losses

transmission It should be located near to generating station to minimize the transmission

4.2

Availability of suitable and sufficient land

The land selected for substation should be leveled one and open from all sides There should

not be water logging during the rainy season. There should be enough and av

substation wherein incoming and outgoing lines have easy access without any construction

According to the latest practice the land required for various types of substation is given below.

Type of substation

Area Required

a)400 KV sub-station

50 acres

b220 KV sub-station

25 acres

c 132 KV substation

10 acres
4.3. Facility of communication

The site selected should provide suitable facility for communication both during and after its

construction. It is better to have site along side of existing road for easier and cheaper

transportation

4.4.

Atmosphere Pollution

Atmosphere near factories can produce metal corroding gases, air fumes or dust. Similarly

nearer to coastal areas the air is humid and may be salt loaded which is not located near

factories or sea coast.

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4.5

Easy operation and maintenance

t should provide easy operation and maintenance. The operation staft should be provided with

essential amenities such as drinking water, housing, hospital and school

4.6. Drainage Facility

The site proposed for substation should have proper drainage arrangement It avoids pollution
of air and growth of microorganism hazardous to equipment and health

5. SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT

5.1

Main Bus-Bar

Bus-bar term is used for main bus or conductor carrying an electric current through which many

connections may be made. These are merely convenient means of connecting switches a

other and other equipment into various arrangements. In some arrangement 2 buses are

provided to which the incoming or outgoing feeders and the principle equipment may be

connected. One bus is usually called the 'Main bus and other is 'Auxiliary bus or the Transfer

bus

5.2 Power Transformer

For setting up or down the system voltage, power transformer are used in the substation At

generating end, the voltage is only stepped up for transmission of power while at all the

subsequent substation the voltage is gradually stepped down to reach finally to working voltage

level. Instead of using a bank of 3 single phase transformer a single 3 phase transformer is
used now days. Usually naturally cooled, oil immersed knows as ON type, 2 winding 3phase

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transformer are used up to the rating of 10 MVA The transformer c

e usually air blast cooled For regulating the voltage transformer used are provided with on

transformer of rating of higher than MVA

load tap changer The transformers are generally installed upon length of rails fixed on concrete

sab having foundations 11/2 meter deep

5.3. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

It is step up transformer which reduces the current by known ratio. The current coilsO

indicating and metering instruments and protective relays are supplied by these

The primary of these transformer consist of one or more turn

wire connected in series with

line The secondary consist of large number of turns of fine wire If current to be me

Large than more number of turns are to be added in the secondary.

5.4. Potential Transformers

It reduces the system voltages by a known ratio. The secondary of these transformers
supply the potential coil of measuring and indicating instruments and relay The primary winding

consist of large no. of turns of fine wire connected across line. The secondary winding consis

of few turns

6. CIRCUIT EQUIPMENTS IN THE SUBSTATION

6.1.

Isolator

In electrical network system it is often desired to disconnect apart o the system for general

maintenance and repair For this purpose isolator is needed which can break the system

physically Generally isolator is a mechanical switching device and they are operated under no

load condition to avoid heavy flashing