CRYSTALLIZATION

1. A saturated solution containing 1500 kg of potassium chloride at 360 K is cooled in

an open tank to 290 K. If the density of the solution is 1200 kg/m3, the solubility of
potassium chloride/100 parts of water by mass is 53.55 at 360 K and 34.5 at 290 K
calculate:
(a) the capacity of the tank required, and
(b) the mass of crystals obtained, neglecting any loss of water by evaporation.
2. Ten Mg of a solution containing 0.3 kg Na2CO3kg solution is cooled slowly to 293 K
to form crystals of Na2C03.lOHzO. What is the yield of crystals if the solubility of
Na2CO3 at 293 K is 21.5 kg/l00 kg water and during cooling 3 per cent of the original
solution is lost by evaporation?

3. The heat required when 1 kmol of MgS04.7H20 is dissolved isothermally at 291 K in

a large mass of water is 13.3 MJ. What is the heat of crystallization per unit mass of
the salt?
4. A solution of 500 kg of NazSO4 in 2500 kg water is cooled from 333 K to 283 K in an
agitated mild steel vessel of mass 750 kg. At 283 K, the solubility of the anhydrous salt
is 8.9 kg100 kg water and the stable crystalline phase is Na2S04.10H20. At 291 K, the
heat of solution is -78.5 M J h o l and the specific heat capacities of the solution and
mild steel are 3.6 and 0.5 H/kg deg K respectively. If, during cooling, 2 percent of the
water initially present is lost by evaporation, estimate the heat which must be removed.
5. A batch of 1500 kg of saturated potassium chloride solution is cooled from 360 K to
290 K in an unagitated tank. If the solubilities of KCI are 53 and 34 kg/100kg water
at 360 K and 290 K respectively and water losses due to evaporation may be neglected,
what is the yield of crystals?
6. Glauber’s salt, Na2S04.10H20, is to be produced in a Swenson-Walker crystallizer by
cooling to 290 K a solution of anhydrous Na2SO4 which saturates between 300 K and
290 K. If cooling water enters and leaves the unit at 280 K and 290 K respectively
and evaporation is negligible, how many sections of crystallizer, each 3 m long, will be
required to process 0.25 kg/s of the product? The solubilities of anhydrous Na2S04 in
water are 40 and 14 kgll00 kg water at 300 K and 290 K respectively, the mean heat
capacity of the liquor is 3.8 HkgK and the heat of crystallisation is 230 Hkg. For the
crystalliser, the available heat transfer area is 3 m2/m length, the overall coefficient of
heat transfer is 0.15 kW/m2 K and the molecular masses are NazSO4.10H2O = 322
kg/kmol and Na2SO4 = 142 kg/kmol.

7. A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K containing 48.2 kg MgSO4/100 kg total water is

cooled to 293.2 K, where MgSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt
is 35.5 kg MgSO4/100 k total water. The average heat capacity of the feed solution can
be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg-K. The heat of solution at 291.2 K is -13.31 x 10^3 kJ/kgmol
MgSO4.7H2O. Calculate the yield of crystals and make a heat balance to determine the
total heat absorbed, assuming that no water is vaporized.
8. A hot solution of Ba(NO3)2 from an evaporator contains 30.6 kg Ba(NO3)2/kg H2O
and goes to a crystallizer where the solution is cooled and Ba(NO3)2 crystallizes. On
cooling, 10% of the original water present evaporates. For a feed solution of 100 kg
total, calculate the following.
a. The yield of crystals if the solution is cooled to 290 K, where the solubility is 8.6 kg
Ba(NO3)2/100 kg water.
b. The yield if cooled instead to 283 K, where the solubility is 7.0 kg Ba(NO3)2/100 kg
total water.

9. A batch of 1000 kg of KCL is dissolved in sufficient water to make a saturated

solution of 363 K, where the solubility is 35 wt % in water. The solution is cooled to 293
K, at which temperature its solubility is 25.4 wt%.
a. What is the weight of water required for solution and the weight of crystals of KCl
obtained?
b. What is the weight of crystals obtained if 5% of the original water evaporates on
cooling?

10. A hot solution containing 1000 kg of MgSO4 and water having a concentration of 30
wt% MgSO4 is cooled to 288.8 K, where the crystals of MgSO4.7H2O are precipitated.
The solubiliy at 288.8 K is 24.5 wt% anhydrous MgSO4 in the solution. Calculate the
yield of crystals obtained if 5% of the original water in the system evaporates on cooling.

11. A feed solution of 10000 lbm at 130 F containing 47.0 ln FeSO4/100 lb water is
cooled to 80 F, where FeSO4.7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is
30.5 lb FeSO4/100 lb total water. The average heat capacity of the feed solution is 0.70
btu/lbm-F. The heat of solution at 18 F is -4.4 kcal/g-mol FeSO4.7H2O. Calculate the
yield of crystals and make a heat balance. Assume no water is vaporized.