TEORI BILANGAN

5.1 PRIMES, COMPOSITES, AND TESTS FOR DIVISIBILITY

Primes and Composites

Prime numbers are building blocks for the counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . .

Definisi
Prime and Composite Numbers
A counting number with exactly two different factors is called a prime number,
or a prime. A counting number with more than two factors is called a composite
number, or a composite.

For example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 are primes, since they have only themselves and 1 as factors;
4, 6, 8, 9, 10 are composites, since they each have more than two factors; 1 is
neither prime nor composite, since 1 is its only factor.

The directions for using this procedure are as follows: Skip the number 1. Circle 2
and cross out every second number after 2. Circle 3 and cross out every third number
after 3 (even if it had been crossed out before). Continue this procedure with 5, 7, and
each succeeding number that is not crossed out. The circled numbers will be the
primes and the crossed-out numbers will be the composites, since prime factors cause
them to be crossed out. Again, notice that 1 is neither prime nor composite.
Composite numbers have more than two factors and can be expressed as the product
of two smaller numbers. Figure 5.2 shows how a composite can be expressed as the
product of smaller numbers using factor trees.

Notice that 60 was expressed as the product of two factors in several different
ways. However, when we kept factoring until we reached primes, each method led us
to the same prime factorization, namely 60 =2. 2 . 3 . 5. This example illustrates
the following important results.

TEOREMA
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Each composite number can be expressed as the product of primes in exactly one
way (except for the order of the factors).
Contoh 5.1

Express each number as the product of primes.

a. 84 b. 180 c. 324
SOLUTION
a. 84 = 4 ∙ 21 = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 7 = 22 ∙ 3 ∙ 7
b. 180 = 10 ∙ 18 = 2 ∙ 5 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 22 ∙ 32 ∙ 5
c. 324 = 4 ∙ 81 = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 3 = 22 ∙ 34

DEFINISI
Divides
Let a and b be any whole numbers with a _ 0. We say that a divides b, and write
a _ b, if and only if there is a whole number x such that ax _ b. The symbol a _ b
means that a does not divide b.

In words, a divides b if and only if a is a factor of b. When a divides b, we can also

say that a is a divisor of b, a is a factor of b, b is a multiple of a, and b is divisible
by a.
We can also say that a _ b if b objects can be arranged in a rectangular array with a
rows. For example, 4 _ 12 because 12 dots can be placed in a rectangular array with
4 rows, as shown in Figure 5.3(a). On the other hand, 5 _ 12 because if 12 dots are
placed in an array with 5 rows, a rectangular array cannot be formed [Figure 5.3(b)].
Determine whether the following are true or false. Explain.
a. 3 _ 12. b. 8 is a divisor of 96.
c. 216 is a multiple of 6. d. 51 is divisible by 17.
e. 7 divides 34. f. (22 _ 3) _ (23 _ 32 _ 5).
SOLUTION
a. True. 3 _ 12, since 3 _ 4 _ 12.
b. True. 8 is a divisor of 96, since 8 _ 12 _ 96.
c. True. 216 is a multiple of 6, since 6 _ 36 _ 216.
d. True. 51 is divisible by 17, since 17 _ 3 _ 51.
e. False. 7 _ 34, since there is no whole number x such that 7x _ 34.
f. True. (22 _ 3) _ (23 _ 32 _ 5), since (22 _ 3)(2 _ 3 _ 5) _ (23 _ 32 _ 5). n
Tests for Divisibility
Some simple tests can be employed to help determine the factors of numbers. For example,
which of the numbers 27, 45, 38, 70, and 111, 110 are divisible by 2, 5, or 10?
If your