IS : 3842 ( Part III ) - 1966

( Reaffirmed 1996 )
Indian Standard
APPLICATION GUIDE FOR
ELECTRICAL RELAYS FOR AC SYSTEMS
PART Ill PHASE UNBALANCE RELAYS INCLUDING
NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE RELAYS
Fifth Reprint SEPTEMBER 1997
( Incorporating Amendment No. 1)

UDC 621.316.925.4;:621.318.5

@ Copyright 1997

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 1 lOOU2

Gr 4 ~ebmary 1967
 IS:3842(PartIII)-1966
( Reaffirmed 19% )

Indian Standard
APPLICATION GUIDE FOR
ELECTRICAL RELAYS FOR AC SYSTEMS
PART III PHASE UNBALANCE RELAYS INCLUDING
NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE RELAYS

Relays Sectional Committee, ETDC 35

Chairmat!
SH~I K. M. CHINNAPPA
Members
Sns~ G. K. THAKUB ( Alternate
Shri K. M. Chinnappa )
SHBI M. C. BA~AVALI~V~AIAFI
SHRI S. K. BHATIA
SHBI A. RAJA~LAO ( Alternate )
SHRI V. S. BHATIA
SHRI M. M. SEETENA ( Alternate )
SHBI P. J. DAMANY
SKRI M. V. SE~NBHAQ ( Alternate )
SERI A. DATTA
SHRI B. L. SINHVAL ( Alternate )
SHBI B. K. MUKHERJEE
SHRI R. PADMANABHAN
SERI A. G. DAMLE ( Alternate )
SHRI S. G. PARAN~E
SERI M. S. RAJAQ~PALAN
SHRI N. NATE ( Alternate )
PROF H. N. RAMACHANDRA RAO Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
SHRI P. RENQABWAMY
SERI V. SEETEARAMAN
SHRl P. K. SEN
SHRI C. S, SREE IVASAN
SHRI L. C. JA7 N ( Alternate)
SHRI N. T. TASKAR
SHRI H. S. VI~WESWARIAH
SHRI Y. S. VENKATESWABAN.
Director ( Elec tech )
SHRI R. C. BAJPAI
Assistant Director ( Elec tech )
Representing
Tata Hydro-Electric Power Supply Co Ltd, Bombay
to
Mysore State Electricity Board, Bangalore
Heavy Electricals ( India ) Ltd, Bhopal
Siemens Engineering & Manufacturing Co of
India Ltd, Bombay
The Bombay Electric Supply & Transport Under-
taking, Bombay
Jyoti Limited, Baroda
National Test House, Calcutta
The Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur
Directorate General of Sunplies & Disposals ( Inspec-
tion Wing ) ( Minis&y of Supply, Technical
Development & Materials Planning )
The English Electric Co of India Ltd, Madras
Hindustan Steel Limited, Ranchi
Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )
Punjab State Electricity Board, Patiala
Central Water & Power Commission ( Power Wing )
Directorate General of Posts & Telegraphs ( Minis-
try of Transport & Communications )
Radio & Electricals Manufacturing Co Ltd,
Bangalore
Director General, GS ( Ex-o&io Member )
Secretary
( Continued on page 2 )

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 3842 ( Part III ) - 1966

( Continuedfrom page 1 )
Panel for Application Guide for Electrical Relays, ETDC 35/P2

Convener Representing
PBOE H. N. RAMACRANDRA RAO Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Members
SHRI M. C. BASAVALINQAIAE Mysore State Electricity Board, Bangalore
SHRI S. K. BHATXA Heavy Electricals ( India) Ltd, Bhopal
SHBI N. NATE The English Electric Co of India Ltd, Madras
SHBI P. K. SEN Punjab State Electricity Board, Patiala
SHRI G. K. THAEUR Tata Hydro-Electric Power Supply Co Ltd, Bombay

2
 IS:3842(PartIII)-1966

Indian Standard
APPLICATION GUIDE FOR
ELECTRICAL RELAYS FOR AC SYSTEMS
PART III PHASE UNBALANCE RELAYS !NCLUDING
NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE RELAYS

0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part III ) was adopted by the Indian Standards
Institution on 21 November 1966, after the draft finalized by the Relays
Sectional Committee had been- approved by the Electrotechnical Division
Council.
0.2 Modern power systems are designed to provide uninterrupted electrical
supply, yet the possibility of failure cannot be ruled out. The protective
relays stand watch and in the event of failures, short-circuits or abnormal
operating conditions help de-energize the unhealthy section of the power
system and restrain interference with the remainder of it and thus limit
damage to equipment and ensure safety of personnel. They are also used
to indicate the type and location of failure so as to assess the effectiveness
of the protective schemes.
0.3 The features which the protective relays should possess are:
a) Reliability, that is, to ensure correct action even after long periods
of inactivity and also after repeated operations under severe
conditions;
b) Selectivity, that is, to ensure that only the unhealthy part of the
system is disconnected;
c) Sensitivity, that is, detection of the short-circuits or other abnormal
operating condition;
d) Speed to prevent or minimize damage and risk of instability of
rotating plant; and
e) Stability, that is, the ability to operate only under those conditions
that call for its operation and to remain either passive or biased
against operation under all other conditions.
0.4 Phase unbalance relays are those which respond to unbalanced currents,
unbalanced voltages, negative phase sequence currents and negative phase
sequence voltages which occur in a polyphase system during sustained
unbalanced loading conditions or during fault conditions. Among these
phase unbalance relays, the negative phase sequence current relays find most

3
IS : 3842 ( Part III ) - 1966

extensive application in the protection of generators, motors and feeders.

Negative phase sequence voltage relays are sometimes used for the protec-
tion of induction motors .also.

0.5 This guide deals with those relays only which are covered by
IS : 3231-1965*.

0.6 This guide has been prepared mainly to assist protection engineers in the
application of phase unbalance relays, particularly negative phase sequence
relays. Few practical examples have also been included to illustrate the
application of these relays, settings, etc. However, it is emphasized that
this guide has been prepared to assist rather than to specify the relay to
be used. This guide deals only with the principles of application of phase
unbalance relays and does not deal with the selection of any particular pro-
tective scheme. The actual circuit conditions in all probability may be
different from those described here. Examples, even though drawn from
actual field applications, should be regarded as mere illustration of one
or the other point.

8.7 In the preparation of this guide considerable assistance has been derived
from several published books and from manufacturers’ trade literature.
Assistance has also been rendered by State Electricity Boards in collecting
actual examples.

This guide is one of the series of Indian Standard appIication guides

for electrical relays for ac systems. The other guides in this series are:
IS : 3638-1966 Application guide for gas-operated relays
IS : 3842 ( Part I )-1967 Application guide for electrical relays for ac
systems: Part I Overcurrent relays for feeders and transformers
IS : 3842 ( Part II )-1966 Application guide for electrical relays for ac
systems: Part II Overcurrent relays for generators and motors
IS : 3842 ( Part IV )-1966 Application guide for electrical relays for ac
systems: Part IV Thermal relays

1. SCOPE

1.1 This guide ( Part III ) deals with application of phase unbalance relays,
including negative phase sequence relays, for ac systems, covered by
IS : 3231-1965*.

I.2 This guide does not cover details regarding the principles of system
design and system,protection.
*Specification for electrical relays for power system protection,

4
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.1 For the purpose of this guide the definitions given in IS : 188.5 ( Part IX )-
1966* and those given inl’art I of this guide shall aptly.

3. NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE CURRGNT RELAYS

3.1 Principle of Operation.

3.1.1 A negative phase sequence current relay normally comprises a
negative phase sequence filter unit which is energized from the line current
transformers. There are different types of filters in use. A typical filter
consisting of a -resistance-reactance bridge network which derives only the
negative phase sequence component of the system currents is shown in Fig. 1.
The output from the negative phase sequence filter is used to energize
the operating coil of the relay. The operating unit is either an induction
disc overcurrent unit having an extremely inverse definite minimum time-lag
characteristic or an instantaneous hinged armature unit having very low
settings. In some forms of negative phase sequence current relays, the
hinged armature unit and the induction disc unit are both used and these
uruts are energized either from two separate negative phase sequence filters
or from the same filter. The hinged armature unit is used for initiating
an alarm on very low values of negative phase sequence currents and the
disc unit is used for tripping when the negative phase sequence currents
reach dangerous levels. This kind of negative phase sequence current
relay is normally used for the protection of synchronous machines against
the harmful effects of negative phase sequence currents.
3.1.2 It is sometimes necessary to ensure that the zero sequence currents
in a system do not affect the performance of the negative phase sequence
filter. This is achieved by connecting the line current ~transformer
secondaries in delta. However, where the line current transformers have to
be necessarily connected in star, suitable delta connected interposing current
transformers are used together with negative phase sequence current relay to
eliminate interference from zero sequence currents. In some other cases,
zero sequence currents are not eliminated, especially when they are not
likely to affect the performance of negative phase sequence filter very much.

3.2 Generator Protection

3.2.1 Unbalanced loading of generators is usually caused by pnase-to-
phase or phase-to-earth faults near the generators, by faults in stator winding
or by the failure of one phase of the generator circuit-breaker to close. The
phase-to-phase, phase-to-earth and stator faults are usually detected by the
appropriate protection. However, the normal protection is not able to
detect an open-circuit on one or two phases of the generator. A negative
phase sequence current relay is, therefore, used to detect this condition.
+Electrotechnical vocabulary: Part IX Electrical relays.

5
IS:3842(PiirtIII)-1966

3.2.2 The effect of unbalanced current flowing in the generator stator

winding is to produce negative phase sequence current in the stator which,
in turn, induct;s double frequency current in the rotor. If the machine
has a cylindrical rotor and is not fitted with damper windings, the double
frequency current will cause rapid overheating which will severely damage
the machine. Or the other hand, slow speed salient pole machines which
are normally fitted with damper windings are not as severely affected, since
the damper windings provide a path for the double frequency current.

OPERATING COIL

Nwm - ZB is a 6tY choke

IA Connection Diagram

16 positive Phase Sequence Suppfy IC Negative Phase Sequence Sup~fy

Fro. 1 PRINCIPLE OF NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE FJLTER

3.2.3 The length of time for which a\generator is allowed to operate with
unbalanced stator currents, without danger of permanent damage, is
a
x t

6
 IS : 3842 ( Part III ) - 1966

where
k = a constant depending on the type of machine and the
form of cooling employed,
I, = value of the negative phase sequence current,
I1 = value of the rated positive phase sequence current, and
t = value of the time in seconds.
3.2.3.1 The constant k varies from 7 for a highly rated steam set with
direct cooling to 60 for a salient pole hydro set with air-cooled stator. The
actual values of this constant k, for individual machines should be obtained
from the manufacturers of those machines.
3.2.3.2 It is necessary for the negative phase sequence current relay to
2
have a.time-current characteristic given by k = +x t which matches,
(
1 >
as closely as possible, that of the machine, because, while it is important to
disconnect the generator as soon as k is exceeded, it is equally important
not to take it off the system unnecessarily. Therefore, negative phase
sequence current relays are usually provided with adjustable pick-up and time-
delay settings as on the induction disc unit and by selecting the appropriate
settings on the relays, their characteristics may be made to match, as closely
as possible, those of the generators they are protecting. Such relays are
normally arranged to trip the generator circuit-breaker. In some negative
phase sequence current relays, a very sensitive attracted armature unit is
also used to initiate an alarm for small unbalance in the system currents.
This alarm is usually time-delayed to prevent unnecessary alarms from being
given for unbalanced loads of short duration.
3.2.3.3 Example given in Appendix A illustrates the methods of
calculating negative phase sequence current relay settings for generator
protection.
3.2.4 It is recognized that if a generator is subjected to faults which
give a constant k which lies between 100 and 206 percent of the value of the
constant of the generator, it may suffer damage which may need early
inspection. For values of k higher than 200 percent of the value of the genera-
tor constant, severe damage should be expected. However, by using negative
phase sequence current relays, it is ensured that generator constant k is
never exceeded under any condition.

3.2.5 For salient pole hydro sets having damper windings, negative phase
sequence current protection is not usually required but it is common practice
to use this protection on all generators having a rating of 20 MVA and
above.

3.3 Motor Protection

3.3.1 Unbalanced voltages may occur across ac motors either due to a

large single-phase load on the system or due to open-circuit in one phase of

7
IS : 3842 ( Part III ) - 1966

the supply, that is, single phasing. The effect of these unbalanced voltages
is to produce unbalanced currents in the stator winding of the motor which,
in turn, induce almost double frequency current in the rotor. These currents
cause rapid overheating of the rotor which damages the motor. Negative
phase sequence current protection is, therefore, provided to detect this
unbalanced condition and disconnect the motor after a suitable time delay
dependent upon the negative sequence withstand of the motor. For severe
unbalanced conditions, motor is disconnected instantaneously.
3.3.2 One of the methods of protecting motors against unbalanced voltages
is to employ a thermal relay which is sensitive to both the positive and
negative phase sequence components of currents and in which it is possible to
make the heating effect of the negative sequence current greater than that of
the positive sequence current to match the increased heating effect of the
negative sequence current on the rotor winding. Since this form of negative
phase sequence current protection is closely associated with thermal relays, its
application is given in greater detail in Part IV of‘this guide.

3.4 Feeder Protection

3.4.1 Negative phase sequence current protection is applied to feeders

in exceptional circumstances only where fault currents on the feeders
are so low that they cannot be detected by normal overcurrent relays. ‘An
example of this is given in Fig. 2 in which a rural ring-main system with
delta-star transformers is shown. In this system, for a fault at F, the increase
in current in the overcurrent and earthfault relays at A may be too small to
cause operation of these relays, resulting in damage to the transformer at F.
In such a case, the only electrical quantity varying sufficiently at A will be
the negative phase sequence current and by using a sensitive negative phase
sequence current relay at A, all such faults on the ring-main system can be
sensed at this point and damage prevented.
3.4.2 The negative phase sequence current relay normally used for this
application consists of a negative phase sequence current network, which
energizes, through a bridge rectifier, a hinged armature measuring unit which
is arranged to give time-delayed alarm and trip impulses. When faults occur
on the high voltage side of the ring-main system, it is preferable to clear
them by the standard overcurrent relays, rather than by th\negative phase
sequence current relay. The time, delay feature ensures discrimination
between the standard overcurrent relays, the negative phase sequence
relays and the fuses on the low voltage side.
3.4.3 It will often be found that a complete balance of loads on the ring-
main system is not always possible. Therefore, negative phase sequence
currents will be measured by this relay even though no fault is present.
To safeguard against the maloperation of this relay under such conditions,
a range of negative phase sequence current settings is provided on it. The
method of calculating the settings of the negative phase sequence current
relays for such applications is given in Appendix B.

8
 IS : 3842 ( Part III ) - 1966

RELAY

FIG. 2 A RURAL RING-MAIN SYSTEM

3.4.4 High resistance earthfaults may occur on certain feeders, especially

when a conductor snaps and falls on the ground. Such faults limit the
magnitude of the earthfault currents to a very low value, resulting in the
non-operation of not only the normal overcurrent relays but of earthfault
relays as well, in spite of the fact that earthfault relays have low settings.
Such faults may, therefore, be detected only by sensitive negative phase
sequence current relays which measure the negative phase sequence compo-
nent of the earthfault currents. This is another application of negative
phase sequence current relays for the protection of feeders. These faults
may also be catered for by the sensitive earthfault relays with settings of the
order of 2 percent.

4. NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE VOLTAGE RELAYS

4.1 General
4.1.1 A negative phase sequence voltage relay normally comprises a
wattmetric induction disc movement supplied with two line voltages from
thz three-phase supply. When the circuit is healthy and the phase rotation
js normal, a positive torque is exerted on the relay. With reverse phase rota-
tion, the torque on the relay is negative.

9
IS : 3842. ( Part III ) - 1966

4.1.2 Some forms of this relay include an undervoltage feature also.

Therefore, in these relays, positive torque is produced only when both the
phase rotation and the magnitude of the applied voltage are normal.
4.1.3 These relays are normally used for the protection of ac motors
against reverse running, overheating and against possible damage which may
result from starting the motor with abnormally low voltage, or with phases
reversed, or with an open-circuit on one phase of the supply.

4.2 Motor Protection

4.2.1 The negative phase sequence voltage relay is connected to the

supply side of the motor starter.. The motor starting circuit is wired in
such a way that unless the contacts of this relay close the motor cannot be
started. This is shown in Fig. 3.
4.2.2 When the supply is normal and of the correct phase sequence, there
is a positive torque on the relay, which closes its contacts. This enables

- MOTOR
STARTER _
R

A
R

Y
B
Y 0

1 CLOSING
COIL

I
i

I I I I
I I -

I _I
;
I

coi_L SUPPLY I

FIG. 3 APPLICATIONOF NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCEVOLTAGE RELAY

10
 IS : 3842 ( Part III ) - 1966

the motor to be started. When the supply voltage phase sequence is reversed
or magnitude of voltage is less than normal or when there is loss of one
phase, there is a negative torque on the relay and its contacts remain open.
Thus the.motor cannot be started till the supply is made normal.

APPENDIX A
( Clause 3.2.3.3 )
NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE CURRENT
PROTECTION OF GENERATORS

A-l. CALCULATION OF SETTINGS FOR A TYPICAL NEGATIVE

PHASE SEQUENCE CURRENT RELAY

A-l.1 Consider a typical negative phase sequence current relay which has
the following settings:
Negative Phase Sequence Current Disc Unit Characteristic
Setting Position Setting as Percentage of Rated Constant
Current
7-
k = __
:‘xt
Disc Unit Alarm Unit ( 1 )
A 15 8 to 20 2 to 10
B 20 12 to 30 4 to 20

The alarm unit settings are normally adjustable within the ranges
given above. In this case, let us say they are adjustable in seven equal steps.

A-l.2 Consider a generator rated at 37.5 MVA, 11 kV and having a conti-

nuous negative phase sequence current withstand rating of 15 percent of
I 2
full load current and a constant k = + x’ t = 10.
( 1 >
Let the protective current transformer to which the negative phase
sequence current relay is connected have a ratio of 2 00015.
37.5 x 10’
Full load current of generator = = 1 970 A.
d?J x 1.1 x 10s

11
IS : 3842 ( Part III ) - 1966

Therefore, continuous negative phase sequence

current withstand of machine = 0.15 x 1 970
= 295.5 A
Current transformer secondary equivalent of
295.5 x 5
negative phase sequence current withstand =
2 000
= 0.74 A
= 14.8 percent of
rated current of 5 A.

A-2. SETTING ON INDUCTION DISC TRIPPING UNIT

A-2.1 The setting on the induction disc tripping unit should be slightly
higher than the continuousnegative phase sequence current withstand rating
I 2
of the machine. At the same time, the constant k = $ x t for the
(
1>
relay should be slightly less than the constant k of the machine.
A-2.2 To satisfy the above two conditions, the settings selected on the relay
will be as follows:
4 Select setting position A,
b) The negative phase sequence current setting of the disc unit will be
15 percent of the rated current,
4 By selecting the appropriate time setting on the time setting multi-
plier dial of the relay, the constant k of the relay may be made
slightly less than 10, which is the value of the machine constant.
Typical values of k for different settings on the time setting multi-
plier dial, which would apply to the setting position A, are given
below:
Time Setting I.0 0.9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 0.2
Multiplier
Approximate k 10 9 a 7 6 5 4 3 2

Therefore select a setting of 0.9 on the time setting muhiplier dial,

which gives a value of k = 9 for the relay.

A-3. SETTING ON HINGED ARMATURE ALARM UNIT

A-3.1 The alarm unit should operate before the negative phase sequence
current has reached a value corresponding to the continuous negative phase
sequence withstand rating of the machine, so as to give a chance to the
.operator to take corrective action. In this case, the alarm unit may be set

12
 IS:3942(PartIII)-1966

to operate when the negative phase sequence current is about 1~ percent of

current transformer secondary rated currents of 5 A.

Therefore select the 10 percent tap for the alarm unit.

APPENDIX B
( Clause 3.4.3 )
NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE CURRENT PROTECTION
OF FEEDERS

B-l. SELECTION OF SETTING

B-l.1 Consider the system shown in Fig, 2. The overcurrent IDMTL

relay at A will be normally set at 125 percent setting so that it will not operate
for small overloads. ( Setting = 1.25 x 500 = 625 A). The pick-up
value of IDMTL relays is about 130 percent of the setting current. There-
fore actua.1 operating current of overcurrent relay = 625 x 1.3 = 812 A.
The earthfault relay at A may be assumed to be set at 10 percent. Assume
a percentage impedance of 4.75 percent for the 630 kVA transformer at C.
630
Full load current of this transformer on the 1 I kV side = = 33.1 A.
d/3x 11

For an earthfault at F ( neglecting source impedance ), fault current on

1’1 kV side = 33.1 x ii%= 698 A.

This current is made up of positive and negative phase sequence com-

ponents only. ( Th ere is no path for zero sequence components on the
II kV side).

Therefore I i--- I 2---=

-6g8 402 A
1/3 *
where
Ii = positive phase sequence component of current, and
IZ - negative phase sequence component of current.

Therefore, I, in terms of current trans-

402
former secondary =- =0*804 A.
500
= 80.4 percent of rated
current of 1 A.

B-l.2 It is obvious from the above results that for an earthfault at F, the
overcurrent relay at A will not operate because of insufficient fault current

13
IS : 3842 ( P&t III ) - 1966

on the i 1 kV side. The earth fault relay at A will also not operate because
the zero sequence current cannot flow on the 11 kV side. However, if a
negative phase sequence relay is used at A and is set low, it will pick-up for
earthfaults at F.

B-l.3 The normal range available on negative phase sequence current

relays is about 10 to 20 percent of rated current. Even if this relay is set at
20 percent it will operate for faults at F.

B-l.4 The earthing resistance has been ignored in this example to simplify
the calculations. However, in actual practice the effect of earthing resistance
on the magnitude of the fault current may be appreciable. The relay
settings should be checked for this fault current.

14
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