Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter covers the review of related theories, ideas and
principles that are related to the study and development of biogas
digester utilizing Arduino technology.
Conceptual Literature
Pampanga
The average household in Pampanga consisted of 4 to 8 persons in
2010. Multi-generational housing is a common practice in the
Philippines. Cooking is done by using LPG or biomass. Usage of
biomass for cooking contributes to the pollution and deforestation.
Severe deforestation has lead to several programs to reduce the loss of
forests and preserve biodiversity. Biomass cooking alsoposes health
risks for those using it.
Malvar, Batangas
Malvar, a second class municipality of Batangas with eight rural
and seven urban barangays and a population of 9,585 households has
four commercial farms for sow and five for fattener. On the other hand,
Malvar has 10 backyard farms for 100 sow, 12 backyard for 316
fattener, and 11 backyard for 1,859 piglets mostly located in the rural
barangays. Usually, smaller household and backyard farms excrete
waste to surface waters or dispose of waste material in an open pit to
decompose, or simply landfill the waste material close to the stalls.
Livestock manure when released into the water or accumulated in the
soil may pose serious threats to the environment. In addition, poor
manure management may result in inadequate sanitation because manure
contains microorganisms and multi-cellular parasites that may later
contaminate water resources and may ultimately cause illness and
gastrointestinal infections among human beings.

Primary Biogas
Biogas is primarily composed of methane gas (CH4), carbon
dioxide (CO2), and trace of amounts of nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and
carbon monoxide(CO).
Biogas Elements Chemical Symbols Description
It is a colorless, odorless,
and a highly flammable
Methane CH4 gas, and the main
component in natural gas,
which is used to generate
electricity and heat homes
around the world.
Carbon Dioxide CO2 Non-toxic gas emitted
from combustion.
It is a product by
incomplete combustion of
Carbon Monoxide CO fuel such as natural gas,
coal or wood. Vehicular
exhaust is a major source
of carbon monoxide.
Is a naturally occurring
Nitrogen N element that is essential
for growth and
reproduction in both
plants and animals.
The most abundant
element on earth, it’s an
elemental gas that is
Hydrogen H extracted from other
compounds, not
manufactured in the
traditional sense like other
fuels.