using Heron’s formula. If its perimeter is 180 cm, what will be
the area of the signal board?
Solution 1:
Side of traffic signal board = a
Perimeter of traffic signal board = 3 × a
3
2s  3a  s  a
2
By Heron’s formula, Area of triangle =
3 3  3  3 
Area of given triangle = a  a  a  a  a  a  a 
2 2  2  2 
s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
3  a  a  a 
 a    
2  2  2  2 
3 2
 a … (1)
2
Perimeter of traffic signal board = 180 cm
 180 
Side of traffic signal board (a) =   cm = 60 cm
 3 
3
Using Equation (1), area of traffic signal board  (60 cm)2
2
 3600 
 3  cm2  900 3 cm2
 4 
Question 2:
The triangular side walls of a flyover have been used for advertisements. The sides of the walls
are 122 m, 22 m, and 120 m (see the given figure). The advertisements yield an earning of Rs.
5000 per m2 per year. A company hired one of its walls for 3 months. How much rent did it pay?
12. Heron's Formula www.vedantu.com 1

Solution 2:
The sides of the triangle (i.e., a, b, c) are of 122 m, 22 m, and 120 m respectively.
Perimeter of triangle = (122 + 22 + 120) m
2s = 264 m
s = 132 m
By Heron’s formula,
Area of triangle =
Area of given triangle =  132 132 122132  22 132 120   m2

 
=  132 1011012
s(sm
a)(
2 s  b)(s  c
 1320 m2 )
 
Rent of 1 m2 area per year = Rs. 5000
5000
Rent of 1 m2 area per month = Rs.
12
 5000 
Rent of 1320 m2 area for 3 months = Rs.   3 1320 
 12 
= Rs. (5000 × 330) = Rs. 1650000
Therefore, the company had to pay Rs. 1650000.
Question 3:
The floor of a rectangular hall has a perimeter 250 m. If the cost of panting the four walls at the
rate of Rs. 10 per m2 is Rs.15000, find the height of the hall.
[Hint: Area of the four walls = Lateral surface area.]

Solution 3:
Let length, breadth, and height of the rectangular hall be l m, b m, and h m respectively.
Area of four walls = 2lh + 2bh = 2(l + b) h
Perimeter of the floor of hall = 2(l + b) = 250 m
 Area of four walls = 2(l + b) h = 250h m2
Cost of painting per m2 area = Rs. 10
Cost of painting 250h m2 area = Rs. (250h × 10) = Rs. 2500h
However, it is given that the cost of paining the walls is Rs. 15000.
 15000 = 2500h
h=6
Therefore, the height of the hall is 6 m.
Question 4:
Find the area of a triangle two sides of which are 18 cm and 10 cm and the perimeter is 42 cm.
Solution 4:
Let the third side of the triangle be x.
Perimeter of the given triangle = 42 cm
18 cm + 10 cm + x = 42
x = 14 cm
Perimeter 42 cm
s   21 cm
2 2
Area of given triangle =  21 21 18 21 10 21 14   cm2

 
  21 311 7  s(cm

s 2 a)(s  b)(s  c)
 
 21 11cm2

Question 5:
Sides of a triangle are in the ratio of 12:17:25 and its perimeter is 540 cm. Find its area.
Solution 5:
Let the common ratio between the sides of the given triangle be x.
Therefore, the side of the triangle will be 12x, 17x, and 25x.
Perimeter of this triangle = 540 cm
12x + 17x + 25x = 540 cm
54x = 540 cm
x = 10 cm
Sides of the triangle will be 120 cm, 170 cm, and 250 cm.
Perimeter of triangle 540 cm

s   270 cm
2 2
Area of triangle = s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
Area of given triangle =  270  270 120 270 170 270  250  cm2
 
  270 150100 20  cm2

 
 9000cm2
Therefore, the area of this triangle is 9000 cm2.

Question 6:
An isosceles triangle has perimeter 30 cm and each of the equal sides is 12 cm. Find the area of
s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
the triangle.
Solution 6:
Let the third side of this triangle be x.
Perimeter of triangle = 30 cm
12 cm + 12 cm + x = 30 cm
x = 6 cm
Perimeter of triangle 30 cm
s   15 cm
2 2
Area of given triangle =  15 15 1215 1215  6  cm2

 
  15 339  cm2
 
 9 15 cm2

Exercise (12.2)
Question 1:
A park, in the shape of a quadrilateral ABCD, has ∠C = 90°, AB = 9 m, BC = 12 m, CD = 5 m
and AD = 8 m. How much area does it occupy?
Solution 1:
Let us join BD.
In  BCD, applying Pythagoras theorem,
BD2 = BC2 + CD2
= (12)2 + (5)2
= 144 + 25
BD2 = 169
BD = 13 m
1 1 
Area of  BCD =  BC  CD   12  5  m2  30 m2
2 2 
For  ABD,
Perimeter (9  8  13) m
s   15 m
2 2
By Heron’s formula, Area of triangle = s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
Area of  ABD = 15(15  9)(15  8)(15 13) m2
 15(6)(7)(2) m2
 6 35 m2
 (6  5.916) m2
 35.496 m2
Area of the park = Area of  ABD + Area of  BCD
= 35.496 + 30 m2

= 65.496 m2 = 65.5 m2 (approximately).
Question 2:
Find the area of a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 3 cm, BC = 4 cm, CD = 4 cm, DA = 5 cm
and AC = 5 cm.
Solution 2:
For  ABC,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
(5)2 = (3)2 + (4)2
Therefore,  ABC is a right-angled triangle, right-angled at point B.
1 1 
Area of  ABC =  AB  BC    3  4   6 cm2
2 2 
For  ADC,
Perimeter = 2s = AC + CD + DA = (5 + 4 + 5) cm = 14 cm
s = 7 cm
Area of  ADC = 7(7  5)(7  5)(7  4) cm2
 7(2)(2)(3) cm2
 2 21 cm2
 (2  4.583) cm2
 9.166 cm2
Area of ABCD = Area of  ABC + Area of  ACD

= (6 + 9.166) cm2
= 15.166 cm2 = 15.2 cm2 (approximately).
Question 3:
Radha made a picture of an aeroplane with coloured papers as shown in the given figure. Find
the total area of the paper used.
Solution 3:
For triangle I
This triangle is an isosceles triangle.

Perimeter = 2s = (5 + 5 + 1) cm = 11 cm
11 cm
s  5.5 cm
2
Area of the triangle = s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
 5.5(5.5  5)(5.5  5)(5.5 1) cm2
 5.5(0.5)(0.5)(4.5) cm2
 0.75 11 cm2
 (0.75  3.317) cm2
 2.488 cm2 (approximately)
For quadrilateral II
This quadrilateral is a rectangle.
Area = l × b = (6.5 × 1) cm2 = 6.5 cm2
For quadrilateral III

This quadrilateral is a trapezium.
Perpendicular height of parallelogram = 12  (0.5)2 cm
 0.75 cm  0.866 cm
Area = Area of parallelogram + Area of equilateral triangle
3 2
 (0.866)1  (1)
4
= 0.866 + 0.433 = 1.299 cm2
Area of triangle (IV) = Area of triangle in (V)

1 
  1.5  6  cm2 = 4.5 cm2
2 
Total area of the paper used = 2.488 + 6.5 + 1.299 + 4.5 × 2
= 19.287 cm2
Question 4:
A triangle and a parallelogram have the same base and the same area. If the sides of triangle are
26 cm, 28 cm and 30 cm, and the parallelogram stands on the base 28 cm, find the height of the
parallelogram.
Solution 4:
Perimeter of triangle = (26 + 28 + 30) cm = 84 cm
2s = 84 cm
s = 42 cm
Area of given triangle  42(42  26)(42  28)(42  30) cm2
 42(16)(14)(12) cm2 = 336 cm2

Let the height of the parallelogram be h.
Area of parallelogram = Area of triangle
h × 28 cm = 336 cm2
h = 12 cm
Therefore, the height of the parallelogram is 12 cm.
Question 5:
A rhombus shaped field has green grass for 18 cows to graze. If each side of the rhombus is 30 m
and its longer diagonal is 48 m, how much area of grass field will each cow be getting?
Solution 5:

Let ABCD be a rhombus-shaped field.
For  BCD,
(48  30  30) m
Semi-perimeter, s  = 54 m
2
Therefore, area of  BCD  54(54  48)(54  30)(54  30) m2
 54(6)(24)(24)  3 6  24  432 m2
Area of field = 2 × Area of  BCD

= (2 × 432) m2 = 864 m2
864
Area for grazing for 1 cow = = 48 m2
18
Each cow will get 48 m2 area of grass field.
Question 6:
An umbrella is made by stitching 10 triangular pieces of cloth of two different colours (see the
given figure), each piece measuring 20 cm, 50 cm and 50 cm. How much cloth of each colour is
required for the umbrella?

Solution 6:
For each triangular piece,
(20  50  50) cm
Semi-perimeter, s   60 cm
2
Area of each triangular piece =  60(60  50)(60  50)(60  20) cm2
 60(10)(10)(40)  200 6 cm2

Since there are 5 triangular pieces made of two different coloured cloths,
Area of each cloth required  (5  200 6) cm2 -1000√6 cm2
Question 7:
A kite in the shape of a square with a diagonal 32 cm and an isosceles triangles of base 8 cm and
sides 6 cm each is to be made of three different shades as shown in the given figure. How much
paper of each shade has been used in it?

Solution 7:
We know that
1
Area of square  (diagonal)2
2
1
Area of the given kite  (32 cm2 )  512 cm2
2
Area of 1st shade = Area of 2nd shade
512 cm2
  256 cm2
2
Therefore, the area of paper required in each shape is 256 cm2.
For IIIrd triangle

(6  6  8) cm
Semi-perimeter, s   10 cm
2
Area of IIIrd triangle  10(10  6)(10  6)(10  8) cm2
 10(4)(4)(2)  (4  2 5) cm2
 8 5 cm2
 (8  2.24) cm2
 17.92 cm2
Area of paper required for IIIrd shade = 17.92 cm2

Question 8:
A floral design on a floor is made up of 16 tiles which are triangular, the sides of the triangle
being 9 cm, 28 cm and 35 cm (see the given figure). Find the cost of polishing the tiles at the rate
of 50p per cm2.
Solution 8:
It can be observed that
(35  28  9) cm
Semi-perimeter of each triangular-shaped tile, s   36 cm
2
Area of each tile  36(36  35)(36  28)(36  9) cm2
 36(1)(8)(27)  36 6 cm2
= (36 × 2.45) cm2
= 88.2 cm2
Area of 16 tiles = (16 × 88.2) cm2= 1411.2 cm2
Cost of polishing per cm2 area = 50 p

Cost of polishing 1411.2 cm2 area = Rs. (1411.2 × 0.50) = Rs. 705.60

Therefore, it will cost Rs. 705.60 while polishing all the tiles.
Question 9:
A field is in the shape of a trapezium whose parallel sides are 25 m and 10 m. The non-parallel
sides are 14 m and 13 m. Find the area of the field.
Solution 9:
Draw a line BE parallel to AD and draw a perpendicular BF on CD.

It can be observed that ABED is a parallelogram.
BE = AD = 13 m
ED = AB = 10 m
EC = 25 − ED = 15 m
For  BEC,
(13  14  15) m
Semi-perimeter, s   21 m
2
Area of  BEC  21(21 13)(21 14)(2115) m2
 21(8)(7)(6) m2 = 84 m2
1
Area of  BEC =  CE  BF
2
 168 
BF     11.2 m
 15 
Area of ABED = BF × DE = 11.2 × 10 = 112 m2
Area of the field = 84 + 112 = 196 m2

Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 2
Relation and Functions
Exercise 2.1
Question 1:
x 2 5 1
If   1, y     ,  , find the values of x and y.
3 3  3 3
Solution 1:
x 2 5 1
It is given that   1, y     , 
3 3  3 3
Since the ordered pairs are equal, the corresponding elements will also be equal.
x 5 2 1
Therefore,  1  and y  
3 3 3 3
x 5
1 
3 3
x 5 2 1
  1 y  
3 3 3 3
x 2 1 2
  y  
3 3 3 3
x  2  y 1
 x  2 and y  1
Question 2:
If the set A has 3 elements and the set B  3, 4,5 , then find the number of elements in
 A B ?
Solution 2:
It is given that set A has 3 elements and the elements of set B are 3, 4, and 5.
 Number of elements in set B = 3
Number of elements in  A  B 
= (Number of elements in A)  (Number of elements in B)
 3 3  9
Thus, the number of elements in  A  B  in 9.
Question 3:
If G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}, find G  H and H  G .
Solution 3:
G = 7,8 and H  5, 4, 2
We know that the Cartesian product P  Q of two non-empty sets P and Q is defined as
P  Q   p, q  : p  P, q  Q
 G  H   7,5 ,  7,4 ,  7,2 , 8,5 , 8,4 , 8,2 
H  G   5,7  , 5,8 ,  4,7  ,  4,8 ,  2,7  ,  2,8
2.Relation and Functions www.vedantu.com 1

Question 4:
State whether each of the following statement are true or false. If the statement is false,
rewrite the given statement correctly.
(i) If P = {m, n} and Q = {n, m}, then P  Q   m, n  ,  n, m .
(ii) If A and B are non-empty sets, then A B is a non-empty set of ordered pairs (x, y) such
that x  A and y  B .
(iii) If A  1, 2 , B  3, 4 , then A B    .
Solution 4:
(i) False
If P  m, n and Q  n, m , then
P  Q   m, m ,  m, n  ,  n, m ,  n, n 
(ii) True
(iii) True
Question 5:
If A  1,1 , find A A A .
Solution 5:
If is known that for any non-empty set A, A  A  A is defined as
A A A   a, b, c  : a, b, c  A
It is given that A  1,1
 1, 1, 1 ,  1, 1,1 ,  1,1, 1 ,  1,1,1 , 

 A A A   
1, 1, 1 , 1, 1,1 , 1,1, 1 , 1,1,1 
Question 6:
If A B   a, x  ,  a, y  , b, x  , b, y  . Find A and B.
Solution 6:
If is given that A B   a, x  ,  a, y  , b, x  , b, y 
We know that the Cartesian product of two non-empty sets P and Q is defined as
P  Q   p, q  : p  P, q  Q
 A is the set of all first elements and B is the set of all second elements.
Thus, A  a, b and B  x, y
Question 7:
Let A  1, 2 , B  1, 2,3, 4, C  5,6 and D  5,6,7,8 . Verify that

(i) A  B C    A B   A C 
(ii) A C is a subset of B  D
Solution 7:
(i) To verify: A  B C    A B   A C 
We have B C  1, 2,3, 4 5,6  
 L.H .S.  A  B C   A   
A B  1,1 , 1, 2 , 1,3 , 1, 4 ,  2,1 ,  2, 2 ,  2,3 ,  2, 4 
A C  1,5 , 1,6 ,  2,5 ,  2,6
 R.H .S.   A B   A C   
 L.H .S.  R.H.S.
Hence, A  B C    A B   A C 
(ii) To verify: A C is a subset of B  D
A C  1,5 , 1,6 ,  2,5 ,  2,6
A D  {1,5 , 1,6 , 1,7  , 1,8 ,  2,5 ,  2,6  ,  2,7  , 2,8 , 3,5  , 3,6  , 3,7  ,
3,8 ,  4,5 ,  4,6 ,  4,7 ,  4,8}
We can observe that all the elements of set A C are the elements of set B  D . Therefore,
A C is a subset of B  D .
Question 8:
Let A  1, 2 and B  3, 4 . Write A B . How many subsets will A B have? List them.
Solution 8:
A  1, 2 and B  3, 4
 A B  1,3 , 1, 4 ,  2,3 ,  2, 4 
 n  A B  4
We know that if C is a set with n  C   m, then n  P C   2m .
Therefore, the set A B has 24  16 subsets. These are
,1,3,1, 4,  2,3,  2, 4, 1,31, 4, 1,3 ,  2,3,
1,3 ,  2, 4,1, 4 ,  2,3,1, 42, 4, 2,32, 4
1,3 , 1, 4 ,  2,3,1,3 , 1, 4 , 2, 4,1,3 , 2,3, 2, 4
1, 4 ,  2,3 ,  2, 4,1,3 , 1, 4 , 2,3, 2, 4 
Question 9:
Let A and B be two sets such that n  A  3 and n  B   2 . If  x,1 ,  y, 2 ,  z,1 are in A B ,
find A and B, where x, y and z are distinct elements.

Solution 9:
It is given that n  A  3 and n  B   2; and  x,1 ,  y, 2 ,  z,1 are in A B .
We know that
A = Set of first elements of the ordered pair elements of A B
B = Set of second elements of the ordered pair elements of A B .
 x, y, and z are the elements of A; and 1 and 2 are the elements of B.
Since n  A  3 and n  B   2,
It is clear that A  x, y, z and B  1, 2 .
Question 10:
The Cartesian product A A has 9 elements among which are found  1,0 and (0, 1). Find
the set A and the remaining elements of A A .
Solution 10:
We know that if n  A  p and n  B   q, then n  A B   pq .
 n  A  A  n  A  n  A
It is given that n  A A  9
 n  A  n  A  9
 n  A  3
The ordered pairs  1,0 and (0, 1) are two of the nine elements of A A .
We know that A A   a, a  : a  A . Therefore, 1,0, and 1 are elements of A.
Since n  A  3, it is clear that A  1,0,1 .
The remaining elements of set A A are  1, 1 ,  1,1 , 0, 1 , 0,0 , 1, 1 , 1,0 , and
1,1 .

Exercise 2.2
Question 1:
Let A  1, 2,3...14 . Define a relation R from A to A by R   x, y  : 3x  y  0 , where
x, y  A . Write down its domain, codomain and range.
Solution 1:
The relation R from A to A is given as R   x, y  : 3x  y  0, where x, y  A
i.e., R   x, y  : 3x  y, where x, y  A
 R  1,3 ,  2,6 , 3,9 ,  4,12
The domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in the relation.
 Domain of R  1, 2,3, 4
The whole set A is he codomain of the relation R.
 Codomain of R  A  1, 2,3....14
The range of R is the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in the relation.
 Range of R  3,6,9,12
Question 2:
Define a relation R on the set N of natural numbers by R  {( x, y) : y  x  5,
x isa naturalnumber less than 4; x, y N} . Depict this relationship using roster form. Write
down the domain and the range.
Solution 2:
R   x, y  : y  x  5, x isa natural number less than 4, x, y N
The natural numbers less than 4 are 1, 2, and 3.
 R  1,6 ,  2,7  , 3,8
The domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in the relation.
 Domain of R  1, 2,3
The range of R is the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in the relation.
 Range of R  6,7,8
Question 3:
A  1, 2,3,5 and B  4,6,9 . Define a relation R from A to B by
R  {( x, y) : thedifference between x and y isodd; x  A, y  B} . Write R in roster form.
Solution 3:
A  1, 2,3,5 and B  4,6,9
R   x, y  :thedifferencebetween x and y isodd; x  A, y  B
 R  1, 4 , 1,6 ,  2,9 , 3, 4 , 3,6 , 5, 4  , 5,6 
Question 4:
2. Relation and Functions

www.vedantu.com 5
The given figure shows a relationship between the sets P and Q. Write this relation
(i) in set-builder form
(ii) in roster form.
What is its domain and range?
Solution 4:
According to the given figure, P  5,6,7 , Q  3, 4,5
(i) R   x, y  : y  x  2; x  P or R   x, y  : y  x  2for x  5,6,7
(ii) R  5,3 ,  6, 4 ,  7,5
Domain of R  5,6,7
Range of R  3, 4,5
Question 5:
Let A  1, 2,3, 4,6 . Let R be the relation on A defined by
{(a, b) : a, b  A, b isexactlydivisible bya} .
(i) Write R in roster form
(ii) Find the domain of R
(iii) Find the range of R.
Solution 5:
A  1, 2,3, 4,6 , R   a, b : a, b  A, b isexactlydivisibleby a
(i) R  1,1 , 1, 2 , 1,3 , 1, 4 , 1,6 ,  2, 2 ,  2, 4  ,  2,6  , 3,3 , 3,6  ,  4, 4 ,  6,6
(ii) Domain of R  1, 2,3, 4,6
(iii) Range of R  1, 2,3, 4,6
Question 6:
Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by
R   x, x  5 : x 0,1, 2,3, 4,5.
Solution 6:
R   x, x  5 : x 0,1, 2,3, 4,5
 R   0,5 , 1,6 ,  2,7  , 3,8 ,  4,9  , 5,10 
 Domain of R  0,1, 2,3, 4,5
Range of R  5,6,7,8,9,10

www.vedantu.com 6
Question 7:
Write the relation R   x, x  : x isa prime number less than10 in roster form.
3
Solution 7:
R  x, x  : x isa prime number less than10 . The prime numbers less than 10 are 2, 3, 5 and
3
7.
 R   2,8 , 3, 27  , 5,125 ,  7,343
Question 8:
Let A  x, y, z and B  1, 2 . Find the number of relations from A to B.
Solution 8:
It is given that A  x, y, z and B  1, 2 .
 A  B   x,1 ,  x, 2 ,  y,1 ,  y, 2 ,  z,1 ,  z, 2
Since n  A B   6 , the number of subsets of A B is 26 .
Therefore, the number of relations from A to B is 26 .
Question 9:
Let R be the relation on Z defined by R   a, b  : a, b Z, a  b isan integer . Find the
domain and range of R.
Solution 9:
R   a, b  : a, b Z, a  b isan integer
It is known that the difference between any two integers is always an integer.
 Domain of R = Z
Range of R = Z

www.vedantu.com 7
Exercise 2.3
Question 1:
Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons. If it is a function, determine its
domain and range.
(i)  2,1 , 5,1 , 8,1 , 11,1 , 14,1 , 17,1
(ii)  2,1 ,  4, 2 , 6,3 , 8, 4 , 10,5 , 12,6 , 14,7 
(iii) 1,3 , 1,5 ,  2,5
Solution 1:
 2,1 , 5,1 , 8,1 , 11,1 , 14,1 , 17,1
Since 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17 are the elements of the domain of the given relation having their
unique images, this relation is a function. Here, domain  2,5,8,11,14,17 and range  1
(ii)  2,1 ,  4, 2 , 6,3 , 8, 4 , 10,5 , 12,6 , 14,7 
Since 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 are the elements of the domain of the given relation having
their unique images, this relation is a function.
Here, domain  2, 4,6,8,10,12,14 and range  1, 2,3, 4,5,6,7
(iii) 1,3 , 1,5 ,  2,5
Since the same first element i.e., 1 corresponds to two different images i.e., 3 and 5, this
relation is not a function.
Question 2:
Find the domain and range of the following real function:
(i) f  x    x (ii) f  x   9  x2
Solution 2:
(i) f  x    x , x  R
 x, if x  0
We know that x  
 x if x  0
 x, if x  0
 f  x   x  
 x, if x  0
Since f(x) is defined for xR , the domain of f is R .
It can be observed that the range of f  x    x is all real numbers except positive real
numbers.
 The range of f is  ,0 .
(ii) f  x   9  x2
Since 9  x2 is defined for all real numbers that are greater than or equal to 3 and less
than or equal to 3, the domain of f  x  is x : 3  x  3 or  3,3 .
For any value of x such that 3  x  3 , the value of f  x  will lie between 0 and 3.
2. Relation and Functions www.vedantu.com 8

 The range of f  x  is x : 0  x  3 or 0,3 .
Question 3:
A function f is defined by f  x   2x  5 .
(i) f  0 , (ii) f  7  (iii) f  3
Solution 3:
The given function is f  x   2x  5
Therefore,
(i) f  0  2  0  5  0  5  5
(ii) f  7  2  7  5  14  5  9
(iii) f  3  2   3  5  6  5  11
Question 4:
The function ‘t’ which maps temperature in degree Celsius into temperature in degree
9C
Fahrenheit is defined by t  C    32 . Find
5
(i) t (0) (ii) t  28 (iii) t  10
(iv) The value of C, when t  C   212
Solution 4:
9C
The given function is t  C    32 .
5
Therefore,
9 0
(i) t  0   32  0  32  32
5
9  28 252  160 412
(ii) t  28   32    82.4
5 5 5
9   10
(iii) t  10   32  9   2  32  18  32  14
5
(iv) It is given that t  C   212
9C
 212   32
5
9C
  212  32
5
9C
  180
5
 9C  180  5
180  5
C   100
9
Thus, the value of t, when t  C   212 , is 100.

Question 5:
Find the range of each of the following functions.
(i) f  x   2  3x, x  R, x  0 .
(ii) f  x   x2  2, x, is a real number.
(iii) f  x   x, x is a real number.
Solution 5:
(i) f  x   2  3x, x  R, x  0
The values of f  x  for various values of real numbers x  0 can be written in the tabular
form as
x 0.01 0.1 0.9 1 2 2.5 4 5 …

f(x) 1.97 1.7 - 0.7 -1 -4 - 5.5 - 10 -13 …
Thus, it can be clearly observed that the range of f is the set of all real numbers less than 2.
i.e., range of f   , 2
Alter:
Let x  0
 3x  0
 2  3x  2
 f  x  2
 Range of f   , 2
(ii) f  x   x2  2, x, is a real number
The values of f  x  for various of real numbers x can be written in the tabular form as
x 0 ±0.3 ±0.8 ±1 ±2 ±3 …
f(x) 2 2.09 2.64 3 6 11 …
Thus, it can be clearly observed that the range of f is the set of all real numbers greater than 2.
i.e., range of f   2,  
Alter:
Let x be any real number. Accordingly,
x2  0
 x2  2  0  2
 x2  2  2
 f  x  2
 Range of f   2,  
(iii) f  x   x, x is a real number

It is clear that the range of f is the set of all real numbers.

 Range of f  R .
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1:
 x2 , 0  x  3
The relation f is defined by f  x   
3x, 3  x  10
 x2 , 0  x  2
The relation g is defined by g  x   
3x, 2  x  10
Show that f is a function and g is not a function.
Solution 1:
The relation f is defined as
 x2 , 0  x  3
f  x  
3x, 3  x  10
It is observed that for
0  x  3, f  x   x2
3  x  10, f  x   3x
Also, at x  3, f  x   32  9 or f  x   3 3  9 i.e., at x  3, f  x   9
Therefore, for 0  x  10 , the images of f  x  are unique. Thus, the given relation is a
function.
The relation g is defined as
 x2 , 0  x  2
g  x  
3x, 2  x  10
It can be observed that for x  2, g  x   22  4 and g  x   3 2  6
Hence, element 2 of the domain of the relation g corresponds to two different images i.e., 4
and 6.
Hence, this relation is not a function.
Question 2:
f 1.1  f 1
If f  x   x2 , find
1.1 1
Solution 2:
f  x   x2
f 1.1  f 1 1.1  1 1.21 1 0.21
2 2
     2.1
1.1 1 1.1 1 0.1 01

Question 3:
x2  2 x  1
Find the domain of the function f  x  
x2  8x  12
Solution 3:
x2  2 x  1
The given function is f  x  
x2  8x  12
x2  2 x  1 x2  2x  1
f  x  2 
x  8x  12  x  6 x  2
It can be seen that function f is defined for all real numbers except at x = 6 and x = 2. Hence,
the domain of f is R  2,6 .
Question 4:
Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined by f  x    x 1
Solution 4:
The given real function is f  x    x 1
It can be seen that  x 1 is defined for f  x   x  1.
Therefore, the domain of f is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 1 i.e., the
domain of f  1,   .
As x  1   x 1  0   x 1  0
Therefore, the range of f is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 0 i.e., the range
of f  0,   .
Question 5:
Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined by f  x   x 1 .
Solution 5:
The given real function is f  x   x 1 .
It is clear that x 1 is defined for all real numbers.
 Domain of f  R
Also, for x  R  x 1 assumes all real numbers.
Hence, the range of f is the set of all non-negative real numbers.
Question 6:

 x2  

Let f   x,  : x  R 
 1  x 
2
 

be a function from R into R. Determine the range of f.

Solution 6:

 x2  

f   x, 2 
: x  R
 1  x 
 

  1  1  9  4   9   16  
  0,0 ,  0.5,  ,  1,  ,  1.5,  ,  2,  ,  3,  ,  4,  ,....
  5  2  13   5   10   17  
The range of f is the set of all second elements. It can be observed that all these elements are
greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1.
[Denominator is greater numerator]. Thus, range of f = [0, 1)
Question 7:
Let f , g : R  R be defined, respectively by f  x   x  1, g  x   2x  3 . Find f  g , f  g
f
and .
g
Solution 7:
f , g : R  R is defined as f  x   x  1, g  x   2x  3
 f  g  x   f  x   g  x    x 1   2x  3  3x  2
  f  g  x   3x  2
 f  g  x   f  x   g  x    x 1   2x  3  x 1 2x  3  x  4
  f  g  x   x  4
f f  x
   x  , g  x   0, x  R
g g  x
f x 1
    x  , 2 x  3  0 or 2 x  3
g 2x  3
f x 1 3
    x  ,x 
g 2x  3 2
Question 8:
Let f  1,1 ,  2,3 ,  0, 1 ,  1, 3 be a function from Z to Z defined by f  x   ax  b ,
for some integers a, b . Determine a, b .
Solution 8:
f  1,1 ,  2,3 ,  0, 1 ,  1, 3 and f  x   ax  b
1,1  f  f 1  1  a 1  b  1
 a  b 1
 0, 1  f  f  0  1  a  0  b  1
On substituting b  1 in a  b  1

We obtain a   1  1  a  1  1  2 . Thus, the respective values of a and b are 2 and 1.
Question 9:

Let R be a relation from N to N defined by R   a, b  : a, b  N and a  b2 . Are the 
following true?
(i)  a, a   R, for all aN
(ii)  a, b   R, implies  b, a   R
(iii)  a, b   R,  b, c   R implies  a, c   R .
Justify your answer in each case.
Solution 9:

R   a, b  : a, b  N and a  b2 
(i) It can be seen that 2N ; however, 2  22  4 .
Therefore, the statement " a, a   R , for all aN " is not true.
(ii) It can be seen that  9,3 N because 9,3N and 9  32 . Now, 3  92  81; therefore,
3,9 N
Therefore, the statement " a, b   R, implies " b, a   R " is not true.
(iii) It can be seen that  9,3  R, 16, 4  R because 9,3,16,4N and 9  32 and 16  42 .
Now, 9  42  16 ; therefore,  9, 4 N
Therefore, the statement " a, b   R, b, c   R implies  a, c   R " is not true.
Question 10:
Let A  1, 2,3, 4 , B  1,5,9,11,15,16 and f  1,5 ,  2,9 , 3,1 ,  4,5 ,  2,11 . Are the
following true?
(i) f is a relation from A to B
(ii) f is a function from A to B
Justify your answer in each case.
Solution 10:
A  1, 2,3, 4 and B  1,5,9,11,15,16
 A B  {1,1 , 1,5 , 1,9 , 1,11 , 1,15 , 1,16 ,  2,1 ,  2,5 ,  2,9 ,  2,11 ,  2,15 ,  2,16
3,1 , 3,5 , 3,9 , 3,11 , 3,15 , 3,16 ,  4,1 , 4,5 , 4,9 , 4,11 ,  4,15 ,  4,16}
It is given that f  1,5 ,  2,9 , 3,1 ,  4,5 ,  2,11
(i) A relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the Cartesian
product A B .
Thus, f is a relation from A to B.
(ii) Since the same first element i.e, 2 corresponds to two different images i.e., 9 and 11,
relation f is not a function.

Question 11:
Let f be the subset of Z  Z defined by f   ab, a  b  : a, bZ . If f a function from Z to Z:
Justify your answer.
Solution 11:
The relation f is defined as f   ab, a  b  : a, bZ
We know that a relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element of
set A has unique images in set B.
Since  2,6, 2, 6  Z ,  2  6, 2  6 ,  2 6, 2  6   f i.e., 12,8 , 12, 8  f
It can be seen that the same first element i.e., 12 corresponds to two different images i.e., 8
and 8 . Thus, relation f is not a function.
Question 12:
Let A  9,10,11,12,13 and let f : A  N be defined by f  n   the highest prime factor of
n. Find the range of f.
Solution 12:
A  9,10,11,12,13 and let f : A  N is defined as f  n   The highest prime factor of n
Prime factor of 9 = 3
Prime factors of 10 = 2, 5
Prime factor of 12 = 2, 3
 f  9  The highest prime factor of 9 = 3
f 10  The highest prime factor of 10 = 5
f 12  The highest prime factor 12 = 3
The range of f is the set of all f  n  , where n  A .
 Range of f  3,5,11,13

Trigonometric Functions
Exercise 3.1
Question 1:
Find the radian measures corresponding to the following degree measures:
(i) 25 (ii) 47 30' (iii) 240 (iv) 520
Solution 1:
(i) 25
We know that 180   radian
 5
 25   25 radian  radian
180 36
(ii) 47 30'
1
47 30'  47
2
95
 degree
2
Since 180   radian
95   95   19  19
degree    radian     radian   radian
2 180  2   36  2  72
19
  47 30'   radian
72
(iii) 240
 4
 240   240radian   radian
180 3
(iv) 520
 26
 520   520radian  radian
180 9
Question 2:
Find the degree measures corresponding to the following radian measures
 22 
 Use   
 7 
11 5 7
(i) (ii) 4 (iii) (iv)
16 3 6
Solution 2:
11
(i)
16
We know that  radian  180
11 180 11 45 11
 radian   degree  degree
16  16  4
3.Trigonometric Functions www.vedantu.com 1

45 11 7 315
 degree  degree
22  4 8
3
 36 degree
8
3  60
 39  minutes 1  60'
8
1
 39  22' minutes
2
 3922'30" 1'  60
(ii) 4
180 180  7  4
4radian    4 degree  degree
 22
2520 1
 degree  229 degree
11 11
1 60
 229  minutes 1  60'
11
5
 229  5' minutes
11
 2295'27 1'  60
5
(iii)
3
5 180 5
 radian   degree  300
3  3
7
(iv)
6
7 180 7
 radian    210
6  6
Question 3:
A wheel makes 360 revolutions in one minute. Through how many radians does it turn in one
second?
Solution 3:
Number of revolutions made by the wheel in 1 minute = 360
360
 Number of revolutions made by the wheel in 1 second  6
60
In one complete revolution, the wheel turns an angle of 2  radian.
Hence, in 6 complete revolutions, it will turn an angle of 6  2 radian,
i.e., 12  radian

Thus, in one second, the wheel turns an angle of 12  radian.
Question 4:
Find the degree measure of the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 100 cm by
an arc of length 22 cm.
 22 
 Use   
 7 
Solution 4:
We know that in a circle of radius r unit, if an arc of length l unit subtends an angle 
radian at the centre, then
1

r
Therefore, for r  100 cm, l  22 cm, we have
22 180 22 180  7  22
 radian   degree  degree
100  100 22 100
126 3
 degree  12 degree  1236' 1  60'
10 5
Thus, the required angle is 1236' .
Question 5:
In a circle of diameter 40 cm, the length of a chord is 20 cm. Find the length of minor arc of
the chord.
Solution 5:
Diameter of the circle = 40 cm
40
 Radius  r  of the circle  cm  20 cm
2
Let AB be a chord  length  20cm of the circle.
In OAB, OA  OB  Radiusof circle  20 cm

Also, AB = 20 cm
Thus,  OAB is an equilateral triangle.

   60  radian
3
We know that in a circle of radius r unit, if an arc of length l unit subtends an angle  radian
at the centre then
l

r

 ̂
𝐴𝐵
̂ = 20𝜋 cm
 20 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵
3 3
20
Thus, the length of the minor arc of the chord is cm .
3
Question 6:
If in two circles, arcs of the same length subtend angles 60 and 75 at the centre, find the
ratio of their radii.
Solution 6:
Let the radii of the two circles be r1 and r2 . Let an arc of length l subtend an angle of 60 at
the centre of the circle of radius r1 , while let an arc of length/subtend an angle of 75 at the
centre of the circle of radius r2 .
 5
Now, 60  radian and 75  radian
3 12
We know that in a circle of radius r unit, if an arc of length l unit subtends an angle  .
radian at the centre then
l
  or l  r
r
r r 5
 l  1 and l  2
3 12
r1 r2 5
 
3 12
r2 5
 r1 
4
r1 5
 
r2 4
Thus, the ratio of the radii is 5:4.
Question 7:
Find the angle in radian through which a pendulum swings if its length is 75 cm and the tip
describes an arc of length.
(i) 10 cm (ii) 15 cm (iii) 21 cm
Solution 7:
We know that in a circle of radius r unit, if an arc of length l unit subtends
l
An angle  radian at the centre, then  
r
It is given that r  75 cm
(i) Here, l  10 cm
10 2
  radian  radian
75 15

(ii) Here, l  15 cm
15 1
75 5
(iii) Here, l  21cm
21 7
75 25
Exercise 3.2
Question 1:
1
Find the values of other five trigonometric functions if cos x   , x lies in third quadrant.
2
Solution 1:
1
cos x  
2
1 1
 sec x    2
cos x  1 
 
 2
2 2
sin x  cos x  1
 sin 2 x  1  cos2 x
2
 1
 sin x  1    
2
 2
1 3
 sin 2 x  1  
4 4
3
 sin x  
2
Since x lies in the 3rd quadrant, the value of sin x will be negative.
3
 sin x  
2
1 1 2
cosec x   
sin x  3 3
 
 2 
 3
 
sin x  2 
tan x    3
cos x  1 
 
 2
1 1
cot x   .
tan x 3

Question 2:
3
Find the values of other five trigonometric functions if sin x  , x lies in second quadrant.
5
Solution 2:
3
sin x 
5
1 1 5
cosec x   
sin x  3  3
 
5
2 2
sin x  cos x  1
 cos2 x  1  sin 2 x
2
 3
 cos2 x  1   
5
9
 cos2 x  1 
25
16
 cos2 x 
25
4
 cos x  
5
Since x lies in the 2 nd quadrant, the value of cos x will be negative
4
 cos x  
5
1 1 5
sec x   
cos x  4  4
 
 5
3
sin x   3
5
tan x     
cos x  4  4
 
 5
1 4
cot x   .
tan x 3
Question 3:
3
Find the values of other five trigonometric functions if cot x  , x lies in third quadrant.
4
Solution 3:
3
cot x 
4

1 1 4
tan x   
cot x  3  3
 
4
2 2
1  tan x  sec x
2
4
 1     sec2 x
3
16
 1   sec2 x
9
25
  sec2 x
9
5
 sec x  
3
Since x lies in the 3rd quadrant, the value of sec x will be negative.
5
 sec x  
3
1 1 3
cos x   
sec x  5  5
 
 3
sin x
tan x 
cos x
4 sin x
 
3  3 
 
 5 
 4   3  4
 sin x        
 3  5  5
1 5
cosec x  
sin x 4
Question 4:
13
Find the values of other five trigonometric functions if sec x  , x lies in fourth quadrant.
5
Solution 4:
13
sec x 
5
1 1 5
cos x   
sec x  13  13
 
5
sin2 x  cos2  1
 sin 2 x  1  cos2 x

2
5
 sin 2 x  1   
 13 
25 144
 sin 2 x  1  
169 169
12
 sin x  
13
Since x lies in the 4th quadrant, the value of sin x will be negative.
12
 sin x  
13
1 1 13
cosec x   
sin x  12  12
 
 13 
 12 
sin x  13  12
tan x   
cos x  5  5
 
 13 
1 1 5
cot x    .
tan x  12  12
 
 5
Question 5:
5
Find the values of other five trigonometric functions if tan x   , x lies in second
12
quadrant.
Solution 5:
5
tan x  
12
1 1 12
cot x   
tan x  5  5
 
 12 
2 2
1  tan x  sec x
2
 5
 1      sec2 x
 12 
25
 1  sec2 x
144
169
  sec2 x
144
13
 sec x  
12
Since x lies in the 2 nd quadrant, the value of sec x will be negative.

13
 sec x  
12
1 1 12
cos x   
sec x  13  13
 
 12 
sin x
tan x 
cos x
5 sin x
 
12  12 
 
 13 
 5   12  5
 sin x         
 12   13  13
1 1 13
cosec x    .
sin x  5  5
 
 13 
Question 6:
Find the value of the trigonometric function sin 765 .
Solution 6:
It is known that the values of sin x repeat after an interval of 2n or 360 .
1
 sin 765  sin  2  360  45  sin 45  .
2
Question 7:
Find the value of the trigonometric function cosec  1410
Solution 7:
It is known that the values of cosec x repeat after an interval of 2n or 360 .
 cosec  1410  cosec  1410  4  360
 cosec  1410  1440
 cosec30=2 .
Question 8:
19
Find the value of the trigonometric function tan .
3
Solution 8:
It is known that the values of tan x repeat after an interval of n or 180 .
19 1   
 tan  tan 6   tan  6    tan  tan 60  3 .
3 3  3 3

Question 9:
 11 
Find the value of the trigonometric function sin   
 3 
Solution 9:
It is known that the values of sin x repeat after an interval of 2n or 360 .
 11   11    3
 sin     sin    2  2   sin    .
 3   3  3 2
Question 10:
 15 
Find the value of the trigonometric function cot   
 4 
Solution 10:
It is known that the values of cot x repeat after an interval of n or 180 .
 15   15  
 cot     cot    4   cot  1.
 4   4  4
Exercise 3.3
Question 1:
   1
sin 2  cos2  tan 2 
6 3 4 2
Solution 1:
  
L.H.S  sin 2  cos2  tan 2
6 3 4
2 2
1 1
       1
2
 2  2
1 1 1
  1  
4 4 2
= R.H.S.
Question 2:
 7  3
Prove that 2sin 2  cosec2 cos2 
6 6 3 2
Solution 2:
 7 
L.H.S.  2sin 2  cosec2 cos2
6 6 3

2 2
1    1 
 2    cosec2     
 2  6  2 
2
1    1
 2    cosec   
4  6  4
1 21
   2  
2 4
1 4 1 3
   1 
2 4 2 2
= R.H.S.
Question 3:
 5 
Prove that cot 2  cosec  3tan 2  6
6 6 6
Solution 3:
 5 
L.H.S. = cot 2  cosec  3tan 2
6 6 6
2
  1 
  
2
 3  cosec      3 
 6   3 
 1
 3  cosec  3 
6 3
 3  2 1  6
 R.H.S
Question 4:
3  
Prove that 2sin 2  2cos2  2sec2  10
4 4 3
Solution 4:
3  
L.H.S.  2sin 2  2cos2  2sec2
4 4 3
2 2
     1 
 2  2
2
 2 sin      2  
  4   2
2
  1
 2 sin   2   8
 4 2
 11 8
= 10
= R.H.S
Question 5:
Find the value of :

(i) sin 75
(ii) tan15
Solution 5:
(i) sin 75  sin  45  30
 sin 45 cos30 cos45 sin30
sin  x  y   sin x cos y  cos x sin y 
 1  3   1  1 
    
 2   2   2   2 
3 1 3 1
  
2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) tan15  tan  45  30
tan 45  tan 30  tan x  tan y 

1  tan 45 tan 30  tan  x  y   1  tan x tan y 
 
1 3 1
1
 3  3
 1  3 1
1  1 
 3 3
 
2
3 1 3 1 3 1 2 3
  
3 1  3 1  3 1   3 2
 1
2
42 3
  2 3
3 1
Question 6:
       
Prove that cos   x  cos   y   sin   x  sin   y   sin  x  y 
4  4  4  4 
Solution 6:
       
cos   x  cos   y   sin   x  sin   y 
4  4  4  4 
1     1     
 2cos   x  cos   y   2sin   x  sin   y 
2 4  4  2  4  4 
1            
 cos   x     y   cos   x     y 
2   4  4   4  4  
1          
 cos   x     y   cos   x     y  
2   4  4  4   4 

 2cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 

 
2sin A sin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  
1       
 2  cos   x     y 
2   4  4  
 
 cos    x  y 
4 
 sin  x  y 
= R.H.S.
Question 7:
 
tan   x  2
 4   1  tan x 
Prove that  
   1  tan x 
tan   x 
4 
Solution 7:
tan A  tan B tan A  tan B
It is known that tan  A  B   and  A  B  
1  tan A tan B 1  tan A tan B
  
 tan 4  tan x 
     1  tan x 
tan   x   1  tan  tan x    2
 4   4   1  tan x   1  tan x 
L.H.S.      R.H.S.
    1  tan x   1  tan x 
tan   x  tan  tan x  
4  4  1  tan x 

1  tan tan x
4
Question 8:
cos   x  cos   x 
Prove that  cot 2 x
 
sin   x  cos   x 
2 
Solution 8:
cos   x  cos   x 
L.H.S. 
 
sin   x  cos   x 
2 

 cos xcos x
sin x   sin x 
 cos2 x

 sin 2 x

 cot 2 x
= R.H.S.
Question 9:
 3    3  
cos   x  cos  2  x  cot   x   cot  2  x   1
 2    2  
Solution 9:
 3    3  
L.H.S. = cos   x  cos  2  x  cot   x   cot  2  x 
 2    2  
 sin x cos x  tan x  cot x
 sin x cos x 
 sin x cos x   
 cos x sin x 
 sin 2 x  cos2 x 
  sin x cos x   
 sin x cos x 
= 1 = R.H.S.
Question 10:
Prove that sin  n  1 x sin  n  2 x  cos  n  1 x cos  n  2 x  cos x
Solution 10:
L.H.S.  sin  n 1 x sin  n  2 x  cos  n 1 x cos  n  2 x
1
 2sin  n  1 x sin  n  2 x  2cos  n  1 x cos  n  2 x 
2
1 cos  n  1 x   n  2 x  cis  n  1 x   n  2  x 
  
2  cos  n  1 x   n  2 x  cos  n  1 x   n  2  x
 
  2sin A sin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
 
2cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  
1
  2cos  n  1 x   n  2 x
2
 cos   x   cos x  R.H.S.
Question 11:
 3   3 
Prove that cos   x   cos   x    2 sin x
 4   4 
Solution 11:

 A B   A B 
It is known that cos A  cos B  2sin   .sin  
 2   2 
 3   3 
 L.H.S.  cos   x   cos   x
 4   4 
  3    3    3   3 
 4  x     4  x       x   x
     4   4 
 2sin   .sin  
 2   2 
   
 3 
 2sin   sin x
 4 
 
 2sin     sin x
 4

 2sin sin x
4
1
 2   sin x
2
  2 sin x
= R.H.S.
Question 12:
Prove that sin2 6x  sin2 4x  sin 2x sin10x
Solution 12:
It is known that
 A B   A B   A B   A B 
sin A  sin B  2sin   cos   , sin A  sin B  2cos   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
 L.H.S.  sin 2 6x  sin 2 4 x
 sin 6x  sin 4x sin 6x  sin 4x 
  6 x  4 x   6 x  4 x    6x  4x   6 x  4 x 
 2sin   cos   2cos   .sin  
  2   2    2   2 
  2sin5x cos x  2cos5x sin x    2sin5x cos5x  2sin x cos x 
 sin10x sin 2x
= R.H.S.
Question 13:
Prove that cos2 2x  cos2 6x  sin 4x sin8x
Solution 13:
It is known that

 A B   A B   A B   A B 
cos A  cos B  2cos   cos   , cos A  cos B  2sin   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
 L.H.S.  cos2 2x  cos2 6 x
  cos 2x  cos6x  cos 2x  6x 
  2 x  6 x   2 x  6 x    2 x  6 x   2 x  6 x 
 2cos   cos   2sin   sin  
  2   2    2   2 
 2cos 4x cos  2x  2sin 4 x sin  2 x 
  2cos 4 x cos 2 x 2sin 4 x   sin 2 x 
  2sin 4x cos 4x  2sin 2x cos 2x 
 sin8x sin 4x  R.H.S
Question 14:
Prove that sin 2x  2sin 4x  sin 6x  4cos2 x sin 4x
Solution 14:
L.H.S.  sin 2x  2sin 4x  sin 6x
 sin 2x  sin 6 x  2sin 4 x
  2 x  6 x   2 x  6 x 
 2sin   cos    2sin 4 x
  2   2 
  A  B   A  B 
 sin A  sin B  2sin  2  cos  2 
    
 2sin 4x cos  2x   2sin 4x
 2sin 4x cos2x  2sin 4x
 2sin 4 x  cos 2 x  1
 2sin 4x  2cos2 x 1  1
 2sin 4 x  2cos2 x 
 4cos2 x sin 4x
 R.H.S.
Question 15:
Prove that cot 4x sin5x  sin3x   cot x sin5x  sin3x 
Solution 15:
L.H.S  cot 4x sin5x  sin3x 
cot 4 x   5x  3x   5x  3x 
  2sin   cos  
sin 4 x   2   2 

  A  B   A  B 
 sin A  sin B  2sin  2  cos  2 
    
 cos 4 x 
   2sin 4 x cos x
 sin 4 x 
 2cos 4x cos x
R.H.S.  cot x sin5x  sin3x 
cos x   5 x  3 x   5 x  3x  
  2cos   sin  
sin x   2   2 
  A  B   A  B 
 sin A  sin B  2cos  2  sin  2 
    
cos x
 2cos 4x sin x
sin x
 2cos 4x.cos x
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Question 16:
cos9 x  cos5x sin 2 x
Prove that 
sin17 x  sin 3x cos10 x
Solution 16:
It is known that
 A B   A B   A B   A B 
cos A  cos B  2sin   sin   , sin A  sin B  2cos   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
cos9 x  cos5x
 L.H.S. 
sin17 x  sin 3x
 9 x  5x   9 x  5x 
2sin   .sin  
  2   2 
 17 x  3x   17 x  3x 
2 cos   .sin  
 2   2 
2sin 7 x.sin 2 x

2cos10 x.sin 7 x
sin 2 x

cos10 x
 R.H.S.
Question 17:
sin 5x  sin 3x
Prove that:  tan 4 x
cos5x  cos3x
Solution 17:
It is known that

 A B   A B 
sin A  sin B  2sin   cos  ,
 2   2 
 A B   A B 
cos A  cos B  2cos   cos  
 2   2 
sin 5x  sin 3x
 L.H.S. 
cos5x  cos3x
 5 x  3x   5 x  3x 
2sin   .cos  
 2   2 

 5 x  3x   5 x  3x 
2cos   .cos  
 2   2 
2sin 4 x.cos x

2cos 4 x.cos x
 tan 4x  R.H.S.
Question 18:
sin x  sin y x y
Prove that  tan
cos x  cos y 2
Solution 18:
It is known that
 A B   A B 
sin A  sin B  2cos   sin  ,
 2   2 
 A B   A B 
 2   2 
sin x  sin y
 L.H.S. 
cos x  cos y
 x y  x y
2 cos   .sin  
  2   2 
 x y  x y
2 cos   .cos  
 2   2 
 x y
sin  
 2 

 x y
cos  
 2 
 x y
 tan    R.H.S.
 2 
Question 19:
sin x  sin 3x
Prove that  tan 2 x
cos x  cos3x
Solution 19:

It is known that
 A B   A B 
sin A  sin B  2sin   cos  ,
 2   2 
 A B   A B 
 2   2 
sin x  sin 3x
 L.H.S. 
cos x  cos3x
 x  3x   x  3x 
2sin   cos  
  2   2 
 x  3x   x  3x 
2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
sin 2 x

cos 2 x
 tan 2x
= R.H.S.
Question 20:
sin x  sin 3x
Prove that  2sin x
sin 2 x  cos2 x
Solution 20:
It is known that
 A B   A B 
sin A  sin B  2cos   sin   ,cos A  sin A  cos 2 A
2 2
 2   2 
sin x  sin 3x
 L.H.S.  2
sin x  cos2 x
 x  3 x   x  3x 
2cos   sin  
 2   2 

 cos 2 x
2cos 2 x sin   x 

 cos 2 x
 2    sin x 
 2sin x  R.H.S.
Question 21:
cos 4x  cos3x  cos 2x
Prove that  cot 3x
sin 4 x  sin 3x  sin 2 x
Solution 21:
cos 4 x  cos3x  cos 2 x
L.H.S. 
sin 4 x  sin 3x  sin 2 x


 cos 4x  cos 2x   cos3x
sin 4 x  sin 2 x   sin 3x
 4x  2x   4x  2x 
2cos   cos    cos 3 x
 2   2 

 4x  2x   4x  2x 
2sin   cos    sin 3x
 2   2 
  A B   A B   A  B   A  B 
 cos A  cos B  2cos  2  cos  2  ,sin A  sin B  2sin  2  cos  2 
        
2cos3x cos cos3x

2sin 3x cos x  sin 3x
cos3x  2cos x  1

sin 3x  2cos x  1
cot 3x  R.H.S.
Question 22:
Prove that cot x cot 2x  cot 2x cot 3x  cot 3x cot x  1
Solution 22:
L.H.S.  cot x cot 2x  cot 2x cot 3x  cot 3x cot x
 cot x cot 2x  cot 3x  cot 2x  cot x 
 cot x cot 2x  cot  2x  x  cot 2x  cot x 
 cot 2 x cot x 1
 cot x cot 2 x    cot 2x  cot x 
 cot x  cot 2 x 
 cot A cot B 1
 cot  A  B   cot A  cot B 
 cot x cot 2x   cot 2x cot x 1  1  R.H.S.
Question 23:
4 tan x 1  tan 2 x 
Prove that tan 4 x 
1  6 tan 2 x  tan 4 x
Solution 23:
2 tan A
It is known that tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
 L.H.S.  tan 4x  tan 2  2x 
2 tan 2 x

1  tan 2  2 x 

 2 tan x 
2 
1  tan 2 x 
  2
 2 tan x 
1  
 1  tan x 
2
 4 tan x 
 
1  tan 2 x 
 
 
1  4 tan x 2 
2
 1  tan 2 x  
 
 4 tan x 
 
 1  tan x 
2

 1  tan 2 x 2  4 tan 2 x 
 
 
2
 1  tan 2
x 
 
4 tan x 1  tan 2 x 

1  tan x 
2 2
 4 tan 2 x
4 tan x 1  tan 2 x 

1  tan 4 x  2 tan 2 x  4 tan 2 x
4 tan x 1  tan 2 x 
  R.H.S.
1  6 tan 2 x  tan 4 x
Question 24:
Prove that: cos 4x  1  8sin 2 x cos2 x
Solution 24:
L.H.S.  cos 4x
 cos 2  2x 
 1  2sin 2 2 x cos 2 A  1  2sin 2 A
 1  2  2sin x cos x  sin 2 A  2sin A cos A
2
 1  8sin 2 x cos2 x
 R.H.S.
Question 25:
Prove that: cos6x  32x cos6 x  48cos4 x 18cos2 x 1
Solution 25:
L.H.S.  cos6x
 cos3  2x 

 4cos3 2 x  3cos 2 x cos3 A  4cos3 A  3cos A
 4  2cos2 x 1  3  2cos2 x 1 cos 2 x  2cos2 x 1

3
 
 4  2cos2 x   1  3  2cos2 x   3  2cos2 x   6cos2 x  3
3 3 2
 
 4 8cos x 1 12cos x  6cos x  6cos x  3
6 4 2 2
 32cos6 x  4  48cos4 x  24cos2 x  6cos2 x  3

 32cos6 x  48cos4 x 18 cos2 x 1
 R.H.S.
Exercise 3.4
Question 1:
Find the principal and general solutions of the question tan x  3 .
Solution 1:
tan x  3
  4    
It is known that tan  3 and tan    tan      tan  3
3  3   3 3
 4
Therefore, the principal solutions are x  and .
3 3

Now, tan x  tan
3

 x  n  , where n  Z
3

Therefore, the general solution is x  n  , where n  Z .
3
Question 2:
Find the principal and general solutions of the equation sec x  2
Solution 2:
sec x  2
 5   
It is known that sec  sec  2    sec  2
 2 and sec
3 3  3 3
 5
3 3

Now, sec x  sec
3
  1 
 cos x  cos sec x  cos x 
3

 2n  , where n  Z .
3


Therefore, the general solution is x  2n  , where n  Z .
3
Question 3:
Find the principal and general solutions of the equation cot x   3
Solution 3:
cot x   3

It is known that cot  3
6
     
 cot       cot   3 and cot  2     cot   3
 6 6  6 6
5 11
i.e., cot   3 and cot  3
6 6
5 11
6 6
5
Now, cot x  cot
6
5  1 
 tan x  tan  cot x 
6  tan x 
5
 x  n  , where n  Z
6
5
Therefore, the general solution is x  n  , where n  Z .
6
Question 4:
Find the general solution of cosecx  2
Solution 4:
cosec x  2
It is known that

cosec 2
6
     
 cosec      cosec  2 and cosec  2    cosec  2
 6 6  6 6
7 11
i.e., cosec  2 and cosec  2
6 6
7 11
6 6
7
Now, cosec x  cosec
6

7  1 
 sin x  sin cosec x  sin x 
6
7
 x  n   1
n
, where n  Z
6
7
Therefore, the general solution is x  n   1
n
, where n  Z .
6
Question 5:
Find the general solution of the equation cos4x  cos2x
Solution 5:
cos4x  cos2x
 cos 4x  cos 2x  0
 4x  2x   4x  2x 
 2sin   sin  0
 2   2 
  A  B   A  B 
 cos A  cos B  2sin  2  sin  2 
    
sin3x sin x  0
 sin 3x  0 or sin x  0
 3x  n or sin x  0
 3x  n or x  n , where n  Z
n
x  or x  n , where n  Z
3
Question 6:
Find the general solution of the equation cos3x  cos x  cos2x  0 .
Solution 6:
cos3x  cos x  cos2x  0
 3x  2   3x  x    A  B   A  B 
 2cos   cos    cos 2 x  0 cos A  cos B  2cos  2  cos  2 
 2   2      
 2cos 2x cos x  cos 2x  0
 cos 2x  2cos x 1  0
 cos 2x  0 or 2cos x 1  0
1
 cos 2x  0 or cos x 
2
 
 2 x   2n  1 or cos x  cos , where n  Z
2 3
 
 x   2n  1 or x  2n  , where n  Z
4 3
Question 7:

Find the general solution of the equation sin 2x  cos x  0 .
Solution 7:
sin 2x  cos x  0
 2sin x cos x  cos x  0
 cos x  2sin x 1  0
 cos x  0 or 2sin x 1  0

Now, cos x  0  cos x   2n  1 , where n  Z
2
2sin x 1  0
1      7
 sin x    sin  sin      sin      sin
2 6  6  6 6
n 7
 x  n   1 , where n  Z
6
 n 7
Therefore, the general solution is  2n  1 or n   1 ,nZ .
2 6
Question 8:
Find the general solution of the equation sec2 2x  1  tan 2 x
Solution 8:
sec2 2x  1  tan 2 x
1  tan2 2x  1  tan 2x
 tan2 2x  tan 2x  0
 tan 2x  tan 2x 1  0
 tan 2x  0 or tan 2x 1  0
Now, tan 2x  0
 tan 2x  tan 0
 2x  n  0 , where n  Z
n
x  , where n  Z
2
tan 2x 1  0
   3
 tan 2 x  1   tan  tan      tan
4  4 4
3
 2 x  n  , where n  Z
4
n 3
x   , where n  Z
2 8
n n 3
Therefore, the general solution is or  ,nZ
2 2 8
Question 9:
Find the general solution of the equation sin x  sin3x  sin5x  0

Solution 9:
sin x  sin3x  sin5x  0
sin x  sin5x   sin3x  0
  x  5x   x  5x    A  B   A  B 
 2sin   cos    sin 3x  0 sin A  sin B  2sin   cos  
  2   2    2   2 
 2sin3x cos  2x   sin3x  0
 2sin3x cos 2x  sin3x  0
sin3x  2cos 2x 1  0
sin3x  0 or 2cos 2x 1  0
Now, sin3x  0 3x  n , where n  Z
n
i.e., x  , where n  Z
3
2cos2x 1  0
1   
 cos 2 x    cos  cos    
2 3  3
2
 cos 2 x  cos
3
2
 2 x  2n  , where n  Z
3

 x  n  , where n  Z
3
n 
Therefore, the general solution is or n  , n  Z .
3 3
Question 1:
 9 3 5
Prove that: 2cos cos  cos  cos 0
13 13 13 13
Solution 1:
 9 3 5
L.H.S.  2cos cos  cos  cos
13 13 13 13

 3 5   3 5 
     
 9
 2cos cos  2cos  13 13  cos  13 13 
3 13 2 2
   
   
  x  y   x  y 
cos x  cos y  2cos  2  cos  2 
    

9 4   
 2cos cos
 2cos cos  
13 13 13  13 
 9 4 
 2cos cos  2cos cos
13 13 13 13
 9 4 
 2cos cos  2cos cos
13 13 13 13
  9 4 
 2cos cos  cos 
13  13 13 
  9 4  9 4 
   13  13  13

13 
 2 cos  2 cos   cos 
13   2  2 
   
   5 
 2cos 2cos cos 
13  2 26 
 5
 2cos  2  0  cos
13 26
 0  R.H.S.
Question 2:
Prove that: sin3x  sin x  sin x   cos3x  cos x  cos x  0
Solution 2:
L.H.S.  sin3x  sin x  sin x   cos3x  cos x  cos x
 sin3x sin x  sin2 x  cos3x cos x  cos2 x
 cos3x cos x  sin 3x sin x   cos2  sin 2 x 
 cos 3x  x   cos 2x cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin Asin B
 cos 2x  cos 2x
=0
= R.H.S.
Question 3:
x y
Prove that:  cos x  cos y    sin x  sin y   4cos2
2 2

Solution 3:
L.H.S.   cos x  cos y   sin x  sin y 
2 2
 cos2 x  cos2 y  2cos x cos y  sin2 x  sin2 y  2sin x sin y

  cos2 x  sin 2 x    cos2 y  sin 2 y   2  cos x cos y  sin x sin y 
 1  1  2cos  x  y  cos  A  B    cos A cos B  sin A sin B 
 2  2cos  x  y 
 2 1  cos  x  y 
  x y  cos 2 A  2cos2 A 1
 2 1  2cos2   1
  2  
 x y
 4cos2    R.H.S
 2 
Question 4:
x y
Prove that:  cos x  cos y    sin x  sin y   4sin 2
2 2
Solution 4:
L.H.S.  cos x  cos y   sin x  sin y 
2 2
 cos2 x  cos2 y  2cos x cos y  sin2 x  sin2 y  2sin x sin y

  cos2 x  sin 2 x    cos2 y  sin 2 y   2cos x cos y  sin x sin y 
 1  1  2 cos  x  y  cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B 
 2 1  cos  x  y 
   x  y  
 2 1  1  2sin 2   cos 2 A  1  2sin 2 A
   2 
 x y
 4sin 2    R.H.S
 2 
Question 5:
Prove that: sin x  sin3x  sin5x  sin7 x  4cos x cos2x sin 4x
Solution 5:
 A B   A B 
It is known that sin A  sin B  2sin   .cos  
 2   2 
L.H.S.  sin x  sin3x  sin5x  sin7x
 sin x  sin5x   sin3x  sin 7 x 
 x  5x   x  5x   3x  7 x   3x  7 x 
 2sin   .cos    2sin   cos  
 2   2   2   2 

 2sin3x cos  2x   2sin5x cos  2 x 

 2sin3x cos2x  2sin5x cos2x
 2cos 2x sin3x  sin5x
  3x  5 x   3x  5 x  
 2cos 2 x 2sin   .cos  
  2   2 
 2cos 2 x 2sin 4 x.cos   x 
 4cos2x sin 4x cos x  R.H.S.
Question 6:
Prove that:
sin 7 x  sin 5x   sin 9x  sin 3x   tan 6x
 cos 7 x  cos5x    cos9 x  cos3x 
Solution 6:
It is known that
 A B   A B   A B   A B 
sin A  sin B  2sin   .cos   ,cos A  cos B  2cos   .cos  
 2   2   2   2 
L.H.S. 
sin 7 x  sin 5x   sin 9 x  sin 3x 
 cos 7 x  cos5x    cos9 x  cos3x 
  7 x  5x   7 x  5x    9 x  3x   9 x  3x  
 2sin  2  .cos  2     2sin  2  .cos  2  
        
 
  7 x  5x   7 x  5x    9 x  3x   9 x  3x  
 2cos  2  .cos  2     2cos  2  .cos  2  
         

2sin 6x.cos x  2sin 6 x.cos3x
2cos 6x.cos x  2cos 6x.cos 6x
2sin 6 x cos x  cos3x

2cos 6 x cos x  cos3x
 tan 6x
 R.H.S
Question 7:
x 3x
Prove that: sin 3x  sin 2 x  sin x  4sin x cos cos
2 2
Solution 7:
L.H.S.  sin3x  sin 2x  sin x
  2 x  x   2 x  x    A  B   A  B 
 sin 3x  2cos   sin   sin A  sin B  2cos  2  sin  2 
  2   2      
  3x   x  
 sin 3x  2cos   sin  
  2   2 

3x x
 sin 3x  2cos sin
2 2
3x 3x 3x x
 2sin .cos  2cos sin sin 2 A  2sin A.cos B
2 2 2 2
 3x    3x   x 
 2cos   sin    sin  
 2   2   2 
   3x   x     3x   x  
        2    2  
 3x    2   2       
 2 cos   2sin   cos  
 2   2   2 
    

  A  B   A  B 
sin A  sin B  2sin  2  cos  2 
    
 3x   x
 2cos   .2sin x cos  
 2  2
 x  3x 
 4sin x cos   cos    R.H.S.
2  2
Question 8:
x x x 4
Find sin ,cos and tan , if tan x  , x in quadrant II
2 2 2 3
Solution 8:
Here, x is in quadrant II.

i.e.,  x 
2
 x 
  
4 2 2
x x x
There, sin ,cos and tan
2 2 2
are lies in first quadrant.
4
It is given that tan x  
3
2
 4  6 25
sec x  1  tan x  1     1  
2 2
 3  9 9
9
 cos2 x 
25
3
 cos x  
5
As x is in quadrant II, cos x is negative.

3
cos x 
5
x
Now, cos x  2cos2 1
2
3 x
  2cos2  1
5 2
x 3
 2cos2  1 
2 5
x 2
 2cos2 
2 5
x 1
 cos2 
2 5
x 1  x 
 cos   cos 2 is positive
2 5
x 5
 cos 
2 5
x x
sin 2  cos2  1
2 2
2
x  1 
2
 sin   1
2  5 
x 1 4
 sin 2  1  
2 5 5
x 2  x 
 sin 2   sin is positive
2 5  2 
x  2 
sin  
x 2  5
tan   2
2 cos x  1 
2  5 
x x x 2 5 5
Thus, the respective values of sin ,cos and tan are , , and 2.
2 2 2 5 5
Question 9:
x x x 1
Find, sin ,cos and tan for cos x   , x in quadrant III
2 2 2 3
Solution 9:
Here, x is in quadrant III.
3
i.e.,   x 
2
 x 3
  
2 2 4

x x x
Therefore, cos and tan are negative, where sin as is positive.
2 2 2
1
It is given that cos x   .
3
x
cos x  1  2sin 2
2
x 1  cos x
 sin 2 
2 2
 1  1
1     1  
x 3 3 4/3 2
 sin 2       
2 2 2 2 3
x 2  x 
 sin   sin is positive
2 3  2 
x 2 3 6
 sin   
2 3 3 3
x
Now cos x  2cos2  1
2
 1   3 1   2 
1       
x 1  cos x 3 3   3 1
 cos2      
2 2 2 2 2 3
x 1  x 
 cos    cos is negative
2 3  2 
x 1 3  3
 cos    
2 3 3 3
 
x  2
sin
x
tan  2  3  2
2 cos x  1 
2  3 
x x x 6  3
Thus, the respective values of sin ,cos and tan are , ,and  2 .
2 2 2 3 3
Question 10:
x x x 1
Find sin ,cos and tan for sin x  , x in quadrant II
2 2 2 4
Solution 10:
Here, x is in quadrant II.

i.e.,  x 
2
 x 
  
4 2 2

x x x
Therefore, sin , cos , tan are all positive.
2 2 2
1
It is given that sin x 
4
2
1 1 15
cos2 x  1  sin 2 x  1     1  
4 16 16
15
 cos x   [cos x is negative in quadrant II]
4
 15 
1   
2 x 1  cos x  4  4  15
sin   
2 2 2 8
x 4  15  x 
 sin   sin is negative
2 8 2 
4  15 2
 
8 2
8  2 15

16
8  2 15

4
 15 
1   
2 x 1  cos x  4  4  15
cos   
2 2 2 8
x 4  15  x 
 cos   cos 2 is positve
2 8
4  15 2
 
8 2
8  2 15

16
8  2 15

4
 8  2 15 
x  
sin  4 
x 2    8  2 15
tan 
2 cos x 8  2 15 8  2 15
2 4
8  2 15 8  2 15
 
8  2 15 8  2 15

8  2 15 
2
8  2 15
   4  15
64  60 2
x x x
Thus, the respective values are sin ,cos and tan
2 2 2
8  2 15 8  2 15
are , and 4  15
4 4

Principle of Mathematical Induction
Question 1:
Prove that following by using the principle of mathematical induction for all n  N :
2 n1
1  3  3  .....  3 
3n  1  
2
Solution 1:
Let the given statement be P  n  , i.e.,
P  n  :1  3  32  .....  3n1 
3
n
 1
2
For n  1, we have
P 1 : 
3 1  3 1  2  1, which is true.
1
2 2 2
Let P  k  be true for some positive integer k, i.e.,
2
1  3  3  ....  3 k 1

3 k
 1
.......  i 
2
We shall now prove that P  k  1 is true.
Consider
1  3  32  ....  3k 1  3k 11
 1  3  32  ....  3k 1   3k

3 k
1
 3k  Using  i 
2

3k 1  2.3k
2

1  2 3k 1
2
k
3.3  1

2
k 1
3 1

2
Thus, P  k  1 is true whenever P  k  is true.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, statement P(n) is true for all natural
numbers i.e., N.
Question 2:
Prove the following by using the principle of mathematical induction for all n  N :
2
3 3 3  n  n  1 
3
1  2  3  .....  n   
 2 
Solution 2:
4.Principle of Mathematical Induction www.vedantu.com 1


2
 n  n  1 
P  n  :1  2  3  ......  n  
3 3 3

3
 2 
 11  12   1.2 2 2
P 1 :1  1  
3
  1  1 , which is true.
 2   2 
 
2
 k  k  1 
3 3 3
1  2  3  .....  k    .......  i 
3
 2 
Consider
13  23  33  ......  k 3   k  1
3
 13  23  33  .....  k 3    k  1
3
2
 k  k  1 
   k  1  Using  i 
3

 2 
k 2  k  1
2
  k  1
3

4
k 2  k  1  4  k  1
2 3

4
 k  1 k 2  4  k  1
2

4
 k  1 k  4k  4
2 2

4
 k  1  k  2
2 2

4
 k  1  k  1  1
2 2

4
2
  k  1 k  1  1 
 
 2 
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, statement P  n  is true for all natural
numbers i.e., N.
Question 3:

1 1 1 2n
1   .....  
1  2 1  2  3 1  2  3  ...n  n 1
Solution 3:
1 1 1 2n
P  n  :1    .....  
1 2 1 2  3 1  2  3  ....n n  1
2.1 2
P 1 :1    1, which is true.
11 2
1 1 1 2k
1  ...   ....   .......  i 
1 2 1 2  3 1  2  3  .....  k k  1
Consider
1 1 1 1
1   .....  
1 2 1 2  3 1  2  3  .....  k 1  2  3  .....  k   k  1
 1 1 1  1
 1    ....  
 1 2 1 2  3 1  2  3  .....k  1  2  3  ....  k   k 1
2k 1
  [Using (i)]
k  1 1  2  3  .....  k   k  1
2k 1  n  n  1 
  1  2  3....  n  
k  1   k  1 k  1  1   2 
 
 2 
2k 2
 
 k  1  k  1 k  2
2  1 
 k 
 k  1  k  2 
2  k 2  2k  1 

 k  1  k  2 
2   k  1 
2
  
 k  1  k  2 
2  k  1

 k  2
numbers i.e., N.

Question 4:
n  n  1 n  2 n  3
1.2.3  2.3.4  ....  n  n  1 n  2 
4
Solution 4:
n  n  1 n  2 n  3
P  n  :1.2.3  2.3.4  ....  n  n  1 n  2 
4
11  11  21  3 1.2.3.4
P 1 :1.2.3  6    6 , which is true.
4 4
Let P(k) be true for some positive integer k, i.e.,
k  k  1 k  2 k  3
1.2.3  2.3.4  .....  k  k  1 k  2  ...... i 
4
Consider
1.2.3  2.3.4  .....  k  k 1 k  2   k  1 k  2 k  3
 1.2.3  2.3.4  .....  k  k  1 k  2   k  1 k  2   k  3
k  k  1 k  2 k  3
   k  1 k  2 k  3  Using  i 
4
k 
  k  1 k  2 k  3   1
4 

 k  1 k  2 k  3 k  4
4

 k  1 k  1  1 k  1  2 k  1  3
4
numbers i.e., N.
Question 5:
n
1.3  2.3  3.3  .....  n.3 
2 3  2n 1 3n1  3
4
Solution 5:

P  n  :1.3  2.3  3.3  ....  n3

2 3 n

 2n 1 3n1  3
4
For n  1 , we have
P 1 :1.3  3 
 2.1 1 311  3  32  3  12  3 , which is true.
4 4 4
 2k 1 3k 1  3
1.3  2.3  3.3  .....  k 3
2 3 k
 ....... i 
4
Consider
1.3  2.32  3.33  .....  k.3k   k 1.3k 1
 1.3  2.32  3.33  .....  k.3k    k  1 .3k 1
 2k 1 3k 1  3 
  k  1 3k 1
Using  i 
4

 2k 1 3k 1  3  4  k  1 3k 1
4
3 2k 1  4  k  1  3
k 1

4
3 6k  3  3
k 1

4
3 .32k  1  3
k 1

4

3  k 11
2k  1  3
4

 2  k  1 1 3 k 11  3
4
numbers i.e., N.
Question 6:
 n  n  1 n  2 
1.2  2.3  3.4  ....  n.  n  1   
 3 
Solution 6:
Let the given statement be P(n), i.e.,

 n  n  1 n  2 
P  n  : 1.2  2.3  3.4  ....  n.  n  1   
 3 
For n = 1, we have
11  11  2 1.2.3
P 1 :1.2  2    2 , which is true.
3 3
 k  k  1 k  2 
1.2  2.3  3.4  .....  k.  k  1    .......  i 
 3 
Consider
1.2  2.3  3.4  ....  k.  k 1   k 1.  k  2
 1.2  2.3  3.4  .....  k.  k 1   k 1 .  k  2
k  k  1 k  2
   k  1 k  2  Using  i 
3
k 
  k  1 k  2   1
3 

 k  1 k  2 k  3
3

 k  1 k  1  1 k  1  2
3
numbers i.e., N.
Question 7:
1.3  3.5  5.7  .....   2n  1 2n  1 


n 4n2  6n 1 
3
Solution 7:
n  4n2  6n 1
P  n  :1.3  3.5  5.7  .....   2n 1 2n  1 
3
For n = 1, we have
P 1 :1.3  3 
 

1 4.12  6.1 1 4  6 1 9
  3 , which is true.
3 3 3

k  4k 2  6k 1
1.3  3.5  5.7  .....   2k  1 2k  1  ....... i 
3
Consider
1.3  3.5  5.7  .....   2k 1 2k 1   k 1 12  k 1 1
k  4k 2  6k 1
   2k  2 1 2k  2  1  Using  i 
3
k  4k 2  6k 1
   2k  1 2k  3
3
k  4k  6k 1
2
   4k 2  8k  3
3
k  4k  6k  1  3  4k 2  8k  3
2

3
4k  6k  k  12k 2  24k  9
3 2

3
4k  18k  23k  9
3 2

3
4k  14k 2  9k  4k 2  14k  9
3

3
k  4k  14k  9  1 4k 2  14k  9 
2

3
 k  1  4k  14k  9
2

3
 k  14k 2  8k  4  6k  6 1

3
 k  14  k 2  2k  1  6  k  1 1

3
 k  14  k  1 
 6  k  1 1
2

3
Thus, P  k  1 is true whenever P(k) is true.
numbers i.e., N.
Question 8:
1.2  2.22  3.22  ....  n.2n   n 1 2n1  2
Solution 8:


P  n :1.2  2.22  3.22  ....  n.2n   n 1 2n1  2
For n = 1, we have
P 1 :1.2  2  1 1 211  2  0  2  2 , which is true.
1.2  2.22  3.22  ....  k.2k   k 1 2k 1  2..... i 
Consider
1.2  2.22  3.22  .....  k.2k    k 1.2k 1
  k 1 2k 1  2   k  1 2k 1
 2k 1  k 1   k  1  2
 2k 1.2k  2
 k.2k 11  2
  k  1 1 2 k 11  2
numbers i.e., N.
Question 9:
1 1 1 1 1
   ......  n  1  n
2 4 8 2 2
Solution 9:
1 1 1 1 1
P  n  :    ......  n  1  n
2 4 8 2 2
1 1 1
P 1 :  1  1  , which is true.
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
   .....  k  1  k ......  i 
2 4 8 2 2
Consider
1 1 1 1  1
    ......  k   k 1
2 4 8 2  2
 1 1
 1  k   k 1  Using  i 
 2  2

1 1
1 1  
2k
 2
1 1
 1 k  
2 2
1
 1  k 1
2
numbers i.e., N.
Question 10:
1 1 1 1 n
   ......  
2.5 5.8 8.11 3n 13n  2  6n  4
Solution 10:
1 1 1 1 n
P  n :    ......  
2.5 5.8 8.11 3n 13n  2  6n  4
1 1 1 1
P 1     , which is true.
2.5 10 6.1  4 10
1 1 1 1 k
   .....   ......  i 
2.5 5.8 8.11 3k  13k  2 6k  4
Consider
1 1 1 1 1
   .....  
2.5 5.8 8.11 3k 13k  2 3 k  1 13 k  1  2
k 1
   Using  i 
6k  4  3k  3 13k  3  2 
k 1
 
6k  4  3k  2 3k  5
k 1
 
2  3k  2  3k  2  3k  5
1 k 1 
  
3k  2  2 3k  5 
1  k  3k  5  2 
  
 3k  2  2 3k  5 

1  3k 2  5k  2 
  
 3k  2  2 3k  5 
1   3k  2  k  1 
  
 3k  2  2 3k  5 

 k  1
6k  10

 k  1
6  k  1  4
numbers i.e, N.
Question 11:
1 1 1 1 n  n  3
   .....  
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 n  n  1 n  2 4  n  1 n  2 
Solution 11:
1 1 1 1 n  n  3
P  n :    .....  
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 n  n  1 n  2  4  n  1 n  2 
For n = 1, we have
1 1 1  3 1 4 1
P 1 :    , which is true.
1 2  3 4 1  11  2  4  2  3 1 2  3
1 1 1 1 k  k  3
   ......   …… (i)
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 k  k  1 k  2  4  k  1 k  2 
Consider
 1 1 1 1  1
    ......  
1 2  3 2  3  4 3  4  5 k  k  1 k  2    k  1 k  2  k  3
k  k  3 1
  [Using (i)]
4  k  1 k  2  k  1 k  2 k  3
1  k  k  3 1 
   
 k  1 k  2  4 k  3

 k  k  3  4 
 2
1 
  
 k  1 k  2  4  k  3 
 k  k  6k  9  4 
 2
1 
  
 k  1 k  2  4  k  3 

1  k 3  6k 2  9k  4 
 
  
 k  1 k  2  4  k  3 
1  k 3  2k 2  k  4k 2  8k  4 
 
  
 k  1 k  2  4  k  3 

 k  k  2k  1  4  k  2k  1 
 2 2
1 
  
 k  1 k  2  4  k  3 

 k  k  1  4  k  1 
 2 2
1 
  
 k  1 k  2  4  k  3 

 k  1  k  4
2

4  k  1 k  2 k  3
 k  1 k  1  3

4 k  1  1 k  1  2
numbers i.e., N.
Question 12:
n 1
a  ar  ar  .....  ar 
2
a r n 1  
r 1
Solution 12:
P  n  : a  ar  ar  .....  ar 
2 n 1
a r n 1  
r 1
For n = 1, we have
a  r1 1
P 1 : a   a , which is true.
 r 1
k 1
a  ar  ar  ......  ar 
2
a r k 1  
....... i 
r 1

Consider
a  ar  ar 2  .....  ar k 1  ark 11
a  r k 1
  ar k  Using  i 
r 1
a  r k 1  ar k  r  1

r 1
a  r 1  ar k 1  ar k
k

r 1
ar  a  ar k 1  ar k
k

r 1
k 1
ar  a

r 1
a  r k 1 1

r 1
numbers i.e., N.
Question 13:
 3  5  7    2n  1 
   n  1
2
1  1  1   ..... 1 
 1  4  9   n 2

Solution 13:
 3  5  7    2n  1 
P  n  : 1  1  1   ..... 1     n  1
2
 1  4  9   n 2

For n = 1, we have
 3
P 1 : 1    4  1  1  22  4 , which is true.
2
 1
 3  5  7    2k  1 
   k  1 ...... 1
2
1  1  1   ..... 1 
 1  4  9   k 2

Consider
 3  5  7    2k  1    2  k  1  1 

1  1  1   .... 1    1 
 
2 2
 1  4  9   k  
 k  1 

 2  k  1  1 
  k  1 1   Using 1
2

  k  1
2

 

2  k  1  2  k  1  1
 2

  k  1  
 k  1
2
 
  k  1  2  k  1  1
2
  k  1  1
2

numbers i.e., N.
Question 14:
Prove the following by using principle of mathematical induction for all n  N :
 1  1  1   1 
1  1  1   ..... 1     n  1
 1  2  3   n 
Solution 14:
 1  1  1   1 
P  n  : 1  1  1   ..... 1     n  1
 1  2  3   n 
For n = 1, we have
 1
P 1 : 1    2  1  1 , which is true.
 1
 1  1  1   1 
P  k  :1  1  1   ....1     k  1 ....... 1
 1  2  3   k 
Consider
 1  1  1   1   1 
1  1 1  2 1  3  .....1  k  1  k  1 
       
 1 
  k  1 1    Using 1
 k 1 
  k  1  1
  k  1  
  k  1 
  k  1  1
numbers i.e., N.
Question 15:
n  2n 1 2n  1
12  32  52  .....   2n 1 
2

Solution 15:
n  2n 1 2n  1
P  n  :12  32  52  .....   2n 1 
2
3
1 2.1 1 2.1  1 1.1.3
P 1  12  1    1, which is true.
3 3
k  2k 1 2k  1
P  k   12  32  52  ....   2k 1  ...... 1
2
3
Consider
1  3  5  .....   2k 1   2  k 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
k  2k 1 2k  1
  2k  2  1  Using 1
2

3
k  2k  1 2k  1
  2k  1
2

3
2  2k 1 2k  1  3  2k  1
2

3
 2k  1k  2k 1  3 2k 1

3
 2k  12k  k  6k  3
2

3
 2k  12k  5k  3
2

3
 2k  12k 2  2k  3k  3

3
 2k  12k  k 1  3 k  1

3

 2k  1 k  1 2k  3
3
 k  12  k  1 12  k  1  1

3
numbers i.e., N.
Question 16:

1 1 1 1 n
   ....  
1.4 4.7 7.10 3n  23n 1 3n 1
Solution 16:
1 1 1 1 n
P  n :    ....  
1.4 4.7 7.10  3n  23n  1 3n  1
For n = 1, we have
1 1 1 1
P 1     , which is true.
1.4 3.1  1 4 1.4
1 1 1 1 k
Pk      .....   ......1
1.4 4.7 7.10 3k  23k 1 3k 1
Consider

1 1 1 1 
 1
    ....  
1.4 4.7 7.10
 3k  23k  1  3 k  1  23 k  1  1
k 1
  [Using (1)]
3k  1  3k  1 3k  4 
1   1  
 k  
3k  1  3k  4 
1   k  3k  4   1

  
3k  1  3k  4 
1   3k 2  4k  1

  
3k  1  3k  4 
1   3k 2  3k  k  1

  
 3k  1  3k  4 

 3k  1 k  1
 3k  13k  4

 k  1
3  k  1  1
numbers i.e., N.
Question 17:

1 1 1 1 n
   ......  
3.5 5.7 7.9  2n 1 2n  3 3  2n  3
Solution 17:
1 1 1 1 n
P  n :    ......  
3.5 5.7 7.9  2n  1 2n  3 3  2n  3
For n = 1, we have
1 1 1
P 1 :   , which is true.
3.5 3  2.1  3 3.5
1 1 1 1 k
Pk  :    ....   ....1
3.5 5.7 7.9  2k  1 2k  3 3 2k  3
We shall now prove that P  k  1 is true. Consider
 1 1 1 1  1
    ....  
 3.5 5.7 7.9  2k  1 2k  3  2  k  1  12  k  1  3
k 1
  [Using (1)]
3  2k  3  2k  3 2k  5
1 k 1 
   
 2k  3  3  2k  5 
1  k  2k  5  3 
  
 2k  3  3  2k  5 
1  2k 2  5k  3 
  
 2k  3  3  2k  5 
1  2k 2  2k  3k  3 
  
 2k  3  3  2k  5 
1  2k  k  1  3  k  1 
  
 2k  3  3  2k  5 

 k  1 2k  3
3  2k  3 2k  5

 k  1
32  k  1  3
numbers i.e., N.
Question 18:

1
1  2  3  ....  n   2n  1
2
Solution 18:
1
P  n  :1  2  3  ....  n   2n  1
2
8
It can be noted that P(n) is true for n = 1 since
1 9
1   2.1  1 
2
8 8
1
1  2  ....  k   2k  1 ...... 1
2
8
We shall now prove that P  k  1 is true whenever P(k) is true.
Consider
1
1  2  ....  k    k  1   2k  1   k  1
2
[Using (1)]
8

1
8

 2k  1  8  k  1
2

1
 4k 2  4k  1  8k  8
8
1
 4k 2  12k  9
8
1
  2k  3 
2
8
1
 2  k  1  1
2
8
1
Hence, 1  2  3  ....  k    k  1 
 2k  1   k  1
2
8
numbers i.e., N.
Question 19:
n  n  1 n  5 is a multiple of 3.
Solution 19:
P  n : n  n 1 n  5 , which is a multiple of 3.
It can be noted that P  n  is true for n  1 since 11  11  5  12 , which is a multiple of 3.


k  k  1 k  5 is a multiple of 3.
 k  k  1 k  5  3m, where mN .... 1
Consider
 k 1 k 1 1 k 1  5
  k  1 k  2 k  5  1
  k  1 k  2 k  5   k  1 k  2
 k  k  1 k  5  2  k  1 k  5   k  1 k  2
 3m   k  12  k  5   k  2
 3m   k  12k  10  k  2
 3m   k 13k 12
 3m  3 k 1k  4
 3m   k 1 k  4  3 q, where q  m   k  1 k  4 is some natural number.
Therefore,  k  1 k  1  1 k  1  5 is a multiple of 3.
numbers i.e., N.
Question 20:
102n1  1 is divisible by 11.
Solution 20:
P  n  :102n1  1 is divisible by 11.
It can be observed that P  n  is true for n = 1
Since P 1  102.11  1  11 , which is divisible by 11.
Let P  k  be true for some positive integer k,
i.e., 102k1  1 is divisible by 11.
102k 1  1  11m, where
mN .... 1
Consider
102 k11  1
 102k 21  1

 102k1  1
 102 102k1  1 1 1
 102 102k 1  1 102  1
 102.11m 100  1 [Using (1)]
 100 11m  99
 11100m  9
 11r, where r  100m  9 is some natural number
Therefore, 10    1 is divisible by 11.
2 k1 1

numbers i.e., N.
Question 21:
x2n  y 2n is divisible by x  y .
Solution 21:
P  n  : x2n  y 2n is divisible by x  y .
It can be observed that P  n  is true for n = 1.
This is so because x21  y 21  x2  y 2   x  y  x  y  is divisible by  x  y  .
x2k  y 2k is divisible by x  y .
 Let x2k  y 2k  m  x  y  , where mN .....1
Consider
2 k 1
x2 k 1 y
 x2 k  x2  y 2 k  y 2
 x2  x2k  y 2k  y 2k   y 2k  y 2
 x2 m  x  y   y 2k   y 2k  y 2 [Using (1)]
 m  x  y  x2  y 2 k  x2  y 2 k  y 2
 m  x  y  x2  y 2k  x2  y 2 
 m  x  y  x2  y 2k  x  y  x  y 
  x  y mx2  y 2k  x  y  , which is a factor of  x  y  .

numbers i.e., N.
Question 22:
Prove the following by using the principle of mathematical induction for all
n  N :32n2  8n  9 is divisible by 8.
Solution 22:
P  n  :32n2  8n  9 is divisible by 8.
It can be observed that P(n) is true for n = 1
Since 3212  8 1  9  64, which is divisible by 8.
Let P(k) be true for some positive integer
k , i.e., 32k 2  8k  9 is divisible by 8.
 32k 2  8k  9  8m; where m  N.......1
We shall now prove that P  k  1 is true whenever P  k  is true.
Consider
32 k 12  8  k  1  9
32k 2  32  8k  8  9
 32 32k 2  8k  9  8k  9  8k 17
 32 32k 2  8k  9  32 8k  9  8k 17
 9.8m  9 8k  9  8k 17
 9.8m  72k  81 8k 17
 9.8m  64k  64
 8 9m  8k  8
 8r, where r  9m  8k  8 is a natural number
Therefore, 3 
2 k 1 2
 8  k  1  9 is divisible by 8.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, statement P(n) is true for all numbers i.e.,
N.
Question 23:
41n 14n is a multiple of 27.
Solution 23:
P  n :41n 14n is a multiple of 27.


Since 411 141  27 , which is a multiple of 27.
41k 14k is a multiple of 27
 41k 14k  27 m, mN......1
Consider
41k 1 14k 1
 41k.41 14k.14
 41 41k 14k  14k  14k 14
 41.27 m 14k  41 14
 41.27m  27.14k
 27  41m 14k 
 27  r, where r   41m 14k  is a natural number.
Therefore, 41k 1 14k 1 is a multiple of 27.
numbers i.e., N.
Question 24:
 2n  7   n  3
2
Solution 24:
P  n  :  2n  7    n  3
2

Since 2.1  7  9  1  3  16 , which is true.
2

 2k  7   k  3 ...... 1
2
We shall now prove that P  k  1 is true whenever P  k  is true.

Consider
2  k 1  7   2k  7  2
 2  k  1  7   2k  7   2   k  3  2
2
[Using (1)]
2  k  1  7  k 2  6k  9  2
2  k  1  7  k 2  6k  11

Now, k 2  6k 11  k 2  8k 16

 2  k  1  7   k  4
2
2  k  1  7   k  1  3
2

numbers i.e., N.

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Exercise 5.1
Question 1:
 3 
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib :  5i    i 
 5 
Solution 1:
3 3
5i   i   5   i  i
 5  5
 3i 2
 3 1 i 2  1
=3
Question 2:
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib :i9  i19
Solution 2:
i9  i19  i 421  i 443
  i 4   i  i 4   i3
2 4
 1 i  1  i  i 4  1, i3  i 
 i   i 
0
Question 3:
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib : i 39
Solution 3:
i 39  i 493  i 4   i 3
9
 1  i 3
9
i 4  1
1 1
  i3  i 
i3 i
1 i
 
i i
i i
 2  i i 2  1
i 1
Question 4:
Express the given complex number in the form a a  ib :
3  7  i7   i  7  i7 
5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations www.vedantu.com 1

Solution 4:
3 7  i7   i  7  i7   21  21i  7i  7i 2
 21  28i  7   1  i 2  1
 14  28i
Question 5:
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib : 1  i    1  i6 .
Solution 5:
1  i    1 i6  1 i 1 6i
 2  7i
Question 6:
1 2  5
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib :   i    4  i 
5 5  2
Solution 6:
1 2  5
 i  4i 
5 5  2
1 2 5
  i 4 i
5 5 2
 1   2 5
   4  i   
5  5 2
19  21 
 i 
5  10 
19 21
  i
5 10
Question 7:
 1 7  1   4 
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib :   i    4  i      i 
 3 3  3   3 
Solution 7:
 1 7   1   4 
 3  i 3    4  i 3    3  i 
     
1 7 1 4
  i  4 i  i
3 3 3 3
1 4 7 1 
   4    i    1
3 3  3 3 

17 5
 i
3 3
Question 8:
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib : 1  i 
4
Solution 8:
2
1  i   1  i  
4 2
 
2
 12  i 2  2i 
 1  1  2i 
2
  2i 
2
  2i    2i 
 4i 2  4 i 2  1
Question 9:
3
1 
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib :   3i 
3 
Solution 9:
3 3
1  1 1 1 
  3i       3i   3    3i    3i 
3
3   3  3 3 
1 1 
  27i3  3i   3i 
27 3 
1
  27  i   i  9i 2 i3  i 
27
1
  27i  i  9 i 2  1
27
 1 
   9   i  27  1
 27 
242
  26i
27
Question 10:
3
 1 
Express the given complex number in the form a  ib :  2  i 
 3 
Solution 10:

3 3
 1  3 1 
 2  3 i    1  2  3 i 
   
 i
3
 i  i 
  23     3  2   2  
  3  3  3 
 i3  i 
  8   2i  2  
 27  3 
 i 2i 2 
  8   4i  i3  i 
 27 3 
 i 2
  8   4i   i 2  1
 27 3
 22 107i 
  
3 27 
22 107
  i
3 27
Question 11:
Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number 4  3i .
Solution 11:
Let z  4  3i
Then,
z  4  3i and z  42   3  16  9  25
2
Therefore, the multiplicative inverse of 4  3i is given by

z 4  3i 4 3
z 1  2    i
z 25 25 25
Question 12:
Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number 5  3i
Solution 12:
Let z  5  3i
 5
2 2
Then, z  5  3i and z   32  5  9  14
Therefore, the multiplicative inverse of 5  3i
z 5  3i 5 3i
z 1  2
  
z 14 14 14
Question 13:

Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number i
Solution 13:
Let z  i
2
Then, z  i and z  12  1
Therefore, the multiplicative inverse of i is given by
z i
z 1  2   i
z 1
Question 14:
Express the following expression in the form of a  ib .
3  i 5 3  i 5 
 3  2i    3  i 2 
Solution 14:
3  i 5 3  i 5 
 3  2i    3  i 2 
3  i 5 
2 2
  a  b  a  b   a 2  b2 
3  2i  3  2i
9  5i 2

2 2i
9  5  1
 i 2  1

2 2i
95 i
 
2 2i i
14i

2 2i 2
14i

2 2  1
7i 2
 
2 2
7 2i

2

Exercise 5.2
Question 1:
Find the modulus and the argument of the complex number z  1  i 3
Solution 1:
z  1  i 3
Let r cos  1 and r sin    3
On squaring and adding, we obtain
 
2
 r cos    r sin     1   3
2 2 2
 r 2  cos2   sin 2    1  3
r2  4 cos2   sin 2   1
r  4  2 Conventionally, r  0
 Modulus = 2
 2cos  1 and 2sin    3
1  3
 cos  and sin  
2 2
Since both the values of sin  and cos negative and sin  and cos are negative in III
quadrant,
   2
Argument       
 3 3
2
Thus, the modulus and argument of the complex number 1  3i are 2 and 
3
respectively.
Question 2:
Find the modulus and the argument of the complex number z   3  i
Solution 2:
z   3 i
Let r cos   3 and r sin   1
 
2
r 2 cos2   r 2 sin 2    3  12
 r 2  3 1  4 cos   sin   1
2 2
r  4  2 Conventionally, r  0
 Modulus = 2
 2cos   3 and 2sin   1

 3 1
2 2
 5
     [As  lies in the II quadrant]
6 6
5
Thus, the modulus an argument of the complex number  3  i are 2 and respectively.
6
Question 3:
Convert the given complex number in polar form: 1 i
Solution 3:
1 i
Let r cos  1 and r sin   1
r 2 cos2   r 2 sin 2   12   1
2
 r 2  cos2   sin 2    1  1
 r2  2
r  2 Conventionally, r  0
 2 cos  1 and 2 sin   1
1 1
 cos  and sin   
2 2

  As  liesin the IVquadrant 
4
         
 1  i  r cos  i r sin   2 cos     i 2 sin     2 cos     i sin    
 4  4   4  4 
This is the required polar form.
Question 4:
Convert the given complex number in polar form: 1  i
Solution 4:
1 i
Let r cos  1 and r sin   1
r 2 cos2   r 2 sin 2    1 12
2
 r 2  cos2   sin 2    1  1
 r2  2
r  2 [Conventionally, r > 0]
 2 cos  1 and 2 sin   1

1
 cos   and 2 sin   1
2
 3
     [As  lies in the II quadrant]
4 4
It can be written,
3 3  3 3 
 1  i  r cos  i r sin   2 cos  i 2 sin  2  cos  i sin 
4 4  4 4 
Question 5:
Convert the given complex number in polar form: 1  i
Solution 5:
1 i
Let r cos  1 and r sin   1
r 2 cos2   r 2 sin2    1   1
2 2
 r 2  cos2   sin 2    1  1
 r2  2
r  2 [Conventionally, r  0 ]
 2 cos  1 and 2 sin   1
1 1
 cos   and sin   
2 2
  3
         [As  lies in the III quadrant]
 4 4
3 3
  1  i  r cos   i r sin   2 cos  i 2 sin
4 4
 3 3 
 2  cos  i sin 
 4 4 
Question 6:
Convert the given complex number in polar form: 3
Solution 6:
3
r 2 cos2   r 2 sin 2    3
2
 r 2  cos2   sin 2    9

 r2  9
r  9 3 [Conventionally, r > 0]
 3cos  3 and 3sin   0
 cos  1 and sin  0
  
  3  r cos  i r sin   3cos   i 3sin   3 cos   i sin  
Question 7:
Convert the given complex number in polar form: 3 i
Solution 7:
3 i
Let r cos  3 and r sin   1
 3
2
r 2 cos2   r 2 sin 2    12
 r 2  cos2   sin 2    3  1
 r2  4
r  4 2 Conventionally, r  0
 2cos  3 and 2sin   1
3 1
2 2

  [As  lies in the I quadrant]
6
    
 3  i  r cos  i r sin   2cos  i 2sin  2  cos  i sin 
6 6  6 6
Question 8:
Convert the given complex number in polar form: i
Solution 8:
i
Let r cos  0 and r sin   1
r 2 cos2   r 2 sin2   02 12

 r 2 cos2   sin 2   1 

 r2  1
 r  1 1 Conventionally, r  0
 cos  0 and sin   1

 
2
 
 i  r cos  i r sin   cos  i sin
2 2
Exercise 5.3
Question 1:
Solve the equation x2  3  0
Solution 1:
The given quadratic equation is x2  3  0
On comparing the given equation with ax2  bx  c  0,
We obtain a  1, b  0, and c  3
Therefore, the discriminant of the given equation is
D  b2  4ac  02  4 1 3  12
Therefore, the required solutions are
b  D  12  12i  1  i
    
2a 2 1 2
2 3i
   3i
2
Question 2:
Solve the equation 2x2  x 1  0
Solution 2:
The given quadratic equation is 2x2  x 1  0
On comparing the given equation with ax2  bx  c  0 ,
We obtain a  2, b  1 and c  1
D  b2  4ac  12  4  2 1  1 8  7
b  D 1  7 1  7i  1  i 
   
2a 2 2 4

Question 3:
Solve the equation x2  3x  9  0
Solution 3:
The given quadratic equation is x2  3x  9  0
D  b2  4ac  32  4 1 9  9  36  27
b  D 3  27 3  3 3 3  3 3i  1  i 
    
2a 2 1 2 2
Question 4:
Solve the equation x2  x  2  0
Solution 4:
The given quadratic equation is x2  x  2  0
We obtain a  1, b  1, and c  2
D  b2  4ac  12  4   1   2  1 8  7
b  D 1  7 1  7i  1  i 
   
2a 2  1 2
Question 5:
Solve the equation x2  3x  5  0
Solution 5:
The given quadratic equation is x2  3x  5  0
D  b2  4ac  32  4 1 5  9  20  11
b  D 3  11 3  11 i  1  i 
   
2a 2 1 2
Question 6:
Solve the equation x2  x  2  0

Solution 6:
The given quadratic equation is x2  x  2  0
We obtain a  1, b  1, and c  2
D  b2  4ac   1  4 1 2  1  8  7
2

b  D   1  7 1  7i  1  i 
   
2a 2 1 2
Question 7:
Solve the equation 2 x2  x  2  0
Solution 7:
The given quadratic equation is 2x2  x  2  0
D  b2  4ac  12  4  2  2  1 8  7
b  D 1  7 1  7i  1  i 
   
2a 2 2 2 2
Question 8:
Solve the equation 3x2  2x  3 3  0
Solution 8:
The given quadratic equation is 3x2  2x  3 3  0
We obtain a  3, b   2, and c  3 3
   3 3 3   2  36  34
2
D  b2  4ac   2  4
b  D   2  34



2  34 i  1  i 
2a 2 3 2 3  
Question 9:

1
Solve the equation x2  x  0
2
Solution 9:
1
The given quadratic equation is x2  x  0
2
This equation can also be written as 2x2  2x  1  0
On comparing the given equation with ax2  bx  c  0 , we obtain a  2, b  2, and c  1
 2  2  1  2  4
2
 Discriminant  D   b2  4ac   4 2
b  D  2  2  4 2  2  2 1  2 2
 
 
2a 2 2 2 2



  2  2 2 2 1 i 
 
 1  i 
  
 2 2 
 

1   2 2 1 i
2
Question 10:
x
Solve the equation x2  1  0
2
Solution 10:
x
The given quadratic equation is x2  1  0
2
This equation can also be written as 2x2  x  2  0
 Discriminant  D  b2  4ac  12  4  2  2  1  8  7
b  D 1  7 1  7 i  1  i 
   
2a 2 2 2 2

Question 1:
3
 1 
25
Evaluate: i18    
  i  
Solution 1:
3
 18  1 25 
i    
  i  
3
 1 
 i 442  461 
 i 
3
 
1 
  i 4   i 2 
4

  i   i 
4 6
3
 1
 i 2   i  1
4
 i
3
 1 i
i  1
2
 1   
 i i
3
 i
  1  2 
 i 
  1  i 
3
  1 1  i 
3 3
  13  i3  3 1 i 1  i 

  1  i3  3i  3i 2 
  1  i  3i  3
   2  2i 
 2  2i
Question 2:
For any two complex numbers z1 and z 2 , prove that
Re  z1z2   Re z1 Re z2  Im z1 Im z2
Solution 2:
Let z1  x1  iy1 and z2  x2  iy2
 z1z2   x1  iy1  x2  iy2 
 x1  x2  iy2   iy1  x2  iy2 
 x1x2  ix1 y2  iy1x2  i 2 y1 y2
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5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
 x1x2  ix1 y2  iy1x2  y1 y2 i 2  1

  x1x2  y1 y2   i  x1 y2  y1x2 
 Re  z1z2   x1x2  y1 y2
 Re  z1z2   Re z1 Re z2  Im z1 Im z2
Hence, proved.
Question 3:
 1 2  3  4i 
Reduce     to the standard form
 1  4i 1  i  5  i 
Solution 3:
 1 2  3  4i   1  i   2 1  4i    3  4i 
    
 1  4i 1  i  5  i   1  4i 1  i    5  i 
 1  i  2  8i   3  4i   1  9i   3  4i 
 
1  i  4i  4i   5  i   5  3i   5  i 
2
 3  4i  27i  36i 2  33  31i 33  31i

 2 
 
 25  5i 15i  3i  28 10i 2 14  5i 

33  31i   14  5i  [On multiplying numerator and denominator by
2 14  5i  14  5i 
14  5i  ]
462  165i  434i  155i 2 307  599i
 
2 14   5i  
2 2
2 196  25i 2 
 
307  599i 307  599i 307 599i
   
2  221 442 442 442
This is the required standard form.
Question 4:
a  ib a 2  b2
prove that  x2  y 2   2
2
If x  iy 
c  id c  d2
Solution 4:
a  ib
x  iy 
c  id
a  ib c  id
  [On multiplying numerator and denominator by  c  id  ]
c  id c  id

 ac  bd   i  ad  bc 
c2  d 2
www.vedantu.com 15
  x  iy  
2  ac  bd   i  ad  bc 
c2  d 2
 x2  y 2  2ixy 
 ac  bd   i  ad  bc 
c2  d 2
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we obtain
ac  bd ad  bc
x2  y 2  2 ,  2 xy  2 ...... 1
c d 2
c  d2
x  y 2    x2  y 2   4 x2 y 2
2 2 2
2
 ac  bd   ad  bc 
 2 2 
 2 2 
[Using (1)]
 c d   c d 
a2c2  b2 d 2  2acbd  a 2d 2  b2c 2  2adbc

 c2  d 2 
2
a 2 c 2  b2 d 2  a 2 d 2  b2 c 2

c  d2 
2 2
a 2  c 2  d 2   b2  c 2  d 2 

c  d  2 2 2

 c  d  a  b 
2 2 2 2
c  d 2 2 2
a 2  b2

c2  d 2
Hence, proved.
Question 5:
Convert the following in the polar form:
1  7i 1  3i
(i) , (ii)
2  i
2
1  2i
Solution 5:
1  7i
(i) Here, z 
2  i
2
1  7i 1  7i 1  7i
  
2  i
2
4  i  4i 4 1  4i
2
1  7i 3  4i 3  4i  21i  28i 2
  
3  4i 3  4i 32  42
3  4i  21i  28 25  25i
 
32  42 25
 1  i
www.vedantu.com 16

On squaring and adding, we obtain r 2 cos2   sin 2   1 
 r 2  cos2   sin 2    2
 r2  2 cos2   sin 2   1
r  2 [Conventionally, r  0 ]
 2 cos  1 and 2 sin   1
1 1
2 2
 3
     [As  lies in II quadrant]
4 4
 z  r cos  i r sin 
3 3  3 3 
 2 cos  i 2 sin  2  cos  i sin 
4 4  4 4 
1  3i
(ii) Here, z 
1  2i
1  3i 1  2i
 
1  2i 1  2i
1  2i  3i  6

1 4
5  5i
  1  i
5
Let r cos  1 and r sin 
 1 on squaring and adding, we obtain r 2  cos2   sin 2  
 11
 r 2  cos2   sin 2    2
 r2  2 cos2   sin 2   1
r  2 Conventionally, r  0
 2 cos  1 and 2 sin   1
1 1
2 2
 3
     [As  lies in II quadrant]
4 4
 z  r cos  i r sin 
3 3  3 3 
 2 cos  i 2 sin  2  cos  i sin 
4 4  4 4 
Question 6:
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20
Solve the equation 3x2  4 x  0
3
Solution 6:
20
The given quadratic equation is 3x2  4 x  0
3
This equation can also be written as 9x2 12x  20  0
On comparing this equation with ax2  bx  c  0 , we obtain a  9, b  12 and c  20
D  b2  4ac   12  4  9  20  144  720  576
2

b  D  12  576 12  576 i  1  i 
   
2a 29 18
12  24i 6  2  4i  2  4i 2 4
     i
18 18 3 3 3
Question 7:
3
Solve the equation x2  2 x  0
2
Solution 7:
3
The given quadratic equation is x2  2 x  0
2
This equation can also be written as 2x2  4x  3  0
D  b2  4ac   4  4  2  3  16  24  8
2

b  D   4  8 4  2 2 i  1  i 
   
2a 2 2 4
2  2i 2
  1 i
2 2
Question 8:
Solve the equation 27 x2 10x 1  0
Solution 8:
The given quadratic equation is 27 x2 10x 1  0
www.vedantu.com 18
D  b2  4ac   10  4  27 1  100 108  8

2

b  D   10  8 10  2 2 i  1  i 
   
2a 2  27 54
5  2i 5 2
   i
27 27 27
Question 9:
Solve the equation 21x2  28x 10  0
Solution 9:
The given quadratic equation is 21x2  28x 10  0
D  b2  4ac   28  4  2110  784  840  56
2

b  D   28  56 28  56 i  1  i 
   
2a 2  21 42
28  2 14 i 28 2 14 2 14
   i  i
42 42 42 3 21
Question 10:
z1  z2  1
If z1  2  i, z2  1  i, find
z1  z2  1
Solution 10:
z1  2  i, z2  1  i
z1  z2  1  2  i   1  i   1
 
z1  z2  1  2  i   1  i   1
4 4
 
2  2i 2 1  i 
2 1 i 2 1  i 
   2 2
1  i 1  i 1  i 
2 1  i 
i  1
2

11
2 1  i 

2
www.vedantu.com 19
 1  i  12  12  2
z1  z2  1
Thus, the value of is 2.
z1  z2  1
Question 11:
 x  1
2
 x  i
2 2
If a  ib  , prove that a 2  b2 
2 x2  1  2x  1
2 2
Solution 11:
 x  i
2
a  ib 
2 x2  1
x2  i 2  2xi

2 x2  1
x2 1  i 2 x

2 x2  1
x2 1  2 x 
 2 i 
2 x  1  2 x2  1 
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we obtain
x2 1 2x
a 2 and b  2
2x 1 2x  1
2 2
2  x2  1   2 x 
2
a b   2   2 
 2x  1   2x  1 
x4  1  2 x2  4 x2

 2 x  1
2
x4  1  2 x2

 2x 1 2 2
 x  1
2 2

 2 x  1
2 2
 x  1
2 2
2 2
a b 
 2x  1 2 2
Hence, proved.
Question 12:
zz   1 
Let z1  2  i, z2  2  i . Find (i) Re  1 2  , (ii) Im  
 z1   z1 z1 
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Solution 12:
z1  2  i, z2  2  i
(i) z1z2   2  i  2  i   4  2i  2i  i 2  4  4i   1  3  4i
z1  2  i
zz 3  4i
 1 2
z1 2i
On multiplying numerator and denominator by  2  i  , we obtain
z1 z2  3  4i  2  i  6  3i  8i  4i 2 6  11i  4  1
  
z1  2  i  2  i  22  12 22  12
2  11i 2 11
   i
5 5 5
On comparing real parts, we obtain
 z z  2
Re  1 2  
 z1  5
1 1 1 1
(ii)   
z1 z1  2  i  2  i   2  1 5
2 2
On comparing imaginary parts, we obtain

 1 
Im  0
 z1 z1 
Question 13:
1  2i
Find the modulus and argument of the complex number
1  3i
Solution 13:
1  3i
Let z  , then
1  3i
1  2i 1  3i 1  3i  2i  6i 2 1  5i  6  1
z   
1  3i 1  3i 12  32 1 9
5  5i 5 5i 1 1
     i
10 10 10 2 2
Let z  r cos  ir sin 
1 1
i.e., r cos   and r sin  
2 2
2 2
 1   1 
r  cos   sin        
2 2 2
 2   2
1 1 1
 r2   
4 4 2
1
r  Conventionally, r  0
2
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1 1 1 1
 cos  and sin  
2 2 2 2
1 1
 cos  andsin  
2 2
 3
     [As  lies in the II quadrant]
4 4
1 3
Therefore, the modulus and argument of the given complex number are and
2 4
respectively.
Question 14:
Find the real numbers x and y if  x  iy 3  5i  is the conjugate of 6  24i .
Solution 14:
Let z   x  iy  3  5i 
z  3x  5xi  3yi  5 yi 2  3x  5xi  3yi  5 y  3x  5 y   i 5x  3y 
 z   3x  5 y   i 5x  3 y 
It is given that, z  6  24 i
 3x  5 y   i 5x  3 y   6  24i
Equating real and imaginary parts, we obtain
3x  5 y  6 ........  i 
5x  3 y  24 ........  ii 
Multiplying equation (i) by 3 and equation (ii) by 5 and then adding them, we obtain
9 x  15 y  18
25x  15 y  120
34 x  102
102
x 3
34
Putting the value of x in equation (i), we obtain
33  5 y  6
5 y  6  9  15
 y  3
Thus, the values of x and y are 3 and 3 respectively.
Question 15:
1 i 1 i
Find the modulus of  .
1 i 1 i
Solution 15:
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1  i 1  i 1  i   1  i 
2 2
 
1 i 1 i 1  i 1  i 
1  i 2  2i 1  i 2  2i

12  12
4i
  2i
2
1 i 1 i
   2i  22  2
1 i 1 i
Question 16:
u v
If  x  iy   u  iv, then show that:   4  x2  y 2 
3
x y
Solution 16:
 x  iy 
3
 u  iv
 x3  iy   3  x  iy  x  iy   u  iv
3
 x3  i3 y3  3x2 yi  3xy2i 2  u  iv
 x3  iy3  3x2 yi  3xy2  u  iv
  x3  3xy 2   i  3x2 y  y3   u  iv
On equating real and imaginary parts, we obtain
u  x3  3xy 2 , v  3x2 y  y3
u v x3  3xy 2 3x2 y  y3
   
x y x y
x  x2  3 y 2  y  3x 2  y 2 
 
x y
2 2 2 2
 x  3 y  3x  y
 4 x2  4 y 2
 4  x2  y 2 
u v
   4  x2  y 2 
x y
Hence, proved.
Question 17:
 
If  and  are different complex numbers with   1, then find
1  
Solution 17:
Let   a  ib and   x  iy
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It is given that,   1
 x2  y 2  1
 x2  y2  1 .......i 
 

 x  iy    a  ib 
1 1   a  ib  x  iy 

 x  a  i  y  b
1   ax  aiy  ibx  by 

 x  a  i  y  b
1  ax  by   i bx  ay 

 x  a  i  y  b  z1 z 
 1

1  ax  by   i bx  ay   z2 z2 
 x  a   y  b
2 2

1  ax  by   bx  ay 
2 2
x2  a2  2ax  y 2  b2  2by

1  a2 x2  b2 y 2  2ax  2abxy  2by  b2 x 2  a 2 y 2  2abxy

 x  y   a  b  2ax  2by
2 2 2 2
1  a  x  y   b  y  x   2ax  2by
2 2 2 2 2 2
1  a2  b2  2ax  2by
  Using 1
1  a2  b2  2ax  2by
 
 1
1  
Question 18:
x
Find the number of non-zero integral solutions of the equation 1  i  2x
Solution 18:
x
1  i  2x
 1  1   2
x
2 2 x

 2
x
  2x
 2x / 2  2x
x
 x
2
 x  2x
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 2x  x  0
x0
Thus, 0 is the only integral solution of the given equation. Therefore, the number of nonzero
integral solutions of the given equation is 0.
Question 19:
If  a  ib c  id  e  if  g  ih   A  iB, , then show that:
a 2
 b2  c2  d 2  e2  f 2  g 2  h2   A2  B2 .
Solution 19:
 a  ib c  id  e  if  g  ih  A  iB
  a  ib c  id  e  if  g  ih   A  iB
 a  ib   c  id    e  if    g  ih  A  iB  z1z2  z1 z2 
 a2  b2  c2  d 2  e2  f 2  g 2  h2  A2  B2
On squaring both sides, we obtain
 a2  b2 c2  d 2 e2  f 2  g 2  h2   A2  B2 . Hence proved.
Question 20:
m
 1 i 
If    1 then find the least positive integral value of m.
 1 i 
Solution 20:
m
 1 i 
  1
 1 i 
m
 1 i 1 i 
   1
 1 i 1 i 
m
 1  i 2 
  2 2  1
 
 1 1 
m
 12  i 2  2i 
  1
 2 
m
 1  1  2i 
  1
 2 
m
 2i 
   1
2
im  1
 i m  i 4k
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 m  4k , where k is some integer.
Therefore, the least positive integer is 1.
Thus, the least positive integral value of m is 4   4 1 .
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Permutations and Combinations
Exercise 7.1
Question 1:
How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 assuming that
(i) repetition of the digits is allowed?
(ii) repetition of the digits is not allowed?
Solution 1:
(i) There will be as many ways as there are ways of filling 3 vacant places in succession by the
given five digits. In this case, repetition of digits is allowed.
Therefore, the units place can be filled in by any of the given five digits.
Similarity, tens and hundreds digits can be filled in by any of the given five digits.
Thus, by the multiplication principle, the number of ways in which three-digit numbers can be
formed from the given digits is 5 5 5  125 .
(ii) In this case, repetition of digits is not allowed. Here, if units place is filled in first, then it can
be filled by any of the given five digits.
Therefore, the number of ways of filling the units place of the three-digit number is 5.
Then, the tens place can be filled with any of the remaining four digits and the hundreds place
can be filled with any of the remaining three digits.
Thus, by the multiplication principle, the number of ways in which three-digit numbers can be
formed without repeating the given digits is 5  4  3  60
Question 2:
How many 3-digit even numbers can be formed the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 if the digits can be
repeated?
Solution 2:
There will be as many ways as there are ways of filling 3 vacant places in succession by the
given six digits.
In this case, the units place can be filled by 2 or 4 or 6 only i.e., the units place can be filled in 3
ways.
The tens place can be filled by any of the 6 digits in 6 different ways and also the hundreds place
can be filled by any of the 6 digits in 6 different ways, as the digits can be repeated.
Therefore, by multiplication principle, the required number of three digit even numbers is
3 6  6  108
Question 3:
How many 4-letter code can be formed using the first 10 letters of the English alphabet, if no
letter can be repeated?
Solution 3:
There are as many codes as there are ways of filling 4 vacant places in succession by the first 10
letters of the English alphabet, keeping in mind that the repetition of letters is not allowed.
7.Permutations and Combinations www.vedantu.com 1

The first place can be filled in 10 different ways by any of the first 10 letters of the English
alphabet following which, the second place can be filled in by any of the remaining letters in 9
different ways. The third place can be filled in by any of the remaining 8 letters in 8 different
ways and the fourth place can be filled in by any of the remaining 7 letters in 7 different ways.
Therefore, by multiplication principle, the required numbers of ways in which 4 vacant places
can be filled is 10  9  8  7  5040
Hence, 5040 four-letter codes can be formed using the first 10 letters of the English alphabet, if
no letter is repeated.
Question 4:
How many 5-digit telephone numbers can be constructed using the digits 0 to 9 if each number
starts with 67 and no digit appears more than once?
Solution 4:
It is given that the 5-digit telephone numbers always start with 67.
Therefore, there will be as many phone numbers as there are ways of filling 3 vacant places 6,
7, __, __, __ by the digits 0 – 9, keeping in mind that the digits cannot be repeated.
Therefore, the units place can be filled in 8 different ways following which, the tens place can
be filled in by any of the remaining 7 digits in 7 different ways, and the hundreds place can be
filled in by any of the remaining 6 digits in 6 different ways.
Therefore, by multiplication principle, the required number of ways in which 5-digit telephone
numbers can be constructed is 8 7  6  336
Question 5:
A coin is tossed 3 times and the outcomes are recorded. How many possible outcomes are there?
Solution 5:
When a coin is tossed once, the number of outcomes is 2 (Head and tail) i.e., in each throw, the
number of ways of showing a different face is 2.
Thus, by multiplication principle, the required number of possible outcomes is 2  2  2  8
Question 6:
Given 5 flags of different colours, how many different signals can be generated if each signal
requires the use of 2 flags, one below the other?
Solution 6:
Each signal requires the use of 2 flags.
There will be as many flags as there are ways of filling in 2 vacant places in succession by the
given 5 flags of different colours.
The upper vacant place can be filled in 5 different ways by any one of the 5 flags following
which, the lower vacant place can be filled in 4 different ways by any one of the remaining 4
different flags.
Thus, by multiplication principle, the number of different signals that can be generated is
5  4  20 .

Exercise 7.2
Question 1:
Evaluate (i) 8! (ii) 4! – 3!
Solution 1:
(i) 8!  1 2  3 4  5 6  7  8  40320
(ii) 4!  1 2  3 4  24
3!  1 2  3  6
 4! 3!  24  6  18
Question 2:
Is 4! 3!  7!?
Solution 2:
3!  1 2  3  6
4!  1 2  3 4  24
 3! 4!  6  24  307!  1 2  3 4  5  6  7  5040
 3! 4!  7!
Question 3:
8!
Compute
6! 2!
Solution 3:
8! 8  7  6! 8  7
   28
6! 2! 6! 2 1 2
Question 4:
1 1 x
If   , find x.
6! 7! 8!
Solution 4:
1 1 x
 
6! 7! 8!
1 1 x
  
6! 7  6! 8  7  6!

1  1 x
 1   
6!  7  8  7  6!
1 x
 1 
7 8 7
8 x
 
7 8 7
88 7
x
7
 x  64
Question 5:
n!
Evaluate , when
 n  r !
(i) n  6, r  2 (ii) n  9, r  5
Solution 5:
n! 6! 6! 6  5  4!
(i) When n  6, r  2 :     30
 n  r !  6  2! 4! 4!
n! 9! 9! 9  8  7  6  5  4!
(ii) When n  9, r  5:   
 n  r ! 9  5! 4! 4!
 9  8 7  6  5  15120
Exercise 7.3
Question 1:
How many 3-digit numbers can be formed by using the digits 1 to 9 if no digits is repeated?
Solution 1:
3-digit numbers have to be formed using the digits 1 to 9.
Here, the order of the digits matters.
Therefore, there will be as many 3-digit numbers as there are permutations of 9 different digits
taken 3 at a time.
9! 9!
Therefore, required number of 3-digit numbers  9 P3  
 9  3! 6!
9  8  7  6!
  9  8  7  504
6!

Question 2:
How many 4-digit numbers are there with no digit repeated?
Solution 2:
The thousands place of the 4-digit number is to be filled with any of the digits from 1 to 9 as the
digit 0 cannot be included. Therefore, the number of ways in which thousands place can be filled
is 9.
The hundreds, tens, and units place can be filled by any of the digits from 0 to 9. However, the
digits cannot be repeated in the 4-digit numbers and thousands place is already occupied with a
digit. The hundreds, tens, and units place is to be filled by the remaining 9 digits.
Therefore, there will be as many such 3-digit numbers as there are permutations of 9 different
digits taken 3 at a time.
9! 9!
Number of such 3-digit numbers  9 P3  
 9  3! 6!
9  8  7  6!
  9  8  7  504
6!
Thus, by multiplication principle, the required number of 4-digit numbers is 9  504  4536 .
Question 3:
How many 3-digit even numbers can be made using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, if no digit is
repeated?
Solution 3:
3-digit even numbers are to be formed using the given six digits, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, without
repeating the digits.
Then, units can be filled in 3 ways by any of the digits, 2, 4 or 6.
Since the digits cannot be repeated in the 3-digit numbers and units place is already occupied
with a digit (which is even), the hundreds and tens place is to be filled by the remaining 5 digits.
Therefore, the number of ways in which hundreds and tens place can be filled with the remaining
5 digits is the permutation of 5 different digits taken 2 at a time.
5! 5!
Number of ways of filling hundreds and tens place  5 P2  
 5  2! 3!
5  4  3!
  20
3!
Thus, by multiplication principle, the required number of 3-digit numbers is 3 20  60 .
Question 4:
Find the number of 4-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if no digit is
repeated. How many of these will be even?
Solution 4:
4-digit numbers are to be formed using the digits, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
There will be as many 4-digit numbers as there are permutations of 5 different digits taken 4 at
a time.

5! 5!
Therefore, required number of 4 digit numbers  5 P4  
 5  4! 1!
 1 2  3 4  5  120
Among the 4-digit numbers formed by using the digits, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 even numbers end with either
2 or 4.
The number of ways in which units place is filled with digits is 2.
Since the digits are not repeated and the units place is already occupied with a digit (which is
even), the remaining places are to be filled by the remaining 4 digits. Therefore, the number of
ways in which the remaining places can be filled is the permutation of 4 different digits taken 3
at time.
4! 4!
Number of ways of filling the remaining places  4 P3  
 4  3! 1!
 4  3 2 1  24
Thus, by multiplication principle, the required number of even numbers is 24  2  48 .
Question 5:
From a committee of 8 persons, in how many ways can we choose a chairman and a vice
chairman assuming one person cannot hold more than one position?
Solution 5:
From a committee of 8 persons, a chairman and a vice chairman are to be chosen in such as way
that one person cannot hold more than one position.
Here, the number of ways of choosing a chairman and a vice chairman is the permutation of 8
different objects taken 2 at a time.
8! 8! 8  7  6!
Thus, required number of ways  8 P2     8  7  56
8  2! 6! 6!
Question 6:
Find n if n1 P3 : n P4  1: 9 .
Solution 6:
n1
P3 : n P4  1: 9
n 1
P3 1
 n

P4 9
  n  1 ! 

  n  1  3! 1
 
 n!  9
 
  n  4  !

 n 1!   n  4!  1
 n  4 ! n! 9


 n 1!  1
n   n  1! 9
1 1
 
n 9
n  9
Question 7:
Find r if
(i) 5 Pr  26 Pr 1 (ii) 5 Pr  6 Pr 1
Solution 7:
(i) 5 Pr  26 Pr 1
5! 6!
  2
 5  r !  6  r  1!
5! 2  6!
 
 5  r !  7  r !
5! 6  5!
 
5  r !  7  r  6  r 5  r !
2 6
1 
 7  r  6  r 
  7  r  6  r   12
 42  6r  7r  r 2  12
 r 2 13r  30  0
 r 2  3r 10r  30  0
 r  r  3 10  r  3  0
  r  3 r 10  0
  r  3  0 or  r 10  0
 r  3 or r  10
n!
It is known that, n Pr  , where 0  r  n
 n  r !
0  r  5
r  3
(ii) 5 Pr  6 Pr 1
5! 6!
 
5  r !  6  r  1!
5! 6  5!
 
 5  r !  7  r !

5! 6
 
5  r !  7  r  6  r 5  r !
6
1 
 7  r  6  r 
  7  r  6  r   6
 42  7r  6r  r 2  6  0
 r 2 13r  36  0
 r 2  4r  9r  36  0
 r  r  4  9  r  4  0
  r  4 r  9  0
  r  4  0 or  r  9  0
 r  4 or r  9
n!
It is known that, n Pr  , where 0  r  n
 n  r !
0  r  5
Hence, r  9
r  4
Question 8:
How many words, with or without meaning, can be formed using all the letters of the word
EQUATION, using each letter exactly once?
Solution 8:
There are 8 different letters in the word EQUATION.
Therefore, the number of words that can be formed using all the letters of the word EQUATION,
using each letter exactly once, is the number of permutations of 8 different objects taken 8 at a
time, which is 8 P8  8! .
Thus, required number of words that can be formed  8!  40320
Question 9:
How many words, with or without meaning can be made from the letters of the word MONDAY,
assuming that no letter is repeated, if
(i) 4 letters are used at a time,
(ii) all letters are used at a time,
(iii) all letters are used but first letter is a vowel?
Solution 9:
There are 6 different letters in the word MONDAY.

(i) Number of 4-letter words that can be formed from the letters of the word MONDAY, without
repetition of letters, is the number of permutations of 6 different objects taken 4 at a time, which
is 6 P4 .
Thus, required number of words that can be formed using 4 letters at a time is
6 6! 6! 6  5  4  3  2!
P4     6  5  4  3  360
 6  4! 2! 2!
(ii) Number of words that can be formed by using all the letters of the word MONDAY at a time
is the number of permutations of 6 different objects taken 6 at a time, which is 6 P6  6! .
Thus, required number of words that can be formed when all letters are used at a time
 6!  6  5 4  3 2 1  720
(iii) In the given word, there are 2 different vowels, which have to occupy the rightmost place
of the words formed. This can be done only in 2 ways.
Since the letters cannot be repeated and the rightmost place is already occupied with a letter
(which is a vowel), the remaining five places are to be filled by the remaining 5 letters. This can
be done in 5! ways.
Thus, in this case, required number of words that can be formed is
5! 2  120  2  240
Question 10:
In how many of the distinct permutations of the letters in MISSISSIPPI do the four I’s not come
together?
Solution 10:
In the given word MISSISSIPPI, I appears 4 times, S appears 4 times, P appears 2 times, and M
appears just once.
Therefore, number of distinct permutations of the letters in the given word
11!

4!4!2!
1110  9  8  7  6  5  4!

4! 4  3  2 1 2 1
1110  9  8  7  6  5

4  3  2 1 2 1
 34650
There are 4 Is in the given word. When they occur together, they are treated as single object
I I I I for the time being. This single object together with the remaining 7 objects will account
for 8 objects.
8!
These 8 objects in which there are 4 Ss and 2 Ps can be arranged in ways i.e., 840 ways.
4!2!
Number of arrangements where all Is occur together = 840
Thus, number of distinct permutations of the letters in MISSISSIPPI in which four Is do not
come together  34650  840  33810 .

Question 11:
In how many ways can the letters of the word PERMUTATIONS be arranged if the
(i) Words start with P and end with S,
(ii) Vowels are all together,
(iii) There are always 4 letters between P and S?
Solution 11:
In the word PERMUTATIONS, there are 2 Ts and all the other letters appear only once.
(i) If P and S are fixed at the extreme ends (P at the left end and S at the right end), then 10
letters are left.
10!
Hence, in this case, required number of arrangements   1814400
2!
(ii) There are 5 vowels in the given word, each appearing only once.
Since they have to always occur together, they are treated as a single object for the time being.
This single object together with the remaining 7 objects will account for 8 objects.
8!
These 8 objects in which there are 2 Ts can be arranged in ways.
2!
Corresponding to each of these arrangements, the 5 different vowels can be arranged in 5! ways.
Therefore, by multiplication principle, required number of arrangements in this case
8!
  5!  2419200
2!
(iii) The letters have to be arranged in such a way that there are always 4 letters between P and
S.
Therefore, in a way, the places of P and S are fixed. The remaining 10 letters in which there are
10!
2 Ts can be arranged in ways.
2!
Also, the letters P and S can be placed such that there are 4 letters between them in 2  7  14
ways.
Therefore, by multiplication principle, required number of arrangements in this case
10!
 14  25401600 .
2!
Exercise 7.4
Question 1:
If n C8  nC2 , find n C2
Solution 1:
It is known that, n Ca  nCb  a  b or m  a  b
Therefore,
n
C8  nC2  n  8  2  10
10! 10! 10  9  8!
 nC2  10C2     45
2!10  2! 2!8! 2 1 8!

Question 2:
Determine n if
(i) 2n C3 : nC3  12 :1 (ii) 2n
C3 : nC3  11:1
Solution 2:
2n
C 12
(i) n 3 
C3 1

 2n !  3! n  3!  12
3! 2n  3! n! 1

 2n 2n 1 2n  2 2n  3!   n  3 !  12
 2n  3! n  n 1 n  2 n  3!
2  2n 1 2n  2
  12
 n 1 n  2
4  2n 1 n 1
  12
 n 1 n  2

 2n 1  3
 n  2
 2n 1  3  n  2
 2n 1  3n  6
 3n  2n  1 6
n5
2n
C3 11
(ii) n

C3 1

 2n !  3! n  3!  11
3! 2n  3! n!

 2n  2n 1 2n  2 2n  3!   n  3 !
 2n  3! n  n 1 n  2  n  3!
2  2n 1 2n  2
  11
 n 1 n  2
4  2n 1 n 1
  11
 n 1 n  2
4  2n 1
  11
n2
 4  2n 1  11 n  2
 8n  4  11n  22
 11n  8n  4  22

 3n  18
n6
Question 3:
How many chords can be drawn through 21 points on a circle?
Solution 3:
For drawing one chord a circle, only 2 points are required.
To know the number of chords that can be drawn through the given 21 points on a circle, the
number of combinations have to be counted.
Therefore, there will be as many chords as there are combinations of 21 points taken 2 at a time.
21! 21! 21 20
Thus, required number of chords  21C2     210
2! 21  2! 2!19! 2
Question 4:
In how many ways can a team of 3 boys and 3 girls be selected from 5 boys and 4 girls?
Solution 4:
A team of 3 boys and 3 girls is to be selected from 5 boys and 4 girls.
3 boys can be selected from 5 boys in 5 C3 ways.
3 girls can be selected from 4 girls in 4 C3 ways.
Therefore, by multiplication principle, number of ways in which a team of 3 boys and 3 girls
5! 4!
can be selected  5C3  4C3  
3!2! 3!1!
5  4  3! 4  3!
 
3! 2 3!
 10  4  40
Question 5:
Find the number of ways of selecting 9 balls from 6 red balls, 5 white balls and 5 blue balls if
each selection consists of 3 balls each colour.
Solution 5:
There are a total of 6 red balls, 5 white balls, and 4 blue balls.
9 balls have to be selected in such a way that each selection consists of 3 balls of each colour.
Here,
3 balls can be selected from 6 red balls in 6 C3 ways.
3 balls can be selected from 5 white balls in 5 C3 ways.

3 balls can be selected from 5 blue balls in 5 C3 ways.

Thus, by multiplication principle, required number of ways of selecting 9 balls.
6! 5! 5!
 6C3  5C3  5C3   
3!3! 3!2! 3!2!
6  5  4  3! 5  4  3! 5  4  3!
  
3! 3  2 3! 2 1 3! 2 1
 20 10 10  2000
Question 6:
Determine the number of 5 card combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if there is exactly one
ace in each combination.
Solution 6:
In a deck of 52 cards, there are 4 aces. A combinations of 5 cards have to be made in which there
is exactly one ace.
Then, one ace can be selected in 4 C3 ways and the remaining 4 cards can be selected out of the
48 cards in 48 C4 ways.
Thus, by multiplication principle, required number of 5 card combinations
48! 4!
 48C4  4C1  
4!44! 1!3!
48  47  46  45
  4!
4! 3  2 1
 778320
Question 7:
In how many ways can one select a cricket team of eleven from 17 players in which only 5
players can bowl if each cricket team of 11 must include exactly 4 bowlers?
Solution 7:
Out of 17 players, 5 players are bowlers.
A cricket team of 11 players is to be selected in such a way that there are exactly 4 bowlers.
4 bowlers can be selected in 5 C4 ways and the remaining 7 players can be selected out of the 12
12
players in C7 ways.
Thus, by multiplication principle, required number of ways of selecting cricket team
5! 12! 12 1110  9  8
 5C4  12C7    5!  3960
4!1! 7!5! 5! 4  3  2 1

Question 8:
A bag contains 5 black and 6 red balls. Determine the number of ways in which 2 black and 3
red balls can be selected.
Solution 8:
There are 5 black and 6 red balls in the bag.
2 black balls can be selected out of 5 black balls in 5 C2 ways and 3 red balls can be selected out
of 6 red balls in 6 C3 ways.
Thus, by multiplication principle, required number of ways of selecting 2 black and 3 red balls
5! 6! 5  4 6  5  4
 5C2  6C3      10  20  200 .
2!3! 3!3! 2 3  2 1
Question 9:
In how many ways can a student choose a programme of 5 courses if 9 courses are available
and 2 specific courses are compulsory for every student?
Solution 9:
There are 9 courses available out of which, 2 specific courses are compulsory for every student.
Therefore, every student has to choose 3 courses out of the remaining 7 courses. This can be
chosen in 7 C3 ways.
Thus, required number of ways of choosing the programme
7! 7  6  5  4!
 7C3    35 .
3!4! 3  2 1 4!
Question 1:
How many words, with or without meaning, each of 2 vowels and 3 consonants can be formed
from the letters of the word DAUGHTER?
Solution 1:
In the word DAUGHTER, there are 3 vowels namely, A, U, and E and 5 consonants, namely,
D, G, H, T, and R.
Number of ways of selecting 2 vowels of 3 vowels  3C2  3
Number of ways of selecting 3 consonants out of 5 consonants  5C3  10
Therefore, number of combinations of 2 vowels and 3 consonants  310  30
Each of these 30 combinations of 2 vowels and 3 consonants can be arranged among themselves
in 5! ways.
Hence, required number of different words  30  5!  3600 .

Question 2:
How many words, with or without meaning, can be formed using all the letters of the word
EQUATION at a time so that the vowels and consonants occur together?
Solution 2:
In the word EQUATION, there are 5 vowels, namely, A, E, I, O and U and 3 consonants, namely
Q, T and N.
Since all the vowels and consonants have to occur together, both (AEIOU) and (QTN) can be
assumed as single objects. Then, the permutations of these 2 objects taken all at a time are
counted.
This number would be 2 P2  2!
Corresponding to each of these permutations, there are 5! Permutations of the five vowels taken
all at a time and 3! Permutations of the 3 consonants taken all at a time.
Hence, by multiplication principle, required number of words  2! 5! 3!  1440 .
Question 3:
A committee of 7 has to be formed from 9 boys and 4 girls. In how many ways can this be done
when the committee consists of:
(i) exactly 3 girls ? (ii) at least 3 girls? (iii) at most 3 girls?
Solution 3:
(i) A committee of 7 has to be formed from 9 boys and 4 girls.
Since exactly 3 girls are to be there in every committee, each committee must consist of
 7  3  4 boys only.
4! 9!
Thus, in this case, required number of ways  4C3  9C4  
3!1! 4!5!
9  8  7  6  5!
 4
4  3  2  5!
 504
(ii) Since at least 3 girls are to be there in every committee, the committee can consist of
(a) 3 girls and 4 boys or (b) 4 girls and 3 boys
3 girls and 4 boys can be selected in C3  9C4 ways.
4
4 girls and 3 boys can be selected in 4 C4  9C3 ways.

Therefore, in this case, required number of ways  4C3  9C4  4C4  9C3
 504  84  588
(iii) Since atmost 3 girls are to be there in every committee, the committee can consist of
(a) 3 girls and 4 boys (b) 2 girls and 5 boys
(c) 1 girl and 6 boys (d) No girl and 7 boys
3 girls and 4 boys can be selected in C3  9C4 ways.
4
2 girls and 5 boys can be selected in 4 C2  9C5 ways.

1 girl and 6 boys can be selected in 4 C1  9C6 ways.

No girl and 7 boys can be selected in 4 C0  9C7 ways.

Therefore, in this case, required number of ways
 4C3  9C4  4C2  9C5  4C1  9C6  4C0  9C7
4! 9! 4! 9! 4! 9! 4! 9!
       
3!1! 4!5! 2!2! 5!4! 1!3! 6!3! 0!4! 7!2!
 504  756  336  36
 1632
Question 4:
If the different permutations of all the letter of the word EXAMINATION are listed as in a
dictionary, how many words are there in list before the first word starting with E?
Solution 4:
In the given word EXAMINATION, there are 11 letters out of which, A, I and N appear 2 times
and all the other letters appear only once.
The words that will be listed before the words starting with E in a dictionary will be the words
that start with A only.
Therefore, to get the number of words starting with A, the letter A is fixed at the extreme left
position, and then the remaining 10 letters taken all at a time are rearranged.
Since there are 2 Is and 2 Ns in the remaining 10 letters,
10!
Number of words starting with A   907200
2!2!
Thus, the required numbers of words is 907200.
Question 5:
How many 6-digit numbers can be formed from the digits, 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 which are divisible
by 10 and no digit is repeated?
Solution 5:
A number is divisible by 10 if its units digits is 0.
Therefore, 0 is fixed at the units place.
Therefore, there will be as many ways as there are ways of filling 5 vacant places 0
in succession by the remaining 5 digits (i.e., 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9).
The 5 vacant places can be filled in 5! Ways.
Hence, required number of 6-digit numbers  5!  120
Question 6:
The English alphabet has 5 vowels and 21 consonants. How many words with two different
vowels and 2 different consonants can be formed from the alphabet?
Solution 6:

2 different vowels and 2 different consonants are to be selected from the English alphabet.
Since there are 5 vowels in the English alphabet, number of ways of selecting 2 different vowels
5!
from the alphabet  5C2   10
2!3!
Since there are 21 consonants in the English alphabet, number of ways of selecting 2 different
21!
consonants from the alphabet  21C2   210
2!19!
Therefore, number of combinations of 2 different vowels and 2 different consonants
 10  210  2100
Each of these 2100 combinations has 4 letters, which can be arranged among themselves in 4!
ways.
Therefore, required number of words  2100  4!  50400 .
Question 7:
In an examination, a question paper consists of 12 questions divided into two parts i.e., Part I
and Part II, containing 5 and 7 questions, respectively. A student is required to attempt 8
questions in all, selecting at least 3 from each part. In how many ways can a student select the
questions?
Solution 7:
It is given that the question paper consists of 12 questions divided into two parts – Part I and
Part II, containing 5 and 7 questions, respectively.
A student has to attempt 8 questions, selecting at least 3 from each part.
This can be done as follows.
(a) 3 questions from part I and 5 questions from part II
(b) 4 questions from part I and 4 questions from part II
(c) 5 questions from part I and 3 questions from part II
3 questions from part I and 5 questions from part II can be selected in 5 C3  7C5 ways.
Thus, required number of ways of selecting questions
 5C3  7C5  5C4  7C4  5C5  7C3
5! 7! 5! 7! 5! 7!
     
2!3! 2!5! 4!1! 4!3! 5!0! 3!4!
 210 175  35  420
Question 8:
Determine the number of 5-card combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if each selection of 5
cards has exactly one king.
Solution 8:
From a deck of 52 cards, 5-card combinations have to be made in such a way that in each
selection of 5 cards, there is exactly one king.

In a deck of 52 cards, there are 4 kings.

1 king can be selected out of 4 kings in 4 C1 ways.
48
4 cards out of the remaining 48 cards can be selected in C4 ways.
Thus, the required number of 5-card combinations is C1  48C4 .
4
Question 9:
It is required to seat 5 men and 4 women in a row so that the women occupy the even places.
How many such arrangements are possible?
Solution 9:
4 men and 4 women are to be seated in a row such that the women occupy the even places.
The 5 men can be seated in 5! Ways. For each arrangement, the 4 women can be seated only at
the cross marked places (so that women occupy the even places).
Therefore, then women can be seated in 4! ways.
Thus, possible number of arrangements  4! 5!  24 120  2880
Question 10:
From a class of 25 students, 10 are to be chosen for an excursion party. There are 3 students who
decide that either all of them will join or none of them will join. In how many ways can the
excursion party be chosen?
Solution 10:
From the class of 25 students, 10 are to be chosen for an excursion party.
Since there are 3 students who decide that either all of them will join or none fo them will join,
there are two cases.
Case I: All the three students join.
Then, the remaining 7 students can be chosen from the remaining 22 students in 22 C7 ways.
Case II: None of the three students join.
Then, 10 students can be chosen from the remaining 22 students in 22 C10 ways.
22
Thus, required number of ways of choosing the excursion party is C7 22 C10 .
Question 11:
In how many ways can the letters of the word ASSASSINATION be arranged so that all the S’s
are together?
Solution 11:
In the given word ASSASSINATION, the letter A appears 3 times, S appears 4 times, I appears
2 times, N appears 2 times, and all the other letters appear only once. Since all the words have
to be arranged in such a way that all the Ss are together, SSSS is treated as a single object for
the time being. This single object together with the remaining 9 objects will account for 10
objects.

10!
These 10 objects in which there are 3 As, 2 Is, and 2 Ns can be arranged in ways.
3!2!2!
10!
Thus, Required number of ways of arranging the letters of the given word   151200 .
3!2!2!

Binomial Theorem
Exercise 8.1
Question 1:
Expand the expression 1  2x 
5
Solution 1:
By using Binomial Theorem, the expression 1  2x  can be expanded as 1  2x 
5 5
 5C0 1  5C1 1  2x   5C2 1  2x   5C3 1  2x   5C4 1  2x   5C5  2x 
5 4 3 2 2 3 1 4 5
 1  5  2x   10  4x  10 8x3   5 16x4   32x5 

2
 1 10x  40x2  80x3  80x4  32x5
Question 2:
5
2 x
Expand the expression   
 x 2
Solution 2:
5
2 x
By using Binomial Theorem, the expression    can be expanded as
 x 2
5 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
 2 x  5  2  5  2   x  5  2   x  5  2   x  5  2  x  5  x 
    C0    C1      C2      C3      C4     C5  
 x 2  x  x  2  x  2  x  2  x  2   2
32  16  x   8  x   4  x   2  x  x
2 3 4 5
 3  5  4    10  3    10  2     5     
x  x  2   x  4   x   8   x   16  32
32 40 20 5 3 x5
    5 x  x 
x5 x 3 x 8 32
Question 3:
Expand the expression  2 x  3
6
Solution 3:
By using Binomial Theorem, the expression  2 x  3 can be expanded as
6
 2x  3  6C0  2x   6C1  2x  3  6C2  2x  3  6C3  2x  3  6C4  2x  3  6C5  2x 3  6C6 3
6 6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4 5 6
 64x6  6 32x5  3  15 16x4  9  20 8x3   27   15  4x2  81  6  2x  243  729
 64x6  576x5  2160x4  4320x3  4860x2  2916 x  729
Question 4:
5
 x 1
Expand the expression   
3 x
8.Binomial Theorem www.vedantu.com 1

Binomial Theorem
Solution 4:
5
 x 1
By using Binomial Theorem, the expression    can be expanded as
3 x
5 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
 x 1  5  x  5  x   1  5  x   1  5  x   1  5  x  1  5  1 
    C0    C1      C2      C3      C4     C5  
3 x  3  3  x  3  x  3  x  3  x   x
x5  x4   1   x3   1   x2   1   x  1  1
  5      10    2   10    3   5   4   5
243  81   x   27   x   9   x   3  x  x
x5 5x3 10 x 5 1
    3 5
243 81 9 x 3x x
Question 5:
6
 1
Expand  x  
 x
Solution 5:
6
 1
By using Binomial Theorem, the expression  x   can be expanded as
 x
6 2 3 4 5 6
 1 6 51 41 31 21 1 6 1
 x    C0  x   C1  x     C2  x     C3  x     C4  x     C5  x     C6  
6 6 6 6 6 6
 x  x  x  x  x  x  x
51 4 1  3 1  2 1  1 1
 x6  6  x     15  x   2   20  x   3   15  x   4   6  x   5   6
 x x  x  x  x  x
15 6 1
 x6  6 x4  15x2  20  2  4  6
x x x
Question 6:
Using Binomial Theorem, evaluate  96
3
Solution 6:
96 can be expressed as the sum or difference of two numbers whose powers are easier to
calculate and then, binomial theorem can be applied.
It can be written that, 96  100  4
  96  100  4
3 3
 3C0 100  3C1 100  4  3C2 100 4  3C3  4 

3 2 2 3
 100  3100  4  3100 4   4

3 2 2 3
 1000000 120000  4800  64

 884736

Binomial Theorem
Question 7:
Using Binomial Theorem, evaluate 102
5
Solution 7:
It can be written that, 102  100  2
 102  100  2
5 5
 5C0 100  5C1 100  2  5C2 100  2  5C3 100  2  5C4 100 2  5C5  2
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
 10000000000 1000000000  40000000  800000  8000  32

 11040808032
Question 8:
Using Binomial Theorem, evaluate 101
4
Solution 8:
It can be written that, 101  100  1
 101  100  1
4 4
 4C0 100  4C1 100 1  4C2 100 1  4C3 1001  4C4 1
4 3 2 2 3 4
 100  4 100  6 100  4 100  1

4 3 2 4
 100000000  4000000  60000  400 1

 104060401
Question 9:
Using Binomial Theorem, evaluate  99
5
Solution 9:
99 can be written as the sum or difference of two numbers whose powers are easier to calculate
and then, binomial theorem can be applied.
It can be written that, 99  100 1
  99  100 1
5 5
 5C0 100  5C1 100 1  5C2 100 1  5C3 100 1  5C4 1001  5C5 1
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
 100  5 100  10 100 10 100  5 100  1

5 4 3 2
 10000000000  500000000 10000000 100000  500 1

 10010000500  500100001
 9509900499

Binomial Theorem
Question 10:
Using Binomial Theorem, indicate which number is larger 1.1
10000
or 1000 .
Solution 10:
By splitting 1.1 and then applying Binomial Theorem, the first few terms of 1.1
10000
be obtained
as
1.1  1  0.1
10000 10000
 10000C0  10000C1 1.1  Other positive terms

 1 10000 1.1  Other positive terms
 1 11000  Other positive terms
 1000
Hence, 1.1
10000
 1000 .
Question 11:
   
4 4
Find  a  b    a  b  . Hence, evaluate.
4 4
3 2  3 2
Solution 11:
 a  b  a  b
4 4
Using Binomial Theorem, the expressions, and , can be expanded as
 a  b  4C0a4  4C1a3b  4C2a2b2  4C3ab3  4C4b4
4
 a  b  4C0a4  4C1a3b  4C2a2b2  4C3ab3  4C4b4

4
  a  b    a  b   4C0a4  4C1a3b  4C2a2b2  4C3ab3  4C4b4   4 C0a4  4C1a3b  4C2a 2b2  4C3ab3  4C4b4 
4 4
 2  4C1a3b  4C3ab3   2  4a3b  4ab3 

 8ab  a2  b2 
By putting a  3 and b  2 , we obtain
     3  2  3    2  
4 4 2 2
3 2 3 2 8
8  6 3  2  40 6
Question 12:
   
6 6
Find  x  1   x 1 . Hence or otherwise evaluate.
6 6
2 1  2 1
Solution 12:
Using Binomial Theorem, the expression,  x  1 and  x 1 , can be expanded as
6 6

Binomial Theorem
 x 1  6C0 x6  6C1x5  6C2 x4  6C3 x3  6C4 x2  6C5 x  6C6

6
 x 1  6C0 x6  6C1x5  6C2 x4  6C3 x3  6C4 x2  6C5 x  6C6

6
  x  1   x 1  2  6C0 x6  6C2 x4  6C4 x2  6C6 

6 6
 2  x6  15x4  15x2  1

By putting x  2 we obtain
  
2  1  2 1  2  2     2  2  1
6 6 6 4 2
 15  15
 
 2 8  15  4  15  2  1
 2 8  60  30  1
 2 99  198
Question 13:
Show that 9n1  8n  9 is divisible by 64, whenever n is a positive integer.
Solution 13:
In order to show that 9n1  8n  9 is divisible by 64, it has to be prove that, 9n1  8n  9  64k ,
where k is some natural number
By Binomial Theorem,
1 a 
m
 mC0  mC1a  mC2a2  ....  mCmam
For a  8 and m  n  1, we obtain
1  8  n1C0  n1C1 8  n1C2 8  ....  n1Cn1 8
n1 2 n1
 9n1  1   n  18  82  n1C2  n1C3  8  ....  n1Cn1 8 

n1
 
 9n1  9  8n  64  n1C2  n1C3  8  ....  n1Cn1 8 
n 1
 
 9n1  8n  9  64k , where k  n1C2  n1C3  8  ....  n1Cn1 8
n1
is a natural number
Thus, 9n1  8n  9 is divisible by 64, whenever n is a positive integer.
Question 14:
n
Prove that 3
r 0
r n
Cr  4n
Solution 14:
By Binomial Theorem,
n
 Cr anr br   a  b 
n n
r 0
By putting b  3 and a  1 in the above equation, we obtain

Binomial Theorem
 Cr 1 3  1  3
n nr r n
r 0
n
  3r nCr  4n
r 0
Hence proved.
Exercise 8.2
Question 1:
Find the coefficient of x 5 in  x  3
8
Solution 1:
 r  1 term, Tr 1  , in the binomial expansion of  a  b
th n
It is known that is given by
Tr 1  nCr anr br
Assuming that x 5 occurs in the  r  1 term of the expansion  x  3 , we obtain
th 8
Tr 1  8Cr  x  3
8r r
Comparing the indices of x in x 5 in Tr 1,

We obtain r = 3
8! 8  7  6  5! 3
Thus, the coefficient of x 5 is 8 C3  3 
3
 33   3  1512 .
3!5! 3  2.5!
Question 2:
Find the coefficient of a5b7 in  a  2b 
12
Solution 2:
It is known that  r  1 term, Tr 1  , in the binomial expansion of  a  b  is given by
th n
Assuming that a5b7 occurs in the  r  1 term of the expansion  a  2b  , we obtain
th 12
Tr 1  12Cr  a   2b  12Cr  2  a  b 

12r r r 12r r
Comparing the indices of a and b in a5b7 in Tr 1,

We obtain r = 7
Thus, the coefficient of a5b7 is
12! 7 12 11.10  9  8  7!
C7  2    2    792 128  101376 .
12 7 7
2 
7!5! 5  4.3  2  7!

Binomial Theorem
Question 3:
 
6
Write the general term in the expansion of x2  y
Solution 3:
It is known that the general term Tr 1 {which is the  r  1 term} in the binomial expansion of
th
 a  b
n
is given by Tr 1  nCr anr br .
Thus, the general term in the expansion of x2  y 6 is  
Tr 1  6Cr  x    y    1
2 6 r r r 6
Cr .x122r . y r
Question 4:
 
12
Write the general term in the expansion of x2  yx , x0
Solution 4:
It is known that the general term Tr 1 {which is the  r  1 term} in the binomial expansion of
th
 a  b
n
is given by Tr 1  nCr anr br .
 
12
Thus, the general term in the expansion of x2  yx is
Tr 1  12Cr  x2 
12r
  yx    1 Cr .x242r . y r   1
r r 12 r 12
Cr . x24r . y r
Question 5:
Find the 4th term in the expansion of  x  2 y  .
12
Solution 5:
 r  1  a  b
th n
It is known term, Tr 1 , in the binomial expansion of is given by
Tr 1  nCr anr br .
 
12
Thus, the 4th term in the expansion of x2  2 y is
12! 9 12 1110
T4  T31  12C3  x   2 y    1   x   2  y3     2 x9 y3  1760 x9 y3
123 3 3 3 3
3!9! 3 2
Question 6:
18
th  1 
Find the 13 term in the expansion of  9 x   ,x 0
 3 x
Solution 6:

Binomial Theorem
It is known  r  1 term, Tr 1 , in the binomial expansion of  a  b  is given by Tr 1  nCr anr br

th n
.
18
th  1 
Thus, the 13 term in the expansion of  9 x   is
 3 x
12
 1 
T13  T121  C12  9 x 
18 1812
 
 3 x
12 12
18! 6 1  1 
  1 9  x     
12 6
12!6! 3  x 
18 17 16 15 14 13.12! 6  1  12  1 
9  3   3 
  x  6  .3  12   6 2 6 12 
12!.6  5  4  3  2  x  3 
 18564
Question 7:
7
 x3 
Find the middle terms in the expansions of  3  
 6
Solution 7:
It is known that in the expansion of  a  b  , in n is odd, then there are two middle terms,
n
th th
 n 1   n 1 
Namely   term and   1 term.
 2   2 
7 th th
 x3   7 1   7 1 
Therefore, the middle terms in the expansion  3   are  th
  4 and   1  5th
 6  2   2 
term
3
 x3  3 7! x9
T4  T31  C3  3      1
7 7 3
 34  3
 6 3!4! 6
7  6  5.4! 4 1 105 9
  3  3 3  x9   x
3  2.4! 2 3 8
4
 x3  4 7! 3 x
12
T5  T41  C4  3      1
7 7 4
3  4
 6 4!3! 6
7  6  5.4! 33 35
  4 4  x12  x12
4!.3  2 2  3 48
7
 x3  105 9 35 12
Thus, the middle terms in the expansion of  3   are  x and x .
 6 8 48

Binomial Theorem
Question 8:
10
x 
Find the middle terms in the expansion of   9 y 
3 
Solution 8:
It is known that in the expansion of  a  b  , in n is even, then the middle term is
n
th
n 
  1 term.
2 
10 th
x   10 
Therefore, the middle term in the expansion of   9 y  is   1  6th
3  2 
105
 x 10! x5 5 5
T4  T51  C5    9 y  
10 5
 9  y
 3 5!5! 35
10  9  8  7  6.5! 1 10 5 5 95  32 5  310 
  5 3  x y
5  4  3  2.5! 3  
 252  35  x5  y5  6123 x5 y5
10
x 
Thus, the middle term in the expansion of   9 y  is 61236 x5 y5 .
3 
Question 9:
In the expansion of 1  a 
m n
, prove that coefficients of a m and a n are equal.
Solution 9:
th n
Assuming that a m occurs in the  r  1 term of the expansion 1  a 
th m n
, we obtain
Tr 1  mnCr 1 a
m n  r r
 mnCr ar
Comparing the indices of a in a m in Tr 1,
We obtain r = m
Therefore, the coefficient of a m is
 m  n !   m  n !....... 1
m n
Cm  
m! m  n  m! m !n !
Assuming that a n occurs in the  k  1 term of the expansion 1  a 
th m n
, we obtain
Tk 1  mnCk 1 a  mnCk  a 
m n  k k k
Comparing the indices of a in a n and in Tk 1 ,

We obtain
k n

Binomial Theorem
Therefore, the coefficient of a n is

 m  n !   m  n !....... 2
m n
Cn   
n! m  n  n ! n !m!
Thus, from (1) and (2), it can be observed that the coefficients of a m and a n in the expansion
of 1  a 
m n
are equal.
Question 10:
The coefficients of the  r  1 , r th and  r  1 terms in the expansion of  x  1 are in the
th th n
ratio 1:3:5 . Find n and r .
Solution 10:
It is known that  k  1 term, Tk 1  , in the binomial expansion of  a  b  is given by
th n
Tk 1  nCk ank bk .
Therefore,  r 1 term in the expansion of  x  1 is
th n
n r 2
1
r  2
Tr 1  nCr 2  x   nCr 2 xnr 2
 r 1 term in the expansion of  x  1 is
n
Tr 1  nCr  x  1
n r r
 nCr xnr
r th term in the expansion of  x  1 is
n
n r 1
1
r 1
Tr  nCr 1  x   nCr 1xnr 1
Therefore, the coefficients of the  r  1 , r th and  r  1 terms in the expansion of  x  1
th th n
n
Cr 2 , nCr 1, and n Cr are respectively. Since these coefficients are in the ratio 1:3:5 , we obtain
n n
Cr 2 1 Cr 1 3
n
 and n

Cr 1 3 Cr 5
n
Cr 2

n!

 r 1! n  r  1!   r 1 r  2! n  r  1!
n
Cr 1  r  2! n  r  2! n!  r  2! n  r  2! n  r  1!
r 1

nr 2
r 1 1
 
nr 2 3
 3r  3  n  r  2
 n  4r  5  0 ......1
n
Cr 1 n! r ! n  r ! r  r 1! n  r !
  
n
Cr  r 1! n  r  1 n!  r 1! n  r  1 n  r !
r

n  r 1

Binomial Theorem
r 3
 
n  r 1 5
 5r  3n  3r  3
 3n  8r  3  0 ....... 2
Multiplying (1) by 3 and subtracting it from (2), we obtain
4r 12  0
r 3
Putting the value of r in (1), we obtain n
12  5  0
n7
Thus, n  7 and r  3
Question 11:
Prove that the coefficient of x n in the expansion of 1  x 
2n
is twice the coefficient of x n in
the expansion of 1  x 
2 n 1
.
Solution 11:
th n
Assuming that x n occurs in the  r  1 term of the expansion of 1  x  , we obtain
th 2n
Tr 1  2nCr 1  x  2nCr  x 

2 n r r r
Comparing the indices of x in x n and in Tr 1 , we obtain r  n

Therefore, the coefficient of x n in the expansion of 1  x 
2n
is
 2n!   2n !   2n ! ....... 1
2n
Cn  
n! 2n  n ! n!n!  n!2
Assuming that x n occurs in the  k  1 term of the expansion of 1  x  , we obtain
th 2 n 1
Tk 1  2nCk 1  x   2nCk  x 

2 n1k k k
Comparing the indices of x in x n and in Tk 1 , we obtain k  n

Therefore, the coefficient of x n in the expansion of 1  x 
2 n 1
is
2 n 1  2n 1!   2n 1!
Cn 
n! 2n 1  n ! n! n 1!
2n.  2n 1!  2n ! 1   2n !
     .......  2
2n.n! n 1! 2.n!n! 2   n!2 
From (1) and (2) , it is observed that
1 2n
2
 
Cn  2n1Cn

Binomial Theorem
 2nCn  2  2n1 Cn 
Therefore, the coefficient of x n expansion of 1  x 
2n
is twice the coefficient of x n in the
expansion of 1  x 
2 n 1
.
Hence proved.
Question 12:
Find a positive value of m for which the coefficient of x 2 in the expansion 1  x  is 6.
m
Solution 12:
th n
Assuming that x 2 occurs in the  r  1 term of the expansion of 1  x  , we obtain
th m
Tr 1  mCr 1  x  mCr  x 

m r r r
Comparing the indices of x in x 2 and in Tr 1 , we obtain r  2

Therefore, the coefficient of x 2 is m C2
It is given that the coefficient of x 2 in the expansion 1  x  is 6.
m
 mC2  6
m!
 6
2! m  2!
m  m 1 m  2!
 6
2   m  2 !
 m  m 1  12
 m2  m 12  0
 m2  4m  3m 12  0
 m  m  4  3  m  4  0
  m  4 m  3  0
  m  4  0 or  m  3  0
 m  4 or m  3
Thus, the positive value of m, for which the coefficient of x 2 in the expansion 1  x  is 6, is
m
4.

Binomial Theorem
Question 1:
Find a, b and n in the expansion of  a  b  if the first three terms of the expansion are 729,
n
7290 and 30375, respectively.
Solution 1:
th n
The first three terms of the expansion are given as 729, 7290 and 30375 respectively.
T1  nC0 an0b0  an  729 ...... 1
T2  nC1 an1b1  nan1b  7290 ......  2
n  n 1 n2 2
T2  nC1 an2b2  a b  30375 ......  3
2
Dividing (2) by (1), we obtain
nan1b 7290

an 729
nb
  10 .......  4 
a
n  n 1 an2b2 30375

2nan1b 7290

 n 1 b  30375
2a 7290

 n 1 b  30375  2  25
a 7290 3
nb b 25
  
a a 3
b 25
 10    Using  4
a 3
b 25 5
  10   .....  5
a 3 3
From (4) and (5), we obtain
5
n   10
3
n6
Substituting n  6 in equation (1), we obtain a 6
 729
 a  6 729  3

Binomial Theorem
From (5), we obtain

b 5
 b 5
3 3
Thus, a  3, b  5, and n  6 .
Question 2:
Find a if the coefficients of x 2 and x 3 in the expansion of  3  ax  are equal.
9
Solution 2:
th n
Assuming that x 2 occurs in the  r  1 term in the expansion of  3  ax  , we obtain
th 9
Tr 1  9Cr  3  ax   9Cr  3
9 r r 9 r
ar xr
Comparing the indices of x in x 2 and in Tr 1 , we obtain
r 2
Thus, the coefficient of x 2 is
9!
C2  3 a2  3 a2  36 3 a2
9 9 2 7 7
2!7!
Assuming that x 3 occurs in the  k  1 term in the expansion of  3  ax  , we obtain
th 9
Tk 1  9Ck  3  ax   9Ck  3
9 k k 9 k
ak xk
Comparing the indices of x in x 3 and in Tk 1 , we obtain k  3
Thus, the coefficient of x 3 is
9!
C3  3 a3  3 a3  84 3 a3
9 93 6 6
3!6!
It is given that the coefficient of x 2 and x 3 are the same.
84  3 a3  36  3 a2
6 7
 84a  36  3
36  3 104
a 
84 84
9
a
7
Thus, the required value of a is 9/7.
Question 3:
Find the coefficient of x 5 in the product 1  2x  1  x  using binomial theorem.
6 7
Solution 3:

Binomial Theorem
Using Binomial Theorem, the expressions, 1  2 x  and 1  x  , can be expanded as

6 7
1  2x   6C0  6C1  2x   6C2  2x   6C3  2x   6C4  2x   6C5  2x   6C6  2x 

6 2 3 4 5 6
 1  6  2x   15  2x   20  2x   15  2x   6  2x    2x 
2 3 4 5 6
 1 12x  60x2 160x3  240x4 192x5  64x6

1  x   7C0  7C1  x   7C2  x   7C3  x   7C4  x   7C5  x   7C6  x   7C7  x 
7 2 3 4 5 6 7
 1  7 x  21x2  35x3  35x4  21x5  7 x6  x7

 1  2 x  1  x 
6 7
 1 12x  60x2 160x3  240x4 192 x5  64 x6 1  7 x  21x2  35x3  35x4  21x5  7 x6  x7 
The complete multiplication of the two brackets is not required to be carried out. Only those
terms, which involve x 5 , are required.
The terms containing x 5 are
     
1 21x5  12x  35x4  60x2 35x3  160x3 21x2  240x4  7 x   192x5 1        
5
 171x
Thus, the coefficient of x 5 in the given product is 171.
Question 4:
If a and b are distinct integers, prove that a  b is a factor of an  bn , whenever n is a positive
integer. [Hint: write an   a  b  b  and expand]
n
Solution 4:
In order to prove that  a  b  is a factor of an  bn , it has to be proved that  
a  b  k  a  b  , where k is some natural number
n n
It can be written that, a  a  b  b

n
 an   a  b  b    a  b   b
n
 nC0  a  b   nC1  a  b  b  ....  nCn1  a  b  bn1  nCnbn

n n1
  a  b   nC1  a  b  b  ...  nCn1  a  b  bn1  bn

n n1
 an  bn   a  b   a  b   nC1  a  b  b  ....  nCn1bn1 

n 1 n 2
 
 a  b  k  a  b
n n
Where, k   a  b   nC1  a  b 
b  ....  nCn1bn1  is a natural number
n 1 n 2
 
This shows that  a  b  is a factor of  a  b  , where n is a positive integer.
n n

Binomial Theorem
Question 5:
   
6 6
Evaluate 3 2  3 2
Solution 5:
Firstly, the expression  a  b    a  b  is simplified by using Binomial Theorem. This can be
6 6
done as
 a  b
6
 6C0a 6  6C1a 5b  6C2a 4b2  6C3a 3b3  6C4a 2b4  6C5a1b5  6C6b6
 a6  6a5b 15a 4b2  20a3b3 15a 2b4  6ab5  b6
 a  b
6
 6C0a 6  6C1a 5b  6C2a 4b2  6C3a 3b3  6C4a 2b4  6C5a1b5  6C6b6
 a6  6a5b 15a 4b2  20a3b3 15a 2b4  6ab5  b6
  a  b    a  b   2 6a 5b  20a 3b3  6ab5 
6 6
Putting a  3 and b  2 , we obtain
     2 6  3   2   20  3   2   6  3  2  
6 6 5 3 3 5
3 2 3 2

 2 54 6  120 6  24 6 
 2 198 6
 396 6
Question 6:
   
4 4
Find the value of a 2  a 2 1  a 2  a 2 1
Solution 6:
Firstly, the expression  x  y    x  y  is simplified by using Binomial Theorem.
4 4
This can be done as

 x  y  4C0 x4  4C1x3 y  4C2x2 y2  4C3xy3  4C4 y4
4
 x4  4x3 y  6x2 y2  4xy3  y4

 x  y
4
 4C0 x 4  4C1x3 y  4C2 x 2 y2  4C3xy3  4C4 y4
 x4  4x3 y  6x2 y2  4xy3  y4
  x  y    x  y   2  x 4  6x 2 y2  y4 
4 4
Putting x  a 2 and y  a 2 1 , we obtain
   
     
4 4 2 4
a 2  a 2 1  a 2  a 2 1  2  a 2   6  a 2 
4 2
a 2 1  a 2 1 
 
 2 a8  6a 4  a 2 1   a 2 1 
2
 
 2 a  6a  6a  a  2a  1
8 6 4 4 2

Binomial Theorem
 2 a8  6a 6  5a 4  2a 2  1
 2a8  12a 6 10a 4  4a 2  2
Question 7:
Find an approximation of  0.99 using the first three terms of its expansion.
5
Solution 7:
0.99  1  0.01
  0.99  1  0.01
5 5
 5C0 1  5C1 1  0.01  5C2 1  0.01

5 4 3 2
[Approximately]
 1  5  0.01  10  0.01
2
 1 0.05  0.001
 1.001 0.05
 0.951
Thus, the value of  0.99 is approximately 0.951.
5
Question 8:
Find n, if the ratio of the fifth term from the beginning to the fifth term from the end in the
n
 1 
expansion of  4 2  4  is 6 :1 .
 3
Solution 8:
In the expansion,  a  b   n C0a n  n C1a n 1b  n C2a n 2b2  ...  n Cn 1abn 1  n Cn bn
n
Fifth term from the beginning  n C4a n 4 b4

Fifth term from the end  n C4a 4 bn 4
n
 1 
Therefore, it is evident that in the expansion of  4 2  4  are fifth term from the beginning
 3
4 n 4
 1   1 
 2  
n 4 4
n n
is C4 4
 4  and the fifth term from the end is Cn 4
4
2 4 
 3  3
 2   1  n!
n
4 4
 1 
 2  2  .....1
n 4 n
n n
C4 4
4   C 4
  3 6.4! n  4!
4 4
 3 2 4
 3   C .2  3  6n!  1
4
n 4 4
 1 
 
4
n
Cn 4 4
2 4   C n n
.....  2 
 3  3   n  4!4!  3 
n 4 n n 4 n n
 3 4 4 4

Binomial Theorem
It is given that the ratio of the fifth term from the beginning to the fifth term from the end is
6 :1 . Therefore, from (1) and (2), we obtain
n! 6n! 1
 
n
4
2 :   6 :1
6.4! n  4!  n  4!4! 4 3 n  
 2
n
4
6
 :  6 :1
 
n
6 4
3
 2    3
n n
4 4
  6
6 6
 6
n
 4
 36 6
 6n/4  65/2
n 5
 
4 2
5
 n  4   10
2
Thus, the value of n is 10.
Question 9:
4
 x 2
Expand using Binomial Theorem 1    , x  0
 2 x
Solution 9:
4
 x 2
1   
 2 x
4 3 2 2 3 4
 x  x 2  x 2  x  2  2
 C0 1    n C1 1      n C2 1      n C3 1     n C4  
n
 2  2 x  2 x  2  x  x

4 3
 x  x 2  x 2   4   x  8  16
 1    4 1      6 1  x    2   4 1   3   4
 2  2 x  4   x   2  x  x
4 3
 x  8  x  24 24 32 16 16
 1    1    2   6  3  2  4
 2 x 2 x x x x x
4 3
 x 8 x 8 24 32 16
 1    1    2   6  3  4 .... 1
 2 x 2 x x x x
Again by using Binomial Theorem, we obtain
4 2 3 4
 x 4 3x 2x 3x x
1    C0 1  C1 1    C2 1    C3 1    C4  
4 4 4 4 4
 2 2 2 2 2

Binomial Theorem
x x4 x3 x 4
 1 4   6   4  
2 4 8 16
3x x x
2 3 4
 1  2x    ......  2
2 2 16
3 3
 x 3 2 x  x 3  x
1    C0 1  C1 1    C2 1    C3  
3 3 3
 2 2 2 2

3x 3x 2 x 3
 1   .......  3
2 4 8
From (1), (2) and (3), we obtain
4
 x  2 
1  2   x 
  
3x2 x3 x4 8  3x 3x2 x3  8 24 32 16
 1  2x     1     2  6 3  4
2 2 16 x  2 4 8 x x x x
3 x3 x 4 8 8 24 32 16
 1  2 x  x2     12  6 x  x2  2   6  3  4
2 2 16 x x x x x
16 8 32 16 x x x
2 3 4
  2  3  4  4x     5
x x x x 2 2 16
Question 10:
 
3
Find the expansion of 3x2  2ax  3a2 using binomial theorem.
Solution 10:
3x  2ax  3a2 
2 3
Using Binomial Theorem, the given expression can be expanded as
 3x2  2ax   3a2 

3
 
 3C0 3x2  2ax   3C1 3x2  2ax  3a2   3C2 3x2  2ax 3a2   3C3 3a2 
3 2 2 3
 3x2  2ax   39x4 12ax3  4a2 x2 3a2   3 3x2  2ax 9a4   27a6
3
 3x2  2ax   81a2 x4 108a3 x3  36a4 x2  81a4 x2  54a5 x  27a6

3
 3x2  2ax   81a2 x4 108a3 x3  117a4 x2  54a5 x  27a6

3
………. (1)
Again by using Binomial Theorem, we obtain
 3x  2ax 
2 3
 3C0 3x2   3C1 3x2   2ax   3C2 3x2   2ax   3C3  2ax 
3 2 2 3
 27 x6  3 9 x4   2ax   3 3x2  4a2 x2   8a3 x3

 27x6  54ax5  36a2 x4  8a3 x3 ……. (2)

Binomial Theorem
3x  2ax  3a2 

2 3
 27 x6  54ax5  36a2 x4  8a3 x3  81a2 x4 108a3 x3 117a4 x2  54a5 x  27a6

 27 x6  54ax5 117a2 x4 116a3 x3 117a4 x2  54a5 x  27a6

Sequences and Series
Exercise 9.1
Question 1:
Write the first five terms of the sequences whose nth term is an  n  n  2 .
Solution 1:
an  n  n  2
Substituting n  1, 2,3, 4 and 5, we obtain
a1  11  2  3
a2  2  2  2  8
a3  33  2  15
a4  4  4  2  24
a5  5  5  2  35
Therefore, the required terms are 3, 8, 15, 24 and 35.
Question 2:
n
Write the first five terms of the sequences whose nth term is an 
n 1
Solution 2:
n
an 
n 1
Substituting n  1,2,3,4,5 , we obtain
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
a1   , a2   , a3   , a4   , a5  
11 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1 5 5 1 6
1 2 3 4 5
Therefore, the required terms are , , , and
2 3 4 5 6
Question 3:
Write the first five terms of the sequences whose nth term is an  2n
Solution 3:
an  2n
a1  21  2
a2  22  4
a3  23  8
a4  24  16
9. Sequences and Series www.vedantu.com 1

a5  25  32
Therefore, the required terms are 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32.
Question 4:
2n  3
Write the first five terms of the sequences whose nth term is an 
6
Solution 4:
2 1  3 1
a1  
6 6
2 2  3 1
a2  
6 6
23  3 3 1
a3   
6 6 2
2 4  3 5
a4  
6 6
25  3 7
a5  
6 6
1 1 1 5 7
Therefore, the required terms are , , , and .
6 6 2 6 6
Question 5:
Write the first five terms of the sequences whose nth term is an   1
n1
5n1
Solution 5:
a1   1 511  52  25
11
a2   1
21
521  53  125
a3   1
31
531  54  625
a4   1
41
541  55  3125
a5   1
51
551  56  15625
Therefore, the required terms are 25, 125,625,  3125 and 15625 .

Question 6:
n2  5
Write the first five terms of the sequences whose nth term is an  n
4
Solution 6:
12  5 6 3
a1  1  
4 4 2
2
2 5 9 9
a2  2   2. 
4 4 2
2
3 5 14 21
a3  3   3 
4 4 2
2
4 5
a4  4   21
4
52  5 30 75
a5  5   5 
4 4 2
3 9 21 75
Therefore, the required terms are , , , 21 and .
2 2 2 2
Question 7:
Find the 17th and 24th term in the following sequence whose nth term is an  4n  3
Solution 7:
Substituting n  17 , we obtain
a17  4 17   3  68  3  65
a24  4  24  3  96  3  93 .
Question 8:
n2
Find the 7 term in the following sequence whose n term is an  n
th th
Solution 8:
72 49
a7  7 
2 128

Question 9:
Find the 9th term in the following sequence whose nth term is an   1
n1
n3
Solution 9:
a9   1  9  9  729
91 3 3
Question 10:
n  n  2
Find the 20th term in the following sequence whose nth term is an 
n3
Solution 10:
Substituting n  20, we obtain
20  20  2 20 18 360
a20   
20  3 23 23
Question 11:
Write the first five terms of the following sequence and obtain the corresponding series:
a1  3, an  3an1  2 for all n  1
Solution 11:
a1  3, an  3an1  2 for n  1
 a2  3a1  2  33  2  11
a3  3a2  2  311  2  35
a4  3a3  2  335  2  107
a5  3a4  2  3 107   2  323
Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 3, 11, 35, 107 and 323.
The corresponding series is 3 11 35 107  323  ....
Question 12:
a
a1  1, an  n1 , n  2
n
Solution 12:
an1
a1  1, an  , n2
n

a1 1
 a2  
2 2
a2 1
a3  
3 6
a 1
a4  3 
4 24
a 1
a5  4 
5 120
1 1 1 1
Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 1, , , and .
2 6 24 120
 1   1   1   1 
The corresponding series is  1              ...
 2   6   24   120 
Question 13:
a1  a2  2, an  an1 1, n  2
Solution 13:
a1  a2  2, an  an1 1, n  2
 a3  a2 1  2 1  1
a4  a3 1  1 1  0
a5  a4 1  0 1  1
Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 2, 2, 1, 0 and 1.
The corresponding series is 2  2  1  0  1  ....
Question 14:
The Fibonacci sequence is defined by 1  a1  a2 and an  an1  an2 , n  2
an1
Find , for n  1,2,3,4,5
an
Solution 14:
1  a1  a2
an  an1  an2 , n  2
 a3  a2  a1  1  1  2
a4  a3  a2  2  1  3
a5  a4  a3  3  2  5
a6  a5  a4  5  3  8

an1 a2 1
 For n  1,   1
an a1 1
an1 a3 2
For n  2,   2
an a2 1
an1 a4 3
For n  3,  
an a3 2
an1 a5 5
For n  4,  
an a4 3
an1 a6 8
For n  5,   .
an a5 5
Exercise 9.2
Question 1:
Find the sum of odd integers from 1 to 2001.
Solution 1:
The odd integers from 1 to 2001 are 1, 3, 5 …… 1999, 2001.
This sequence forms an A.P.
Here, first term, a  1
Common difference, d  2
Here, a   n 1 d  2001
 1   n 1 2  2001
 2n  2  2000
 n  1001
n
Sn  2a   n 1 d 
2
1001
 Sn  2 1  1001 1  2
2 
1001
  2  1000  2
2
 10011001
 1002001
Thus, the sum of odd numbers from 1 to 2001 is 1002001.
Question 2:
Find the sum of all natural numbers lying between 100 and 1000, which are multiples of 5.
Solution 2:

The natural numbers lying between 100 and 1000, which are multiples of 5, are 105, 110, ….
995.
Here, a  105 and d  5
a   n 1 d  995
 105   n 1 5  995
  n 1 5  995 105  890
 n 1  178
 n  179
179
 Sn  2 105  179  1 5
2 
179
 2 105  178 5
2 
 179 105  89 5
 179 105  445
 179550
 98450
Thus, the sum of all natural numbers lying between 100 and 1000, which are multiples of 5,
98450.
Question 3:
In an A.P, the first term is 2 and the sum of the first five terms is one-fourth of the next five
terms. Show that 20th term is 112 .
Solution 3:
First term = 2
Let d be the common different of the A.P.
Therefore, the A.P. is 2, 2  d , 2  2d , 2  3d...
Sum of first five terms  10  10d
Sum of next five terms  10  35d
According to the given condition,
1
10  10d  10  35d 
4
 40  40d  10  35d
 30  5d
 d  6
 a20  a   20 1 d  2  19 6  2 114  112
Thus, the 20th of the A.P. is 112 .

Question 4:
11
How many terms of the A.P. 6,  ,  5 , ….. are needed to give the sum 25?
2
Solution 4:
Let the sum of n terms of the given A.P. be 25 .
It is known that,
n
Sn  2a   n 1 d 
2
Where n  number of terms, a  first term, and d  common difference
Here, a  6
11 11  12 1
d   6  
2 2 2
n  1 
25  2   6   n 1  
2  2 
 n 1
 50  n 12   
 2 2
 25 n 
 50  n   
 2 2
 100  n  25  n
 n2  25n  100  0
 n2  5n  20n 100  0
 n  n  5  20  n  5  0
 n  20 or 5
Question 5:
In an A.P., if p th term is 1/q and q th term is 1/p, prove that the sum of first pq terms is
1
 pq  1 , where p  q .
2
Solution 5:
It is known that the general term of an A.P. is an  a   n 1 d
 According to the given information,
1
pth term  a p  a   p 1 d  ......1
q
1
qth term  aq  a   q 1 d  ...... 2
p
Subtracting (2) from (1), we obtain

1 1
 p 1 d   q 1 d  
q p
pq
  p 1  q  1 d 
pq
pq
  p  q d 
pq
1
d 
pq
Putting the value of d in (1), we obtain
1 1
a   p  1 
pq q
1 1 1 1
a   
q q pq pq
pq
 S pq  2a   pq  1 d 
2 
pq  2 1 
    pq  1 
2  pq pq 
1
 1   pq 1
2
1 1 1 1
 pq  1   pq 
2 2 2 2
1
  pq  1
2
1
Thus, the sum of first pq terms of the A.P. is   pq  1 .
2
Question 6:
If the sum of a certain number of terms of the A.P. 25, 22, 19, …… is 116.
Find the last term
Solution 6:
Let the sum of n terms of the given A.P. be 116.
n
Sn  2a   n 1 d 
2
Here, a  25 and d  22  25  3
n
 Sn  2  25   n  1 3
2
n
 116  50  3n  3
2
 232  n 53  3n  53n  3n2

 3n2  53n  232  0

 3n2  24n  29n  232  0
 3n  n  8  29  n  8  0
  n  83n  29  0
29
 n  8 or n 
3
29
However, n cannot be equal to therefore, n  8
3
 a8  Last term  a   n 1 d  25  8 1 3
 25   7 3  25  21
4
Thus, the last term of the A.P. is 4.
Question 7:
Find the sum to n terms of the A.P., whose k th term is 5k 1 .
Solution 7:
It is given that the k th term of the A.P. is 5k 1 .
k th term  ak   k 1 d
 a   k 1 d  5k  1
a  kd  d  5k  1
 Comparing the coefficient of k, we obtain d  5;
a  d 1
 a 5 1
a 6
n
Sn  2a   n 1 d 
2
n
 2  6   n 1 5
2
n
 12  5n  5
2
n
 5n  7
2
Question 8:
 
If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is pn  qn2 , where p and q are constants, find the common
difference.
Solution 8:

n
It is known that: Sn  2a   n 1 d 
2
n
2a   n  1 d   pn  qn2
2
n
  2a  nd  d   pn  qn2
2
d d
 na  n2  n   pn  qn2
2 2
Comparing the coefficients of n 2 on both sides, we obtain
d
q
2
 d  2q
Thus, the common difference of the A.P. is 2q .
Question 9:
The sums of n terms of two arithmetic progressions are in the ratio 5n  4:9n  6 . Find the ratio
of their 18th terms.
Solution 9:
Let a1, a2 and d1, d2 be the first terms and the common difference of the first and second
arithmetic progression respectively.
Sumof n terms of first A.P. 5n  4

Sumof n terms of second A.P. 9n  6
n
2a1   n  1 d1 
2 5n  4
 
n
2a2   n  1 d2  9n  6
2
2a   n  1 d1 5n  4
 1  ....... 1
2a2   n  1 d2 9n  5
Substituting n  35 in (1), we obtain
2a1  34d1 5  35  4

2a2  34d2 9  35  6
a1  17d1 179
  ....... 2
a2  17d2 321
18th termof first a  17d1
th
 1 …….. (3)
18 termof second A.P. a2  17d2

18th termof first 179

th

18 termof second A.P. 321
Thus, the ratio of 18th term of both the A.P.s is 179 : 321.
Question 10:
If the sum of first p terms of an A.P. is equal to the sum of the first q terms, then find the sum
of the first  p  q  terms.
Solution 10:
Let a and d be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively.
Here,
p
SP  2a   p 1 d 
2
p
Sq  2a   q 1 d 
2
p q
2a   p  1 d   2a   q  1 d 
2 2
 p 2a   p 1 d   q 2a   q 1 d 
 2ap  pd  p 1  2aq  qd  q 1
 2a  p  q   d  p  p 1  q  q 1  0
 2a  p  q   d  p2  p  q2  q   0
 2a  p  q   d  p  q  p  q    p  q   0
 2a  p  q   d  p  q  p  q 1  0
 2a  d  p  q 1  0
2a
d  ......1
p  q 1
pq
 S pq  2a   p  q  1  d 
2 
pq   2a 
 S pq  2a   p  q  1   [From (1)]
2   p  q 1 
pq
 2a  2a
2
0
Thus, the sum of the first  p  q  terms of the A.P is 0.

Question 11:
Sum of the first p, q and r terms of an A.P. are a, b and c, respectively. Prove that
a b c
q  r   r  p   p  q  0
p q r
Solution 11:
Let a1 and d be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively.
According to the given information,
p
S p  2a1   p  1 d   a
2
2a
 2a1   p  1 d  ....... 1
p
q
Sq  2a1   q 1 d   b
2
2b
 2a1   q 1 d  ......  2
q
r
Sr  2a1   r  1 d   c
2
2c
 2a1   r 1 d  ...... 3
r
2a 2b
 p 1 d   q 1 d  
p q
2aq  2bp
 d  p 1  q  1 
pq
2aq  2bp
 d  p  q 
pq
2  aq  bp 
d  ......  4
pq  p  q 
2b 2c
 q 1 d   r 1 d  
q r
2b 2c
 d  q  1  r  1  
q r
2br  2qc
 d q  r  
qr
2  br  qc 
d  ......  5
qr  q  r 
Equating both the values of d obtained in (4) and (5), we obtain
aq  bp br  qc

pq  p  q  qr  q  r 

 qr  q  r  aq  bq   pq  q  q br  qc 
 r  aq  bp  q  r   p br  qc  p  q 
  aqr  bpr  q  r   bpr  pqc  p  q 
Dividing both sides by pqr, we obtain
 a b b c
   q  r       p  q
 p q q r
a b c
 q  r   q  r  p  q   p  q  0
p q r
a b c
 q  r   r  p   p  q  0
p q r
Thus, the given result is proved.
Question 12:
The ratio of the sums of m and n terms of an A.P. is m2 : n2 . Show that the ratio of mth and nth
term is  2m 1 :  2n 1 .
Solution 12:
Let a and b be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively. According to
the given condition,
Sumof m terms m2

Sumof n terms n2
m
2a   m  1 d 
m2
 2  2
n
2a   n  1 d  n
2
2a   m  1 d m
  ....... 1
2a   n  1 d n
Putting m  2m 1 and n  2n 1 , we obtain
2a   2m  2 d 2m  1

2a   2n  2 d 2n 1
a   m  1 d 2m  1
  …….. (2)
a   n  1 d 2n  1
mth termof A.P. a   m 1 d
 ...... 3
nth termof A.P. a   n 1 d
mth termof A.P. 2m 1

nth termof A.P. 2n 1

Question 13:
If the sum of n terms of an A.P. of 3n2  5n and its mth term is 164, find the value of m.
Solution 13:
Let a and b be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively.
am  a   m 1 d  164 ...... 1
n
Sum of n terms: Sn  2a   n 1 d 
2
Here,
n
2a  nd  d   3n2  5n
2
d nd
 na  n2    3n2  5n
2 2
Comparing the coefficient of n 2 on both sides, we obtain
d
3
2
d 6
Comparing the coefficient of n on both sides, we obtain
d
a 5
2
 a 3  5
a 8
Therefore, from (1), we obtain
8   m 1 6  164
  m 1 6  164  8  156
 m 1  26
 m  27
Thus, the value of m is 27.
Question 14:
Insert five numbers between 8 and 26 such that resulting sequence is an A.P.
Solution 14:
Let A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 and A5 be five numbers between 8 and 26 such that 8, A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , A5 , 26 is
an A.P.
Here, a  8, b  26, n  7
Therefore, 26  8   7 1 d
 6d  26  8  18
d 3
A1  a  d  8  3  11
A2  a  2d  8  2  3  8  6  14

A3  a  3d  8  3 3  8  9  17
A4  a  4d  8  4  3  8 12  20
A5  a  5d  8  5  3  8 15  23
Thus, the required five numbers between 8 and 26 are 11, 14, 17, 20 and 23.
Question 15:
a n  bn
If is the A.M. between a and b, then find the value of n.
a n1  bn1
Solution 15:
ab
A.M. of a and b 
2
ab a n  bn
 n1 n1
2 a b
  a  b  an1  bn1   2  an  bn 
 an  abn1  ban1  bn  2an  2bn
 abn1  an1b  an  bn
 abn1  bn  an  an1b
 bn1  a  b   an1  a  b 
 bn1  an1
n 1 0
a a
   1  
b b
 n 1  0
 n 1
Question 16:
Between 1 and 31, m numbers have been inserted in such a way that the resulting sequence is
an A.P. and the ratio of 7th and  m 1 numbers is 5:9. Find the value of m.
th
Solution 16:
Let A1 , A2 ,..... Am be m numbers such that 1, A1, A2 ,.....Am ,31 is an A.P.
Here, a  1, b  31, n  m  2
 31  1   m  2 1 d 
 30   m  1 d
30
d  ......1
m 1
A1  a  d

A2  a  2d
A3  a  3d
 A7  a  7d
Am1  a   m 1 d
a  7d 5

a   m  1 d 9
 30 
1 7  
  m  1  5
   From 1 
 30  9
1   m  1  
 m 1 
m  1  7  30 5
 
m  1  30  m 1 9
m  1  210 5
 
m  1  30m  30 9
m  211 5
 
31m  29 9
 9m 1899  155m 145
155m  9m  1899 145
146m  2044
 m  14
Thus, the value of m is 14.
Question 17:
A man starts repaying a loan as first installment of Rs. 100. If he increases the installment by
Rs. 5 every month, what amount he will pay in the 30th installment?
Solution 17:
The first installment of the load is Rs. 100.
The second installment of the load is Rs. 105 and so on.
The amount that the man repays every month forms an A.P.
The A.P. is 100, 105, 110 …
First term, a  100
A30  a   30 1 d
 100   295
 100  145
 245
Thus, the amount to be paid in the 30th installment is Rs. 245.

Question 18:
The difference between any two consecutive interior angles of a polygon is 5 . If the smallest
angle is 120 , find the number of the sides of the polygon.
Solution 18:
The angles of the polygon will form an A.P. with common difference d as 5 and first term a
as 120 .
It is known that the sum of all angles of a polygon with n sides is 180  n  2 .
 Sn  180  n  2
n
 2a   n 1 d   180  n  2
2
n
 240   n 1 5  180  n  2
2
 n 240   n 1 5  360  n  2
 240n  5n2  5n  360n  720
 5n2 125n  720  0
 n2  25n  144  0
 n2 16n  9n 144  0
 n  n 16  9  n 16  0
  n  9 n 16  0
 n  9 or 16
Exercise 9.3
Question 1:
5 5 5
Find the 20th and nth terms of the G.P. , , ,....
2 4 8
Solution 1:
5 5 5
The given G.P. is , , ,....
2 4 8
5
Here, a  First term 
2
5/ 4 1
r  Common ratio  
5/ 2 2
19
201 51 5 5
a20  ar     
 2 2  2
19 20
2 2
n 1
51 5 5
an  ar n1     
 2 2  2
n 1 n
2 2

Question 2:
Find the 12th term of a G.P. whose 8th term is 192 and the common ratio is 2.
Solution 2:
Common ratio, r = 2
Let a be the first term of the G.P.
 a8  ar 81  ar 7  ar 7  192  a  2  192  a  7    2 3
7 7 6
 2  3  3
6
a 
 2
7
2
 3  11
 a12  ar121     2   3 2  3072 .
10
 2
Question 3:
The 5th, 8th and 11th terms of a G.P. are p, q and s , respectively. Show that q2  ps .
Solution 3:
Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the G.P. According to the given condition,
a5  a r 51  a r 4  p ........1
a8  a r 81  a r 7  q ........ 2
a11  a r111  a r10  s ........ 3
Dividing equation (2) by (1), we obtain
a r7 q

a r4 p
q
r3  .......  4
p
a r10 s

a r7 q
s
 r3  ...... 5
q
Equating the values of r 3 obtained in (4) and (5), we obtain
q s

p q
 q2  ps

Question 4:
The 4th term of a G.P. is square of its second term, and the first term is 3 . Determine its 7th
term.
Solution 4:
Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the G.P.
 a  3
It is known that, an  ar n1
 a4  ar 3   3 r 3
a2  a r1   3 r
2
 3 r 3   3 r 
 3r 3  9 r 2  r  3 a7  a r 71  ar 6   3 3   3  2187
6 7
Thus, the seventh term of the G.P. is 2187 .
Question 5:
Which term of the following sequences:
(a) 2, 2 2, 4..... is 128?
(b) 3,3,3 3,...... is 729?
1 1 1 1
(c) , , , .... is ?
3 9 27 19683
Solution 5:
(a) The given sequence is 2, 2 2, 4..... is 128?
Here, a  2 and r  2 2 / 2  2  
Let the nth term of the given sequence be 128.
an  a r n1
 2
n1
  2  128
n1
  2 2   2
7
2
n1
  2   2
1 7
2
n 1
 1  7
2
n 1
 6
2
 n 1  12
 n  13
Thus, the 13th term of the given sequence is 128.

(b) The given sequence is 3,3,3 3,......

3
a  3 and r   3
3
Let the nth term of the given sequence be 729.
an  a r n1
 a r n1  729
 3  3 
n1
  729
n1
  3 3 2   3
1/ 2 6
1 n1
  3 2   3
 6
2
1 n 1
  6
2 2
1  n 1
 6
2
 n  12
Thus, the 12th term of the given sequence is 729.
1 1 1
(c) The given sequence is , , ...
3 9 27
1 1 1 1
Here, a  and r   
3 9 3 3
1
Let the nth term of the given sequence be .
19683
an  a r n1
1
 a r n1 
19683
n1
 1  1  1
    
 3  3  19683
n 9
1 1
   
 3  3
n9
1
Thus, the 9th term of the given sequence is .
19683
Question 6:
2 7
For what values of x, the numbers , x,  are in G.P.?
7 2
Solution 6:

2 7
The given numbers are , x,
7 2
x 7 x
Common ratio  
2 / 7 2
7 / 2 7
Also, common ratio  
x 2x
7 x 7
 
2 2x
2  7
 x2  1
2  7
x 1
 x  1
Thus, for x  1 , the given numbers will be in G.P.
Question 7:
Find the sum up to 20 terms in the geometric progression 0.15, 0.015, 0.0015….
Solution 7:
The given G.P. is 0.15, 0.015, 0.00015 …
0.015
Here, a  0.15 and r   0.1
0.15
Sn 

a 1 r n 
1 r
0.15 1   0.1 
20
 S20   
1  0.1
0.15 
1   0.1 
20

0.9  
15
 1   0.1 
20
90  
1
 1   0.1 
20
6 
Question 8:
Find the sum of n terms in the geometric progression 7, 21,3 7,...
Solution 8:
The given G.P. is 7, 21,3 7,...
21
Here, a  7 and r   3
7

a 1  r n 
Sn 
1 r
7 1  3   
n

 Sn 
1 3
7 1  3   
n
 1 3
 Sn  
1 3 1 3

7 3  1 1  3    
n
 
 Sn 
1 3

 7 3  1 1  3    
n
 
 Sn 
2

7 1 3  n  
 (3) 2  1
2  
Question 9:
Find the sum of n terms in the geometric progression 1,  a, a2 ,  a3..... if a  1
Solution 9:
The given G.P. is 1,  a, a2 ,  a3.....
Here, first term  a1  1
Common ratio  r  a
a1 1  r n 
Sn 
1 r
1 1   a   1   a  
n n
 Sn      
1   a  1 a
Question 10:
Find the sum of n terms in the geometric progression x3 , x5 , x7 ....if x  1
Solution 10:
The given G.P. is x3 , x5 , x7 ....
Here, a  x3 and r  x2
 
x3 1  x2  x3 1  x2n
n
Sn 

a 1 r n
 
   
1 r 1 x 2
1  x2

Question 11:
11
Evaluate 2  3 
k 1
k
Solution 11:
11 11 11 11
 2  3    2  3   22  3
k 1
k
k 1 k 1
k
k 1
k
....... 1
11
3
k 1
k
 31  32  33  ......  311
The terms of this sequence 3,32 ,33 …… forms a G.P.

a  r n 1
Sn 
r 1
3  3  1
11
 Sn   
3 1
3
 Sn   311  1
2
11
3
  3k   311  1
k 1 2
Substituting this value in equation (1), we obtain
 2  3k   22  32 311 1
11

k 1
Question 12:
39
The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is and their product is 1. Find the common ratio and
10
the terms.
Solution 12:
a
Let , a, ar be the first three terms of the G.P.
r
a 39
 a  ar  ....... 1
r 10
a
   a  ar   1 ....... 2
r
From (2), we
Obtain a3  1
 a 1 (Considering real roots only)
Substituting a  1 in equation (1), we obtain

1 39
1 r 
r 10
39
 1 r  r2  r
10
 10 10r 10r 2  39r  0
10r 2  29r 10  0
 10r 2  25r  4r 10  0
 5r  2r  5  2  2r  5  0
 5r  2 2r  5  0
2 5
r  or
5 2
5 2
Thus, the three terms of G.P. are ,1 and .
2 5
Question 13:
How many terms of G.P. 3,32 ,33... are needed to give the sum 120?
Solution 13:
The given G.P. is 3,32 ,33...
Let n terms of this G.P. be required to obtain in the sum as 120.
a 1  r n 
Sn 
1 r
Here, a  3 and r  3
3 3n 1
 Sn  120 
3 1
3  3 1
n
 120 
2
120  2 n
  3 1
3
 3n 1  80
 3n  81
 3n  34
n  4
Thus, four terms of the given G.P. are required to obtain the sum as 120.
Question 14:
The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is 16 and the sum of the next three terms is 128. Determine
the first term, the common ratio and the sum to n terms of the G.P.

Solution 14:
Let the G.P. be a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3 ,.... According to the given condition,
a  ar  ar 2  16 and ar 3  ar 4  ar 5  128
 a 1  r  r 2   16 ......1
ar 3 1  r  r 2   128 ......  2

ar 3 1  r  r 3 128



a 1 r  r 2 16 
 r3  8
r  2
Substituting r  2 in (1), we obtain a 1  2  4  16
 a  7  16
16
a
7
Sn 

a r n 1 
r 1
16  2 1 16 n
n
 Sn    2 1
7 2 1 7
Question 15:
Given a G.P. with a  729 and 7th term 64, determine S 7 .
Solution 15:
a  729 a7  64
Let r be the common ratio of the G.P. It is known that,
an  a r n1
a7  ar 71   729 r 6
 64  729r 6
6
 2
r   6
 3
2
r 
3
Also, it is known that,
Sn 
a 1 r n 
1 r

  2 7 
729 1    
 3 
 S7   
2
1
3
  2 7 
 3  729 1    
  3  
  37   2 7 
  3 
7

  3
7

  3   2
7 7
 2187 128
 2059
Question 16:
Find a G.P. for which sum of the first two terms is 4 and the fifth term is 4 times the third
term.
Solution 16:
According to the given conditions,
A2  4 

a 1 r 2  ...... 1
1 r
a5  4  a3
 ar 4  4ar 2  r 2  4
 r  2
From (1), we obtain
a 1   2 
2
4    for r  2
1 2
a 1  4
 4 
1
 4  a 3
4
a
3
a 1   2  
2
Also, 4    for r  2
1   2 
a 1  4
 4 
1 2

a  3
 4 
3
a 4
4 8 16
Thus, the required G.P. is , , ,... or 4,  8, 16,  32...
3 3 3
Question 17:
If the 4th, 10th and 16th terms of a G.P. are x, y , and z, respectively. Prove that x, y, z are in G.P.
Solution 17:
a4  a r 3  x ...... 1
a10  a r 9  y ......  2
a16  a r15  z ......3
y ar 9 y
 3   r6
x ar x
z ar15 z
 9   r6
y ar y
y z
 
x y
Thus, x, y, z are in G.P.
Question 18:
Find the sum to n terms of the sequence, 8, 88, 888, 8888 ….
Solution 18:
The given sequence is 8, 88, 888, 8888 ….
This sequence is not a G.P. However, it can be changed to G.P. by writing the terms as
Sn  8  88  888  8888  ...... to n terms
8
 9  99  999  9999  .......to n terms
9
8
 10 1  102 1  103 1  104 1  .......to n terms 
9
8
 10  102  ....... n terms   1  1  1  ..... n terms 
9

8 10 10  1 
n
   n
9  10  1 

8 10 10  1 
n
   n
9 9 

80 8
 10n  1  n
81 9
Question 19:
Find the sum of the products of the corresponding terms of the sequences 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 128,
32, 8, 2, 1/2.
Solution 19:
1
Required sum  2 128  4  32  8  8  16  2  32 
2
 1 1
 64 4  2  1   2 
 2 2 
1 1
Here, 4, 2,1, , 2 is a G.P.
2 2
First term, a  4
1
Common ratio, r 
2
It is known that, Sn 

a 1 r n
1 r
 1  5
4 1     4 1  1 
  2    32   32  1  31
 S5      8 
1 1  32  4
1
2 2
 31 
 Required sum  64    16 31  496
4
Question 20:
Show that the products of the corresponding terms of the sequences form a, ar, ar 2 ,.....ar n1 and
A, AR, AR2 , ARn1 a G.P., and find the common ratio.
Solution 20:
It has to be proved that the sequence: aA, arAR, ar 2 AR2 , .......ar n1 ARn1 , forms a G.P.
Second term ar AR
  rR
First term aA

Third term ar 2 AR2

  rR
Second term arAR
Thus, the above sequence forms a G.P. and the common ratio is rR.
Question 21:
Find four numbers forming a geometric progression in which third term is greater than the first
term by 9, and the second term is greater than the 4th by 18.
Solution 21:
a1  a, a2  ar, a3  ar 2 , a4  ar 3
By the given condition,
a3  a1  9  ar 2  a  9 .....1
a4  a4  18  ar  ar 3  18 .....  2
 
a r 2 1  9.......  3
ar 1  r 2   18.......  4

ar 1  r 2 18



a r 2 1 
9
 r  2
 r  2
Substituting the value of r in (1), we obtain
4a  a  9
 3a  9
a  3
Thus, the first four numbers of the G.P. are 3, 3  2 , 3  2 , and 3  2
2 3
i.e., 3, 6,12 and 24 .
Question 22:
If p th , q th and r th terms of a G.P. are a, b and c , respectively. Prove that aqr  br  p  c pq  1 .
Solution 22:
Let A be the first term and R be the common ratio of the G.P.
AR p1  a
ARq1  b
ARr 1  c

aqr  br  p  c pq
 Aqr  R    Ar  p  R    Apq  R  
p1 qr q 1 r  p r 1 p q
 Aqr r  p pq  R
pr  pr qr  rqr  p pq  pr  pqr q 
 A0  R0
1
Question 23:
If the first and the nth term of a G.P. are a and b , respectively, and if P is the product of n
terms, prove that P2   ab  .
n
Solution 23:
The first term of the G.P is a and the last term is b .
Therefore, the G.P. is a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3.... ar n1 , where r is the common ratio.
b  ar n1 ....... 1
P  Product of n terms
   
  a  ar  ar 2 ...... ar n1
  a  a  ....a   r  r  .... r  2 n 1
 an r 12....n1 ....... 2
Here, 1,2,.....  n 1 is an A.P.
1  2  .......   n 1
n 1 n 1 n  n 1
 2   n 1 1 1  2  n  2 
2 2 2
n n 1
n
Pa r 2
 P2  a2n r n n1
n
 a2 r 
n1


n
 a  ar n1 
  ab Using 1

n
Question 24:
Show that the ratio of the sum of first n terms of a G.P. to the sum of terms from  n  1 to
th
1
 2n
th
term is .
rn

Solution 24:
a 1  r n 
Sum of first n terms 
1  r 
Since there are n terms from  n  1 to  2n 
th th
term,
Sum of terms from  n  1 to  2n  term
th th
an1 1  r n 
Sn 
1 r
n 1
a  ar n11  ar n
a 1  r n  1  r  1
Thus, required ratio   
1  r  ar 1  r
n n
 rn
Thus, the ratio of the sum of first n terms of a G.P. to the sum of terms from  n  1 to  2n 
th th
1
term is .
rn
Question 25:
If a, b, c and d are in G.P. show that:
a 2
 b2  c2 b2  c2  d 2    ab  bc  cd 
2
Solution 25:
If a, b, c and d are in G.P. Therefore,
bc  ad ........ 1
b2  ac ........  2
c2  bd ......... 3
It has to be proved that,
a 2
 b2  c2 b2  c2  d 2    ab  bc  cd 
2
R.H.S.
  ab  bc  cd 
2
  ab  ad  cd  Using 1
2
2
 ab  d  a  c 
 a2b2  2abd  a  c   d 2  a  c 
2
 a2b2  2a2bd  2acbd  d 2  a2  2ac  c2 

 a2b2  2a2c2  2b2c2  d 2a2  2d 2b2  d 2c2 [Using 1 and  2]
 a2b2  a2c2  a2c2  b2c2  b2c2  d 2a2  d 2b2  d 2b2  d 2c2

 a2b2  a2c2  a2d 2  b2  b2  b2c2  b2d 2  c2b2  c2  c2  c2d 2

[Using (2) and (3) and rearranging terms]
 a 2  b2  c 2  d 2   b2  b2  c 2  d 2   c 2  b2  c 2  d 2 
  a2  b2  c2 b2  c2  d 2   L.H.S
 L.H.S  R.H.S.
  a2  b2  c2 b2  c2  d 2    ab  bc  cd  .
2
Question 26:
Insert two numbers between 3 and 81 so that the resulting sequence is G.P.
Solution 26:
Let G1 and G2 be two numbers between 3 and 81 such that the series, 3, G1 , G2 ,81, forms a G.P.
 81  3 r 
3
 r 3  27
 r  3 (Talking real roots only)
For r  3 ,
G1  ar   33  9
G2  ar 2  33  27
2
Thus, the required two numbers are 9 and 27.
Question 27:
a n1  bn1
Find the value of n so that may be the geometric mean between a and b .
a n  bn
Solution 27:
M. of a and b is ab
an1  bn1
By the given condition:  ab
a n  bn
Squaring both sides, we obtain
a  bn1 
n 1 2
 ab
a  bn 
n 2
 a2n2  2an1bn1  b2n2   ab   a2n  2anbn  b2n 

 a2n2  2an1bn1  b2n2  a2n1b  2an1bn1  ab2n1
 a2n2  b2n2  a2n1b  ab2n1
 a2n2  a2n1b  ab2n1  b2n2

 a2n1  a  b   b2n1  a  b 
2 n 1 0
a a
  1  
b b
 2n  1  0
1
n
2
Question 28:
The sum of two numbers is 6 times their geometric mean, show that numbers are in the ratio
3  2 2  : 3  2 2 
Solution 28:
Le the two numbers be a and b .
G.M.  ab
a  b  6 ab ......1
  a  b   36  ab 
2
Also,
 a  b   a  b   4ab  36ab  4ab  32ab
2 2
 a  b  32 ab
 4 2 ab ...... 2
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain

2a  6  4 2  ab

a  3 2 2  ab
Substituting the value of a in (1), we obtain
b  6 ab  3  2 2   ab
 b  3 2 2   ab

a 3 2 2

 ab

3 2 2

b 3 2 2  ab 3 2 2
Thus, the required ratio is 3  2 2 : 3  2 2 .   

Question 29:
If A and G be A.M. and G.M., respectively between two positive numbers, prove that the
numbers are A   A  G  A  G 
Solution 29:
It is given that A and G are A.M. and G.M. between two positive numbers.
Let these two positive numbers be a and b .
a b
 AM  A  ..... 1
2
GM  G  ab .... 2
a  b  2A .....3
ab  G2 .......  4
Substituting the value of a and b from (3) and (4) in the identity
 a  b   a  b   4ab ,
2 2
We obtain
 a  b  4 A2  4G2  4  A2  G2 
2
 a  b  4  A  G  A  G 
2
 a  b  2  A  G  A  G  ...... 5
2a  2 A  2  A  G  A  G 
 a  A  A  G  A  G 
b  2A  A   A  G  A  G   A   A  G  A  G 
Thus, the two numbers are A   A  G  A  G  .
Question 30:
The number of bacteria in a certain culture doubles every hour. If there were 30 bacteria present
in the culture originally, how many bacteria will be present at the end of 2 nd hour, 4th hour and
nth hour?
Solution 30:
It is given that the number of bacteria doubles every hour. Therefore, the number of bacteria
after every hour will form a G.P.
 a3  ar 2   30 2  120
2
Here, a  30 and r  2
Therefore, the number of bacteria at the end of 2nd hour will be 120.

a5  ar 4   30 2  480
4
The number of bacteria at the end of 4th hour will be 480.

an1  ar n   30 2n
Thus, number of bacteria at the end of nth hour will be 30  2 .
n
Question 31:
What will Rs. 500 amounts to in 10 years after its deposit in a bank which pays annual interest
rate of 10% compounded annually?
Solution 31:
The amount deposited in the bank is Rs. 500.
 1
At the end of first year, amount  Rs.500 1    Rs.500 1.1
 10 
nd
At the end of 2 year, amount = Rs. 500 (1.1) (1.1)
At the end of 3rd year, amount = Rs. 500 (1.1) (1.1) (1.1) and so on
 Amount at the end of 10 years = Rs. 500 (1.1) (1.1) ….. (10 times)
 Rs.500 1.1 .
10
Question 32:
If A.M. and G.M. of roots of a quadratic equation are 8 and 5, respectively, then obtain the
quadratic equation.
Solution 32:
Let the root of the quadratic equation be a and b .
a b
A.M.   8  a  b  16 ..... 1
2
G.M.  ab  5  ab  25 ......  2
The quadratic equation is given by,
x2  x Sumof roots    Product of roots   0
x2  x  a  b    ab   0
x2 16x  25  0 [Using (1) and (2)]
Thus, the required quadratic equation is x2 16x  25  0 .

Exercise 9.4
Question 1:
Find the sum to n terms of the series 1 2  2  3  3 4  4  5  ....
Solution 1:
The given series is 1 2  2  3  3 4  4 
5  ..... nth term, an  n  n 1
n n
 Sn   ak   k  k  1
k 1 k 1
n n
 k2  k
k 1 k 1
n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1
 
6 2
n  n  1  2n  1 
   1
2  3 
n  n  1  2n  4 
  
2  3 
n  n  1 n  2

3
Question 2:
Find the sum to n terms of the series 1 2  3  2  3 4  3 4  5  ....
Solution 2:
The given series is 1 2  3  2  3 4  3 4  5  .....nth term,
an  n  n  1 n  2
  n2  n   n  2 
 n3  3n2  2n
n
 Sn   ak
k 1
n n n
  k  3 k  2 k
3 2
k 1 k 1 k 1
2
 n  n  1  3n  n  1 2n  1 2n  n  1
   
 2  6 2
2
 n  n  1  n  n  1 2n  1
    n  n  1
 2  2

n  n  1  n  n  1 
   2n  1  2
2  2 
n  n  1  n2  n  4n  6 

2  2 

n  n  1 2

4
 n  5n  6
n  n  1 2

4
 n  2n  3n  6
n  n  1 n  n  2  3  n  2

4
n  n  1 n  2 n  3

4
Question 3:
Find the sum to n terms of the series 312  5 22  7  32  ...
Solution 3:
The given series is 312  5  22  7  32  ..... nth term,
an   2n  1 n2  2n3  n2
n
 Sn   ak
k 1
n n n
    2k 3  k 2   2 k 3   k 2
k 1 k 1 k 1
2
 n  n  1  n  n  1 2n  1
 2  
 2  6
n2  n  1 n  n  1 2n  1
2
 
2 6
n  n  1  2n  1
  n  n  1 
2  3 
n  n  1  3n2  3n  2n  1

2  3 

n  n  1  3n2  5n  1

2  3 

n  n  1  3n2  5n  1

6

Question 4:
1 1 1
Find the sum to n terms of the series    .....
1 2 2  3 3  4
Solution 4:
1 1 1
The given series is    .....
1 2 2  3 3  4
1 1 1
nth term, an    [By partial fractions]
n  n  1 n n  1
1 1
a1  
1 2
1 1
a2  
2 3
1 1
a3   ....
3 4
1 1
an  
n n 1
Adding the above terms column wise, we obtain
1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
a1  a2  ....  an      ....       .....
1 2 3 n 2 3 4 n  1
1 n  1 1 n
 Sn  1   
n 1 n 1 n 1
Question 5:
Find the sum to n terms of the series 52  62  72  .....  202
Solution 5:
The given series is 52  62  72  .....  202 nth term,
an   n  4  n2  8n  16
2
n n
 Sn   ak    k 2  8k  16
k 1 k 1
n n n
  k 2  8 k  16
k 1 k 1 k 1
n  n  1 2n  1 8n  n  1
   16n
6 2
16th term is 16  4  202
2
16 16  1 2 16  1 8 16  16  1

 S16    16 16
6 2

161733  8 16  16 1  16 16
6 2


161733  81617   256
6 2
 1496 1088  256
 2840
 52  62  72  .......  202  2840 .
Question 6:
Find the sum to n terms of the series 3 8  6 11 9 14  ...
Solution 6:
The given series is 3 8  6 11  9 14  ..... an
  nth termof 3,6,9....   nth termof 8,11,14....
 3n3n  5
 9n2  15n
n n
 Sn   ak    9k 2  15k 
k 1 k 1
n n
  k 2  15 k
k 1 k 1
n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1
 9  15 
6 2
3n  n  1 2n  1 15n  n  1
 
2 2
3n  n  1
  2n  1  5
2
3n  n  1
  2n  6
2
 3n  n  1 n  3
Question 7:
  
Find the sum to n terms of series 12  12  22  12  22  32  ....
Solution 7:
   
The given series is 12  12  22  12  22  32  .... an
 12  22  3  .....  n 
3 2
n  n  1 2n  1

6

n  2n2  3n  1 2n3  3n2  n

 
6 6
1 3 1 2 1
 n  n  n
3 2 6
n
 Sn   ak
k 1
n
1 1 1 
  k 3  k 2  k 
k 1  3 2 6 
1 n
1 n
1 n
 k3  k2  k
3 k 1 2 k 1 6 k 1
1 n  n  1 1 n  n  1 2n  1 1 n  n  1
2 2
    
3  2 2 2 6 6 2
n  n  1  n  n  1  2n  1 1 
    
6  2 2 2
n  n  1  n2  n  2n  1  1

6  2 

n  n  1  n2  n  2n  2 

6  2 

n  n  1  n  n  1  2  n  1 
  
6  2 
n  n  1   n  1 n  2 
  
6  2 
n  n  1  n  2
2

12
Question 8:
Find the sum to n terms of the series whose nth term is given by n  n  1 n  4 .
Solution 8:

an  n  n  1 n  4  n n2  5n  4  n3  5n2  4n 
n n n n
 Sn   ak   k 3  5 k 2  4 k
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
n  n  1 5n  n  1 2n  1 4n  n  1
2 2
  
4 6 2
n  n  1  n  n  1 5  2n  1 
    4
2  2 3 

n  n  1  3n2  3n  20n  10  24 

2  6 

n  n  1  3n2  23n  34 

2  6 

n  n  1  3n2  23n  34

12
Question 9:
Find the sum to n terms of these series whose nth terms is given by n2  2n
Solution 9:
an  n2  2n
n n n
 Sn   k 2  2k   k 2   2k ......1
k 1 k 1 k 1
n
Consider 2k 1
k
 21  22  23  ....
The above series 22  23.... is a G.P. with both the first term and common ratio equal to 2.
 2  2 1
n
n
  2k  
2  1
  2 2n 1 ....... 2
  
k 1
Therefore, from (1) and (2), we obtain

n
n  n  1 2n  1
Sn   k 2  2 2n 1   6
 2 2n 1  
k 1
Question 10:
Find the sum to n terms of the series whose nth terms is given by  2n  1
2
Solution 10:
an   2n 1  4n2  4n  1
2
n n
 Sn   ak    4k 2  4k  1
k 1 k 1
n n n
 4 k 2  4 k  1
k 1 k 1 k 1
4n  n  1 2n  1 4n  n  1
  n
6 2
2n  n  1 2n  1
  2n  n  1  n
3

 2  2n2  3n  1 
 n  2  n  1  1
 3 
 4n2  6n  2  6n  6  3 
 n 
 3 
 4n2 1
 n 
 3 
n  2n  1 2n  1

3
Question 1:
Show that the sum of  m  n  and  m  n  terms of an A.P. is equal to twice the mth term.
th th
Solution 1:
Let a and d be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively. It is known
that the k th term of an A.P. is given by
ak  a   k 1 d
 amn  a   m  n 1 d
amn  a   m  n 1 d
am  a   m 1 d
 amn  amn  a   m  n 1 d  a   m  n 1 d
 2a   m  n 1  m  n 1 d
 2a   2m  2 d
 2a  2  m 1 d
 2 a   m 1 d 
 2am
Thus, the sum of  m  n  and  m  n  terms of an A.P. is equal to twice the mth term.
th th
Question 2:
Let the sum of three numbers in A.P., is 24 and their product is 440, find the numbers.
Solution 2:
Let the three numbers in A.P. be a  d , a, and a  d .

 a  d    a    a  d   24 ...... 1
 3a  24
a 8
 a  d  a  a  d   440 ......  2
 8  d 88  d   440
 8  d 8  d   55
 64  d 2  55
 d 2  64  55  9
 d 2  3
Therefore, when d  3 , the numbers are 5, 8 and 11 and when d  3 , the numbers are 11, 8
and 5.
Thus, the three numbers are 5, 8 and 11.
Question 3:
Let the sum of n, 2n,3n terms of an A.P. be S1, S2 and S3 , respectively, show that
S3  3 S2  S1 
Solution 3:
Let a and b be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively. Therefore,
n
S1  2a   n  1 d  …….. (1)
2
2n
S2  2a   2n 1 d   n 2a   2n 1 d  .......  2 
2 
3n
S3  2a   3n 1 d  ....... 3
2
n
S2  S1  n 2a   2n 1 d   2a   n  1 d 
2
 4a  4nd  2d  2a  nd  d 
 n 
 2 
 2a  3nd  d 
 n 
 2
n
 2a   3n  1 d 
2
3n
 3  S2  S1   2a   3n 1 d   S3 [From (3)]
2
Hence, the given result is proved.

Question 4:
Find the sum of all numbers between 200 and 400 which are divisible by 7.
Solution 4:
The numbers lying between 200 and 400, which are divisible by 7, are 203, 210, 217…. 399
 First term, a  203
Last term, I  399
Let the number of terms of the A.P. be n.
 an  399  a   n 1 d
 399  203   n 1 7
 7  n 1  196
 n 1  28
 n  29
29
 S29   203  399
2
29
  602 
2
  29 301
 8729
Thus, the required sum is 8729.
Question 5:
Find the sum of integers from 1 to 100 that are divisible by 2 or 5.
Solution 5:
The integers from 1 to 100, which are divisible by 2, are 2, 4, 6 ….. 100.
This forms an A.P. with both the first term and common difference equal to 2.
 100  2   n 1 2
 n  50
50
 2  4  6  ......  100  2  2   50 1 2 
2 
50
 4  98
2
  25102
 2550
The integers from 1 to 100, which are divisible by 5, 10…. 100.
This forms an A.P. with both the first term and common difference equal to 5.
 100  5   n 1 5
 5n  100
 n  20

20
 5  10  ....  100  2 5   20 1 5
2 
 10 10  19 5
 1010  95  10 105
 1050
The integers, which are divisible by both 2 and 5, are 10, 20, ….. 100.
This also forms an A.P. with both the first term and common difference equal to 10.
 100  10   n 110
100  10n
 n  10
10
 10  20  ....  100  2 10  10 110
2
 520  90  5 110  550
 Required sum  2550 1050  550  3050
Thus, the sum of the integers from 1 to 100, which are divisible by 2 or 5, is 3050.
Question 6:
Find the sum of all two digit numbers which when divided by 4, yields 1 as remainder.
Solution 6:
The two-digit numbers, which when divided by 4, yield 1 as remainder, are 13, 17, …97.
This series forms an A.P. with first term 13 and common difference 4.
Let n be the number of terms of the A.P.
It is known that the nth term of an A.P. is given by, an  a   n 1 d
 97  13   n 1 4
 4  n 1  84
 n 1  21
 n  22
Sum of n terms of an A.P. is given by
n
Sn  2a   n 1 d 
2
22
 S22  2 13   22 1 4
2
 1126  84
 1210
Thus, the required sum is 1210.

Question 7:
If f is a function satisfying f  x  y   f  x  . f  y  for all x, y  N , such that f 1  3 and
n
 f ( x)  120 find the value of n.

x 1
Solution 7:
It is given that,
f  x  y   f  x   f  y  for all x, y  N ……. (1)
f 1  3
Taking x  y  1 in (1),
We obtain f 1  1  f  2  f 1 f 1  3 3  9
Similarly,
f 1  1  1  f 3  f 1  2  f 1 f  2  3 9  27
f  4  f 1  4  f 1 f 3  3 27  81
 f 1 , f  2 , f 3 , ......, that is 3, 9, 27,….., forms a G.P. with both the first term and
common ratio equal to 3.
a r n 1  
r 1
n
It is given that,  f  x   120
k 1
3  3 1
n
 120 
3 1
3 n
 120   3  1
2
n
 3 1  80
 3n  81  34
n  4
Thus, the value of n is 4.
Question 8:
The sum of some terms of G.P. is 315 whose first term and the common ratio are 5 and 2,
respectively. Find the last term and the number of terms.
Solution 8:
Let the sum of n terms of the G.P. be 315.
a r n 1 
r 1
It is given that the first term a is 5 and common ratio r is 2.

5  2n 1
 315 
2 1
n
 2 1  63
 2n  64   2
6
n6
 Last term of the G.P.  6th term  ar 61  5 2  532
5
 160
Thus, the last term of the G.P. is 160.
Question 9:
The first term of a G.P. is 1. The sum of the third term and fifth term is 90. Find the common
ratio of G.P.
Solution 9:
Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of the G.P. respectively.
 a 1 a3  ar 2  r 2 a5  ar 4  r 4
 r 2  r 4  90
 r 4  r 2  90  0
1  1  360 1  361
 r2    10 or 9
2 2
 r  3 [Taking real roots]
Thus, the common ratio of the G.P. is 3 .
Question 10:
The sum of the three numbers in G.P. is 56. If we subtract 1, 7, 21 from these numbers in that
order, we obtain an arithmetic progression. Find the numbers.
Solution 10:
Let the three numbers in G.P. be a, ar, and ar 2 .
From the given condition,
a  ar  ar 2  56

 a 1  r  r 2  56  ......1
a 1, ar  7, ar 2  21 forms an A.P.
  ar  7    a 1   ar 2  21   ar  7  b
 ar  a  6  ar 2  ar 14
 ar 2  2ar  a  8
 ar 2  ar  ar  a  8
 a  r 2  1  2r   8
 a  r 2 1  8
2
...... 2
From (1) and (2), we get

 7  r 2  2r  1  1  r  r 2
 7r 2 14r  7 1  r  r 2  0
 6r 2 15r  6  0
 6r 2 12r  3r  6  0
 6r  r  2  3 r  2  0
  6r  3 r  2  0
When r  2, a  8
Therefore, when r  2 , the three numbers in G.P. are 8, 16 and 32.
1
When, r  , the three numbers in G.P. are 32, 16 and 8.
2
Thus, in either case, the three required numbers are 8, 16 and 32.
Question 11:
A G.P. consists of an even number of terms. If the sum of all the terms is 5 times the sum of
terms occupying odd places, then find its common ratio.
Solution 11:
Let the G.P. be T1, T2 , T3 , T4 ....T2n .
Number of terms  2n
T1  T2  T3  ....  T2n  5T1  T3  ....  T2n1 
 T1  T2  T3  ....  T2n  5T1  T3  .....  T2n1   0
 T2  T4  ....  T2n  4T1  T3  .....  T2n1 
Let the G.P. be a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3...
ar  r n 1 4  a  r n 1
 
r 1 r 1
 ar  4a
r 4
Thus, the common ratio of the G.P. is 4.
Question 12:
The sum of the first four terms of an A.P. is 56. The sum of the last four terms is 112. If its first
term is 11, then find the number of terms.
Solution 12:
Let the A.P. be a, a  d , a  2d , a  3d....a   n  2 d , a   n 1 d.
Sum of first four terms  a   a  d    a  2d    a  3d   4a  6d
Sum of last four terms
 a   n  4 d   a   n  3 d   a   n  2 d   a   n  1 d 

 4a   4n 10 d
4a  6d  56
 4 11  6d  56 [Since a  11 given  ]
 6d  12
d 2
 4a   4n 10 d  112
 4 11   4n 10 2  112
  4n 10 2  68
 4n 10  34
 4n  44
 n  11
Thus, the number of terms of the A.P. is 11.
Question 13:
a  bx b  cx c  dx
If    x  0 then show that a, b, c and d are in G.P.
a  bx b  cx c  dx
Solution 13:
It is given that,
a  bx b  cx

a  bx b  cx
  a  bx b  cx   b  cx  a  bx 
 ab  acx  b2 x  bcx2  ab  b2 x  acx  bcx2
 2b2 x  2acx
 b2  ac
b c
  ...... 1
a b
b  cx c  dx
Also, 
b  cx c  dx
 b  cx  c  dx   b  cx  c  dx 
 bc  bdx  c2 x  cdx2  bc  bdx  c2 x  cdx2
 2c2 x  2bdx
 c2  bd
c d
  ......  2
d c
b c d
 
a b c
Thus, a, b, c and d are in G.P.

Question 14:
Let S be the sum, P the product and R the sum of reciprocals of n terms in a G.P. Prove that
P2 Rn  S n
Solution 14:
Let the G.P. be a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3.... ar n1
S

a r n 1 
r 1
P  a  r12...n1
n
n
n n 1
Sum of first n natural numbers is n
 n  1 ]
a r 2
[
2
1 1 1
R   .....  n1
a ar ar
n 1 n2
r  r  .....r  1

ar n1


1 r n 1 
 n1
1
 1, r,.....r n1 forms a G.P 
 r 1 ar
r n 1

ar n1  r 1
r  1
n n
n n  
 P2 Rn  a 2n r
an r n n1  r  1
n
an  r n  1
n

 r 1
n
 a  r n  1 
n
 
  r  1 
 Sn
Hence, P2 Rn  S n
Question 15:
The pth , qth and r th terms of an A.P. are a, b, c respectively. Show that
q  r  a  r  p b   p  q c  0
Solution 15:
Let t and d be the first term and the common difference of the A.P. respectively.
The nth term of an A.P. is given by, an  t   n 1 d

Therefore,
a p  t   p 1 d  a ........1
aq  t   q 1 d  b ........ 2
ar  t   r 1 d  c ........ 3
Subtracting equation (2) from (1), we obtain
 p 1 q 1 d  a  b
  p  q d  a  b
a b
d  ......  4
pq
Subtracting equation (3) from (2), we obtain
 q 1 r 1 d  b  c
 q  r  d  b  c
bc
d  ...... 5
qr
Equating both the values of d obtained in (4) and (5), we obtain
a b b c

pq qr
  a  b q  r   b  c  p  q 
 aq  bq  ar  br  bp  bq  cp  cq
 bp  cp  cq  aq  ar  br  0
  aq  ar   bp  br    cp  cq   0 (By rearranging terms)
 a  q  r   b  r  p   c  p  q   0
 a q  r   b r  p  c  p  q  0
Question 16:
1 1 1 1  1 1
If a    , b    , c    are in A.P., prove that a, b, c are in A.P.
b c c a a b
Solution 16:
1 1 1 1  1 1
It is given that a    , b    , c    are in A.P.
b c c a a b
1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1
 b    a    c    b  
c a b c a b c a
b  a  c  a b  c  c  a  b  b  a  c 
   
ac bc ab ac

b2 a  b2c  a2b  a2c c2a  c2b  b2a  b2c

 
abc abc
 b a  a b  b c  a c  c a  b a  c2b  b2c
2 2 2 2 2 2
 ab b  a   c b2  a2   a  c2  b2   bc  c  b 
 ab b  a   c b  a b  a   a  c  b  c  b   bc c  b 
 b  a  ab  cb  ca    c  b  ac  ab  bc 
b  a  c b
Thus, a, b and c are in A.P.
Question 17:
 
If a, b, c, d are in G.P., prove that an  bn , bn  cn , cn  d n are in G.P.  
Solution 17:
It is given that a, b, c and d are in G.P.
 b2  ac ...... 1
c2  bd ........ 2
ad  bc ......3
 
It has to be proved that an  bn , bn  cn , cn  d n are in G.P. i.e., 
b  c n    a n  bn  ,  c n  d n 
n 2
Consider L.H.S.
b  c   b  2b c
n n 2 2n n n
 c2n
 b   2b c   c 
2 n n n 2 n
  ac   2bncn  bd  Using 1 and  2

n n
 ancn  bncn  bncn  bn d n

 ancn  bncn  and n  bnd n [Using (3)]
 c n  a n  bn   d n  a n  bn 
  an  bn  cn  d n   R.H.S
 bn  cn    an  bn  cn  d n 
2
 
Thus, an  bn , bn  cn , and cn  d n are in G.P.  
Question 18:
If a and b are the roots of x2  3x  p  0 and c, d are roots of x2 12x  q  0 , where a, b, c, d
form a G.P. Prove that  q  p  :  q  p   17 :15 .

Solution 18:
It is given that a and b are the roots of x2  3x  p  0
 a  b  3 and ab  p .......1
Also, c and d are the roots of x2 12x  q  0
 c  d  12 and cd  q ......  2
It is given that a, b, c, d are in G.P.
Let a  x, b  xr, c  xr 2 , d  xr 3
From (1) and (2),
We obtain x  xr  3  x 1  r   3
xr 2  xr 3  12
 xr 2 1  r   12
On dividing, we obtain
xr 2 1  r  12

x 1  r  3
 r2  4
 r  2
3 3
When r  2, x   1
1 2 3
3 3
When r  2, x    3
1  2 1
Case I: When r  2 and x  1, ab  x2r  2, cd  x2r 5  32
q  p 32  2 34 17
   
q  p 32  2 30 15
i.e.,  q  p  :  q  p   17 :15
Case II:
When r  2, x  3, ab  x2r  18, cd  x2r 5  288
q  p 288 18 306 17
   
q  p 288  18 270 15
i.e.,  q  p  :  q  p   17 :15
Thus, in both the cases, we obtain  q  p  :  q  p   17 :15 .
Question 19:
The ratio of the A.M and G.M. of two positive numbers a and b , is m : n . Show that
 
a : b  m  m2  n2 : m  m2  n2 
Solution 19:
Let the two numbers be a and b .

ab
A.M  and G.M.  ab
2
ab m

2 ab n
 a  b
2
m2
  2
4  ab  n
4abm2
  a  b 
2
n2
2 abm
  a  b  1
n
Using this in the identity  a  b    a  b   4ab, we obtain
2 2
4abm2 4ab  m  n 2 2

 a  b  2  4ab 
2
n n2
2 ab m2  n2
  a  b  ....  2
n
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
2a 
2 ab
n

m  m2  n2 
a
ab
n

m  m2  n2 
b
2 ab
n
m
ab
n

m  m2  n2 
ab ab
 m m2  n2
n n

n
ab

m  m2  n2 
 a :b  
a n
ab

m  m2  n 2

 
m  m2  n 2 
b
n
ab

m m n2 2
 
m  m2  n 2 

Thus, a : b  m  m2  n2 : m  m2  n2  
Question 20:
1 1 1
If a, b, c are in A.P; b, c, d are in G.P. and , , are in A.P. prove that a, c, e are in G.P.
c d e

Solution 20:
It is given that a, b, c are in A.P.
b  a  c b ......1
It is given that b, c, d are in G.P.
 c2  bd ......  2
1 1 1
Also, , , are in A.P.
c d e
1 1 1 1
  
d c e d
2 1 1
  ...... 3
d c e
It has to be proved that a, c, e are in G.P. i.e., c2  ae
From (1), we obtain
2b  a  c
ac
b
2
From (2), we obtain
c2
d
b
Substituting these values in (3), we obtain
2b 1 1
 
c2 c e
2a  c 1 1
  
2c2 c e
ac ec
 2 
c ce
ac ec
 
c e
  a  c e  e  c c
 ae  ce  ec  c2
 c2  ae
Thus, a, c and e are in G.P.
Question 21:
Find the sum of the following series up to n terms:
(i) 5  55  555  .... (ii) .6  .66  .666  ...
Solution 21:
(i) 5  55  555  ....
Let Sn  5  55  555  ....to n terms

5
 9  99  999  .....to n terms
9
5
 10  1  102  1  103  1  ...to n terms 
9
5
 10  102  103  to n terms   1  1  ...to n terms 
9
5 10 10  1 
n
   n
9  10  1 

5 10 10  1 
n
   n
9 9 

50 5n
 10n  1 
81 9
(ii) .6  .66  .666  ...
Let Sn  06.  0.66  0.666  ....to n terms
 60.1  0.11  0.111  ....to n terms
6
 0.9  0.99  0.999  ....to n terms
9
6  1   1   1  
 1    1  2   1  3   ....to n terms 
9  10   10   10  
2 1 1 1 
 1  1  ... n terms   1   2  ... n terms 
3 10  10 10 
   1  
n
  1 
2 1   10   
 n
3  10  1  1  
  10  
  
2 2 10
 n   1 10n 
3 30 9
2 2
 n  1  10 n 
3 27
Question 22:
Find the 20th term of the series 2  4  4  6  6  8  .....  n terms .
Solution 22:
The given series is 2  4  4  6  6  8  ..... n terms
 nth term  an  2n   2n  2  4n2  4n
a20  4  20  4  20  4  400  80  1600  80  1680
2
Thus, the 20th term of the series is 1680.

Question 23:
Find the sum of the first n terms of the series: 3  7 13  21 31 .....
Solution 23:
The given series is 3  7 13  21 31 .....
S  3  7  13  21  31  ....  an1  an
S  3  7  13  21  ....  an2  an1  an
On subtracting both the equations, we obtain
S  S  3   7  13  21  31  ...  an1  an     3  7  13  21  31  ....  an1   an 
S  S  3   7  3  13  7    21 13  ....   an  an1   an
0  3  4  6  8  ....  n 1 terms   an
an  3  4  6  8  .....  n 1 terms 
 n 1 
 an  3    2  4   n  1  1 2
 2 
 n 1 
 3   8   n  2 2
 2 
 n 1 2n  4
 3  
2
 3   n 1 n  2
 3   n2  n  2 
 n2  n  1
n n n n
  ak   k 2   k  1
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1
  n
6 2
  n  1 2n  1  3  n  1  6 
 n 
 6 
 2n2  3n  1  3n  3  6 
 n 
 6 
 2n2  6n  10 
 n 
 6 
n
 n2  3n  5
3

Question 24:
If S1 , S2 , S3 are the sum of first n natural numbers, their squares and their cubes, respectively,
show that 9S22  S3 1  8S1  .
Solution 24:
From the given information,
n  n  1
S1 
2
n2  n  1
2
S3 
4
n2  n  1  8n  n  1 
2
Here, S3 1  8S1   1  
4  2 
n2  n  1
2
 1  4n2  4n

4
n2  n  1
2
 2n  1
2

4
2
n  n  1 2n  1
 ...... 1
4
2
n  n  1 2n  1
Also, 9S  9 
2
 6
2 2
9 2
 n  n  1 2n  1
36
2
n  n  1 2n  1
 ......  2
4
Thus, from (1) and (2), we obtain 9S22  S3 1  8S1  .
Question 25:
Find the sum of the following series up to n terms:
13 13  23 13  23  33
   ....
1 1 3 1 3  5
Solution 25:
2
 n  n  1 
3 3 3 3  2 
1  2  3  .....  n  
The nth term of the given series is 
1  3  5  ....   2n  1 1  3  5  .....   2n  1
Here, 1,3,5.....  2n 1 is an A.P. with first term a , last term  2n 1 and number of terms as n

n
1  3  5  ....   2n 1  2 1   n 1 2  n2
2
n2  n  1  n  1 1 2 1
2 2
1
 an    n  n
4n 2
4 4 2 4
n n
 1 1 1 
 Sn   ak    K 2  K  
k 1 k 1  4 2 4
1 n  n  1 2n  1 1 n  n  1 1
   n
4 6 2 2 4
n  n  1 2n  1  6  n  1  6
 
24
n 2n  3n  1  6n  6  6
2
 
24
n  2n  9n  13
2

24
Question 26:
1 22  2  32  ....  n   n  1
2
3n  5
Show that 2 
1  2  2  3  .....  n   n  1 3n  1
2 2
Solution 26:
nth term of the numerator  n  n  1  n3  2n2  n
2
nth term of the denominator  n2  n  1  n3  n2

n n
1 22  2  32  ....  n   n  1
2  aK K 3
 2K 2  K 
 k 1
 k 1
……… (1)
12  2  22  3  ....  n 2   n  1 n n
a
k 1
K K
k 1
3
K 2

n
Here,  K
k 1
3
 2K 2  K 
n  n  1 2n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1
2 2
  
4 6 2
n  n  1  n  n  1 2 
    2n  1  1
2  2 3 
n  n  1  3n2  3n  8n  4  6 

2  6 

n  n  1
 3n2  11n  10
12 

n  n  1
 3n2  6n  5n  10
12
n  n  1
 3n  n  2  5  n  2
12 
n  n  1 n  2 3n  5
 ...... 2
12
n2  n  1 n  n  1 2n  1
2
n
Also,   K  K  
3 2

K 1 4 6
n  n  1  n  n  1 2n  1
   
2  2 3 
n  n  1  3n2  3n  4n  2 

2  6 

n  n  1
 3n2  7n  2
12 
n  n  1
 3n2  6n  n  2
12
n  n  1
 3n  n  2  1 n  2
12 
n  n  1 n  2 3n  1
 ...... 3
12
From (1), (2) and (3), we obtain
n  n  1 n  2  3n  5 
1 2  2  3  .....  n   n  1
2 2 2
 12
12  2  22  3  ....  n 2  n  1 n  n  1 n  2  3n  1
12
n  n  1 n  2 3n  5 3n  5
 
n  n  1 n  2 3n  1 3n  1
Question 27:
A farmer buys a used tractor for Rs. 12000. He pays Rs. 6000 cash and agrees to pay the balance
in annual installments of Rs. 500 plus 12% interest on the unpaid amount. How much will be
the tractor cost him?
Solution 27:
It is given farmer pays Rs. 6000 in cash.
Therefore, unpaid amount = Rs. 12000 – Rs. 6000 = Rs. 6000
According to the given condition, the interest paid annually is
12% of 6000, 12% of 5500, 12% of 5000 ….. 12% of 500
Thus, total interest to be paid

= 12% of 6000 + 12% of 5500 + 12% of 5000 + ….. + 12% of 500

= 12% of (6000 + 5500 + 5000 + …. + 500)
= 12% of (500 + 1000 + 1500 + ….. + 6000)
Now, the series 500, 1000, 1500 …. 6000 is an A.P. with both the first term and common
difference equal to 500.
Let the number of terms of the A.P. be n .
 6000  500   n 1 500
 1   n 1  12
 n  12
 Sum of the A.P
12
 2  500  12 1 500  6 1000  5500  6  6500  39000
2
= 12% of (500 + 1000 + 1500 + ….. + 6000)
= 12% of 39000 = Rs. 4680
Thus, cost of tractor = (Rs. 12000 + Rs. 4680) = Rs. 16680.
Question 28:
Shamshad Ali buys a scooter for Rs. 22000. He pays Rs. 4000 cash and agrees to pay the balance
in annual installment of Rs. 1000 plus 10% interest on the unpaid amount. How much will the
scooter cost him?
Solution 28:
It is given that Shamshad Ali buys a scooter for Rs. 22000 and pays Rs. 4000 in cash.
 Unpaid amount = Rs. 22000 – Rs. 4000 = Rs. 18000
According to the given condition, the interest paid annually is
10% of 18000, 10% of 17000, 10% of 16000 ….. 10% of 1000
= 10% of 18000 + 10% of 17000 + 10% of 16000 + ….. + 10% of 1000
= 10% of (18000 + 17000 + 16000 + ….. + 1000)
= 10% of (1000 + 2000 + 3000 + ….. + 18000)
Here, 1000, 2000, 3000 …. 18000 forms an A.P. with first term and common difference both
equal to 1000.
Let the number of terms be n .
18000  1000   n 11000
 n  18
18
1000  2000  ....  18000  2 1000  18  11000
2
 9 2000  17000
 171000
 Total interest paid = 10% of (18000 + 17000 + 16000 + …. + 1000)
= 10% of Rs.171000 = Rs. 17100
 Cost of scooter = Rs. 22000 + Rs. 17100 = Rs. 39100.

Question 29:
A person writes a letter to four of his friends. He asks each one of them to copy the letter and
mail to four different persons with instruction that they move the chain similarly. Assuming that
the chain is not broken and that it costs 50 paise to mail one letter. Find the amount spent on the
postage when 8th set of letter is mailed.
Solution 29:
The numbers of letters mailed forms a G.P.: 4, 42 ,....48
First term = 4
Common ratio = 4
Number of terms = 8
It is known that the sum of n terms of a G.P. is given by
Sn 

a r n 1 
r 1
 S8 
 

4 48 1 4  65536 1 4  65535
  4  21845  87380
4 1 3 3
It is given that the cost to mail one letter is 50 paisa.
50
 Cost of mailing 87380 letters = Rs.87380   Rs.43690
100
Thus, the amount spent when 8th set of letter is mailed is Rs. 43690.
Question 30:
A man deposited Rs. 10000 in a bank at the rate of 5% simple interest annually. Find the amount
in 15th year since he deposited the amount and also calculate the total amount after 20 years.
Solution 30:
It is given that the man deposited Rs. 10000 in a bank at the rate of 5% simple interest annually.
5
  Rs.10000  Rs.500
100
 Interest in first year 10000  500  500  ....  500
14 times
th
 Amount in 15 year
 Rs.10000 14  Rs.500
 Rs.10000  Rs.7000
 Rs.17000
Amount after 20 years  Rs.10000  500  500  ....  500
20times
 Rs.10000  20  Rs.500
 Rs.10000  Rs.10000
 Rs.20000 .

Question 31:
A manufacturer reckons that the value of a machine, which costs him Rs. 15625, will depreciate
each year by 20%. Find the estimated value at the end of 5 years.
Solution 31:
Cost of machine = Rs. 15625
Machine depreciates by 20% every year.
4
Therefore, its value after every year is 80% of the original cost i.e., of the original cost.
5
4 4 4
 Value at the end of 5 years  15625    ....   5 1024  5120
5 5 5
5 times
Thus, the value of the machine at the end of 5 years is Rs. 5120.
Question 32:
150 workers were engaged to finish a job in a certain number of days. 4 workers dropped out on
second day, 4 more workers dropped out on third day and so on. It took 8 more days to finish
the work. Find the number of days in which the work was completed.
Solution 32:
Let x be the number of days in which 150 workers finish the work.
150x  150  146  142  ....  x  8 terms
The series 150  146  142  ....  x  8 terms is an A.P. with first term 146, common difference
4 and number of terms as  x  8
 x  8 2 150  x  8 1 4 
 150 x 
2      
 150x   x  8 150   x  7  2
 150x   x  8150  2x 14
 150x   x  8136  2x 
 75x   x  8 68  x 
 75x  68x  x2  544  8x
 x2  75x  60x  544  0
 x2  15x  544  0
 x2  32x 17 x  544  0
 x  x  32 17  x  32  0
  x 17 x  32  0
 x  17 or x  32
However, x cannot be negative.

 x  17
Therefore, originally, the number of days in which the work was completed is 17. Thus, required
number of days  17  8  25 .

Limits and Derivatives
Exercise 13.1
Question 1: Evaluate the Given limit: lim x  3
x 3
Solution 1: lim x  3 = 3 + 3 = 6
x 3
 22 
Question 2: Evaluate the Given limit: lim  x  
x 
 7 
 22   22 
Solution 2: lim  x       
x 
 7   7
Question 3: Evaluate the Given limit: lim  r 2

r 1
Solution 3: lim  r 2   (12 )  

r 1
4x  3
Question 4: Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 1 x  2
4 x  3 4(4)  3 16  3 19
Solution 4: lim   
x1 x2 42 2 2
x10  x5  1
x 1 x 1
x10  x5  1 (1)10  (1)5  1 1  1  1 1

Solution 5: lim   
x1 x 1 1  1 2 2
( x  1)5 1
x0 x
( x  1)5 1
Solution 6: lim
x0 x
13.Limits and Derivatives www.vedantu.com 1

Put x + 1 = y so that y → 1 as x →0.

( x  1)5 1 ( y )5  1
Accordingly, lim  lim
x 0 x x 1 y 1
 xn  an n 1 
 xa x  a  na 
lim
51
= 5.1
 
=5
( x  1)5  1
 lim 5
x 0 x
3x2  x 10
x 2 x2  4
0
Solution 7: At x = 2, the value of the given rational function takes the form
0
3x2  x  10 ( x  2)(3x  5)
lim  lim
x 2 x 4
2 x 2 ( x  2)( x  2)
3x  5
= lim
x 2 x  2
3(2)  5
=
22
11
=
4
x4  81
x3 2 x 2  5 x  3
0
Solution 8: At x = 2, the value of the given rational function takes the form
0
x4  81 ( x  3)( x  3)( x2  9)
lim  lim
x3 2 x 2  5 x  3 x3 ( x  3)(2 x  1)
( x  3)( x2  9)
= lim
x 3 (2 x  1)
(3  3)(32  9)
=
2(3)  1

6 18
=
7
108
=
7
ax  b
Question 9: Evaluate the Given limit: lim .
x 0 cx  1
Solution 9:
ax  b a(0)  b
lim  b
x0 cx  1 c(0)  1
1
z 1
3
Question 10: Evaluate the Given limit: lim 1
z 1
z 6 1
1
z 3 1
Solution 10: lim 1
z 1
z 6 1
0
At z = 1, the value of the given function takes the form
0
1
Put z 6
= x so that z →1 as x →1.
1
z 3 1 x2 1
Accordingly, lim 1
 lim
z 1 x 1 x 1
z 6 1
x2 1
= lim
x 1 x 1
 xn  an n 1 
= 2.12-1  xa x  a  na 
lim
 
=2
1
z 1
3
lim 1
2
z 1
z 1
6

ax2  bx  c
Question 11: Evaluate the Given limit: lim , a+b+c 0
x 1 cx 2  bx  a
ax2  bx  c a(1)2  b(1)  c

Solution 11: lim 2 
x 1 cx  bx  a c(1)2  b(1)  a
abc
=
abc
=1 [a + b + c  0]
1 1

Question 12: Evaluate the given limit: lim x 2
x 2 x  2
1 1

Solution 12: lim x 2
x 2 x  2
0
At x = -2, the value of the given function takes the form
0
1 1  2 x 
  
x 2  2x 
Now, lim  lim
x 2 x  2 x 2 x  2
1
= lim
x 2 2x
1 1
= 
2(2) 4
sin ax
x 0 bx
sin ax
Solution 13: lim
x 0 bx
0
At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form
0
sin ax sin ax ax
Now, lim  lim 
x0 bx x 0 ax bx

 sin ax  a
= lim  
x 0
 ax  b
a  sin ax 
= lim    x  0  ax  0
b ax0  ax 
a   sin y 
= 1  lim  
b  x0  y 
a
=
b
sin ax
Question 14: Evaluate the given limit: lim , a, b  0
x0 sin bx
sin ax
Solution 14: lim , a, b  0
x0 sin bx
0
0
 sin ax 
sin ax    ax
 ax 
Now, lim  lim
x 0 sin bx x 0  sin bx 
   bx
 ax 
 sin ax 
lim 
a ax 0  ax   x  0  ax  0 
=  and x  0  bx  0
b  sin bx   
lim  
bx 0
 ax 
a 1   sin y  
=   lim    1
b 1  x 0
 y  
a
=
b
sin(  x)
x   (  x)
sin(  x)
Solution 15: lim
x   (  x)
It is seen that x → π ⇒ (π - x) → 0

sin(  x) 1 sin(  x)
 lim  lim
 (  x) 
x     x  0 (  x)
1  sin y 
= 1 lim  1
  y0 y 
1
=

cos x
Question 16: Evaluate the given limit: lim
x 0   x
cos x cos0 1
Solution 16: lim  
x0   x  0 
cos 2x 1
x 0 cos x  1
cos 2x 1
Solution 17: lim
x 0 cos x 1
0
0
cos 2 x  1 1  2sin 2 x 1  x
cos x  1  2sin
2
Now, lim  lim
x 0 cos x  1 x0 x
1  2sin 2 1 2 
2
 sin 2 x  2
 2  x
sin 2 x x 
= lim  lim 
x 0 x x 0  
sin 2 2 x
2  sin  2
 2  x
  x 2  4
  
 2 
 sin 2 x 
lim  2 
= 4
x 0
 x 
 x
 sin 2 
lim  2
x 0 
  
2
x
  
 2 

2
 sin 2 x 
 lim 
 x 0 x2   x 
= 4 2  x  0  2  0
 x
 sin 
 lim 2
 x 0  x  2 
   
 2 
12  sin y 
= 4 lim  1
12  y0 y 
=4
ax  x cos x
x 0 b sin x
ax  x cos x
Solution 18: lim
x 0 b sin x
0
0
ax  x cos x 1 x(a  cos x)
Now, lim  lim
x 0 b sin x b x0 sin x
1  x 
= lim    lim  a  cos x 
b x 0
 sin x  x0
 
1 1 
=    lim  a  cos x 
b  sin x   x0
 lim  
 x 0  x  
1  sin x 
=   a  cos 0 lim  1
b y 0 x 
a 1
=
b
Question 19: Evaluate the given limit: lim x sec x

x 0

x 0 0
Solution 19: lim x sec x  lim   0
x 0 x0 cos x cos 0 1
sin ax  bx
Question 20: Evaluate the given limit: lim a, b, a + b  0
x0 ax  sin bx
0
Solution 20: At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form
0
sin ax  bx
Now, lim
x0 ax  sin bx
 sin ax 
  ax  bx
 ax 
= lim
x 0  sin bx 
ax  bx  
 bx 
 sin ax 
 lim   lim  ax   lim  bx 
 x 0 ax  x0 x 0
= [As x  0  ax  0 and bx  0]
 sin bx 
lim ax  lim bx  lim 
x 0 x 0
 x0 bx 
lim(ax)  lim bx  sin x 
= x0 lim  1
x 0
lim ax  lim bx y 0 x 
x 0 x 0
lim  ax  bx 
= x 0
lim  ax  bx 
x 0
= lim(1)
x0
=1
Question 21: Evaluate the given limit: lim(cosec x  cot x)

x0
Solution 21: At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form 
Now, lim(cosec x  cot x)
x0
 1 cos x 
= lim   
x 0 sin x sin x 

 1  cos x 
= lim  
x0
 sin x 
 1  cos x 
 
 x 
= lim
x 0  sin x 
 
 x 

1  cos x
lim
=
x 0 x
sin x
lim
x 0 x
0  1  cos x sin x 
=
1 lim
y 0 x
 0 and lim
y 0 x
 1

=0
tan 2 x
 
x
2 x
2
tan 2 x
Solution 22: lim
 
x
2 x
2
 0
At x = , the value of the given function takes the form
2 0
 
Now, put So that x – = y so that x  , y  0
2 2
 
tan 2  y  
tan 2 x  2
 lim  lim
 y  0 y
2 x
x
2
tan   2 y 
= lim
y 0 y
tan 2 y
= lim  tan   2 y   tan 2 y 
y 0 y
sin 2 y
= lim
y 0 y cos 2 y
 sin 2 y 2 
= lim   
y 0
 2y cos 2 y 
 sin 2 y   2 
=  lim   lim     y  0  2 y  0
 y 0 2 y  y 0  cos 2 y 
2  sin x 
= 1 lim  1
cos 0 x 0 x 
2
= 1
1
=2
2 x  3, x0
Question 23: Find lim f(x) and lim f(x), where f(x) = 
x 0 x1
3( x  1), x0

Solution 23: The given function is
2 x  3, x0
f(x) = 
3( x  1), x0
lim f(x) = lim [2x + 3] = 2(0) + 3 = 3

x0 x 0
lim f(x) = lim 3(x + 1) = 3(0 + 1) = 3

x0 x 0
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = lim f (x) = 3

x0 x0 x 0
lim f(x) = lim (x + 1) = 3(1 + 1) = 6

x1 x1
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = lim f(x) = 6
x1 x1 x1
 x 2  1, x 1
Question 24: Find lim f(x), when f(x) = 
x1
 x  1, x 1
Solution 24:
The given function is
 x2  1, x 1
f(x) = 
 x  1, x 1
 lim f(x) = lim  x 1 = 12 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
2
x1 x1
It is observed that lim f(x)  lim f(x).

x1 x1
Hence, lim f(x) does not exist.
x1
x
 , x0
Question 25: Evaluate lim f(x), where f(x) =  x
x 0
0, x0


x
 , x0
f(x) =  x
0, x0

x
lim f ( x)  lim  
x 0 x 0
x
 x 
= lim   [When x is negative, x = -x]
x 0
 x 
= lim  1
x0

= -1
| x | 
lim f ( x)  lim  
x 0 x 0  x 
 x
= lim   [When x is positive, x = x]
x 0 x
 
= lim 1
x0
=1
It is observed that lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .
x0 x0
Hence, lim f ( x) does not exist.
x0
x
 , x0
Question 26: Find lim f ( x) =  x
x0
0, x0

x
lim f ( x)  lim  
x 0 x 0
x
 x 
= lim   [When x < 0, x = -x]
x 0  x
 
= lim  1
x0
= -1
x
lim f ( x)  lim  
x 0 x 0
x
 x
= lim   [When x > 0, x = x]
x 0 x
 
= lim 1
x0
=1
It is observed that lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .
x0 x0
Hence, lim f ( x) does not exist.
x0
Question 27: Find lim f ( x) , where f(x) = x - 5

x5
Solution 27: The given function is f(x) = x - 5
lim f ( x) = lim(

x  5)
x 5 x 5
= lim( x  5) [When x > 0, x = x]

x 5
= 5- 5
=0

lim f ( x)  lim( x  5)
x5 
x5
= lim( x  5) [When x > 0, x = x]

x 5
=5–5
=0
lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) = 0
x5 x5
Hence, lim f ( x) = 0
x5
a  bx, x0

Question 28: Suppose f(x) = 4, x  1 and if lim f ( x) = f(1) what are possible
x 1
b  ax, x 1

values of a and b?
a  bx, x0

f(x) = 4, x 1
b  ax, x 1

lim f ( x)  lim(a  bx)  a  b

x1 x1
lim f ( x)  lim(b  ax)  b  a

x1 x1
f(1) = 4
It is given that lim f ( x) = f(1).
x 1
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) = f(1)

x1 x1 x1
 a + b = 4 and b – a = 4
On solving these two equations, we obtain a = 0 and b = 4.
Thus, the respective possible values of a and b are 0 and 4.
Question 29: Let a1, a2, ... , an be fixed real numbers and define a function
f(x) = (x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)
What is lim f ( x) ? For some a  a1, a2, ... , an. Compute lim f ( x) .
x a1 xa
Solution 29: The given function is f(x) = (x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)

lim f ( x)  lim [(x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)]
xa1 xa1
= (a1 – a1) (a1 – a2)….. (a1 – an) = 0

 lim f ( x) = 0
x a1
Now, lim f ( x)  lim [(x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)]

xa xa

= (a – a1) (a – a2)….. (a – an)

 lim f ( x) = (a – a1) (a – a2)….. (a – an)
x a
 x  1, x0

Question 30: If f(x) = 0, x0.
 x  1, x 1

For what value (s) of does lim f ( x) exists?

xa
 x  1, x0

If f(x) = 0, x0.
 x  1, x 1

When a = 0,
lim f ( x)  lim(

x 1)
x0 x0
= lim( x  1) [If x < 0, x = –x]

x 0
=0+1
=1
lim f ( x)  lim( x 1)

x0 
x0
= lim( x  1) [If x > 0, x = –x]

x 0
=0–1
= –1
Here, it is observed that lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .
x0 x0
 lim f ( x) does not exist.
x 0
When a < 0,
lim f ( x)  lim(

x 1)
xa xa
= lim( x  1) [x < a < 0  x = –x]

x a
= –a + 1
lim f ( x)  lim(

x 1)
xa xa
= lim( x  1) [a < x < 0  x = –x]

x a
= –a + 1

 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  a  1
xa xa
Thus, limit of f(x) exists at x = a, where a < 0.

When a > 0
lim f ( x)  lim( x 1)

xa 
xa
= lim( x  1) [0 < x < a  x = x]

x a
=a–1
lim f ( x)  lim( x 1)

xa 
xa
= lim( x  1) [0 < x < a  x = x]

x a
=a–1
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  a 1
xa xa
Thus, limit of f(x) exists at x = a, where a > 0.

Thus, lim f ( x) exists for all a  0.
xa
f ( x)  2
Question 31: If the function f(x) satisfies, lim   , evaluate lim f ( x) .
x 1 x2 1 x1
f ( x)  2
Solution 31: lim 
x 1 x2 1
lim  f ( x)  2 
 x 1

lim  x 2  1
x 1
 lim  f ( x)  2   lim  x2 1

x1 x1
 lim  f ( x)  2   12 1

x1
 lim  f ( x)  2  0
x1
 lim f ( x)  lim2  0
x1 x1
 lim f ( x)  2  0
x1
lim f ( x)  2
x1

mx2  n, x0

Question 32: If f(x) = nx  m, 0  x  1.
nx3  m, x 1

For what integers m and n does lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) exists?
x0 x 1
mx2  n, x0

Solution 32: f(x) = nx  m, 0  x  1. .
nx3  m, x 1

lim f ( x)  lim(mx2  n)
x0 x0
= m(0)2  n
=n
lim f ( x)  lim(nx  m)
x0 x0
= n(0)  m
=m
Thus, lim f ( x) exists if m = n.
x 0
lim f ( x)  lim(nx  m)
x1 x1
= n (1) + m
=m+n
lim f ( x)  lim(nx3  m)
x1 x1
= n (1)3 + m
=m+n
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .
x1 x1 x1
Thus, lim f ( x) exists for any internal value of m and n.

x 1

Exercise 13.2
Question 1: Find the derivative of x2 – 2 at x = 10.
Solution 1: Let f(x) = x2 – 2. Accordingly,

f (10  h)  f (10)
f '(10)  lim
h0 h
[(10  h)2  2]  (102  2)

 lim
h0 h
102  2 10  h  h2  2  102  2

 lim
h0 h
20h  h2
 lim
h0 h
 lim(20  h)  20  0  20
h0
Thus, the derivative of x2 – 2 at x = 10 is 20.
Question 2: Find the derivative of 99x at x = 100.
Solution 2: Let f(x) = 99x. Accordingly,

f (100  h)  f (100)
f '(100)  lim
h0 h
99(100  h)  99(100)
 lim
h0 h
99 100  99h  99 100
 lim
h0 h
99h
 lim
h 0 h
 lim(99)  99
h0
Thus, the derivative of 99x at x = 100 is 99.
Question 3: Find the derivative of x at x = 1.

Solution 3: Let f(x) = x. Accordingly,

f (1  h)  f (1)
f '(1)  lim
h0 h
(1  h) 1
 lim
h0 h
h
 lim
h0 h
 lim(1)  1
h0
Thus, the derivative of x at x = 1 is 1.
Question 4: Find the derivative of the following functions from first principle.
(i) x3 – 27
(ii) (x – 1) (x – 2)
1
(iii)
x2
x 1
(iv)
x 1
Solution 4: (i) Let f(x) = x3 – 27. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
[( x  h)3  27]  ( x3  27)

 lim
h0 h
x3  h3  3x2h  3xh2  x3
 lim
h0 h
h3  3x2h  3xh2
 lim
h0 h
 lim(h3  3x2h  3xh2 )
h0
= 0 + 3x2 + 0 = 3x2
(ii) Let f(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2). Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
( x  h 1)( x  h  2)  ( x 1)( x  2)
 lim
h0 h
( x2  hx  2 x  hx  h2  2h  x  h  2)  ( x2  2x  x  2)
 lim
h0 h
(hx  hx  h2  2h  h)
 lim
h0 h
2hx  h2  3h
 lim
h0 h
 lim(2x  h  3)
h0
= 2x – 3
1
(iii) Let f(x) = . Accordingly, from the first principle,
x2
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1 1
 2
( x  h) x
2
 lim
h0 h
1  x2  ( x  h)2 
 lim  2 2 
h0 h
 x ( x  h) 
1  x2  x2  2hx  h2 
 lim  
h0 h x2 ( x  h)2
 
1  h2  2hx 
 lim  2 
h 0 h x ( x  h) 2
 
 h 2  2 x 
 lim  2 
h0 x ( x  h) 2
 
0  2x 2
  3
x ( x  0)
2 2
x

x 1
(iv) Let f(x) = . Accordingly, from the first principle,
x 1
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
 x  h 1 x 1 
  
 x  h 1 x 1 
 lim
h0 h
1  ( x 1)( x  h  1)  ( x  1)( x  h 1) 

 lim  
h0 h ( x 1)( x  h 1)
 
1  ( x2  hx  x  x  h  1)  ( x 2  hx  x  x  h  1) 
 lim  
h0 h ( x  1)( x  h  1)
 
1 2h 
 lim 
h0 h ( x  1)( x  h  1) 
 
 2 
 lim 
h0 ( x  1)( x  h  1) 
 
2 2
 
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)2
Question 5: For the function
x100 x99 x2
F ( x)      x 1
100 99 2
Prove that f '(1) = 100 f '(0)
x100 x99 x2
F ( x)      x 1
100 99 2
d d  x100 x99 x2 
f ( x)       x  1
dx dx 100 99 2 
d d  x100  d  x99  d  x2  d d
f ( x)          ( x)  (1)
dx dx  100  dx  99  dx  2  dx dx

d n
On using theorem ( x )  nxn1 , we obtain
dx
d 100x99 99x98 2x
f ( x)     1 0
dx 100 99 2
 x99  x98   x 1
 f '( x)  x99  x98   x 1
At x = 0,
f'(0) = 1
At x =1,
f '(1)  199  198   1  1  [1  1   1  1]100 terms  1100  100
Thus, f'(1) = 100 f'(0)
Question 6: Find the derivative of xn  axn–1  a2 xn–2   an–1x  an for some fixed real
number a.
Solution 6: Let f ( x)  xn  axn–1  a2 xn–2   an–1x  an
d d
f ( x)  ( xn  axn –1  a2 xn –2   an –1 x  an )
dx dx
d n d d d d
 ( x )  a ( xn –1 )  a2 ( xn –2 )   an –1 ( x)  an (1)
dx dx dx dx dx
d n
dx
f '( x)  nxn1  a(n 1) xn–2  a2 (n  2) xn–3   an–1  an (0)
 f '( x)  nxn1  a(n 1) xn–2  a2 (n  2) xn–3   an–1
Question 7: For some constants a and b, find the derivative of

(i) (x – a) (x – b)
(ii) (ax2 + b)2
xa
(iii)
x b
Solution 7: (i) Let f (x) = (x – a) (x – b)

 f ( x)  x2  (a  b) x  ab
d 2
 f '( x)  ( x  (a  b) x  ab)
dx
d 2 d d
 ( x )  (a  b) ( x)  (ab)
dx dx dx
d n
dx
f '( x)  2x  (a  b)  0
 2x  a  b
(ii) Let f(x) = (ax2 + b)2
 f ( x)  a2 x4  2abx2  b2
d 2 4
 f '( x)  (a x  2abx2  b2 )
dx
d 4 d d
 a2 ( x )  2ab ( x2 )  b2
dx dx dx
d n
dx
f '( x)  a2 (4x3 )  2ab(2x)  b2 (0)
 4a2 x3  4abx
 4ax(ax2  b)
xa
(iii) Let f(x) =
x b
d  xa 
 f '( x)   
dx  x  b 
By quotient rule,
d d
( x  b) ( x  a)  ( x  a) ( x  b)
f '( x)  dx dx
( x  b) 2
( x  b)(1)  ( x  a)(1)

( x  b)2

x b x  a

( x  b)2
a b

( x  b)2
xn  an
Question 8: Find the derivative of for some constant a.
xa
xn  an
Solution 8: Let f(x) =
xa
d  xn  an 
 f '( x)   
dx  x  a 
By quotient rule,
d n n d
( x  a) ( x  a )  ( x n  a n ) ( x  a)
f '( x)  dx dx
( x  a) 2
( x  a)(nx n1  0)  ( x n  a n )

( x  a) 2
nxn  anxn1  xn  an

( x  a) 2
Question 9: Find the derivative of

3
(i) 2 x 
4
(ii) (5x3 + 3x – 1) (x – 1)
(iii) x–3 (5 + 3x)
(iv) x5 (3 –6x–9)
(v) x–4 (3 – 4x–5)
2 x2
(vi) 
x  1 3x  1

3
Solution 9: (i) Let f(x) = 2 x 
4
d  3
f '( x)   2x  
dx  4
d d 3
2 ( x)   
dx dx  4 
=2–0
=2
(ii) Let f (x) = (5x3 + 3x – 1) (x – 1)

By Leibnitz product rule,
d d
f '( x)  (5x3  3x –1) ( x 1)  ( x 1) (5x3  3x –1)
dx dx
= (5x3 + 3x – 1)(1) + (x – 1)(5.3x2 + 3 – 0)
= (5x3 + 3x – 1) + (x – 1)(15x2 + 3)
= 5x3 + 3x – 1 + 15x3 + 3x – 15x2 – 3
= 20x3 – 15x2 + 6x – 4
(iii) Let f (x) = x–3 (5 + 3x)

d d
f '( x)  x3 (5  3x)  (5  3x) ( x3 )
dx dx
 x3 (0  3)  (5  3x)(3x31 )
 x3 (3)  (5  3x)(3x4 )
 3x3 15x4  9x3
 6x3 15x4
 5
 3x3  2  
 x
3x3
 (2 x  5)
x

3
 (5  2x)
x4
(iv) Let f (x) = x5 (3 – 6x–9)

d d
f '( x)  x5 (3  6 x9 )  (3  6 x9 ) ( x5 )
dx dx
 x5{0 – 6  9 x91}  (3  6 x9 )(5x4 )
 x5 (54x10 )  15x4  30x5
 54x5 15x4  30x5
 24x5  15x4
24
 15x 4 
x5
(v) Let f (x) = x–4(3 – 4x–5)

d d
f '( x)  x4 (3  4 x5 )  (3  4 x5 ) ( x4 )
dx dx
 x4{0 – 4  5 x51}  (3  4x5 )(4) x41
 x4 (20x6 )  (3  4x5 )(4x5 )
 20x10 12x5 16x10
 36x10 12x5
12 36
 
x 5 x10
2 x2
(vi) Let f (x) = 
x  1 3x  1
d  2  d  x2 
f '( x)     
dx  x  1  dx  3x 1 
By quotient rule,

 d d   d 2 2 d 
 ( x  1) dx (2)  2 dx ( x  1)   (3x 1) dx ( x )  x dx (3x 1) 
f '( x)    
 ( x  1) 2
  (3x 1)2 
   
 ( x  1)(0)  2(0)   (3x 1)(2 x)  x2 (3) 

  
 ( x  1)2   (3x 1)2 
2  6 x 2  2 x  3x 2 
   
( x  1)2  (3x  1)2 
2  3x 2  2 x 2 
  
( x  1)2  (3x  1)2 
2 x(3x  2)
 
( x  1) 2
(3x  1)2
Question 10: Find the derivative of cos x from first principle.
Solution 10: Let f(x) = cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
 cos( x  h)  cos( x) 
 lim  
h0
 h
 cos x cos h  sin x sin h  cos x 

 lim  
h0
 h
  cos x(1  cos h)  sin x sin h 

 lim  
h0
 h h
  1  cos h    sin h 
  cos x lim     sin x lim  
 h0  h   h0  h 
 1  cos h sin h 
  cos x(0)  sin x(1) lim  0 and lim  1
h0 h h0 h 
 f '( x)   sin x

Question 11: Find the derivative of the following functions:

(i) sin x cos x
(ii) sec x
(iii) 5sec x + 4cos x
(iv) cosec x
(v) 3cot x + 5cosec x
(vi) 5sin x – 6cos x + 7
(vii) 2tan x – 7sec x
Solution 11: (i) Let f (x) = sin x cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
sin( x  h)cos( x  h)  sin x cos x
 lim
h0 h
1
 lim [2sin( x  h)cos( x  h)  2sin x cos x]
h0 2h
1
 lim [sin 2( x  h)  sin 2 x]
h0 2h
1  2 x  2h  2 x 2 x  2h  2 x 
 lim  2cos  sin 
h0 2h  2 2
1  4 x  2h 2h 
 lim  2cos  sin 
h0 2h 2 2

1
 lim cos(2x  h)sin h
h0 2h
sin h
 limcos(2 x  h)  lim
h0 h0 h
 cos(2x  h) 1
 cos 2x
(ii) Let f (x) = sec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
sec( x  h)  sec x
 lim
h0 h
1 1 1 
 lim  
h0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x 
1  cos x  cos( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 cos x cos( x  h) 
  x  x  h   x  x  h 
 2sin   sin  
1 1  2   2 
  lim 
cos x h  0 h cos( x  h) 
 
  2 x  h   h  
 2sin   sin  
1 1  2   2 
  lim  
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h) 
 
  h  
 sin   
 2x  h   2 
 2sin   
  2  h 
  
1 1  2 
  lim
cos x h0 2h cos( x  h)
h  2x  h 
sin   sin  
1 2 2 
  lim    lim 
cos x h0  h  h0 cos( x  h)
 
2
1 sin x
 1
cos x cos x
 sec x tan x
(iii) Let f (x) = 5sec x + 4cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
5sec( x  h)  4cos( x  h)  [5sec x  4cos x]
 lim
h0 h

[sec( x  h)  sec x] [cos( x  h)  cos x]

 5lim  4lim
h0 h h0 h
1 1 1  1
 5lim     4lim cos( x  h)  cos x
h0 h cos( x  h) cos x  h0 h

1  cos x  cos( x  h)  1
 5lim    4lim cos x cos h  sin x sin h  cos x
h0 h
 cos x cos( x  h)  h0 h
  2 x  h   h  
2sin   sin  
5 1  2   2   (1  cos x) sin h 
  lim    4   cos x lim  sin x lim
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h)   h 0 h h 0 h 
 
  h  
  2 x  h  sin  2  
sin   

  2  h 
   
5 2 
  lim  4   cos x(0)  sin x(1) 
cos x h  0 cos( x  h)
 h  2x  h  
 sin   sin  
5 2 2 
  lim    lim    4sin x
cos x  h0  h  h0 cos( x  h) 
   
2
5 sin x
  1  4sin x
cos x cos x
 5sec x tan x  4sin x
(iv) Let f (x) = cosec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec x]
h0 h
1 1 1 
 lim  
h0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 
1  sin x  sin( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 

  x xh  x  x  h 
 2 cos    sin  
1  2   2 
 lim 
h 0 h sin x sin( x  h)
 
 
  2x  h   h  
 2cos    sin   
1  2   2 
 lim 
 
 
  h  
 sin   
 2x  h   2 
  cos   
  2  h 
   
2 
 lim
h 0 sin x sin( x  h)
  2x  h   h
  cos  2   sin  
 lim      lim  2 
0  h 
h 0  sin x sin( x  h)  h
  2  
  2
  cos x 
  1
 sin x sin x 
 cosec x cot x
(v) Let f (x) = 3cot x + 5cosec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [3cot( x  h)  5cosec( x  h)  3cotx  5cosec x]
h0 h
1 1
 3lim [cot( x  h)  cot x]  5lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec x] ….(1)
h0 h h0 h
1 1  cos( x  h) cos x 
Now, lim [cot( x  h)  cot x]  lim  
h0 h h0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 
1  cos( x  h)sin x  cos x sin( x  h) 

 lim  
h0 h sin x sin( x  h)
 
1  sin( x  x  h) 
 lim 
h0 h sin x sin( x  h) 
 

1  sin(h) 
 lim 
h0 h sin x sin( x  h) 
 
sin h  1 
 lim  lim 
h0 h h0  sin x sin( x  h) 
1 1
 1  2  cosec2 x ….(2)
sin x sin( x  h) sin x
1 1 1 1 
lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec x]  lim  
h0 h h0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 
1  sin x  sin( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 
  x xh  x  x  h 
 2 cos    sin  
1  2   2 
 lim 
 
 
  2x  h   h  
 2cos    sin   
1  2   2 
 lim 
 
 
 h 
sin  
 2x  h   2 
 cos  
 2  h
 
 lim 2
  2x  h   h
  cos  2   sin  
 lim      lim  2 
  h 0  h 
   
  2
  cos x 
  1
 sin x sin x 
 cosec x cot x …..(3)
From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
f '(x) = –3cosec2 x – 5cosec x cot x

(vi) Let f (x) = 5sin x – 6cos x + 7. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [5sin( x  h)  6cos( x  h)  7  5sinx  6cos x  7]
h0 h
1 1
 5lim [sin( x  h)  sin x]  6lim [cos( x  h)  cos x]
h0 h h0 h
1  xh x  x  h  x  cos x cos h  sin x sinh cos x

 5lim 2cos    sin    6lim
h0 h 2 2 h
     h 0
1  2x  h   h    cos x(1  cos h)  sin x sin h 

 5lim 2cos    sin    6lim 
h0 h
  2   2  h0
 h 
  h 
 sin   
1  2x  h  2   cos x(1  cos h) sin x sin h 
 5lim cos        6 lim  
h 0 h
  2  h  h 0
 h h 
   
2 
  h 
 sin   
  2 x  h   2   1  cos h   sin h  
 5 lim cos    lim     6   cos x  lim   sin x  lim 
 h 0  2    h 0  h     h 0 h   h 0 h  
   
2 
 5cos x 1  6[( cos x)  (0)  sin x 1]
 5cos x  6sin x
(vii) Let f (x) = 2 tan x – 7 sec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [2tan( x  h)  7sec( x  h)  2 tan x  7sec x]
h0 h
1 1
 2lim [tan( x  h)  tan x]  7lim [sec( x  h)  sec x]
h0 h h0 h
1  sin( x  h) sin x  1 1 1 
 2lim    7lim  


cos x  h0 h cosec( x  h)
 cosec x 
1  cos x sin( x  h)  sin x cos( x  h)  1  cos x  cos( x  h) 

 2lim    7lim  
h0 h cos x cos( x  h) h0 h
   cos x cos( x  h) 

  x  x  h   x  x  h 
 2sin   sin  
1  sin x  h  x  1  2   2 
 2 lim    7 lim 
h 0 h cos x cos( x  h) h 0 h cos x cos( x  h)
   
 
  2 x  h   h  
 2sin   sin  
  sin h  1  1  2   2 
 2 lim     7 lim  
 h0  h  cos x cos( x  h)  h 0 h
 cos x cos( x  h) 
 
  h    2x  h  
 sin    sin  
 sin h   1 
  2    2  
 2  lim  lim   7 lim lim
 h0 h   h0 cos x cos( x  h)   h0 h  h0 cos x cos( x  h) 
 2  
  
1  sin x 
 2  1 1  7 1 
cos x cos x  cos x cos x 
 2sec2 x  7sec x tan x
Question 1: Find the derivative of the following functions from first principle:
(i) –x
(ii) (–x)–1
(iii) sin (x + 1)
 
(iv) cos  x  
 8
Solution 1: (i) Let f(x) = –x. Accordingly, f(x + h) = –(x + h)

By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
( x  h)  ( x)
 lim
h0 h
x  h  x
 lim
h0 h
h
 lim
h 0 h

 lim(1)  1
h0
1 1 1
(ii) Let f ( x)   – x  
–1
 . Accordingly, f(x + h) =
x x ( x  h)
By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1  1  1 
 lim    
h0 h ( x  h)
  x 
1   x  ( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 x( x  h) 
1 h 
 lim 
h0 h x( x  h) 
 
1
 lim
h0 x( x  h)
1 1
  2
x.x x
(iii) Let f(x) = sin(x + 1). Accordingly, f(x + h) = sin(x + h + 1)

By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [sin( x  h  1)  sin( x  1)]
h0 h
1  x  h  1  x  1   x  h  1  x  1 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h 2 2
    
1  2 x  h  2   h 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h 2
    2 
  h 
  2 x  h  2  sin  2  
 lim cos   
 h 
h 0
  2    
   
2 

h
sin  
1  2x  h  2  1 2 h
 lim cos    lim [ As h  0   0]
h 0 h
 2  2 0 h  h 
h
2
 
2
 2x  0  2   sin x 
 cos   1 lim  1
 2  h0 x 
 cos( x  1)
   
(iv) Let f(x) = cos  x   . Accordingly, f(x + h) = cos  x  h  
 8  8
By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1     
 lim cos  x  h    cos  x  
h0 h 8 8 
  
    
  xh  x   xh x
1 8 8  
 lim  2sin  sin  8 8

h 0 h 2 2
  
   
    
  2x  h    h 
1 4
 lim  2sin   sin   
h 0 h 2
    2 
   
    sin  h  
  2x  h  4   2  
 lim   sin   
h 0
  2   h  
    2  
    h
sin  
  2x  h  4  2 h
 lim   sin     lim [ As h  0   0]
2   2 0  h  2
h 0 h
 
 
    2
 
 2x  0  4 
  sin   1
 2 
 

 
  sin  x  
 8
Question 2: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + a)
Solution 2: Let f(x) = x + a. Accordingly, f(x + h) = x + h + a

By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
xha xa
= lim
h0 h
h
= lim  
h0 h
 
= lim(1)
h0
=1
r 
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non- zero constants and m and n are integers): (px + q)   s 
x 
r 
Solution 3: Let f(x) = (px + q)   s 
x 
'
r  r 
f '( x)  ( px  q)   s     s  ( px  q)'
x  x 
r 
 
'
= ( px  q) rx1  s    s  ( p)
x 
r 
 
= ( px  q) rx2    s  p
x 

 r   r 
= ( px  q)  2     s  p
x  x 
 px qr pr
=  2  ps
x x x
qr
= ps 
x2
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b) (cx + d)2
Solution 4: Let f '( x)  (ax  b)(cx  d )2

d d
f '( x)  (ax  b) (cx  d )2 (ax  b)
dx dx
d 2 2 d
= (ax  b) (c x  2cdx2 )  (cx  d )2 (ax  b)
dx dx
d d d  d d 
= (ax  b)  (c2 x2 )  (2cdx)  d 2   (cx  d )2  ax  b
 dx dx dx   dx dx 
= (ax  b)(2c2 x  2cd )  (cx  d )2 a
= 2c(ax  b)(cx  d )  a(cx  d )2
ax  b
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers):
cx  d
ax  b
Solution 5: Let f ( x) 
cx  d
By quotient rule,
d d
(cx  d ) (ax  b)  (ax  b) (cx  d )
f ' ( x)  dx dx
(cx  d )2
(cx  d )(a)  (ax  d )(c)
=
(cx  d )2

acx  ad  acx  bc
=
(cx  d )2
ad  bc
=
(cx  d )2
1
1
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): x
1
1
x
1 x 1
1
Solution 6: Let f ( x)  x  x  x  1 , where x  0
1 x 1 x 1
1
x x
By quotient rule,
d d
( x 1) ( x 1)  ( x  1) ( x 1)
f ' ( x)  dx dx , x  0,1
( x 1) 2
( x  1)(1)  ( x  1)(1)
= , x  0,1
( x  1)2
x 1  x 1
= , x  0,1
( x  1)2
2
= , x  0,1
( x 1)2
1
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): 2
ax  bx  c
1
ax  bx  c
2
By quotient rule,

d d
(ax2  bx  c) (1)  (ax2  bx  c)
f ' ( x)  dx dx
(ax2  bx  c)2
(ax2  bx  c)(0)  (2ax  b)

=
(ax2  bx  c)2
(2ax  b)
=
(ax2  bx  c)2
ax  b
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
px  qx  r
2
ax  b
Solution 8: Let f ( x)  2
px  qx  r
By quotient rule,
d d
( px2  qx  r ) (ax  b)  (ax  b) ( px 2  qx  r )
f ' ( x)  dx dx
( px2  qx  r )2
( px2  qx  r )(a)  (ax  b)(2 px  q)

=
( px2  qx  r )2
apx2  aqx  ar  aqx  2npx  bq

=
( px2  qx  r )2
apx2  2bpx  ar  bq
=
( px2  qx  r )2
px 2  qx  r
ax  b
px2  qx  r
ax  b
By quotient rule,

d d
(ax  b) ( px2  qx  r )  ( px2  qx  r ) (ax  b)
f ' ( x)  dx dx
(ax  b)2
(ax  b)(2 px  q)  ( px2  qx  r )(a)

=
(ax  b)2
2apx2  aqx  2bpx  bq  aqx2  aqx  ar

=
(ax  b)2
apx2  2bpx  bq  ar
=
(ax  b)2
a b
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): 4  2  cos x
x x
a b
Solution 10: Let f ( x)    cos x
x4 x2
d a d a d
f ' ( x)        (cos x)
dx  x4  dx  x2  dx
d 4 d d
= a
dx
 x   b  x2   (cos x)
dx dx
d n d 
   
= a 4 x5  b 2 x3  ( sin x)  dx  x   nx and dx  cos x    sin x 
n 1
4a 2b
=  3  sin x
x5 x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers): 4 x  2
Solution 11: Let f(x) = 4 x  2
d d d
f '( x)  (4 x  2)  (4 x )  (2)
dx dx dx

d 12  1 1 1 
4 (x )  0  4  x2 
dx 2 
 1  2
  2x 2  
  x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b) n
Solution 12: Let f(x) = (ax + b)n. Accordingly, f(x + h) = {a(x + h) + b}n = (ax + ah + b)n
By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
(ax  ah  b)  (ax  b)n

 lim
h0 h
n
 nah  n
(ax  b) 1    (ax  b)
 lim  ax  b 
h0 h
1   
2
n  ah  n(n 1)  ah  
 (ax  b) lim 1  n        1 (using binomial theorem)
h0 h

  ax  b  2  ax  b   

1   ah  n(n 1)a2h2 
n
 (ax  b) lim n 
h0 h
   Terms containing higher degrees of h 
  ax  b  2(ax  b)
2

 na n(n 1)a 2h2 

 (ax  b)n lim    
h0 (ax  b) 2(ax  b)2
 
 na 
 (ax  b)n   0
 (ax  b) 
(ax  b)n
 na
ax  b
 na(ax  b)n1

d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b) n (cx + d)m
Solution 13: Let f(x) = (ax + b)n (cx + d)m

d d
f '( x)  (ax  b)n (cx  d )m  (cx  d )m (ax  b)n … (1)
dx dx
Now let f1(x) = (cx + d)m
f1(x + h) = (cx + ch + d)m
f1 ( x  h)  f1 ( x)
f1 '( x)  lim
h0 h
(cx  ch  d )m  (cx  d )m
 lim
h0 h
1  
m
ch 
 (cx  d )m lim 1   1
h0 h
 cx  d  
1  
m
m mch m(m 1) c2 h2 
 (cx  d ) lim 1      1
h0 h
 (cx  d ) 2 (cx  d )2  
1  mch m(m 1)c2 h2 

 (cx  d )m lim    (Terms containing higher degree oh h) 
h0 h (cx  d ) 2(cx  d )2
 
m  mc m(m  1)c2h2 
 (cx  d ) lim    
h0 (cx  d ) 2(cx  d )2
 
 mch 
 (cx  d )m   0
 (cx  d ) 
mc(cx  d )m

(cx  d )
 mc(cx  d )m1
d
(cx  d )m  mc(cx  d )m1 ... (2)
dx

d
Similarly, (ax  b)n  na(ax  b)n1 ... (3)
dx
Therefore, from (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
f '( x)  (ax  b)n{mc(cx  d )m1}  (cx  d )m{na(ax  b)n1}
 (ax  b)n1 (cx  d )m1[mc(ax  b)  na(cx  d )]
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): sin (x + a)
Solution 14: Let, f(x) = sin(x + a)

f(x + h) = sin(x + h + a)
By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
sin( x  h  a)  sin( x  a)
 lim
h0 h
1  x  h  a  x  a   x  h  a  x  a 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h 2 2
    
1  2 x  2a  h   h 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h 2
    2 
   h  
sin

 2 x  2a  h    2   
 lim cos   
h 0 
 2    h  

   2   
  h 
 2 x  2a  h   sin  2    h 
 lim cos    lim    As h  0  2  0
h 0
 2  2 0   h  
h
  2  
 2 x  2a   sin x 
 cos 
 2 
 1 lim
h0 x
 1

 cos( x  a)

d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): cosec x cot x
Solution 15: Let f(x) = cosec x cot x

f’(x) = cosec x(cot x)’+cot x(cosec x)’ ….(1)
Let f1(x) = cot x. Accordingly, f1(x + h) = cot (x + h)
By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
cot( x  h)  cot( x)
 lim
h0 h
1  cos( x  h) cos( x) 
 lim   
h0 h sin( x  h) sin x 

1  sin x cos( x  h)  cos x sin( x  h) 

 lim  
 
1  sin( x  x  h) 
 lim  
 
1 1  sin(h) 
 lim 
sin x h0 h  sin( x  h) 
1  sin h   1 
  lim   lim 
sin x  h0 h   h0 sin( x  h) 
1  1 
 1  lim 
sin x  h0 sin( x  0) 
1

sin 2 x
 cosec2 x
(cot x)'  cosec2 x … (2)
Now, let f2(x) = cosec x. Accordingly, f2(x + h) = cosec(x + h)

By first principle,
f 2 ( x  h)  f 2 ( x)
f 2 '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec( x)]
h0 h
1 1 1 
 lim   
h0 h sin( x  h) sin x 

1  sin x  sin( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 
  x  x  h   x  x  h 
 2 cos   sin  
1 1  2   2 
  lim 
sin x h0 h  sin( x  h) 
 
  2 x  h   h  
2cos   sin  
1 1  2   2 
  lim  
sin x h0 h  sin( x  h) 
 
 h  2x  h  
  sin   cos  
1  2  2 
  lim   
sin x h0   h  sin( x  h) 
  2  
h  2x  h 
sin   cos  
1 2  2 
  lim    lim
sin x h0  h  h0 sin( x  h)
 
2
 2x  h 
cos  
1  2 
 1
sin x sin( x  0)
1 cos x
 
sin x sin x
 cosec x  cot x
(cosec x)'  cosec x  cot x
From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
f '( x)  cosec x(cosec2 x)  cot x(cosec x cot x)

 cosec3 x  cot 2 xcosec x
cos x
1  sin x
cos x
1  sin x
By quotient rule,
d d
(1  sin x) (cos x)  (cos x) (1  sin x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(1  sin x) 2
(1  sin x)( sin x)  (cos x)(cos x)


(1  sin x)2
 sin x  sin 2 x  cos2 x


(1  sin x)2
 sin x  (sin 2 x  cos2 x)


(1  sin x)2
 sin x 1

(1  sin x)2
(1  sin x)

(1  sin x)2
1

(1  sin x)2
sin x  cos x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers):
sin x  cos x
sin x  cos x
Solution 17: Let f (x) =
sin x  cos x

By quotient rule,
d d
(sin x  cos x) (sin x  cos x)  (sin x  cos x) (sin x  cos x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(sin x  cos x)2
(sin x  cos x)(cos x  sin x)  (sin x  cos x)(cos x  sin x)


(sin x  cos x)2
(sin x  cos x)2  (sin x  cos x)2


(sin x  cos x)2
[sin 2 x  cos2 x  2sin x cos x  sin 2 x  cos2 x  2sin x cos x]


(sin x  cos x)2
[1  1]

(sin x  cos x)2
2

(sin x  cos x)2
sec x  1
sec x  1
sec x  1
sec x  1
1
1
cos x 1  cos x
f ( x)  
1
 1 1  cos x
cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
(1  cos x) (1  cos x)  (1  cos x) (1  cos x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(1  cos x)2
(1  cos x)(sin x)  (1  cos x)( sin x)


(1  cos x)2
sin x  cos x sin x  sin x  sin x cos x


(1  cos x)2

2sin x

(1  cos x)2
2sin x 2sin x
 
 1 
2
(sec x  1)2
1   sec2 x
 sec x 
2sin x sec2 x

(sec x  1)2
2sin x
sec x
 cos x
(sec x  1)2
2sec x tan x

(sec x  1)2
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): sinn x
Solution 19: Let y = sinn x.

Accordingly, for n = 1, y = sin x.
dy d
  cos x , i.e., sin x  cos x
dx dx
For n = 2, y = sin2 x.
dy d
  (sin x sin x)
dx dx
= (sin x)'(sin x + sin x(sin x)' [By Leibnitz product rule]
= cos x sin x + sin x cos x
= 2sin x cos x …. (1)
For n = 3, y = sin3 x.
dy d
  (sin x sin 2 x)
dx dx
= (sin x)'sin2 x + sin x(sin x)' [By Leibnitz product rule]
= cos x sin2 x+sin x(2sin x cos x) [Using (1)]
= cos x sin2 x + sin2 x cos x

= 3sin2 x cos x
d
We assert that (sin n x)  n sin ( n1) x cos x
dx
Let our assertion be true for n = k.
d
i.e., (sin k x)  k sin ( k 1) x cos x …. (2)
dx
Consider
d d
(sin k 1 x)  (sin x sin ( k ) x)
dx dx
= (sin x)' sink x + sin x (sink x)' [By Leibnitz product rule]
= cos x sink x + sin x (ksink-1 cos x) [Using (2)]
= cos x sink x + 2 sink x cos x
= (k + 1) sink x cos x
Thus, our assertion is true for n = k + 1.
d
Hence, by mathematical induction, (sin n x)  n sin ( n1) x cos x
dx
a  b sin x
c  d cos x
a  b sin x
c  d cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
(c  d cos x) (a  b sin x)  (a  b sin x) (c  d cos x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(c  d cos x) 2
(c  d cos x)(b cos x)  (a  b sin x)(d sin x)


(c  d cos x)2
cb cos x  bd cos2 x  ad sin x  bd sin 2 x


(c  d cos x)2

bc cos x  ad sin x  bd (cos2 x  sin 2 x)


(c  d cos x)2
bc cos x  ad sin x  bd

(c  d cos x)2
sin( x  a)
cos x
sin( x  a)
cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
cos x [sin( x  a)]  sin( x  a) cos x
f '( x)  dx dx
2
cos x
d d
cos x [sin( x  a)]  sin( x  a) ( sin x)
f '( x)  dx dx … (i)
cos2 x
Let g(x) = sin(x + a). Accordingly, g(x + h) = sin (x + h + a)
By first principle,
g ( x  h)  g ( x)
g '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [sin( x  h  a)  sin( x  a)]
h0 h
1  x  h  a  x  a   x  h  a  x  a 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h 2 2
    
1  2 x  2a  h   h 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h 2
    2 
   h  
 sin   
 2 x  2a  h    2  
 lim cos   h 
h 0 
 h     
  
   2  

  h 
 2 x  2a  h   sin  2    h 
 lim cos    lim     As h  0  2  0
h 0
 h  h 0   h  
  2  
 2 x  2a   sin h 
  cos
 2 
 1 lim
h0 h
 1

 cos( x  a) … (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we obtain

cos x cos( x  a)  sin x sin( x  a)
f '( x) 
cos2 x
cos( x  a  x)

cos2 x
cos a

cos2 x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): x4 (5 sin x – 3 cos x)
Solution 22: Let f (x) = x4 (5 sin x – 3 cos x)

By product rule,
d d
f '( x)  x4 (5sin x  3cos x)  (5sin x  3cos x) ( x4 )
dx dx
 d d  d
 x4 5 (sin x)  3 (cos x)  (5sin x  3cos x) ( x4 )
 dx dx  dx
 x4 5cos x  3( sin x)  (5sin x  3cos x)(4 x3 )
 x3[5x cos x  3x sin x  20sin x 12cos x]
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x2 + 1) cos x

Solution 23: Let f(x) = (x2 + 1) cos x

By product rule,
d d
f '( x)  ( x2  1) (cos x)  cos x ( x2  1)
dx dx
 ( x2  1)( sin x)  cos x(2x)
  x2 sin x  sin x  2x cos x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax2 + sin x) (p + q cos
x)
Solution 24: Let f(x) = (ax2 + sin x) (p + q cos x)

By product rule,
d d
f '( x)  (ax2  sin x) (p  q cos x)+(p  q cos x) (ax 2  sin x)
dx dx
 (ax2  sin x)(  q sin x)+(p  q cos x)(2ax  cos x)
 q sin x(ax2  sin x)+(p  q cos x)(2ax  cos x)
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + cos x) (x – tan x)
Solution 25: Let f(x) = (x + cos x) (x – tan x)

By product rule,
d d
f '( x)  ( x  cos x) (x – tan x)+(x – tan x) ( x  cos x)
dx dx
d d 
 ( x  cos x)  (x) – (tan x)  +(x – tan x)(1  sin x)
 dx dx 
 d 
 ( x  cos x) 1  (tan x)  +(x – tan x)(1  sin x) … (i)
 dx 

Let g(x) = tan x. Accordingly, g(x + h) = tan(x + h)

By first principle,
g ( x  h)  g ( x)
g '( x)  lim
h0 h
tan( x  h)  tan( x)
 lim
h0 h
1  sin( x  h) sin x 
 lim  
 cos x 
1  sin( x  h)cos x  sin x cos( x  h) 

 lim  
h0 h cos x cos( x  h)
 
1 1  sin( x  h  x) 
 lim 
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h) 
1 1  sin h 
 lim 
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h) 
1  sin h   1 
  lim   lim 
cos x  h0 h   h0 cos( x  h) 
1  1 
  1  
cos x  cos( x  0) 
1

cos2 x
 sec2 x … (ii)
Therefore, from (i) and (ii) ,We obtain
f '( x)  ( x  cos x)(1– sec2 x)+(x – tan x)(1  sin x)
 ( x  cos x)( – tan2 x)+(x – tan x)(1  sin x)
  tan2 x( x  cos x)+(x – tan x)(1  sin x)
4 x  5sin x
3x  7 cos x

4 x  5sin x
3x  7 cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
(3x  7cos x) (4 x  5sin x)  (4 x  5sin x) (3x  7cos x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(3x  7 cos x)2
 d d   d d 
(3x  7cos x) 4 (x)  5 (sin x)   (4 x  5sin x) 3 ( x)  7 (cos x) 
  dx dx   dx dx 
(3x  7cos x) 2
(3x  7cos x)  4 x  5cos x  (4 x  5sin x) 3  7sin x


(3x  7cos x)2
12 x  15x cos x  28x cos x  35cos2 x 12 x  28x sin x 15sin x  35(cos 2 x  sin 2 x)

(3x  7cos x)2
15x cos x  28cos x  28x sin x 15sin x  35(cos2 x  sin 2 x)


(3x  7cos x)2
35  15x cos x  28cos x  28x sin x  15sin x


(3x  7cos x)2
 
x 2 cos  
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): 4
sin x
 
x 2 cos  
Solution 27: Let f(x) = 4
sin x
By quotient rule,
 d d 
sin x ( x2 )  x 2 (sin x) 
  dx dx
f '( x)  cos    
4
  sin 2
x 
 

    sin x(2 x)  x (cos x) 

2
 cos    
 4  sin 2 x 

x cos [2sin x  x cos x]
 4
sin 2 x
x
1  tan x
x
1  tan x
d d
(1  tan x) ( x)  ( x) (1  tan x)
f ' ( x)  dx dx
(1  tan x) 2
d
(1  tan x)  x (1  tan x)
= f ' ( x)  dx …(i)
(1  tan x)2
Let g(x) = 1 + tan x. .Accordingly, g(x + h) = 1 + tan(x+h).
By first principle,
g ( x  h)  g ( x)
g ' ( x)  lim
h0 h
1  tan( x  h)  1  tan( x) 
= lim  
h0
 h
1  sin( x  h) sin x 
= lim  
 cos x 
1  sin( x  h)cos x  sin x cos x( x  h) 

= lim  
h0 h cos( x  h)cos x
 
1  sin( x  h  x) 
= lim 
h0 h cos( x  h)cos x 
 

1 sinh 
= lim 
 
 sinh   1 
=  lim  .  lim 
 h0 h   h0 cos( x  h)cos x 
1
= 1  sec2 x
cos2
d 2
 (1  tan x)  sec2 x …(ii)
dx
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
1  tan x  x sec2 x
f ' ( x) 
(1  tan x)2
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + sec x) (x – tan x)
Solution 29: Let f(x) = (x + sec x) (x – tan x)

By product rule,
d d
f ( x)  ( x  sec x) ( x  tan x)  ( x  tan x) ( x  sec x)
dx dx
d d  d d 
= ( x  sec x)  ( x)  tan x   ( x  tan x)  ( x)  sec x 
 dx dx   dx dx 
 d   d 
= f ( x  sec x) 1  tan x)  ( x  tan x) 1  sec x  ...(i)
 dx   dx 
Let f1 (x) = tan x, f2 (x) = sec x
Accordingly, f1 (x + h)-tan(x + h) and f2 (x + h) = sec (x + h)
 f ( x  h)  f1 ( x) 
f1' ( x)  lim  1 
h0
 h 
 tan( x  h)  tan( x) 
= lim  
h0
 h

1  sin( x  h) sin x 
= lim  
 cos x 
1  sin( x  h)cos x  sin x cos x( x  h) 

= lim  
h0 h cos( x  h)cos x
 
1  sin( x  h  x) 
= lim 
 
1 sinh 
= lim 
 
 sinh   1 
=  lim  .  lim 
 h0 h   h0 cos( x  h)cos x 
1
= 1 2
 sec2 x
cos
d 2
 (1  tan x)  sec2 x … (ii)
dx
 f  ( x  h)  f 2 ( x) 
f '2 ( x)  lim  2 
h0
 h 
 sec( x  h)  sec( x) 
 lim  
h0
 h 
1 1 1 
 lim   
h0 h cos( x  h) cos x 

1  cos x  cos( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 cos( x  h)cos x 
  xxh  x  x  h 
 2sin    sin  
1 1  2   2 
 lim 
 
  2x  h   h  
 2sin    sin   
1 1  2   2 
 lim 
cos x h  0 h cos( x  h) 
 

   h 
sin

 2 x  h    2   
 sin   
  2   h  
 
1 1   2   
 lim  
 
 
 
 
  h 
 sin   
  2 x  h    2 
limsin    lim 
 h 0
 2    2 0  h  
h
 

  2  
 sec x
lim cos( x  h)
h 0
sin x 1
 sec x 
cos x
d
 sec x  sec x tan x
dx
From (i), (ii), and (iii), we obtain
f '( x)  ( x  sec x)(1  sec2 x)  ( x  tan x)(1  sec x tan x)
x
sin n x
x
sin n x
By quotient rule,
d d
sin n x x  x sin n x
f '( x)  dx dx
2n
sin x
d
It can be easily shown that sin n x = n sinn1 x cos x
dx
Therefore,

d d
sin n x x  x sin n x
f '( x)  dx dx
sin 2n x
sin n x.1  x(n sin n 1 x cos x)

=
sin 2n x
sin n 1 x(sin x  nx cos x)

=
sin 2n x
sin x  nx cos x
=
sin n1 x

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Class IX - NCERT –Maths Exercise (1.

Consider the definition of a rational number.

Therefore, zero is a rational number.

Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4.

have to find 6 rational numbers between 3 and 4

So multiply and divide by 7 (or any number greater than 6)

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So, multiply and divide by 6 (Or any number greater than 5)

(i) Every natural number is a whole number.

(ii) Every integer is a whole number.

(iii) Every rational number is a whole number.

(i) Consider the whole numbers and natural numbers separately.

We know that whole number series is 0,1, 2, 3, 4,5..... .

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Diagrammatically, we can represent as follows:

Therefore, we conclude that, yes every natural number is a whole number.

(ii) Consider the integers and whole numbers separately.

Now, considering the series of integers, we have – 4, – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2,3, 4..... .

We know that whole number are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5..... .

Therefore, we conclude that every integer is not a whole number.

But, clearly every whole number is an integer.

(iii) Consider the rational numbers and whole numbers separately.

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We conclude that every whole number is a rational number.

But, clearly every whole number is a rational number.

(i) Every irrational number is a real number.

(iii) Every real number is an irrational number.

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Therefore, we conclude that, every irrational number is a real number.

(ii) Consider a number line. on a number line, we can represent negative as

Therefore, every real number is not an irrational number.

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But 4 is 2, which is an integer.

Therefore, we conclude that square root of every positive integer is not an

Show how 5 can be represented on the number line.

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On dividing 36 by 100, we get

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while dividing 33 by 8, the remainder is 0.

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On dividing 3 by 13, we get

while dividing 3 by 13 the remainder is 3, which will continue to be 3 after

On dividing 2 by 11, we get

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On dividing 329 by 400, we get

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(i) Let x = 0.47 ⇒ x = 0.47777.... ....(a)

Multiply both sides by 10, we get

(iii) Let x = 0.001 ⇒ ... (a)

So, 1000x =1.001001..... ...(b)

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We need to multiply by 10 on both sides, we get

10x = 9.9999.... .....(b)

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All irrational numbers are non-terminating and non-recurring.

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(ii) 225 =15

It is terminating decimal. Therefore, it is rational number