Vibration and Shock Isolation Trends and Solutions

Vibration and Shock Isolation Trends and Solutions
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ERI’s Consulting Specialists
James E. Berry, P.E.

June 16, 2014
Steve Brenner
June 16, 2014
Charles Felkins
June 16, 2014
Paul Feuerstein
June 16, 2014
Anderson, Roger J.
June 16, 2014
Barcley, Tina
June 16, 2014
http://equipment-reliability.com/resources/technical-presentations/vibration-shock-isolation-trends-solutions/[19/04/2015 18:04:28]
Ravi Beniwal
June 16, 2014
Gene Bliley
June 16, 2014
Larry J. Bogatz
June 17, 2014
Peter Deng
June 17, 2014
David Douthit
June 17, 2014
Larry George
June 17, 2014
Ted Kalal
June 17, 2014
Udell Merritt
June 17, 2014
Newberger, Joel
June 17, 2014
Robert Poltz
June 17, 2014
John Riddle
June 17, 2014
Milton R. Scaturro
June 17, 2014
Raymond K. Schneider P.E.

June 17, 2014
Harry Schwab
June 17, 2014
William Charles Shust

June 17, 2014
Richard D. Smith, P.E
June 17, 2014
Boris Sverzhinsky
June 17, 2014
Wayne Tustin
June 17, 2014
Bruce Wegner
June 17, 2014
Vibration and Shock

Isolation Trends and
Solutions
This paper introduces various forms of practcal vibraton and shock
isolators that modify commercial-of-the-shelf (COTS) equipment
so that it can withstand MIL vibraton and shock environments.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Are there any bicycle riders in

the audience?
Here’s an example of passive

isolaton: road vibratons pass from wheels to handle bars,

possibly damaging your hands and arms.
Consider sof, cushioned

gloves to “isolate” your hands from the handlebars.
At higher road-generated

frequencies, the handlebars stll vibrate, but displacements

are smaller, less troubling, less likely to damage you.
Figure 2
(courtesy Sorbothane)
Figure 2
Consider bonded isolators.

Metallic or plastc pieces were placed in the mold before

the mold was flled with liquid elastomer.
Once (many years ago) all

electronic “black boxes” were thus isolated from aircraf,

automobiles, etc. because components such as vacuum tubes,

relays, etc. were so delicate.
It is difcult to visualize

early car radios in the automobile trunk, or racks of radio

equipment in aircraf and tanks, “foatng” on sof isolators.
Some in the audience had a hard

copy of my slides, I asked them to please look ahead at Figure

15, while I performed a litle demonstraton using a spring

and mass. I wanted to illustrate the words “isolate” and “isolaton”.

(Demonstrated)
Click here to watch video clip 1

If you do not have Real Player to watch the video above, just click
here to download it for free.
video clip 1
Then I suggested that we

instead use a controllable source of vibraton (an electrodynamic

shaker – similar in principle to an electrodynamic loudspeaker)

to drive a simple one spring, one mass load.
I pointed out when we drive

the load at a very low forcing frequency,
Ff << Fn

sprung mass (response) displacement D = input D. Since they

are equal, their rato (called transmissibility or magnifcaton

factor or gain) = 1.
Click

here to watch video clip 2
video clip 2
If we advance the forcing

frequency untl it matches the “natural frequency” of the

spring-mass system, so that

Ff =

sprung mass (response) D >> input D.
We call this conditon Resonance.
How much greater is sprung

mass (response) D than input D? That rato is ofen called

“Q”.
Today’s discussion, however,

centers on isolaton. Watch this next video clip, in which

we have further increased F f.

Ff >> Fn
Click

here to watch video clip 3
video clip 3
Now sprung mass (response)

D << input D.
We call this situaton ISOLATION,

our subject today.
Now that we understand what isolaton

does for us, let’s examine the engineering involved.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Consider the SDoF “behavior

chart” family of transmissibility curves. Note that

the “region of isolaton” commences where
Ff=

1.414 Fn
(where all the curves cross)

and extends to the right.

At the end, Wayne had tme to explain C / C C.
When we employ passive vibraton

isolators, we select isolators with sof spring rate K (giving

us a large statc defecton d)

so that our Ffis

higher than 1.414 tmes our natural frequency F n.
For example, F f=

2 Fn or Ff=

3 Fn.
This is possible when we

know the forcing frequency. (slide of)
Figure 4
Figure 4
Please guess: which system

has the higher natural frequency. The two springs are identcal

– have the same stfness K.
I hope you all recognize

that B is the stfer, with the lesser statc defecton d and the higher
natural frequency. Conversely, A is the sofer,

with greater statc defecton d and

the lower natural frequency.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Let’s discuss Elastomeric and Helical Isolators

See cross-sectons of three bonded rubber-to-metal isolators.

Natural rubber was long used for engine mounts and other passive

isolators. Neoprene, however, beter withstands oil and grease.
Back on Figure 3, a typical C/CC is 5%, so that resonant

magnifcaton “Q”, a brief experience

while a piece of rotatng machinery is coming up to speed,

is perhaps a tolerable 10.
(return to fg. 5) However, elastomers are not

good at temperature extremes.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Steel coil springs make excellent isolators,

but their “Q” can exceed 100. Thus the spring at lef is surrounded

by an air bag that “breathes” through an orifce. Air

fricton lowers “Q”.
Alternately, right, springs can be packed with stainless steel mesh.

This provides damping (fricton).

Lowers “Q”.
Figure 7
Figure 7
We have been discussing a concentrated mass

on a single spring – that oversimplifes the “real world”.
Let’s mentally shif to a “black box” that

can be described as a volume of many springs, many masses

and many dampers. How will we isolate that?
With several isolators. Wayne used Figure 7

to discuss where and how to locate the several isolators.
Over tme, big old radio receivers and transmiters

and other electronic hardware went “solid state”, they got

smaller and more rugged, so that isolaton today is seldom

used in commercial and personal electronics.
Figure 8
Figure 8
One excepton: the hard disk drive (HDD) inside

your computer generates some vibraton, may trouble other

HDDs nearby. Certainly vibraton radiates from the computer

as sound.
In the other directon, HDDs are vulnerable

to vibraton and shock (such as a laptop computer being dropped

or the extremely severe shock of the HDD being “clicked” into

place in a rack or chassis – likened to an ammuniton clip

being clicked into a gun).
Figure 9
Figure 9
A soluton: cushioning between the HDD and its housing. We’ll

look, a bit later, at “air bags” and inherently-damped cable

isolators. But for HDD problems, small pieces of elastomeric

material are inexpensively molded and quite easily inserted.
Figure 10
(courtesy Martn Testng Labs)
When will Wayne discuss COTS

Equipment? Now.
In a sense, history is repeatng.

MIL services seek COTS equipment (NDE or non-developmental

equipment) in military applicatons that (among other damaging

environments) ofen reach temperature extremes and that involve

severe vibraton and/or shock.
Computers and other equipment

may be “cocooned” inside temperature-controlled, vibraton-and-
shock-isolated

boxes.
Observe the “cocooned” unit, ready

for a vibraton test. Note the “cable” vibraton isolators,

discussed later.
Presentatons by Wayne Tustn
Vibration and Shock

Isolation Trends and
Solutions (page 2)
Figure 11
Figure 11
Figures 11 and 12 show preparaton for an explosive barge test, as

in Video Clip 4.
Figure 12
(courtesy NUWC Keyport)
Figure 12
The shocks received by that equipment resemble (to a degree) the

shocks that would be received in actual service aboard a surface
vessel or a submarine in the event of a “near miss” explosion, with
energy traveling through the water and through the ship’s
structure.
The degree of that resemblance is ofen described by SRS – the

Shock Response Spectrum. Are you involved with SRS? Perhaps
you’d like to telephone me.

Figure 13
(courtesy NUWC Keyport)
Figure 13
Let’s talk about Isolator Selecton Suppose that an assembly within

the “cocooned” equipment resonates at 10 Hz, F n=10 Hz.
Suppose also that your vehicle

shakes at 10 Hz, F f=

10 Hz. Resonance. That’s bad.
Suppose further that the

only isolators available result in natural frequencies

Fn of

100, 10, 5 and 2 Hz. Which should we use?

4 diagrams, much pointng, discussion.
What have we learned?
Fn

100 Hz too stf, F n

10 Hz compounds the problem, Fn

5 Hz would work, Fn

2 Hz much too sof. d

about 2.5″ or 60 mm. Any maneuver would cause impact with

other structure.
To summarize:

Isolators that are too stf are useless.

Isolators that are too sof bring on new problems.
Figure 14
(courtesy Unholtz-Dickie)
Figure 14
Let’s discuss isolatng actve equipment – machinery. Is a shaker

used in your lab? Undesirable vibraton is introduced into the
buildings in which shakers are used.
Let’s isolate our shaker,

using elastomeric springs. Perhaps we need to test down to

10 Hz. Isolators with statc defecton d

of 0.4 inch or 10 mm will give us a natural frequency F n

of 5 Hz. This should work fairly well.
Suppose that test specs

change. Now test down to 5 Hz.
If test Ff

matches 5 Hz isolaton system F n,

the shaker body will move out of phase (with the load) with

large relatve displacement. Shaker stroke may be reduced

thereby.
We could use air bags for

greater statc defecton d as

in picture. That would not be very stable.
A beter remedy: increase

shaker body mass. Atach the shaker body to a 10X or 100X

concrete mass (in a below-foor pit) which in turn is isolated

from the building.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Let’s talk a litle more about damping.
Let’s diagram our hardware. We have a “sprung

mass” M and a spring with stfness K.
We also have a fricton or damping element C.
C is not always visible, but is always

present. No system exists without some damping.
Figure 16
(courtesy Ace Control)
Figure 16
Consider the suspension of your automobile,

supportng the body mass. You have four springs.
You also have four fricton elements, variously

called dampers or dash pots or shock absorbers. Don’t try

to drive without them!
Here are some fricton elements – dampers –

that you can see.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Let’s say a litle more about “cable” isolators.
Visualize strands of stainless steel wire twisted

into a cable and then wrapped into a helix. Rubbing (fricton

or damping) accompanies fexing of the isolator assembly.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Figure 18 shows a transportaton applicaton.
Figure 19
Figure 19
I promised that if I had tme, I’d explain those C/C C

ratos we saw earlier in Figure 3, identfying members of

the family of transmissibility graphs. C represents how much

fricton or damping we have, while C/C C

represents a specifc amount of fricton or damping, called

“critcal damping”.
Atempts to show what we mean by the phrase “critcal damping

video clip 5
Video Clip 5 brings you the best example (that I know of) of critcal

damping. Immediately afer the howitzer fres, expanding gasses

and the projectle exit to our lef. The reacton force immediately

drives the barrel to our right, from which it returns to its

startng positon. We don’t want it to “spring back” immediately,
however, because it would then oscillate about the original

positon. Instead, a “dash pot” extracts energy, convertng

moton into heat, and greatly slowing down the return journey.
Figure 20
(courtesy Ericsson)
Figure 20
BG-PWB pads pulled away by sudden shock. This weakness not

observable by any known test.
Figure 21
(courtesy Ericsson)
Figure 21
Close-up of ductle rupture from previous slide. Estmate that only

10% was a real solder joint.
To summarize…

We reviewed the purpose of isolators and demonstrated isolaton

to you. First I hand-actvated a spring mass model. The you

saw a video clip of a demonstraton on a shaker.
That led to the concept of transmissibility

or magnifcaton.
We need isolators and frst discussed elastomers

e.g. rubber. Beter: metallic isolators with much beter hot

and cold behavior.
We saw the role of damping or fricton in limitng

the magnifcaton “Q” value to say 10 if we must pass through
resonance in coming up to speed.
Following Wayne’s presentaton, several people

asked for CD-ROM copies of Wayne’s PowerPoint slides. Hence

we are postng them on our Web site.
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Vibration and Shock Isolation Trends and Solutions

ERI’s Consulting Specialists

James E. Berry, P.E.

Raymond K. Schneider P.E.

William Charles Shust

Richard D. Smith, P.E

June 17, 2014

Vibration and Shock

Are there any bicycle riders in

Here’s an example of passive

Consider sof, cushioned

Consider bonded isolators.

Once (many years ago) all

Some in the audience had a hard

Click here to watch video clip 1

Then I suggested that we

I pointed out when we drive

If we advance the forcing

We call this conditon Resonance.

How much greater is sprung

Today’s discussion, however,

Now sprung mass (response)

We call this situaton ISOLATION,

Now that we understand what isolaton

Consider the SDoF “behavior

(where all the curves cross)

When we employ passive vibraton

This is possible when we

Please guess: which system

I hope you all recognize

Let’s discuss Elastomeric and Helical Isolators

Back on Figure 3, a typical C/CC is 5%, so that resonant

(return to fg. 5) However, elastomers are not

Steel coil springs make excellent isolators,

Alternately, right, springs can be packed with stainless steel mesh.

We have been discussing a concentrated mass

Let’s mentally shif to a “black box” that

With several isolators. Wayne used Figure 7

Over tme, big old radio receivers and transmiters

One excepton: the hard disk drive (HDD) inside

In the other directon, HDDs are vulnerable

A soluton: cushioning between the HDD and its housing. We’ll

When will Wayne discuss COTS

In a sense, history is repeatng.

Computers and other equipment

Observe the “cocooned” unit, ready

Presentatons by Wayne Tustn

Vibration and Shock

Figures 11 and 12 show preparaton for an explosive barge test, as

The shocks received by that equipment resemble (to a degree) the

The degree of that resemblance is ofen described by SRS – the

Click here to watch video clip 4

Let’s talk about Isolator Selecton Suppose that an assembly within

Suppose also that your vehicle

Suppose further that the

What have we learned?

Let’s discuss isolatng actve equipment – machinery. Is a shaker

Let’s isolate our shaker,

Suppose that test specs

We could use air bags for

A beter remedy: increase

Let’s talk a litle more about damping.

Let’s diagram our hardware. We have a “sprung