FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

LIGHT STRUCTURE LABORATORY

OPEN ENDED LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

LABORATORY
(BFC 21201)

Prepared by:
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

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GENERAL INSTRUCTION Amendment Date
GENERAL INSTRUCTION:

In this lab sheet, it has THREE (3) open ended laboratory instructions to be performed.
Students must plan and organize for solutions by integrating the fundamental knowledge of
Mechanics of Materials and technical skill with appropriate laboratory testing equipment and
methodology to fulfill the requirement of each open ended instruction. Students must
consult/present and get approval against the equipment operational procedure, type of data
collection and analyses from lecturer and laboratory assistant based on respective laboratory
proposal or solution before conducting any testing. Students are reminded to emphasize safety
and good ethic when handling the equipment and other facilities in Light Structural Laboratory.
All findings must be verified, prepared and fulfilled the requirement of technical report
criteria and others from respective laboratory instructions.

START

Week 1: OPEN ENDED LABORATORY BRIEFING

AND EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTORY (BY
LECTURER) TESTING VARIABLES/ PARAMETERS
AND TYPE OF ANALYSES
(CONSULT WITH LECTURER)

PLAN AND ORGANIZE METHOD OF TESTING AND ANALYSIS

(BY STUDENTS)
Week 1&2: Proposal Preparation
EQUIPMENT AND TESTING
PROCEDURE
(CONSULT WITH LABORATORY
ASSISTANT)
NO
Week 3: PROPOSAL DISCUSSIONS/ PRESENTATION
FOR APPROVAL BY LECTURER

YES
PERFORM LABORATORIES AND
DATA ACQUISITION
Week 4: Laboratory 1
Week 5: Laboratory 2
Week 6: Laboratory 3

Week 7: PREPARATION OF
TECHNICAL REPORT

Week 8: SUBMISSION

END

FLOWCHART OF OPEN ENDED LABORATORY

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Force and Deflection in Beam Amendment Date
Introduction
This Mechanics of Materials open ended laboratory is designed to construct an integrated
laboratory exercises on (1)beam element subjected to external & internal forces and deflection.
(2)
mechanical properties of aluminum material and (3)the Euler’s theory and application on
compression member
LABORATORY 1:
Identification of Internal Forces and Deflection of Simply Supported Beam

Objectives
The main objectives of this laboratory are as follows:
i. To investigate the existence of internal shear force and bending moment developed
in beam based on external loading applied
ii. To identify the relationship between load and displacement, and estimate the
modulus of elasticity of the materials.

Background of Overhead Crane

Figure 1.1 shows the illustration of gantry and overhead crane. The moveable two bridge girders are
installed on the runway beam to move and transfer stuffs by lifting operational by trolley frame. A
sample of simply supported beam application has been demonstrated in this structural system.

Figure 1.1: Gantry and Overhead Crane

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Force and Deflection in Beam &
Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Amendment Date

Instruction to Conduct Laboratory 1:

You are required to evaluate the application of static load of applied on a simply supported beam under
a few considerations of lifting masses at specific distances. By utilizing three (3) main apparatus
provided in Light Structure Laboratory (see Appendix A) investigate the relationships of external load
and beam lengths variables against:

a. development of internal forces such as shear forces and bending moment along the beam
b. deflection behavior and characteristics from the load-displacement relationship obtained

Idealized model and free body diagram with respect to a specific dimension, cross section, lifting masses
and distances etc. are important to provide a clear overview to an experimented structural system. The
expected outcomes from the above objectives can be solved mathematically of based on the concepts of
statically determinate beam, static equilibriums, stresses and deflection of beam which may assist in
verifying the findings obtained from the laboratories.

NOTE: Discuss with your lecturer about the number of (1)masses to be applied and (2)
distances of the
applied mass and (3)related theoretical/ method/ equations to be used.

LABORATORY 2:
Identification of Yield Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Aluminum (Al)

Objectives
The main objectives of this laboratory are as follows:
i. To investigate the mechanical properties in terms of tensile strengths and MOE of
aluminum strut under tensile test by using Universal Testing Machine.
ii. To adapt the application of Hooke’s law and characterize the behavior of a material
under stress and strain action.

Background of Steel Reinforcement

In concrete construction such in Figure 2.1, the application of steel reinforcement is essential to resist
the tensile action. It is compulsory to verify the actual strength (yield strength, fy, ultimate strength fult)
of the steel material via tensile testing prior to construction. Universal Testing Machine (see Figure 2.2)
is widely used in identifying the mechanical properties (such as Modulus of Elasticity, MOE) of steel
reinforcement. Determination of the yield strength will lead to the classification of elastic and plastic
regions, whereby the elongation of the material is measured by the extensometer equipment that
attached to the specimen.

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Figure 2.1: Steel reinforcements and its application

Figure 2.2: Universal Testing Machine and extensometer

Instruction to Conduct Laboratory 2:

A client has sent to you an aluminum plates for identification of mechanical properties and material
verification. The following requirements and characteristics are important to be provided to the client
via tensile testing:

a. guideline/ standard code of practice on specific testing procedure with other permissible values,
b. load (P) VS elongation (δL) curves,
c. stress (σ) VS strain (ε) curve characteristics and behaviors,
d. verify the tested material against the typical Modulus of Elasticity of aluminum material.

NOTE: Discuss with your lecturer about the number of sample to be tested by using Universal Testing
Machine and take all safety precaution in conducting the experiment.

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Buckling of Compressive Members Amendment Date
LABORATORY 3:
Investigation of Compression Members under Different Lengths of End Restraint
Conditions

Objectives
The main objectives of this laboratory are as follows:
i. To investigate the influence of multiple column lengths and end restraints (support
conditions) under axial loading
ii. To derive the Euler buckling factor (see Table 3.1) by accounting a few columns length
and end restraint conditions
(Note: apply MOEAl obtained from Laboratory 2)

Background of Steel Compressive Member and Buckling

A column is a structural member that resisting compression force. Meanwhile, buckling phenomenon on
column is occurred when excessive load is applied exceeding the critical load which cause the column to
deflect laterally and even bow out. The critical load acting on a column can be found at the maximum
axial load that a column can resist before failure. Therefore, it is important to predict the buckling levels
so that the destructive, dangerous and sudden collapse could be estimated.

(a) (d)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3.0: (a) Moment resisting frame of steel structure, (b) column subjected to bucking
failure, (c) buckling characteristics on compression member under axial loading and, (d)
type of supports (end-restraints)

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Instruction to Conduct Laboratory 3:

The buckling theory under compressive axial load was discovered by Leonard Euler between 1707 to
1783. By taking the end restrained condition supported by pinned connections and frictionless, an ideal
column which is symmetric with deflection occurring only in one plane is derived and expressed by
equation 1.0.

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1.0)
(𝑘𝐿)2
where,
Pcr : buckling load/ critical axial load
E : Modulus of Elasticity
I : moment of inertia/ second moment of area
L : actual length
k : (1/𝑛)1/2 factor accounting based on the end restrained conditions

Table 3.1: n-k relationship

n 1 4 2 0.25
k 1 0.5 0.7 2

To derive the Euler relationship, the types of end restrained conditions against the values of 1/L2 of the
struts need to be computed. By establishing a linear relationship between the buckling loads versus 1/L2,
the ‘n’ factor can be determined from the gradient ratio of the control (pined-pined) to any particular end
restrained conditions.
NOTE: Discuss with your lecturer about the number of sample, column length and end restrained
conditions to be tested

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PROPOSAL PRESENTATION Amendment Date

LABORATORY PROPOSAL (for every laboratory):

For each laboratory proposal must be presented using ppt. slides. 15 minutes is given for three laboratory
instruction presentations. The presentation must be short but comprehensive. The following components
must be prepared and presented:

INTRODUCTION
 General background
 Goal and Objective
 Laboratory Scope
 specific theory/ fundamental concept used
 configuration of the specimen
 type of testing (compression/tensile/ bending/ deflection)
 standard code of practice
 type of instrumentation
 others which are relevance to your scope of work
 Significance of laboratory

LITERATURE REVIEWS
 Theory/ History/ Concept
 Related review from similar studies

METHODOLOGY
 Flowchart/ Framework
 Related Captions/ clarification/ explanation in form of
 Figure/ table
 Procedure/ protocol
 Equation/ theories-derivation
 Standard code of practice
 Assumptions used

RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

 Result:
 Idealized model/ Free body diagram/ Label (on figure/ table)
 Static equilibrium equation/ Mathematical procedure
 Discussion from:
 From the computational outcomes
 From the illustrations
 With any related references

CONCLUSIONS
 Agreed to the objectives

REFERENCES and FORMATING

 Sufficient references
 Orderly

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TECHNICAL REPORT FORMAT Amendment Date

TECHNICAL REPORT FORMAT (for every laboratory):

COVER PAGE
Attach GREEN OPEN ENDED LABORATORY RUBRIC COVER PAGE for every laboratory
performed (see Appendix B)

For each laboratory report, the following contents must be prepared:

1. TABLE OF CONTENTS

2. ABSTRACT (in 300 words maximum)

Brief explanation about your testing in overall which consists of:
i. Introduction
ii. Objective of you study
iii. Laboratory scope (specimens and methodology etc.)
iv. Results and discussions
v. Conclusion

3. CHAPTER 1 (Introduction)

a. General
Laboratory background

b. Goal and objectives

You may create to maximum four (4) objectives, but all results and discussions must be
presented and concluded for each objective.

c. Laboratory scope
The discussions could be emphasized on:
i. configurations of the specimen such as material types, no. of specimen, dimensions,
cross section and etc.
ii. instrumentation and testing specifications
iii. standard code of practice involved
iv. type of testing (compression/tensile/ bending/ deflection)
v. specific theory/ fundamental concept used
vi. others that relevance to your scope of work.

d. Significance of laboratory testing

What have been archived or being appreciated from this laboratory towards knowledge,
technical skills or soft skills that could be discussed, for instance in the following area:
i. fundamental/ Experimental knowledge Mechanic of Materials.
ii. enhancing student learning domains and generic skill.
iii. data contribution to extend the study.
iv. contribution to industries, construction field, university, community etc.

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4. CHAPTER 2 (Literature Reviews)

Discussions must be carried out to any references related to laboratory performed.

a. Published materials such as book, journal, standard code of practice, conference, manual,
technical magazine, catalogue etc.
b. Un-published material published by authorized website.

5. CHAPTER 3 (Methodology)

a. Provide study flow chart from the beginning to the end of your laboratory.
b. Clarify each steps/ phases/ stages used. Explanation must be given to every chart, figure,
table, equations etc.
c. Provide related standard code of practices, theories, derivations etc. if available or related.

6. CHAPTER 4 (Results, Data Analysis and Discussions)

Your findings must be reported and discussed and supported by related type of chart, figure,
table, equations and etc. The following criteria must be emphasized in this chapter:
a. Sample of calculations must be indicated clearly
b. Provide citation from any reliable references to strengthen your findings and discussions

7. CONCLUSIONS

Provide conclusive conclusion which agreed to the objectives

8. REFERENCES

Refer to UTHM Thesis Guideline for citation and other related format (spacing, numbering,
captions, references and etc.)

YOU MUST AWARE TO PROVIDE?

a. All laboratory reports (lab. 1 to 3) must be compiled together. Distinguish each report by GREEN
OPEN ENDED LABORATORY RUBRIC COVER PAGE separator.
b. Font type: Times New Roman, font size: 12 with 1.5 spacing
c. Comb ring binding.

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 APPENDIX A

BUCKLING OF STRUTS DEFLECTION OF BEAM

SHEAR FORCE IN BEAM BENDING MOMENT IN BEAM

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(green cover page)
LABORATORY TOPIC : __________________________________________
GROUP MEMBERS: MATRIC NO.
1. ______________________________________________ ________________
2. _______________________________________________ _______________
3. _______________________________________________ _______________
4. _______________________________________________ _______________
5. _______________________________________________ _______________ SECTION: _____________
Criteria 5= Very Good
Concise and clearly covers
Abstracts:
all key components in
CLO 1 [PLO4, C2]
appropriate numbers of
words
Introductions:
CLO 1 [PLO4, C2]
Components in
- Background
introductions are clearly
- Goal and objective
discussed with sufficient
- Scope
information and correctly
- Significance of
laboratory
Student has prepared
complete methodology
Methodology:
CLO 3 [PLO4, C2]
with correct protocol in
experimental and analysis
procedure
Strong review and enough
Literature review:
CLO 1 [PLO4, C2]
depth to cover all related
topic
Results, Data Analysis Provides accurate and
and Discussions: insightful data with reliable
CLO 1 [PLO4, C2] discussions and correctly
Conclusive finding with
Conclusions strong agreement against
CLO 1 [PLO4, C2] the achievement of
objectives
Description of scientific
Scientific Terminology &
terminology, facts,
Accuracy
concepts, theories are
CLO 2 [PLO2, P4]
complete and correct
In-text citation and
References, citations and reference list are assembled
Technical Report Format: completely and properly
CLO 3 [PLO5, A2] formatted. The technical
format is perfects
3A 11/Feb/19
HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRIC:
4=Good 3=Moderate
Clearly covers all, but need to
provide a little clearer
explanation
Components in introductions
are sufficient but with little
mistake
Student has prepared complete
methodology with a little
mistakes in experimental and
analysis procedure
Sufficient reviews but can be
improved
Provides good data and
reliable discussions but with
some mistakes found
Sufficient finding and
agreement against the
achievement of objectives but
with a little mistakes
Description of scientific
terminology, facts, concepts,
and theories are nearly
complete and correct.
In-text citation and reference
list are complete and properly
formatted but with little
mistakes. The technical
format is nearly perfects
All components are
satisfactory covered
Components in introductions
are moderately discussed
Student has missed some
methodology and do some
mistakes in experimental and
analysis procedure
Satisfactory reviews with
minimal requirements
Provides data with appropriate
discussions with some mistakes
found
Findings are concluded but
less reflected to the
achievement of objectives
Description of scientific
terminology, facts, concepts,
and theories are partially
complete and correct.
In-text citation and reference
list are formatted but with
some missing
citation/references. Technical
format is adheres to standard.
2=Poor
Many key component are
missing, and unclear and/or
are not stated concisely
Components in introductions
are partially discussed and
with some mistakes
Student has missed a lot of
methodology and carry out a
lot of mistakes in
experimental and analysis
procedure
Minimal review and
insufficient depth or less
relevance topics
Not enough data with fewer
discussions and many
mistakes found
Findings are concluded with
very little agreement to the
objectives
Description of scientific
terminology, facts, concepts,
and theories are either
incorrect or missing.
In-text citation and references
show in a lot of mistakes.
Technical format is somewhat
incorrect
APPENDIX B
OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
CLO 1 (35M) CLO 2 (2.5M) CLO 3 (2.5M)
1= Very Poor W Total W Total W Total
Abstract is missing or if
present, it provides with no 0.5
relevant information
Components in
introductions are poorly 1.0
discussed and confusing
Student unable to write
methodology for
experimental and analysis 1.5
procedure correctly
Poor reviews and off topic 1.0
Students provide incorrect
data with unclear statement 2.5
against their results
Weak findings and no
agreement made against 0.5
the objectives
Descriptions of scientific
terminology, facts,
concepts, theories are 0.5
insufficient and incorrect
In-text citation and
reference without listed
and proper formatting. 0.5
Technical format is totally
incorrect
/ 35 / 2.5 / 2.5
(IN-LAB.) CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS: MATRIC NO. DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
1. _______________________________________________ _______________ FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
2. _______________________________________________ _______________
3. _______________________________________________ _______________
4. _______________________________________________ _______________
5. _______________________________________________ _______________ SECTION: _____________

LABORATORY PROPOSAL AND EQUIPMENT HANDLING CLO 2 (5M) CLO 3 (5M)

Criteria 5= Very Good
Practical Ability in
Handling Equipment
Students are completely
CLO 2 [PLO2, P4]
prepared to handle the
equipment effectively
without questionable
4=Good
Students are prepared to
handle the equipment
effectively with few questions
have been raised
AVG.
3=Moderate 2=Poor 1= Very Poor W AVG. Total W
Total
Students are aware on the Students are aware on the
procedure to conduct procedure to conduct
Students require fully
laboratory but raise some laboratory but raise many
questions and start requesting questions and start requesting
guidance to conduct 1.0 ΣLi/3
laboratory
for assistance to operate the for assistance to operate the
equipment equipment

LABORATORY 1 (L1)

LABORATORY 2 (L2) /5
LABORATORY 3 (L3)

Demonstrates full Demonstrates somewhat Students unable to provide

Delivery of proposal/ knowledge, provides clear
solutions proposal on methodology
CLO 3 [PLO5, A2] and analyses to conduct
laboratory and fulfilling the
objectives
clear knowledge and good
proposal on methodology and
analyses to conduct
laboratory and fulfilling the
objectives
Able to demonstrate very thin
Demonstrates satisfactory relevant information for
knowledge and laboratory
knowledge and proposal on proposal, methodology
methodology and analyses
proposal on methodology and
and analyses to conduct 1.0 ΣLi/3
analyses with some
with little components missed laboratory and fulfilling the
components missed
objectives

LABORATORY 1 (L1)

LABORATORY 2 (L2) /5
LABORATORY 3 (L3)

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