Chapter 1

Computer An electronic device, operating under the control of instruction stored in its own memory
Data Collection of unprocessed items, which may include audio text and video
 Raw material
 Unformatted information
 Generally has no meaning or context
Information Collection of data that is organized, has meaning and be useful by conveying useful message to one or
more person
 Processed material
 Formatted information
 Data given context or meaning
EXAMPLE The history of temperature readings all over the world for the past 100 years is data. If this data is
organized and analysed to find that global temperature is rising, then that is information.
Hardware Electric, electronic and mechanical components in a computer
 Input device
 Output device
 System unit
 Storage device
 Communication device
Input device Hardware component that allow to enter data and instruction into computer
 Keyboard, mouse, touchpad, and webcam, touchscreen
Output device Hardware component that conveys information to others
 Monitor, data projector, printer, speaker, touchscreen
System unit Is a box-like case that contain all electronic component of the computer that use to process data
 Powerbank, system motherboard, pendrive
Storage device Hold data, instruction and information for future use
 CD, USB drive, memory card
Communication Hardware component that enables computer to send and receive data, instruction and information to
device one or more devices
 Modem, broadband, wifi, network card and cable
System software  Program that tells computer what task to perform and how to perform
 As interface between users, application software and the hardware
 2 types of system software which includes operating system and utility programs
 Example: Mac OS, IOS, Android, Blackberry and Window 7
Application  Consist of program that perform specific tasks for users
software  Example: Spreadsheet, Microsoft word and adobe photoshop
Advantage of  Speed
computers  Reliability
 Consistency
 Storage
 Communication
Disadvantages of  Violation of privacy
computers  Impact of labour force
 Health risk
 Impact of environment
 Public safety
Categories of 1. Personal computers
computers 2. Mobile computers and mobile devices
3. Game consoles
4. Servers
5. Mainframes
6. Supercomputers
7. Embedded computer
Personal  Can perform input, process and output, storage
computer  Contain processors , memory , one or more input or output and storage
 Apple Macintosh uses Macintosh operating system (Mac OS)
Mobile  Mobile computers is a personal computer that is portable
computers and Example: laptop, tablet pc, notebook computers
Mobile Device  Mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in hands
Example: Ipad, smartphones, GPS device, digital cameras, Mp3
Game Consoles  Mobile computing device designed for single or multiplayer video games
Servers  A server control access to hardware, software and resources on network
 Provide centralized storage area for programs, data and information
Mainframes  Large, expensive , powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users
simultaneously
Supercomputers  Most fastest and powerful computers that are capable of processing more than one quadrillion
instruction in one second
 Worldwide weather forecasting and military uses
Embedded  Is a special-purpose computer /component in larger product
computers( final)  Is a microcontroller or microprocessor devised for specific function that perform task specifically in
various applications .
 Even in part of large system but It relies on its own processor
 Example: cell phones , cameras and automotive systems, PRINTER
 Totally different from general purposes computer( can perform many task)
 They are being programmed for particular functionality
Example  Consumers Electronic ( cameras, mobile& digital telephones)
 Home Automation devices (Sprinkling system , security monitoring system)
 Automobiles (Airbag controller, Antilock brakes)
 Process controller and robotics ( Remote monitoring systems, machine controllers)
 Computer device and office machine ( Keyboards, printers , faxes and copiers)
Computer  Banking and finance ( online services and investment)
application in  Publishing ( online publish and access)
fields  Government ( provide support services for people’s convenience :income tax, road tax or license
renewal)
 Travel ( booking/ reservation purposes , GPS for guiding with mobile devices)
Chapter 2
Input -any data or instruction entered into the memory of computers
-instruction can be entered in the form of programs, commands or user response
- a program is a series of related instruction that tells a computer what to perform and how to perform
- example like install Microsoft word program
-programs respond to command that user issues
- a user response is an instruction a user issue by replying to a question displayed by a program
What is input Any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instruction into a computer
device 1.Keyboard
2.Pointing device
3.Digital cameras
4.Voice input
5.Video input
6.Scanners and reading
7.Biometric input
Keyboard Input device hat contains keys to press data ( typing areas includes alphabet, numbers, punctuations
marks and basic keys)
 Newer keyboards: include special buttons allow to access computer such as speaker volume, start
web browser or internet
 Wireless/cordless keyboard- battery-powered that transmit data through Bluetooth/IRDA ( using
radio or infrared light transmission)
 Ergonomic keyboard- designed specially to reduce wrist or hand injury with achieving goals like
comfortability , efficiency and safety into workplace
1. ergonomic keyboard
2. mini keypad
3. on screen keyboard ( have predictive text input to save time)
4. keypad
5. gaming keyboard
Pointing device 1. mouse ( fits under palm either wireless or wired)
2. pointing stick ( pressure-sensitive device like pencil eraser in between keys on keyboard)
 3. touch screen( touch sensitive display device that recognise multitouch ,dis: can’t enter large
amount of data in a time)
example like kiosk machine( a computer display screen that is a lso an input device ), POS
monitor, Atm machine, ticket purchase machine
Final exam: touchscreen functions and features ( select 3 -25 marks)
4. touch-sensitive pads ( enable to scroll, have buttons or wheels operated with thumb or fingers)
5. pen input
6. graphics tablet
7. touchpad

INFORMATION DATA
INFORMATION -MEANS RAW FACTS AVOUT SOMEHTING WHICH IS BARE
-FACTS CONCERNING A PARTICULAR EVENT / SUBJECT AND RANDOM
WHICH ARE REFINED BY PROCESSING IS CALLED -NUMBERS AND TEXTS
INFORMATION -BASED ON RECORDS AND OBSERVATIONS
-REFINED DATA -UNORGANIZED
-BASED ON ANALYSIS -MAY BE USEFUL OR NOT TO BE
-IS ORGANISED -NON-SPECIFIC
-ALWAYS TO BE USEFUL -DOES NOT DEPENDS ON INFOMRATION
-SPECIFIC
-DEPENDS ON DATA( WITHOUT DATA INFOMATION CANNOT
BE PROCESSED)

EMBEDDED COMPUTER
EMBEDDED COMPUTERS PC
-WORK ON DIFFRENT TASK IN SAME TIME
EMBEDDED COMPUTERS IS A MICROCONTROLLER AND -RUNNING DIFFRENT APPLICATION SOFTWARE AT THE SAME
MICROPROCESSOR BASED SYSTEM DEVISED FOR SPECIFIC TIME
FUNCTION. -GENERAL PURPOSE OF COMPUTER IS SMART TO SUPPORT
-PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUCNTIONALITY AND USED TODAY IN EXTERNAL DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS
VARIOUS APPLICATION -IT IS ABLE TO UPKEEP ITSELF WITH LATEST TECHNOLOGY
-BE A PART OF LARGE SYSTEM
-BUT RELIES ON OWN PROCESSOR
-EXAMPLE LIKE CELL PHONES, CAMERAS, AUTOMOTIVE THERE ARE 3 TYPE OF EMBEDDED COMPUTERS
SYSTEM 1) MICROCONTROLLER BASED
-CODE IS BURNT ON THE ROM AND USER CANNOT INSTALL 2)FPLD BASED
HIS OWN APPLICATION SOFTWARE ON IT 3) DSP SYSTEM BASED
-IS DESIGNED ON A DIFFERENT CRITERIA AND CONSTRAINTS
AS COMPARED TO GENERAL COMPUTER
- IT DOESN'T REQUIRES MUCH POWER AND COMPUTING
ABILITY
-CAN SUPPORT ONLY A LIMITED DEVICES

SOFTWARE IS A GENERL TERM USED TO DESCRIBE A COLLECTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS, PROCEDURE AND
DOCUMENTATION THAT PERFORM SOME TASK ON COMPUTER SYSTEM

SOFTWARE CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS

1)SYSTEM SOFTWARE

2) PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE

3)APPLICATION SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE IS AN ORDERED SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHANGING THE STATE OF THE COMPUTER HARDWARE IN A
PARTICULAR SEQUENCE
SOFRWARE IS TYPICALLY PROGRAMMED WITH A USER-FRIENDLY INTERDACE THAT ALLOWS HUMAN TO INTERACT MORE
EFFICIENTLY WITH A COMPUTER SYSTEM

HARDWARE IS BEST DESCRIBED AS A DEVICE SUCH AS A HARD DRIVE THAT IS PHYSICALLY CONNECTED TO THE COMPUTER
OR SOMETHING THAT CAN BE PHSICALLY TOUCHED

E.g A CD-ROM,COMPUTER DISPLAY MONITOR, PRINTER, AND CIDEO CARD ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE

-WITHOUT ANY HARDWARE, A COMPUTER CANNOT FUNCTION

-HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER

-SOFTWARE INSTRUCTS HARDWARE WHICH TASK TO PERFORM AS WELL

SOFTWARE IS A COLLECTION OF INSTRUCTIONS THAT ENABES A USER TO INTEREACT WITH COMPUTER/ IT ENABLES
COMPUTER TO PERFORM SPECIFIC TASK AS OPPOSED TO THE PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM

HARDWARE IS THE DEVICES THAT ARE REQUIRED TO STORE AND EXECUTE THE SOFTWARE

HARDWARE CAN BE GENERALLY SUBDIVED INTO 5 TYPES

1.INPUT

2.STORAGE

3.PROCESSING

4.CONTROL

5.OUTPUT DEVICES

HARDWARE SERVE AS THE DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS

-INFREQUENTLY CHANGED COMPARE TO SOFTWARE

-"SOFT" IN THE SENSE THAT THEY ARE READILY CHANGE/CREATED/MODIFIED OR ERASED ON THE COMPUT

SOFTWARE IS USED TO PERFOME THE SPECIFIC TASK YOU NEED TO COMPLETE

SOFTWARE IS GENERALLY NOT NEEDED TO FOR THE HARDWARE TO PERFORM ITS BASIC LEVEL TASKS SUCH AS TURNING ON
AND REPONGING TO INPUT

HARDWARE STARTS FUNCTIONING ONCE SOFTWARE IS LOADED

SOFTWARE USED TO DELIVER ITS SET OF INSTRUCTIONS AND IT IS INSTALLED ON HARDWARE