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Tensile Test Lab Report

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LABORATORY 2.1: TENSILE TEST G ROUP ONE D AVID B ROWNE 851594

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the behavior of two material specimens under a
Tensile Test. The materials to be investigated are Copper and Steel. From performing the Tensile Test
the following properties will be determined; young’s modulus, yield stress, ultimate tensile stress,
percentage elongation at fracture, percentage reduction in cross-sectional area at fracture and
fracture stress. This experiment is used to determine a material’s properties, and is used in a wide
range of industries. One example of this could be to determine the Ultimate Tensile Stress of a
material to be used for a shopping bag, to check it can hold enough weight.
EQUIPMENT AND METHOD
The two specimens will take the form of a threaded rod with a length of 81.42mm and a diameter of
6.03mm. The test will be performed by placing the two specimens under a “Lloyd test machine”. The
machine will provide a threaded attachment to connect the specimens. The machine will exert a
tensile force on the specimen causing it to extend. The force exerted to create each increment of
extension is displayed on the machine along with the
total extension. For this test the force exerted for
every 0.5mm increment of extension will be recorded.

RESULTS
The Stress–Strain relationships of the two specimens
are shown in fig.2. The values for the ultimate tensile
stress for the Steel and Copper sample are 536MPa
and 445MPa respectively. The Yield Stress for copper
is not clearly represented by the graph as it shows the
material yielding gradually, but it could be estimated
to be at 200MPa by using a 0.1% proof stress. The
Yield Stress for steel occurs at 500MPa. The Elastic
Modulus for the Steel and Copper samples as
calculated from using the Yield Stresses stated
previously are both 14.5GPa. Fig.3 shows that after the
experiment the Steel sample had elongated 3.5% and
the cross sectional area at the point of fracture had
decreased by 53.1%. The Copper elongated 6.5%, and
the cross sectional area at the point of fracture
decreased by 25.9%
Fig.3: Dimensions of the sample before and after the test
DISCUSSON AND CONCLUSION
Related titles
Material Steel Copper

The Stress-Strain graph shows that the Copper sample Origional Length (mm) 200 200
experienced more plastic deformation that the Steel Length after fracture (mm) 207 213
sample, and this is reflected by the higher perentage Percentage Elongation (%) 3.5 6.5
elongation (fig.3). Origional Cross Sectional Area (mm^2) 28.6 28.6
Cross Sectional Area after fr acture (mm^2) 13.4 21.2
After it had fractured, the surface of the Copper was rough
Perecentage Reduction in Area (%) 53.1 25.9
and irregular. The 2 halfs of the fractured sample showed
a “cup” and a “cone” shape with an inclination of Fig.4: A diagram showing a cross section of the
°
approximately 45 on their fracture surfaces. In a uniaxial fractured copper sample
tensile test, this orientation represents the angle of principle
shear stress and the surface demonstrates this principle
Shear Stress caused the crystalline boundries to slip over
each other before failure (3).
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Experiment 1 Report

Both of these obeservations are characteristics of Ductile Fig.5: A diagram showing the necking on the a)Steel sample
and b)Copper sample
materials, which is a commonly stated property of Copper.
The Copper sample also displayed a higher Toughness
than the sample, which is represented by the larger area
beneath the stress strain graph. (A)

Despite being smaller than the Copper sample, the

plastic region of the Steel sample is significantly large
enough to be considered to have some ductile properties. (B)
The surface of the fracture also possesed a cup and cone
geometry at a lesser extent than the copper sample.
he steel sample had a larger necking region than the Copper sample, which explains the greater
reduction in cross sectional area at the point of fracture, but as shown in fig.5, the Steel sample
showed a very rapid transition between the decreased area and the rest of its length, whereas the
Copper showed a gradual transition. Necking is a property of a ductile material.
Referring to Engineering Materials (2) the Yield Stress’s for Copper is 60MPa, compared to the
200MPa value that was obtained experimentally. The difference between these results suggest that; a)
The yield stress for copper that was predicted using a proof stress may of given an inaccurate answer
that is higher than the real value b) The stress-stain results that were read from the machine were
inacurate. One innacuracy is that the experiment used the ‘nominal stress’ of the sample rather than
the ‘true stress’. However, the difference between the two are very small, particuarly in the elastic
region of the test, and could not cause such a large difference between the experimental and theoretial
value of yield stress. This would mean the difference is more likely to be caused by (a) and that very
little confidence can be placed on determining the yield stress with one run of an experiment and by
detemining the yield stress using the graph. The experimental value for the Yield Stress of Steel is
within the theoretical range of value which is between 260MPa and 1300MPa (2). Because this value
was more clearly defined on the graph than it was for copper and it was not derived using a proof
stress, it would be expected to be more accurate and could have a high confidence placed on it.
The values for the Modulus of Elasticity obtained experimentally are around one order of magnitude
smaller than values stated in Engineering Materials 1 (1) which quotes it to be 200GPa for mild Steel
and 124GPa for Copper. Determining the Modulus of a material using a uni-axial tensile Stress
experiment is generally regarded as being inaccurate and is instead commonly determined by
measuring the natural frequency of a sample using an oscillation test (1). The reasons for this are;
! Recording small displacements of the sample is imprecise due to the measuring equipment (1).
! Factors such as creep can contribute to the strain (1).
! When exerting large forces the equipment can begin to flex, and the displacement of the machine
is mistakenly read as a displacement of the sample.
The ultimate tensile stresses recorded are very close to the theoretical values, which are 400Mpa and
500-1880MPa for copper and Carbon Steel Alloy (1),

The difference
case, between thecould
very little confidence experimental and theoretical
be made with the results.values for the Modulus suggests that in this
In conclusion, copper can be regarded as a more Ductile material than steel with a higher Toughness,
and Steel can be considered to have a higher Yield and Tensile Strength with an equal elastic Modulus.

REFERENCES
1) Ashby, M. (2006). Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction to Properties, Applications
and Design. 3rd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann
2) Hibbeler, R.C. (2004). Statics and Mechanics of Materials. Prentice Hall.
3) Tarr, M. (no date). Stress and its effect on Materials [online]. Available from
http://www.ami.ac.uk/courses/topics/0124_seom/index.html. [Accessed 26/04/09].
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