ACTIVITY # 2

1. Property Manipulation of Steel with Variation In %C- Fracture

Toughness Vs Yield Strength.

Medium Carbon steel(.44%c), AISI 1040, annealed

140
Low Carbon steel(.17%c), AISI 1015, annealed

Low Carbon steel(.23%c), AISI 1020, annealed

Medium Carbon steel (.34%c), AISI 1030, annealed High Carbon steel(1.03%c), AISI 1095, annealed
120

Low Carbon steel(0.16%c), AISI 1010, annealed

High Carbon steel(.88%c), AISI 1080, annealed
Fracture toughness (ksi.in^0.5)

100

80

60

40

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

Yield strength (elastic limit) (ksi)

Explanation: - Yield strength is the amount of stress that a metal can withstand before
undergoing plastic deformation. And Fracture toughness is the amount of the energy that
a material can withstand before going to permanent fracture.
Increasing carbon content will increases hardness and strength and improves
hardenability along with tensile and yield strength, but carbon also increases brittleness
and reduces weldability because of its tendency to form martensite. Now any steel in the .
35 to 1.86 percent carbon content range can be hardened using a heat -quench temper
cycle. As presence of carbon increases brittleness, ductility of steel is largely affected, as
they are directly proportional and rising brittleness means falling ductility. Thus, increase
in yield strength, decreases the ductility of steel. So low carbon steel has low brittleness
and high ductility. High carbon steel has high brittleness and low ductility.

ROLL NO.-19209116
 ACTIVITY # 2
2.Property Manipulation of Steels Through Processing Fracture
Toughness Vs Yield Strength

80
Carbon steel, AISI 1080, tempered at 315°C & oil quenched

70

Carbon steel, AISI 1080, tempered at 425°C & oil quenched

60 Carbon steel, AISI 1080, tempered at 540°C & oil quenched

Fracture toughness (ksi.in^0.5)

50
Carbon steel, AISI 1080, as rolled

40

Carbon steel, AISI 1080, normalized

Carbon steel, AISI 1080, annealed

Carbon steel, AISI 1080, as rolled

30

Carbon steel, AISI 1080, tempered at 650°C & oil quenched

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Yield strength (elastic limit) (ksi)

Explanation: - Annealing involves heating steel to a specified temperature and then

cooling at a very slow and controlled rate. Normalizing process is a heat
treatment process for making material softer but does not produce the uniform material
properties as produced with an annealing process. The most common reason for the
normalizing process is to adjust mechanical properties to suit the service conditions. And
quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil or air to obtain certain material
properties. A type of heat treating, quenching prevents undesired low-temperature
processes, such as phase transformations, from occurring.

Fracture toughness in normalizing is high and in quenching it is low as we can see from
the graph, because by varying the rate of cooling of the metal, grain size and grain
patterns are controlled. Grain characteristic are controlled to produce different level of
hardness and tensile strength generally, the faster the metal is cool the smaller the grain
size will be this will make a metal harder. As hardness in tensile strength increases in heat
treated steel toughness and ductility decreases. In normalizing process enough time is
provided to metal for grain growth which results in coarse grain structure of the material
which is generally of the ductile nature which implies higher fracture toughness of the
material and lower yield strength. And in quenching the metal do not get enough time for
grain growth because the cooling rate is very high which results in very fine grain
structure that will result in brittle nature of the material which means high yield strength
and lower fracture toughness.

ROLL NO.-19209116