Bicol University

College of Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
S.Y. 2017-2018

FOR : Engr. Michelle A. Canaria

Instructor, Department of Chemical Engineering
FROM : Mark Gieronne Berces, Ruemhel Berces, Paulo Diaz
BSChE-3
SUBJECT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES
DATE : June 20, 2017

INTRODUCTION

Vegetable oils are used as an ingredient or component in many manufactured products. Many
vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes and other personal care
and cosmetic products. Some oils are particularly suitable as drying oils, and are used in
making paints and other wood treatment products. Dammar oil (a mixture of linseed oil
and dammar resin), for example, is used almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats.
Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as insulators as vegetable oils
are not toxic to the environment, biodegradable if spilled and have high flash and fire points.
However, vegetable oils are less stable chemically, so they are generally used in systems where
they are not exposed to oxygen, and they are more expensive than crude oil distillate. Vegetable
oil is being used to produce biodegradable hydraulic fluid and lubricant. One limiting factor in
industrial uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils are susceptible to becoming rancid. Oils that
are more stable, such as ben oil or mineral oil, are thus preferred for industrial uses. Castor
oil has numerous industrial uses, owing to the presence of hydroxyl group on the fatty acid.
A vegetable oil is a triglyceride extracted from a plant. The term "vegetable oil" can be narrowly
defined as referring only to plant oils that are liquid at room temperature, or broadly defined
without regard to a substance's state of matter at a given temperature. For this reason, vegetable
oils that are solid at room temperature are sometimes called vegetable fats. In contrast to these
triglycerides, vegetable waxes lack glycerin in their structure. Although many plant parts may
yield oil, in commercial practice, oil is extracted primarily from seeds. On food packaging, the
term "vegetable oil" is often used in ingredients lists instead of specifying the exact plant being
used, especially when the oil used is less desirable to the consumer or if a mix is used, such
as palm, canola, soybean, and safflower oils, (whereas coconut oil and olive oil may be more
desirable). The production process of vegetable oil involves the removal of oil from plant
components, typically seeds. This can be done via mechanical extraction using an oil mill or
chemical extraction using a solvent. The extracted oil can then be purified and, if required,
refined or chemically altered. Oils can be removed via mechanical extraction, termed "crushing"
or "pressing." This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (e.g., olive,
coconut etc.), and it is preferred by most "health-food" customers in the United States and in
Europe. There are several different types of mechanical extraction. Expeller-pressing extraction
is common, though the screw press, ram press, and Ghani (powered mortar and pestle) are also
used. Oilseed presses are commonly used in developing countries, among people for whom other
extraction methods would be prohibitively expensive; the Ghani is primarily used in India. The
amount of oil extracted using these methods varies widely, as shown in the following table for
extracting mowrah butter in India. The processing of vegetable oil in commercial applications is
commonly done by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and
is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived hexane. This
technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as soybean and corn oils. Oils may
be partially hydrogenated to produce various ingredient oils. Lightly hydrogenated oils have very
similar physical characteristics to regular soy oil, but are more resistant to becoming
rancid. Margarine oils need to be mostly solid at 32 °C (90 °F) so that the margarine does not
melt in warm rooms, yet it needs to be completely liquid at 37 °C (98 °F), so that it doesn't leave
a "lardy" taste in the mouth. Hardening vegetable oil is done by raising a blend of vegetable oil
and a catalyst in near-vacuum to very high temperatures, and introducing hydrogen. This causes
the carbon atoms of the oil to break double-bonds with other carbons, each carbon forming a new
single-bond with a hydrogen atom. Adding these hydrogen atoms to the oil makes it more solid,
raises the smoke point, and makes the oil more stable. Hydrogenated vegetable oils differ in two
major ways from other oils which are equally saturated. During hydrogenation, it is easier for
hydrogen to come into contact with the fatty acids on the end of the triglyceride, and less easy
for them to come into contact with the center fatty acid. This makes the resulting fat more brittle
than a tropical oil; soy margarines are less "spreadable”. The other difference is that trans fatty
acids (often called trans fat) are formed in the hydrogenation reactor, and may amount to as
much as 40 percent by weight of a partially hydrogenated oil. Hydrogenated oils, especially
partially hydrogenated oils with their higher amounts of trans fatty acids are increasingly thought
to be unhealthy. In the processing of edible oils, the oil is heated under vacuum to near the
smoke point, and water is introduced at the bottom of the oil. The water immediately is
converted to steam, which bubbles through the oil, carrying with it any chemicals which are
water-soluble. The steam sparging removes impurities that can impart unwanted flavors and
odors to the oil. Deodorization is key to the manufacture of vegetable oils. Nearly all soybean,
corn, and canola oils found on supermarket shelves go through a deodorization stage that
removes trace amounts of odors and flavors, and lightens the color of the oil. In Canada, palm oil
is one of five vegetable oils, along with palm kernel oil, coconut oil, peanut oil and cocoa butter,
which must be specifically named in the list of ingredients for a food product. Also, oils in
Canadian food products which have been modified or hydrogenated must contain the word
"modified" or "hydrogenated" when listed as an ingredient. A mix of oils other than the
aforementioned exceptions may simply be listed as "vegetable oil" in Canada; however, if the
food product is a cooking oil, salad oil or table oil, the type of oil must be specified and listing
"vegetable oil" as an ingredient is not acceptable. On the other hand, much of the scientific
community focuses on renewable energy such as biofuels, a biofuel is a fuel that is produced
through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather
than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil
fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter. Biofuels can be derived
directly from plants, or indirectly from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial
wastes. Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation, such as those that
occur in plants or microalgae through the process of photosynthesis. Other renewable biofuels
are made through the use or conversion of biomass (referring to recently living organisms, most
often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient
energy-containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion,
and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid,
or gas form. This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels. Bioethanol is
an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops
such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources,
such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol
can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to
increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and
in Brazil. Current plant design does not provide for converting the lignin portion of plant raw
materials to fuel components by fermentation. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its
pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon
monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or
fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe. They are three types of
liquid fuels for transportation, "first-generation" or conventional biofuels are made from sugar,
starch, or vegetable oil. Biologically produced alcohols, most commonly ethanol, and less
commonly propanol and butanol, are produced by the action
of microorganisms and enzymes through the fermentation of sugars or starches (easiest), or
cellulose (which is more difficult). Biobutanol (also called biogasoline) is often claimed to
provide a direct replacement for gasoline, because it can be used directly in a gasoline engine.
Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly in Brazil. Alcohol fuels are
produced by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar
cane, molasses and any sugar or starch from which alcoholic beverages such as whiskey, can be
made (such as potato and fruit waste, etc.). The ethanol production methods used are enzyme
digestion (to release sugars from stored starches), fermentation of the sugars, distillation and
drying. The distillation process requires significant energy input for heat (sometimes
unsustainable natural gas fossil fuel, but cellulosic biomass such as bagasse, the waste left after
sugar cane is pressed to extract its juice, is the most common fuel in Brazil, while pellets, wood
chips and also waste heat are more common in Europe) Waste steam fuels ethanol factory –
where waste heat from the factories also is used in the district heating grid. Ethanol can be used
in petrol engines as a replacement for gasoline; it can be mixed with gasoline to any percentage.
Most existing car petrol engines can run on blends of up to 15% bioethanol with
petroleum/gasoline. Ethanol has a smaller energy density than that of gasoline; this means it
takes more fuel (volume and mass) to produce the same amount of work. An advantage of
ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is that it has a higher octane rating than ethanol-free gasoline available at
roadside gas stations, which allows an increase of an engine's compression ratio for
increased thermal efficiency. In high-altitude (thin air) locations, some states mandate a mix of
gasoline and ethanol as a winter oxidizer to reduce atmospheric pollution emissions. Ethanol has
roughly one-third lower energy content per unit of volume compared to gasoline. This is partly
counteracted by the better efficiency when using ethanol (in a long-term test of more than 2.1
million km, the BEST project found FFV vehicles to be 1-26 % more energy efficient than petrol
cars, but the volumetric consumption increases by approximately 30%, so more fuel stops are
required). With current subsidies, ethanol fuel is slightly cheaper per distance traveled in the
United States. Biodiesel is the most common biofuel in Europe. It is produced from oils or fats
using transesterification and is a liquid similar in composition to fossil/mineral diesel.
Chemically, it consists mostly of fatty acid methyl (or ethyl) esters (FAMEs). Feedstocks for
biodiesel include animal fats, vegetable
oils, soy, rapeseed, jatropha, mahua, mustard, flax, sunflower, palm oil, hemp, field
pennycress, Pongamia pinnata and algae. Biodiesel is also safe to handle and transport because it
is non-toxic and biodegradable, and has a high flash point of about 300 °F (148 °C) compared to
petroleum diesel fuel, which has a flash point of 125 °F (52 °C). Methanol is currently produced
from natural gas, a non-renewable fossil fuel. In the future it is hoped to be produced from
biomass as biomethanol. Butanol (C4H9OH) is formed by ABE fermentation (acetone, butanol,
ethanol) and experimental modifications of the process show potentially high net energy
gains with butanol as the only liquid product. Butanol will produce more energy and allegedly
can be burned "straight" in existing gasoline engines (without modification to the engine or
car), and is less corrosive and less water-soluble than ethanol, and could be distributed via
existing infrastructures. DuPont and BP are working together to help develop butanol. E.
coli strains have also been successfully engineered to produce butanol by modifying their amino
acid metabolism. Green diesel is produced through hydrocracking biological oil feedstocks, such
as vegetable oils and animal fats. Hydrocracking is a refinery method that uses elevated
temperatures and pressure in the presence of a catalyst to break down larger molecules, such as
those found in vegetable oils, into shorter hydrocarbon chains used in diesel engines. It may also
be called renewable diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil or hydrogen-derived renewable
diesel. Green diesel has the same chemical properties as petroleum-based diesel. It does not
require new engines, pipelines or infrastructure to distribute and use, but has not been produced
at a cost that is competitive with petroleum. Bioethers (also referred to as fuel ethers
or oxygenated fuels) are cost-effective compounds that act as octane rating enhancers."Bioethers
are produced by the reaction of reactive iso-olefins, such as iso-butylene, with
bioethanol." Bioethers are created by wheat or sugar beet. They also
enhance engine performance, whilst significantly reducing engine wear and toxic exhaust
emissions. Though bioethers are likely to replace petroethers in the UK, it is highly unlikely they
will become a fuel in and of itself due to the low energy density. Greatly reducing the amount of
ground-level ozone emissions, they contribute to air quality. When it comes to transportation fuel
there are six ether additives: dimethyl ether (DME), diethyl ether (DEE), methyl tertiary-butyl
ether (MTBE), ethyl ter-butyl ether (ETBE), ter-amyl methyl ether (TAME), and ter-amyl ethyl
ether (TAEE). Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic
material by anaerobes. It can be produced either from biodegradable waste materials or by the
use of energy crops fed into anaerobic digesters to supplement gas yields. The solid
byproduct, digestate, can be used as a biofuel or a fertilizer. Biogas can be recovered
from mechanical biological treatment waste processing systems. Landfill gas, a less clean form
of biogas, is produced in landfills through naturally occurring anaerobic digestion. If it escapes
into the atmosphere, it is a potential greenhouse gas. Farmers can produce biogas
from manure from their cattle by using anaerobic digesters. Second generation biofuels, also
known as advanced biofuels, are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of biomass.
Biomass is a wide-ranging term meaning any source of organic carbon that is renewed rapidly as
part of the carbon cycle. Biomass is derived from plant materials, but can also include animal
materials. First generation biofuels are made from the sugars and vegetable oils found in arable
crops, which can be easily extracted using conventional technology. In comparison, second
generation biofuels are made from lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues
or waste. This makes it more difficult to extract the required fuel. A series of physical and
chemical treatments might be required to convert lignocellulosic biomass to liquid fuels suitable
for transportation. Research is ongoing into finding more suitable biofuel crops and improving
the oil yields of these crops. Using the current yields, vast amounts of land and fresh water
would be needed to produce enough oil to completely replace fossil fuel usage. It would require
twice the land area of the US to be devoted to soybean production, or two-thirds to be devoted to
rapeseed production, to meet current US heating and transportation needs. Specially bred
mustard varieties can produce reasonably high oil yields and are very useful in crop rotation with
cereals, and have the added benefit that the meal left over after the oil has been pressed out can
act as an effective and biodegradable pesticide. The vegetable oil industry is made up of
companies that manufacture oils and their by-products, such as linseed, soybean and canola oil
cake and meal. World vegetable oil markets are increasingly dynamic, with total consumption up
nearly two-thirds in the last decade alone. Soybean oil and palm oil together account for nearly
two-thirds of world utilization, and most of the world's recent production growth. However, the
structure of world production and consumption has become increasingly uncertain. World
vegetable oil production has grown by nearly two-thirds over the past decade and could
potentially reach 101 million tonnes on following years. The expansion of oil palm plantations in
Southeast Asia and the aggressive development of soybean acreage in South America have
accounted for nearly all of the growth, while production of minor oilseed and oils generally have
remained flat. Growth in vegetable oil consumption is driven mainly by economic expansion in
developing countries. Vegetable oil consumption also is growing in the developed world, but
primarily among premium oils with special nutrient profiles. Consumption of vegetable oils in
the United States is among the highest in the world, although growth in oil use is below that of
developing countries. In this highly competitive environment, a well-defined structure of
vegetable oil price relationships has evolved in recent years within the United States and
worldwide. Food manufacturers formulate their products on the basis of technical characteristics
of the oils (and of the foods themselves) and, for many products, after extensive research
concerning taste, shelf-life, nutritional characteristics and other characteristics. Formula changes
are risky, difficult and expensive for many food products and virtually impossible for others.
Thus, significant changes in the competitive position of major oils imply severe cost impacts and
potential threats to some food products themselves. Within this environment, today's vegetable
oil markets in the US are under pressure from three separate sources. Biofuel industries are
becoming established in many developing countries. They have extensive biomass resources that
are becoming more valuable as demand for biofuels increases. The approaches to biofuel
development in different parts of the world vary. The expansion of biofuel production will
depend largely on government policies with ambitious goals, such as decreasing dependence on
fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels alone will not enable these goals to
be met. Their advantages, however, are expected to increase if technologies that allow for the use
of feed-stocks that are less demanding to produce become more attractive economically. Despite
strong hopes for higher grain prices, there is still much uncertainty about the effects of an
increased demand for grains for biofuel production. Food and feed markets could well be
affected, and production adjustments may offset the higher prices to the farmer. Current issues
hindering biofuel productions are lack of education, distribution, excess corruption, and very low
levels of foreign aid. People in developing countries are often unable to afford these without
assistance or financing such as microloans. International organizations should work out
modalities to make improved facilities for biofuel use and better alternatives accessible to those
who cannot afford them. With world petroleum reserves fast depleting, in recent years biofuels
such as ethanol and butanol, have emerged as most important alternative resource for liquid fuel.
It has generated a great deal of research interest in ethanol fermentation. However, research on
improving biofuels production has been accelerating for both ecological and economical reasons,

primarily for its use as an alternative to petroleum based fuels. Biofuel is a renewable energy
source produced mainly by the sugar fermentation process; although it can also be synthesized
by chemical processes such as reacting ethylene with steam. Biogas, bioethanol and biodiesel
are the main biofuels widely used today, among these, ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel
worldwide, particularly in Brazil. Ethanol fuel blends are widely sold in the United States of
America. The most common blend is 10% ethanol and 90% petrol (E10). Vehicle engines require
no modification to run on E10 and vehicle warranties are not affected. Only flexible fuel vehicles
can run on up to 85% ethanol and 15% petrol blends (E85). Diesel fuels play an important role in
the industrial economy of a country. These fuels run a major part of the transport sector and their
demand is increasing steadily, requiring an alternative fuel which is technically feasible,
economically. Vegetable oils are widely available from various sources and the glycerides
present in the oils can be considered as a viable alternative for diesel fuel. One of the main
arguments put forward to encourage biofuel production is that biofuels will be a reliable source
of energy and will decrease dependence on fossil fuels. However, a preliminary assessment of
the extent to which the potential ethanol or biodiesel supply meets those fuel needs is
disappointing. Global production is still too small and the need for raw materials is still too high
for biofuels to have a significant impact on the fuel market and be able to compete with fossil
fuels. Using waste biomass to produce energy can reduce the use of fossil fuels, reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and reduce pollution and waste management problems. A recent
publication by the European Union highlighted the potential for waste-derived bioenergy to
contribute to the reduction of global warming. The report concluded that 19 million tons of oil
equivalents are available from biomass by 2020, 46% from bio-wastes: municipal solid waste
(MSW), agricultural residues, farm waste and other biodegradable waste streams. It is also
important to emphasize that in order for biofuel production to make meaningful impact on
developing countries; suitable bioconversion processes need to be developed on a much wider
scale and these countries should begin to pull their meager resources and biological science
expertise in a cooperative and integrated manner towards biofuel production. In the near future,
when global oil stocks have been depleted, cars may have to run on alcohol. Global production
of biofuels is booming, as higher oil prices and technological breakthroughs have made it a more
profitable business. Other key factors are the political will in most industrialized countries to find
a reliable source of energy, and the implementation of new incentive programs; these have
stimulated the industry’s growth and helped develop a level of infrastructure that can take
advantage of favourable economic conditions. Cellulose is a fibrous, insoluble, crystalline
polysaccharide It is a major polysaccharide constituent of plant cell walls, composed of
repeating D-glucose units linked by -1,4-glucosidic bonds and being the most abundant
carbohydrate polymer on earth Cellulose has attracted worldwide attention as a renewable
resource that can be converted into biobased products and bioenergy Cellulose is used as a
food source by a wide variety of organisms including fungi, bacteria, plants and protists, as well
as a wide range of invertebrate animals, such as insects, crustaceans, annelids, mollusks and
nematodes. Indeed, using cellulosic materials such as agricultural residues, grasses, forestry
wastes, and other low-cost biomass can significantly reduce the cost of raw materials for
ethanol production compared to corn. Human activities generate large amounts of waste such as
crop residues, solid waste from mines and municipal waste. This solid waste production is of
global concern and development of its bioenergy potential can combine issues such as pollution
control and bioproduct development, simultaneously. They may become a nuisance and sources
of pollution. It is therefore important to handle them judiciociously to avoid health problems,
since these wastes may habour pathogenic microorganisms. highlighted major agricultural,
industrial and urban waste, which could be used for ethanol production in an ecofriendly and
profitable manner. In addition, agronomic residues arisen from human activities, such as corn
stover (corn cobs and stalks), sugarcane waste, wheat or rice straw, forestry, and paper mill
discards, the paper portion of municipal waste and dedicated energy crops, also have plentiful
cellulose, which can be converted into fuel ethanol. However, enormous amounts of these
agricultural, industrial and municipal cellulose wastes have been accumulating or used
inefficiently due to the high cost of their utilization processes. Nowadays, it has become of
considerable economic interest to develop processes for the effective treatment and utilization of
cellulosic wastes as cheap carbon sources. Primarily, the utilization of these wastes for ethanol
production will reduce dependency on foreign oil and secondly, this will remove disposal
problem of wastes and make environment safe from pollution. Agricultural wastes, including
wood, herbaceous plants, crops and forest residues, as well as animal wastes are potentially huge
source of energy. In Nigeria, large quantities of these wastes are generated annually and are
vastly underutilized. The practice is usually to burn them or leave them to decompose. However,
studies have shown that these residues could be processed into liquid fuel such as biogas and
bioethanol, or combusted to produce electricity and heat. Biofuel is an environment friendly
liquid fuel similar to petrol in combustion properties. The use of biomass fuels can contribute to
waste management as well as fuel security and help to prevent climate change, though alone they
are not a comprehensive solution to these problems. The improvement in air quality in big cities
in the 1980s, following the widespread use of ethanol as car fuel, was widely evident; as was the
degradation that followed the partial return to gasoline in the 1990s. However, the ethanol
program was not perfect and brought a host of environmental and social problems of its own.
Sugarcane fields were traditionally burned just before harvest, in order to remove the leaves, kill
any snakes and fertilize the fields with ash. The smoke produced each season produces the same
amount of carbon pollution as the sugarcane would have produced if it were left in the field to
rot, which is relatively little. This practice has been decreasing of late, due to pressure from the
public and health authorities. Many nations have produced alcohol fuel with limited destruction
to the environment. Advancements in fertilizers and natural pesticides have all but eliminated the
need to burn fields, however chemical pollution from runoff may turn out to be just as harmful to
the environment as the smoke. Other criticism focused on the potential for rain forests to be
cleared for sugarcane crop production. Although biofuels, and ethanol in particular, have been
used for more than a century, the environmental benefits of their use have only recently attracted
attention. For instance, ethanol is used as an additive to replace other gasoline additives,
including methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), which is considered more damaging to health and
the environment.

MANUFACTURING PROCCESS

I. Vegetable Oil

1. Handling

The raw materials (seeds) are received at unloading stations from ships, barges, railroad cars or
trucks. The seeds are moved by belt or drag conveyors and elevators. Dust collectors are used
extensively to control the dust resulting from seed handling.

Depending on their moisture content, the seeds may require drying. This is done by blowing hot
air over the seeds in a fluidized bed or vertical column dryer. These units are either steam heated
or gas fired.

2. Cleaning

Seeds contain foreign matter from harvesting, making cleaning essential. The seeds are cleaned
and sorted by passing them over vibrating or gyrating screening devices or stationary gravity
screens. A positive air aspiration system is used to remove the dust generated by seed movement
within these screening devices.

Hulls, the outer covering of the seed, are removed in cracking mills. Dehulled seeds are screened
and stored in hoppers, silos or as loose bulk in warehouses.

Due to the nature of the raw material, the hazard of handling and storage are comparable with
those of grain handling and storage. Dust explosions are the most common losses at this point in
the process. Dryers, conveyors and dust collectors are also susceptible to fires. Sparking from
tramp metal is a common ignition source.

3. Pressing
Some types of seeds are mechanically pressed (or “prepressed”) to remove part of the oil before
being sent to solvent extraction. Prepressing is usually done in a screw press. The oil from this
prepressing is screened, filtered or centrifuged with the solids being returned to the inlet of the
press.

The solids (cake) left by this prepressing are sent on to preparation and solvent extraction.
Soybeans bypass this step.

The hazards in this area include explosion of seed dust, fire in the combustible vegetable oil, and
mechanical breakdown of the press.

4. Preparation

Dehulled seeds or cake from prepressing are softened by heat in a continuous oven or drier and
are then flattened into thin flakes [0.010 in. – 0.014 in. (0.25 mm– 0.36 mm)] in a flaker mill.
This ruptures the oil cells and increases the surface area of the seed to aid in the extraction
process.

This process area presents dust explosion potentials from the flaking mill and the associated dust
collection systems. The oven or dryer integral to this process also poses a fire and explosion
hazard.

5. Extraction

The extraction process can be either percolation, total immersion or a combination of the two.
The percolation process is the most widely used. Hexane is the most commonly used extraction
solvent. A steel conveyor continuously brings the flakes to the extractor. Solvent percolates
through the flakes, extracts oil, and is pumped to another area of the extractor. Most extractors
have six or seven stages of percolation. The flow of solvent is counter to the flow of flakes. Fresh
solvent is added near the discharge end. The discharged solvent contains about 25% oil and is
called miscella. The extractor generally operates at either atmospheric pressure or a slight
vacuum of 1/2 in. (12.5 mm) water gauge.

The solvent-saturated solids (spent flakes) are then sent to the desolventizer.
Solvent extraction poses the most severe hazard in the plant because large quantities of solvents
are handled above their flash points [hexane -7°F (-21°C), heptane 25°F (-4°C)]. Fire and
explosion are the most common losses associated with this portion of the process. Such incidents
cause both large property damage and business interruption losses.

6. Desolventizing

Spent flakes are saturated with solvent, which must be driven off by heat, direct steam and/or
vacuum. This process occurs in a unit which sends the solvent vapors through a scrubber to
remove entrained solids. The solvent and water vapors are recovered by condensers in the
solvent recovery unit. The solvent-free spent flakes are further processed for use as food for
animals or humans. If spent flake handling is interrupted, the entire extraction process must be
stopped.

The hazards are similar to extraction but the quantities of flammable solvents are much less.

7. Evaporation

The miscella is subjected to multiple stages of distillation by heat and vacuum to remove the
solvent, which is condensed and recycled to the extractor.

Evaporation does not have as great a quantity of flammable solvents as extraction but in all other
respects possesses the same hazards.

8. Solvent Recovery

Solvent vapors from the desolventizing process and from various breather vents are also passed
through condensers and returned to the extractor. Tail gases from these various recovery units
are usually passed through one last recovery step before being vented to atmosphere. This is
typically a mineral oil absorption system with steam stripping, but it can also be a carbon bed
absorber.

These units have the same fire and explosion hazard as extraction. Activated carbon absorption
systems are particularly prone to fire and are discussed in GAP.9.6.2.2.
Once the solvent has been removed, the flammable liquid hazard changes to a combustible liquid
hazard, which requires lower levels of protection in accordance with GAP.12.2.1.2. To take
advantage of the lower protection requirement of combustible liquids, the two parts of the
process, including their drainage systems, must be separated.

9. Vegetable Oil Processing

Degumming removes impurities called phosphatides, which have a particularly high

concentration in soybean oil. The process consists of a batch hydrolysis reaction with water,
followed by centrifugal separation. The product separated is called lecithin, which has
considerable commercial value as an emulsifying, dispersing, wetting or penetrating agent. It is
also an antioxidant.

Alkali refining removes fatty acids from vegetable oils by reacting them with a slight excess of
sodium hydroxide solution to form soap. The soap is removed by settling or centrifuging.
Refining makes the oil unsaturated (pure).

Bleaching treats the refined oils with bleaching earths, activated earths and/or activated carbon.
Vacuum bleachers can be either batch or continuous processes. Batch units have agitators and
are generally steam heated. Continuous bleachers have a series of heated trays. The temperature
of bleachers is generally 194°F – 230°F (90°C – 95°C) with a bleaching time of about 15 min.
Following bleaching, the “spent” earth has to be filtered from the bleached oil. This is done using
a conventional plate and frame filter press or a semi-automatic filter.

The vegetable oil, a Class IIIB combustible liquid, can be ignited resulting in a serious fire. Any
fire at this stage in the process will be intense, spreading beyond the point of origin. The oil-
laden “spent” bleaching earth can be subject to spontaneous ignition. The purer the oil in the
earth, the higher the likelihood of spontaneous ignition.

10. Vegetable Oil Modification

The refined vegetable oil can be modified for its intended use by any or all of the following
methods:
 • Hydrogenation is done after bleaching to “harden” the oil. In this process, the unsaturated
oil has hydrogen molecules added to their double bonds to make them more saturated
(harder). The process takes place in a reactor using a catalyst (usually finely divided nickel),
a temperature of 248°F – 356°F (120°C – 180°C), hydrogen at 15 psi –90 psi (1.0 bar – 6.2
bar), and vigorous agitation.

• Interesterification (also known as ester interchange) cross-links molecules in heated,

refined, hydrogenated oil in a solution of 0.2 parts of sodium hydroxide in 20 parts of
distilled glycerol. A pressure of about 2 in. (50 mm) of mercury is maintained in the vessel
and the mixture is heated and agitated vigorously with dry steam until a temperature of 374°F
(190°C) is reached.

• Fractionation separates different weight oils by crystallization (freezing). The oil is

dissolved in a solution of methanol or acetone, then is passed through crystallization tubes
and continuous filters. From there, the fractions are fed separately to stripping stills for
solvent removal.

• Deodorization is a process of steam distillation in which the nonvolatile oil is maintained at

a high temperature under reduced pressure while it is stripped of the volatile constituents
responsible for flavor and odor. Free fatty acids in the oil are usually reduced to 0.01%–
0.03% if originally present in greater amount. Vegetable oils and their products also undergo
a considerable reduction in color. In the manufacture of edible products, deodorization is the
last step in processing before finishing and packaging. All hydrogenated fats intended for
edible use must be deodorized to free them of a typical flavor and odor imparted by
hydrogenation. A heat transfer oil system is generally required due to the high temperatures
needed.

These processes have the same hazards as vegetable oil processing. In addition, handling
hydrogen requires special precautions. The heat transfer oil system used in deodorization
requires special protection.
 11. Storage

Bulk vegetable oils are stored in tanks either inside buildings or in tank farms. Finished product
vegetable oils are normally packaged in plastic (polyethylene) containers (1 qt – 5 gal) in
cardboard boxes. Warehouses could contain either rack or palletized storage.

Fires in storage areas will damage inventory and buildings. If the warehouses adjoin the
manufacturing or processing areas, they will be damaged either by fire or smoke contamination.

Because food grade materials are particularly sensitive to smoke damage, there is usually no
salvage. Fires will be severe and difficult to control and extinguish.

II. Biofuels

The process of manufacturing biofuel can be generally classified in the following stages. These
stages are:

1. Filtering

In this process, waste vegetable oil is filtered to remove all the food particles. This process
generally involves warming up the liquid a little. After warming up the liquid, it can be filtered
with the use of coffee filter.

2. Removing of water

All the water contained in the residual gangue has to be removed which will make the reaction
faster. The water can be easily removed by making the liquid boil at 100 degree C for sometime.

3. Titration

This process is carried out to determine the amount of lye that would be required. This process is
the most crucial and the most important stage of biofuel manufacturing.
 4. Preparation of sodium methoxide

In this process, methanol is mixed with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium methoxide. In
most of the cases, the quantity of methanol used is generally 20 percent of waste vegetable oil.

5. Heating and mixing

The residue is heated in between 120 to 130 degree F after which it is mixed well. It should be
remembered that process should be done carefully avoiding splashing of the liquid.

6. Settling and separation

After mixing the liquid, it has to be allowed to cool down. After the cooling process, the biofuel
will be found floating at the top while the heavier glycerin would be found at the bottom. The
glycerin can be easily separated by allowing it to drain out from the bottom. The person is left
over with pure biofuel which can be used for various purposes.

Specifically for Biodiesel

1. Feedstock pretreatment

Common feedstock used in biodiesel production include yellow grease (recycled vegetable oil),
"virgin" vegetable oil, and tallow. Recycled oil is processed to remove impurities from cooking,
storage, and handling, such as dirt, charred food, and water. Virgin oils are refined, but not to a
food-grade level. Degumming to remove phospholipids and other plant matter is common,
though refinement processes vary.

Regardless of the feedstock, water is removed as its presence during base-catalyzed

transesterification causes the triglycerides to hydrolyze, giving salts of the fatty acids (soaps)
instead of producing biodiesel.
 2. Determination and treatment of free fatty acids

A sample of the cleaned feedstock oil is titrated with a standardized base solution in order to
determine the concentration of free fatty acids (carboxylic acids) present in the vegetable oil
sample. These acids are then either esterified into biodiesel, esterified into glycerides, or
removed, typically through neutralization.

3. Reactions

Base-catalyzed transesterification reacts lipids (fats and oils) with alcohol (typically methanol or
ethanol) to produce biodiesel and an impure coproduct, glycerol. If the feedstock oil is used or
has a high acid content, acid-catalyzed esterification can be used to react fatty acids with alcohol
to produce biodiesel. Other methods, such as fixed-bed reactors, supercritical reactors, and
ultrasonic reactors, forgo or decrease the use of chemical catalysts.

4. Product purification

Products of the reaction include not only biodiesel, but also byproducts, soap, glycerol, excess
alcohol, and trace amounts of water. All of these byproducts must be removed to meet the
standards, but the order of removal is process-dependent.

The density of glycerol is greater than that of biodiesel, and this property difference is exploited
to separate the bulk of the glycerol coproduct. Residual methanol is typically recovered by
distillation and reused. Soaps can be removed or converted into acids. Residual water is also
removed from the fuel.

Uses and application of vegetable oil and biofuels

Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or indirectly as ingredients in food – a role that they
share with some animal fats, including butter, ghee, lard, and Schmaltz. The oils serve a number
of purposes in this role: Shortening – to give pastry a crumbly texture. Texture – oils can serve to
make other ingredients stick together less. Flavor – while less-flavorful oils command premium
prices, some oils, such as olive, sesame, or almond oil, may be chosen specifically for the flavor
they impart. Flavor base – oils can also "carry" flavors of other ingredients, since many flavors
are due to chemicals that are soluble in oil. Secondly, oils can be heated and used to cook other
foods. Oils suitable for this objective must have a high flash point. Such oils include the major
cooking oils – soybean, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, safflower, peanut, cottonseed, etc. Tropical
oils, such as coconut, palm, and rice bran oils, are particularly valued in Asian cultures for high-
temperature cooking, because of their unusually high flash points. Vegetable oils are used as an
ingredient or component in many manufactured products. Many vegetable oils are used to make
soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes and other personal care and cosmetic products. Some
oils are particularly suitable as drying oils, and are used in making paints and other wood
treatment products. Dammar oil (a mixture of linseed oil and dammar resin), for example, is used
almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats. Vegetable oils are increasingly being
used in the electrical industry as insulators as vegetable oils are not toxic to the
environment, biodegradable if spilled and have high flash and fire points. However, vegetable
oils are less stable chemically, so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed
to oxygen, and they are more expensive than crude oil distillate. One limiting factor in industrial
uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils are susceptible to becoming rancid. Oils that are more
stable, such as ben oil or mineral oil, are thus preferred for industrial uses. Castor oil has
numerous industrial uses, owing to the presence of hydroxyl group on the fatty acid. Vegetable
oil is used in production of some pet foods. Vegetable oils are also used to make biodiesel, which
can be used like conventional diesel. Some vegetable oil blends are used in unmodified vehicles
but straight vegetable oil, also known as pure plant oil, needs specially prepared vehicles which
have a method of heating the oil to reduce its viscosity. The use of vegetable oils as alternative
energy is growing and the availability of biodiesel around the world is increasing. Vegetable
oil can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines and in heating oil burners. When vegetable
oil is used directly as a fuel, in either modified or unmodified equipment, it is referred to
as straight vegetable oil (SVO) or pure plant oil (PPO). Conventional diesel engines can be
modified to help ensure that the viscosity of the vegetable oil is low enough to allow
proper atomization of the fuel. Straight vegetable oil can also be blended with conventional
diesel or processed into biodiesel or bioliquids for use under a wider range of conditions. When
liquid fuels made from biomass are used for energy purposes other than transport, they are called
bioliquids. With often minimal modification, most residential furnaces and boilers that are
designed to burn No. 2 heating oil can be made to burn either biodiesel or filtered, preheated
waste vegetable oil (WVO). If cleaned at home by the consumer, WVO can result in
considerable savings. Many restaurants will receive a minimal amount for their used cooking oil,
and processing to biodiesel is fairly simple and inexpensive. Burning filtered WVO directly is
somewhat more problematic, since it is much more viscous; nonetheless, its burning can be
accomplished with suitable preheating. WVO can thus be an economical heating option for those
with the necessary mechanical and experimental aptitude. On the the other hand, biofuel is
known as an alternative to diesel fuel, there are other uses. Many assume that the material is used
just for transportation. But biofuel can provide hydrogen, clean up oil, work as cooking oil and
more. Biofuels can work as an alternative to replacing energy needs from vehicle fuel to central
home heating. More than 30% of energy consumed in the United States is used for vehicle
transportation. Across the globe, transport takes account of 24% of energy and more than 60% of
absorbed oil. This means that over a third of oil is used to operate vehicles. In short, biofuel can
be turned into a hydrogen steam that is meant to be used in adjoining fuel-cell. In addition to
producing fuel for transportation, fuel cells have a power-generating application that is available
for electricity. Biofuel can be used to generate power in backup systems where emission matters
most. This includes facilities such as schools, hospitals and other forms located in residential
areas. Bioheat has grown over the past few years. As the primary use of natural gas that comes
from fossil fuel, the heat that comes from hydraulic fracturing will lead to the production of
natural gas. While natural gas does not need to come from fossil material, it is also able to
originate from the recently grown material. A majority of biofuel that is used for heating is
substantial. As wood is the most practical method to heat, houses that use wood burning stoves
rather than gas or electricity. A blend of biodiesel will reduce the emission of both nitrogen and
sulphur dioxide. According to scientists from Saint Luis University, a fuel cell was developed
with cooking oil and sugar to generate electricity; consumers will be able to use these cells
instead of generating electricity. Consumers may be able to use fuel cells in place of batteries to
charge anything from computers to cell phones. While they are still in the process of
development, cells have the potential to become a ready source of power. Biofuel is known to be
environmentally-friendly, biofuel can also help to clean up oil spills and grease. It has been
tested to work as a potential cleaning agent for areas where crude oil contaminated the waters.
The results have also been found to increase the recovery areas and allow it to be removed from
the water. Biofuel can also be used as an industrial solvent for cleaning metal, which is also
beneficial due to its lack of toxic impact. Biofuel can replace the toxic products that are designed
 to remove paint and adhesives.
Biofuel is also considered as
the best method for removing
non-critical applications. As
the oil supply is starting to run
out. This has caused us to
question how fuel can be extracted without destroying the environment. Biofuel –will help the
government create a stable method of producing energy that is cost-effective. Analysts say that
replacing imported oil with biofuel will help to stabilize the economy when oil is disrupted. It
does not matter how much the United States spends on oil import but how the overall economy
must be stabilized.

MARKET PLAYERS

Wilmar International Limited, founded in 1991 and headquartered in Singapore, is today Asia’s
leading agribusiness group. Wilmar is ranked amongst the largest listed companies by market
capitalisation on the Singapore Exchange.

Wilmar’s business activities include oil palm cultivation, oilseed crushing, edible oils
refining, sugar milling and refining, manufacturing of consumer products, specialty
fats, oleochemicals, biodiesel and fertilisers as well as flour and rice milling.
Wilmar’s portfolio of high quality processed agricultural products is the preferred choice of
consumers and the food manufacturing industry. Its consumer-packed products have a leading
share in many Asian and African countries.
Wilmar has today become:

 World’s largest processor and merchandiser of palm and lauric oils, manufacturer of
oleochemicals, specialty fats, palm biodiesel and consumer pack oils as well as crusher of
palm kernel and copra crusher

 One of the largest oil palm plantation owners and the largest palm oil refiner in Indonesia
and Malaysia
  Largest edible oils refiner, specialty fats and oleochemicals manufacturer as well as
leading oilseed crusher, flour and rice miller, and producer of consumer pack oils, flour
and rice in China

 Amongst the top 10 global raw sugar producers as well as the largest raw sugar producer
and refiner, and a leading merchandiser of consumer brands in sugar and sweetener
market in Australia

 Leading producer of consumer pack table margarine, mayonnaise and sauces in Russia

 A leading branded consumer pack oils producer, oilseed crusher and edible oils refiner in
India

 Leading supplier of edible oils and third largest sugar producer in Africa

 One of the largest edible oils refiners in Ukraine

Main Products

1. Edible Oils

The bulk edible oil products are primarily:

 RBD palm oil

 RBD palm olein

 RBD palm stearin

 RBD palm kernel oil

 RBD coconut oil

RBD palm oil can be further processed into RBD palm olein and RBD palm stearin. RBD palm
olein, which has a lower proportion of saturated oil than RBD palm stearin, is mainly used as
cooking oil and in industrial frying of processed foods. RBD palm stearin is mainly used in the
manufacturing of specialty fats and oleochemicals. Palm kernel oil and coconut oil, also known
as lauric oils, have a high proportion of lauric acid and are primarily used for the production of
specialty fats and oleochemicals.
 2. Specialty Fats

Specialty fats products include cocoa butter

equivalents (CBE), cocoa butter replacers (CBR),
cocoa butter substitutes (CBS), specially formulated
filling fats, creaming fats, ice-cream fats, milk fat
replacers, shortenings, margarines, frying fats and
many tailor-made fats to suit customers’
requirements. They are widely used in chocolate coating fats, chocolates, sugar confectionery,
bread, pastry, cakes, cream filling (for candy, wafers, biscuits) and coffee whitener.

3. Oleochemicals

Wilmar is one of the world’s largest oleochemicals manufacturers, accounting for around one-
third of Asia’s fatty acid production. These production facilities are located in China, Malaysia,
Indonesia, the Netherlands and France.

Oleochemical products include:

 Fatty Acids

 Soap Noodles

 Refined Glycerine

 Methyl Esters

 Cosmetic Esters

 Fatty Alcohols

 Palm Waxes

 Soap Finishing
  Distilled Monoglycerides

 Alkyl Ketene Dimer

 Methyl Ester Sulfonate.

4. Biodiesel

Wilmar produces palm oil methyl ester and palm

olein methyl ester. Wilmar’s biodiesel meets the European (EN14214) and USA (ASTM D6751)
standards. It contains virtually zero sulphur, thereby burning cleaner than traditional petroleum-
based fuel. Their biodiesel plants are located in Malaysia and Indonesia.

5. Palm Kernel Expeller

Palm kernel expeller is a by-product of the crushing and

expelling of oil from palm kernel. Known for its balanced
energy and protein, high fibre, good level of residual oil
and high palmitic acid, it is widely used in compound
feeds for adult ruminant livestock such as dairy cow, beef
cow and sheep.

Oilseeds International, Ltd. was founded in

1981, intent on pioneering the worldwide
expansion of the specialty vegetable oil
markets via product development, production, transportation, and marketing opportunities. In
1994, Oilseeds was acquired by ITOCHU Corporation. Overnight, Oilseeds realized a
significantly expanded international presence and further strengthened its ability to deliver
superior quality products and services, and a new, dynamic means of managing field-to-market
risks.

Today, Oilseeds is a leading supplier of specialty vegetable oils to nutritional product, natural
food, and premium snack food companies in North and South America and Europe. Working in
collaboration with the ITOCHU Group, Oilseeds has a strong marketing presence in Asia,
including China. Our product line is comprised of signature oils—high oleic sunflower and
safflower oils and rice bran oil—and a full complement of other quality oils including: high
linoleic safflower oil, grapeseed oil, NuSun sunflower oil, cottonseed cooking oil, commodity
vegetable oil, and safflower for birdseed.

Products

Specialty Vegetable Oils

Specialty vegetable oils, such as high oleic sunflower and safflower oil, rice bran oil, olive oil,
groundnut oil and grapeseed oil, are available in a variety of quantities. Oilseeds' specialty
vegetable oils are positioned to scale up multinational production of nutritional products, natural
foods, and premium snack foods targeting emerging consumer trends. Our specialty vegetable
oils are an opportunity for commodity oil users to enhance and expand existing product lines.

a. High Oleic Sunflower Oil

LOW SATURATES, HIGH MONOUNSATURATES, NO CHOLESTEROL, TRANS FREE,

NO ADDED ANTIOXIDANTS OR PRESERVATIVES, NON-GMO, KOSHER CERTIFIED,
NATURAL HIGH STABILITY

Oilseeds International offers sunflower oil containing the highest oleic levels available. High
oleic sunflower oil is ideal for products or production processes requiring a nutritional vegetable
oil with naturally high stability and no additives. Oilseeds’ high oleic sunflower hybrids can
yield an oleic content in excess of 85%.

b. High Oleic Safflower Oil

LOW SATURATES, HIGH MONOUNSATURATES, NO CHOLESTEROL, TRANS FREE,
NO ADDED ANTIOXIDANTS OR PRESERVATIVES, NATURAL HIGH STABILITY

High oleic safflower oil is an excellent solution for food manufacturers searching for healthy
alternatives to saturated or hydrogenated oils. High oleic safflower oil is a naturally occurring
liquid vegetable oil that exhibits extended shelf life without chemical modification of the original
oil. A neutral flavor and odor make this oil highly suitable for a wide range of food related
applications.

c. High Linoleic Safflower Oil

LOW SATURATES, HIGH POLYUNSATURATES, NO CHOLESTEROL,

TRANS FREE

High linoleic safflower oil contains more polyunsaturates than any other specialty vegetable oil.
This oil remains one of the best sources of linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid that cannot be
synthesized by the human body but is a nutritional necessity for healthy development and
growth.

d. ORYZAN™ Rice Bran Oil

HIGH ORYZANOL, RICH IN NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS,TRANS FREE

ORYZAN™ Rice Bran Oil offers unique properties that make it a highly desirable specialty oil.
ORYZAN has an appealing nut-like flavor, is trans-free, and contains three classes of powerful
natural antioxidants—oryzanols, tocotrienols, and tocopherols. ORYZAN has a high oleic
content and is an excellent choice for high heat frying and stir-frying, as well as food processing.

e. Grapeseed Oil

LOW SATURATES, HIGH POLYUNSATURATES, NO CHOLESTEROL,

TRANS FREE

Grapeseed oil is low in saturated fats and high in polyunsaturated fats making it a healthy choice
for the heart and cardiovascular system. Grapeseed oil is an excellent source of linoleic acid, an
omega-6 essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body but is a nutritional
necessity for healthy development and growth. Oilseeds sources grapeseed oil from only the
highest quality processors in major wine production area like France, Spain, Italy, Chile, and
Argentina.
 IFFCO is a United Arab Emirates
based innovative and integrated
multi food products Group. With an
established global presence, the
Group offers a wide range of food
products, related derivatives, intermediates and services.

Key business segments

 Impulse Foods

 Agri Business

 Oils & Fats

 Packaging

 Chemicals

 Sales and Distribution

International network

The IFFCO Group worldwide comprises of 32 offices and 30 manufacturing facilities in 10

countries. From the Group comes some well-known brand leaders including:

 Allana  Hayat

 Tiffany  Noor

 Al Baker  Rahma

 London Dairy  Allegro

 Igloo

Across these brands, the Group delivers value to consumers in the Middle East, Africa, Eastern
Europe, West Asia, the Far East, Australia and the USA.
TANTUCO ENTERPRISES, INC. is one of the leading manufacturers of high quality RBD
Coconut Oil, Vegetable Shortening & Margarine carrying the brand names: EXORA, EL
CIELO and APPROVED in the Philippines. Other products include Crude Coconut Oil,
Coconut Fatty Acid Distillate, Copra Cake, Coconut methyl ester and Glycerine for Industrial
Use.

The company’s Manufacturing Plant is located in the heart of Copra-producing Region, Quezon
Province. We export our products to Russia, Argentina, Israel, Iran, Africa, China, India &
Taiwan. Locally, we serve major distributors, leading supermarkets, restaurants, hotels and food
industries. Not satisfied by our current performance, we are continually expand our reach to
serve both local & international markets.

Company Name TANTUCO ENTERPRISES, INC.

Factory Address Iyam District, Lucena City, Philippines

Company 663 J.P. Rizal Street, corner C. Castaneda Street, Mandaluyong City,
Address Philippines 1501

Founding Date August 16, 1965

Years of
52 Years
Existence
Telephone
(63-2) 531 9071 to 74
Numbers

Fax Numbers (63-2) 532 1722

E-mail sales@tantuco.com

Nationality All Filipino

Manufacture, exporter, marketing and distribution of Exora, El Cielo and

Product Lines
Approved product lines

Bank of the Philippine Islands

Bank
Equitable PCI Bank
IROQUOIS BIO-ENERGY COMPANY, LLC

Iroquois Bio-Energy Company is a 50 million gallon per year fuel ethanol producer
located in Rensselaer, IN. Annually, IBEC processes 18 million bushels of high quality,
Indiana produced corn into 50 million gallons of fuel ethanol as well as 144,000 tons of high
protein dried distillers grains with solubles. IBEC is a proud member of the Jasper County
community providing 35 quality manufacturing jobs to the local economy. We here at
IBEC strive to provide the upmost satisfaction in customer care while offering a high quality,
consistent product to our end users.

Isabela Biomass Energy

Corporation (IBEC) is a 100%
Philippine-owned corporation,
duly-registered with the Securities
and Exchange Commission (SEC)
of the Philippines, that was formed
to generate, sell and supply
electricity through the exploration, development and utilization of alternative and/or renewable
sources of energy and technologies.
IBEC is strategically positioned to efficiently construct and operate the 20-MW rice-husk-fired
power plant in Alicia, Isabela, capitalizing on the successful implementation of two (2) x 2 MW
rice husk power plants located in Isabela Province owned by two of IBEC’s incorporators and
officers, for use of its rice mill operations – the Golden Season Power Plant in Luna, and the
Family Choice Power Plant in Cabatuan. Both power plants embraced the global paradigm shift
towards the development and use of clean, cost effective production of electricity, through the
utilization of renewable energy resources.
REFERENCES

https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/biofuels-basics

https://www.slideshare.net/rohitbarhe29/biofuels-complete-ppt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_production

http://biofuel.org.uk/how-to-make-biofuels.html

http://biofuel.org.uk/uses-of-biofuels.html

https://www.bruker.com/applications/chemical/energy/biofuel-applications.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biofuel_companies_and_researchers

http://www.wilmar-international.com/

Anonymous, Vegetable Oil Manufacturing, GAPS Guidelines: A Publication of Global Asset

Protection Services LLC

Biofuel production technologies: status, prospects and implications for trade and development,
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development