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Concept Note
The ‘exploded city’ view was postulated in the book Social Geography of the United States by J.
Wreford Watson.
The theoretical position of the margin of an urban field can be calculated by using a technique
known as breaking point theory. A. E. Smailes divided a city region into Core Area, Outer Area and
Fringe Area.
The law of Retail Trade Gravitation’ predicts the proportion of retail trade that two towns will derive
from a settlement (k) lying between them. This is relevant to the question of the theoretical
delimitation of urban fields.
Zone No. 1: This is the C.B.D. (Central Business District), the heart of the City. It has shops, offices,
banks, theaters and hotels. It has multistory skyscrapers, transport lines, converge in this zone. The
CBD draws its business from all other encircling zones.
Zone No. 2: Surrounding the CBD, lies a traditional area, a zone of residential deterioration, marked
also by the encroachment of business and light manufacturing. This is a zone of urban plight of
tenements and slums and inadequate services.
Zone No. 5: This is the Urban Fringe consisting of communities that are in effete dormitories of the
CBD, where most of the economically active residents go to work. Here lies some of the highest
quality residential houses.
Concept Note
A pioneer study of the CBD was done by American geographers R. E. Murphy and J.E. Vance Jr.
In 1951, based on a study of 36 cities, the economist C. Clark describe the pattern of population
density in any city.
Hypermarkets are carefully planned outoftown shopping centers.
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