Fifth SI Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
9 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Deflection of Beams
David F. Mazurek

Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Contents
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Sample Problem 9.8
Loading
Moment-Area Theorems
Equation of the Elastic Curve
Application to Cantilever Beams and
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve Beams With Symmetric ...
From the Load Di...
Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts
Statically Indeterminate Beams
Sample Problem 9.11
Sample Problem 9.1
Application of Moment-Area Theorems to
Sample Problem 9.3 Beams With Unsymme...
Method of Superposition Maximum Deflection
Sample Problem 9.7 Use of Moment-Area Theorems With
Statically Indeterminate...
Application of Superposition to Statically
Indeterminate ...

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading

•  Relationship between bending moment and
curvature for pure bending remains valid for
general transverse loadings.
1 M (x)
=
ρ EI

•  Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

load at the free end,
1 Px
=−
ρ EI

•  Curvature varies linearly with x

1
•  At the free end A, = 0, ρA = ∞
ρA

1 EI
•  At the support B, ≠ 0, ρB =
ρB PL

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading

•  Overhanging beam
•  Reactions at A and C
•  Bending moment diagram
•  Curvature is zero at points where the bending
moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
1 M ( x)
=
ρ EI
•  Beam is concave upwards where the bending
moment is positive and concave downwards
where it is negative.
•  Maximum curvature occurs where the moment
magnitude is a maximum.
•  An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve
is required to determine maximum deflection
and slope.
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Equation of the Elastic Curve

•  From elementary calculus, simplified for beam
parameters,
d2y
1 dx 2 d2y
= ≈
ρ ⎡ ⎛ ⎞2 ⎤3 2 dx 2
⎢1+ ⎜ dy ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎥⎦

•  Substituting and integrating,

1 d2y
EI = EI 2 = M x
ρ dx
()
x
dy
EI θ ≈ EI
dx
= ∫ M ( x ) dx + C
1
0
x x
EI y = ∫ dx ∫ M ( x ) dx + C x + C
1 2
0 0

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Equation of the Elastic Curve

•  Constants are determined from boundary
conditions
x x
EI y = ∫ dx ∫ M ( x ) dx + C x + C
1 2
0 0

•  Three cases for statically determinant beams,

–  Simply supported beam
y A = 0, yB = 0

–  Overhanging beam
y A = 0, yB = 0
–  Cantilever beam
y A = 0, θ A = 0

•  More complicated loadings require multiple

integrals and application of requirement for
continuity of displacement and slope.
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the

Load Distribution
•  For a beam subjected to a distributed load,
dM d 2M dV
= V (x ) 2
= = − w(x )
dx dx dx

•  Equation for beam displacement becomes

d 2M d4y
2
= EI 4
= − w(x )
dx dx

•  Integrating four times yields

EI y (x ) = − ∫ dx ∫ dx ∫ dx ∫ w(x )dx

+ 16 C1x3 + 12 C2 x 2 + C3 x + C4

•  Constants are determined from boundary

conditions.

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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Statically Indeterminate Beams

•  Consider beam with fixed support at A and roller
support at B.
•  From free-body diagram, note that there are four
unknown reaction components.
•  Conditions for static equilibrium yield
∑ Fx = 0 ∑ Fy = 0 ∑ M A = 0

The beam is statically indeterminate.

•  Also have the beam deflection equation,
x x
EI y = ∫ dx∫ M (x )dx + C1x + C2
0 0
which introduces two unknowns but provides
three additional equations from the boundary
conditions:

At x = 0, θ = 0 y = 0 At x = L, y = 0

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.1

SOLUTION:
•  Develop an expression for M(x)
and derive differential equation for
elastic curve.

•  Integrate differential equation twice

and apply boundary conditions to
obtain elastic curve.

For portion AB of the overhanging beam, •  Locate point of zero slope or point
(a) derive the equation for the elastic curve, of maximum deflection.
(b) determine the maximum deflection, •  Evaluate corresponding maximum
(c) evaluate ymax. deflection.

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.1

SOLUTION:
•  Develop an expression for M(x) and derive
differential equation for elastic curve.

-  Reactions:
Pa ⎛ a⎞
RA = ↓ RB = P⎜1 + ⎟ ↑
L ⎝ L⎠

-  From the free-body diagram for section AD,

a
M = −P x (0 < x < L )
L

-  The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
d2y a
EI 2
= − P x
dx L

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.1

•  Integrate differential equation twice and apply
boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
dy 1 a
EI = − P x 2 + C1
dx 2 L
1 a
EI y = − P x3 + C1x + C2
6 L

2 at x = 0, y = 0 : C2 = 0
d y a
EI = − P x 1 a 1
dx 2 L at x = L, y = 0 : 0 = − P L3 + C1L C1 = PaL
6 L 6
Substituting,
2
dy 1 a 1 dy PaL ⎡ ⎛ x⎞ ⎤
EI = − P x 2 + PaL = ⎢1 − 3⎜ ⎟ ⎥
dx 2 L 6 dx 6 EI ⎢⎣ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦
1 a 1
EI y = − P x3 + PaLx 3⎤
6 L 6 PaL2 ⎡ x ⎛ x ⎞
y= ⎢ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥
6 EI ⎢⎣ L ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.1

•  Locate point of zero slope or point
of maximum deflection.
2
dy PaL ⎡ ⎛ xm ⎞ ⎤ L
=0= ⎢1 − 3⎜ ⎟ ⎥ xm = = 0.577 L
dx 6 EI ⎣⎢ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎦⎥ 3

PaL2 ⎡ x ⎛ x ⎞
3⎤ •  Evaluate corresponding maximum
y= ⎢ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥ deflection.
6 EI ⎢⎣ L ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦
PaL2
ymax =
6 EI
[
0.577 − (0.577 )3 ]
PaL2
ymax = 0.0642
EI

ymax = 0.0642
(200 ×10 N )(1.2 m)(4.5 m )
3 2

(200 ×10 Pa )(300 ×10 m )

9 −6 4

ymax = 5.2 mm

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.3

SOLUTION:
•  Develop the differential equation for
the elastic curve (will be functionally
dependent on the reaction at A).

•  Integrate twice and apply boundary

For the uniform beam, determine the conditions to solve for reaction at A
reaction at A, derive the equation for and to obtain the elastic curve.
the elastic curve, and determine the
slope at A. (Note that the beam is •  Evaluate the slope at A.
statically indeterminate to the first
degree)

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.3

•  Consider moment acting at section D,
∑MD = 0
1 ⎛⎜ w0 x 2 ⎞⎟ x
RA x − −M =0
2 ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠ 3

w0 x3
M = RA x −
6L

•  The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
d2y w0 x3
EI 2 = M = R A x −
dx 6L

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.3

•  Integrate twice
4
dy 1 2 w0 x
EI = EI = R A x − + C1
dx 2 24 L
5
1 3 w0 x
EI y = R A x − + C1x + C2
6 120 L

•  Apply boundary conditions:

2 3
d y w0 x
EI = M = R A x − at x = 0, y = 0 : C2 = 0
dx 2 6L
3
1 2 w0 L
at x = L, = 0: RA L − + C1 = 0
2 24
4
1 3 w0 L
at x = L, y = 0 : RA L − + C1L + C2 = 0
6 120
•  Solve for reaction at A
1 1 1
R A L3 − w0 L4 = 0 RA = w0 L ↑
3 30 10

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.3

•  Substitute for C1, C2, and RA in the
elastic curve equation,
5
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 3 w0 x ⎛ 1 ⎞
EI y = ⎜ w0 L ⎟ x − −⎜ w0 L3 ⎟ x
6 ⎝ 10 ⎠ 120 L ⎝ 120 ⎠

w0
y=
120 EIL
(
− x5 + 2 L2 x3 − L4 x )

•  Differentiate once to find the slope,

dy w0
= =
dx 120 EIL
(
− 5 x 4 + 6 L2 x 2 − L4 )
w0 L3
at x = 0, A=
120 EI

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Method of Superposition

Principle of Superposition:
•  Deformations of beams subjected to •  Procedure is facilitated by tables of
combinations of loadings may be solutions for common types of
obtained as the linear combination of loadings and supports.
the deformations from the individual
loadings

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.7

For the beam and loading shown,

determine the slope and deflection at
point B.

SOLUTION:
Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown.

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.7

Loading I

wL3 wL4
(θ )
B I
=−
6EI
(y )
B I
=−
8EI

Loading II

wL3 wL4
(θ ) = (yC )II =
C II
48EI 128 EI

In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

zero and the elastic curve is a straight line.

wL3
(θ ) = (θ )
B II C II
=
48EI

wL4 wL3 ⎛ L ⎞ 7wL4

(y )
B II
= + ⎜ ⎟=
128EI 48EI ⎝ 2 ⎠ 384EI

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 9.7

Combine the two solutions,

3 3 7wL3
wL wL θB = −
θ B = (θ B ) + (θ B ) = − + 48EI
I II 6EI 48EI

wL4
7wL 4 41wL4
yB = −
( ) ( )
yB = yB + yB
I II
=− +
8EI 384EI 384 EI

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Application of Superposition to Statically
Indeterminate Beams
•  Method of superposition may be
applied to determine the reactions at
the supports of statically indeterminate
beams.
•  Designate one of the reactions as
redundant and eliminate or modify
the support.
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
•  Determine the beam deformation
without the redundant support.
•  Treat the redundant reaction as an
unknown load which, together with
the other loads, must produce
deformations compatible with the
original supports.
9- 21