(l) Firearm refers to any handheld or portable weapon, whether a small arm or light weapon, that

expels or is designed to expel a bullet, shot, slug, missile or any projectile, which is discharged by
means of expansive force of gases from burning gunpowder or other form of combustion or any
similar instrument or implement. For purposes of this Act, the barrel, frame or receiver is considered
a firearm. "Comprehensive Firearms and Ammunition Regulation Act" REPUBLIC ACT No. 10591

2.

The basic components of ammunition are the case, primer, powder, and projectile.

 Case: The container that holds all the other ammunition components together. It's
usually made of brass, steel, or copper.

 Primer: An explosive chemical compound that ignites the gunpowder when struck
by a firing pin. Primer may be placed either in the rim of the case (rimfire) or in the
center of the base of the case (centerfire).

 Gunpowder: A chemical mixture that burns rapidly and converts to an expanding

gas when ignited.

 Projectile: The object expelled from the barrel. A bullet is a projectile, usually
containing lead, fired through a handgun barrel.

3.

Yes. Cartridge cases—the empty shells left behind after a gun is fired—are routinely
sent to forensic laboratories for analysis when they're found at a shooting scene.
Using a specialized microscope called an Integrated Ballistic Identification System
(IBIS), lab technicians acquire digital images of three markings, or "signatures,"
impressed on the cartridge case by the gun that fired it. These signatures—the firing
pin impression, the breech face impression and the ejector mark—are unique when
fired from a specific firearm and can serve as "fingerprints" for that gun once the
digital images are entered into a national database known as the National Integrated
Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN).

4. Forensic firearm examination is the forensic process of examining the characteristics

of firearms as well as any cartridges or bullets left behind at a crime scene. Specialists in this field
are tasked with linking bullets and cartridges to weapons and weapons to individuals. Obliterated
serial numbers can be raised and recorded in an attempt to find the registered owner of the weapon.
Nitric Acid (HNO3) is the most common reagent used for this. Examiners can also look for
fingerprints on the weapon and cartridges. Fingerprints are key pieces of evidence. If Crime Scene
Investigators find prints at a scene, they will be dusted, photographed, collected, and analyzed both
by hand (using comparison microscopes) as well as compared to databases for potential references.
5. A powder burn is a type of burn caused by exposure to the burning gases which are expelled
from the muzzle of a firearm as it is fired.[1] Powder burns only occur when the person or item to be
burned is close to the discharging firearm, as the gases quickly dissipate.[2] This can be an indicator
on a corpse of whether the person was shot at point-blank range or not.

6. CLOSE-CONTACT GUNSHOT
WOUNDS
Shots fired from close range leave tell-tale marks called stippling, or tattooing. These marks are
discolorations of the skin caused by burning gunpowder.

7. A woman is a virtuous female if her body is pure and if she has never had any sexual
intercourse with another, though her mind and heart is impure.

8. A woman is a virtuous female if her body is pure and if she has never had any sexual
intercourse with another, though her mind and heart is impure.

9. No. In the case of U.S vs Alvarez, 1phil 242, the presumptions of a womans virginity arises
whenever it is shown that she is single and continuous until proof to be contrary. A woman is
presumed to be a virgin when unmarried and of good reputation.

10. (e) Healed laceration with rounded non-coaptible borders and retraction of the edges — Laceration
took place long before the date of the examination which is probably more than a month's time.

11.

12. defloration is the laceration or rupture of the hymen as a result of sexual intercourse. All other
lacerations of the hymen which are not caused by sexual act are not considered as defloration

13 anyone.

14. Areas in the entrance wound is^ blackened by burns, tattooing and smudging1 . 1 Singeing of the
hair is confined only at the site of wound of entrance. smudging is present'due to smoke. Short Range
Fire Fired More Than 60 cm. Distance: Wound of entrance has°no* burning, smudging or tattooing.

15. 2. Determination of Entrance Wounds in the Body of the Victim: Although most often erroneous, the
investigator may be given an idea as to the minimum number of shots made. The number of wounds of
entrance may not show the exact number of fire because: a. Not all the fire made may hit the body of
the victim. b. The bullet may in the course of its flight hit a hard object thereby splitting it and each
fragment may produce separate wounds of entrance. c. The bullet may have perforated a part of the
body and then protruding. 7. Always present after fire. protruding from the wound. 7. May be absent, if
missile is lodged in the body. 364 LEGAL MEDICINE made another wound of entrance in some other
parts of the body; thus a single shot may produce two wounds of entrance.
16. Distances when the Number of Gunshot Wounds of Entrance is Less than the Number of Gunshot
Wounds of Exit in the Body of the Victim: 1. A bullet might have entered the body but split into several
fragments, each of which made a separate exit. 2. One of the bullets might have entered a natural
orifice of the body, e.g. mouth, nostrils, thereby making it not visible and then producing a wound of
exit. 3. There might be two or more bullets which entered the body through a common entrance and
later making individual exit wounds. 4. In near shot with a shotgun, the pellets might have entered in a
common wound and later dispersed while inside the body and making separate wounds of exit.

17. /'Instances when there is No Gunshot Wound of Exit but the Bullet is Not Found in the Body of the
Victim: 1. When the bullet is lodged in the gastro-intestinal tract and expelled through the bowel", or
lodged in the pharynx and expelled through the mouth by coughing. 2. Near fire with a blank cartridge
produced a wound of entrance but no slug may be recovered. 3. The bullet may enter the wound of
entrance and upon hitting the bone the course is deflected to have the wound of entrance as the wound
of exit (cited by Modi, A Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology, 10th ed.).

18. Determining Whether the Wound is Ante-mortem or Post-mortem: If the wound indicates that there
has been profuse hemorrhage, or there are signs of vital reactions in the tissue, then the gunshot wound
is ante-mortem. The presence and degree of vital reactions depends upon the period of survival of the
victim. It may be manifested in the form of swelling, effusion of lymph or other evidences of repair.
Microscopically, there is congestion and leucocytic infiltration. Wounds inflicted after death show no
evidence of profuse hemorrhage, no retraction of the edges, and there are no vital reactions.

19. yes. Statutory rape

20. Evidences that tend to show that the Gunshot(s) Wound is Suicidal. 1. The shot was fired in a closed
or locked room, usually in the office or bedroom. If in the bedroom, the shot was fired while the victim
was lying in bed and the weapon covered with pillow or bedding to muffle the sound. It may be
committed in an open isolated or uninhabited place. 2. The death weapon is almost always found near
the place where the victim was found. When a light, low caliber hand firearm was used and the shot was
made in parts of the body where death may develop almost instantaneously, the victim may be seen
with the grip of the firearm firmly held in the palm of the wounding hand (cadaveric spasm). 3. The shot
was fired with the muzzle of the gun in contact with the part of the body involved or at close range. The
wound of entrance may show signs of muzzle impression, burning, smudging and tattooing. 4. The
location of the gunshot wound of entrance is in an accessible part of the body to the wounding hand. It
may be at the temple, roof of the mouth, precordial or epigastric region. A person committing suicide
will do the act in his most convenient way, unless he has the intention of deceiving the investigator. 5.
The shot is usually solitary. If the shot is made on the head involving the brain, the shocking effect of the
injury will not make him capable of firing another shot. However, shots in some parts of the body which
may not produce immediate death or sudden loss of consciousness, the possibility of additional shots is
not remote. The victim may be determined to die and had fired additional shots to insure realization of
his intention. 6. The direction of the fire is compatible with the usual trajectory of the bullet considering
the hand used and the part of the body involved. A shot on the temple is usually directed towards the
opposite temple and upwards, while a shot in the precordium and epigastrium is usually backwards and
downwards. 7. Personal history may reveal social, economic, business or marital problem which the
victim cannot solve. He may have history of mental disease, depression, severe frustration or previous
attempt of self-destruction. 8. Examination of the hand of the victim may show presence of gunpowder.
9. Entrance wound do not usually involve clothings. 370 LEGAL MEDICINE 10. Fingerprints of victim on
the butt. 11. Search of the place where the shot took place may reveal a suicide note which usually
mentions among other things the reason why the victim committed suicide. 12. No disturbance in the
place of death.

21.