Introduction to Biosensors and MEMS Applications

Introduction to Biosensors
Learning Objectives
What is Biosensor
Definitions Towards a concept of Biosensor
What is a Biosensor?
“Biosensor” – Any device that uses specific biochemical reactions to detect chemical
compounds in biological samples.
Current definition, "A sensor that integrates a biological element with a
physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a
single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.“
Thank you
Features of a Biosensor
Learning Objectives
What are the characteristics and features of a successful biosensor

Biocatalyst
Highly specific
Highly Stable
Physical parameters
Reaction should be independent

Stirring,
pH
Temperature
Response Rate
Accurate,
Precise,
Reproducible
Linear
Qualities of Probe
Tiny,
biocompatible,
Non toxic
Economic point of view
Cheap,
Small,
Portable,
Capable
Thank you
Components of a biosensor
Learning Objectives
What are the main components of biosensors

Their features and functions
Who is the father of biosensor
Features of a biosensor
Bioreceptors
Transducers
Signal processors
Key Components of Biosensor
Father of the Biosensor
Professor Leland C Clark Jnr

1918–2005
Thank you
Micro-Electro Mechanical System I
 Learning Objectives
 What is Micro-Electro Mechanical System?
 Why MEMS for sensors?
 Where can we use them?
What is MEMS?
 MEMS or Micro-Electro Mechanical System is a
technique of combining Electrical and Mechanical
components together on a chip, to produce a system
of miniature dimensions.
 MEMS is the integration of a number of micro-

components on a single chip which allows the
microsystem to both sense and control the
environment.
 The components are integrated on a single chip

using micro fabrication technologies.
What is a Sensor?
 A device used to measure a physical quantity (such as N
W E
2 Axis Magnetic
 temperature) and convert it into an electronic signal of S
Sensor
 some kind (e.g. a voltage), without modifying the environment.
2 Axis
 What can be sensed? Accelerometer
Almost Everything!!! Light Intensity
Commonly sensed parameters are: Sensor
 Pressure Humidity Sensor
 Temperature
 Flow rate
Pressure Sensor
 Radiation
 Chemicals
 Pathogens Temperature Sensor
But why MEMS for sensors?
 Smaller in size
 Have lower power consumption
 More sensitive to input variations
 Cheaper due to mass production
 Less invasive than larger devices
Thank you
Micro-Electro Mechanical System II
 Types of Sensors
 How we can fabricate them?
Type of Sensors
Mechanical Optical Thermal Chemical & Biological

Sensors Sensors Sensors Sensors
• Strain Gauges • Direct Sensors (Light • Thermo mechanical • Electronic Nose
• Accelerometers  Electronic Signal) (Dimension) • Electronic Tongue
• Pressure Sensors • Indirect Sensors (Light • Thermo Resistive
• Microphones  Intermediate (Resistance)
Energy  Electronic • Acoustic (Sound)
• Gyroscopes(Rotation Signal)
Rate) • Biological
• Biological Light
Sensors
Fabrication
Materials used are:

 Silicon Basic Process
 Polymers
 Metals Deposition Patterning Etching
 Ceramics
Basic Process of Fabrication
 Deposition
 Deposition that happen because of a chemical reaction or physical reaction.
 Patterning
 The pattern is transfer to a photosensitive material by selective exposure to a radiation source such as
light. If the resist is placed in a developer solution after selective exposure to a light source, it will etch
away.
 Etching
 Etching is the process of using strong acid to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create
a design in.
 There are two classes of etching processes:
 Wet Etching
 Dry Etching.
Micro-Electro Mechanical System III
Learning Objectives
 How can MEMS Manufacturing
Technology?
MEMS Manufacturing Technology
Bulk Micromachining
Surface Micromachining
High Aspect Ratio (HAR) Silicon Micromachining

Bulk Micromachining
 This technique involves the selective removal of the

substrate material in order to realize miniaturized
mechanical components.
 A widely used bulk micromachining technique in

MEMS is chemical wet etching, which involves the
immersion of a substrate into a solution of reactive
chemical that will etch exposed regions of the
substrate at very high rates.
Etched grooves using
(a) Anisotropic etchants,
(b) Isotropic etchants,
(c) Reactive Ion Etching (RIE)
Surface Micromachining
 In surface micromachining, the MEMS sensors are formed on top of

the wafer using deposited thin film materials.
(a) Spacer layer deposition.
(b) Pattering of the spacer
layer.
(c) Deposition of the
microstructure layer.
(d) Patterning of desired
structure.
(e) Stripping of the spacer layer
resolves final
structure.
High Aspect Ratio (HAR) Silicon Micromachining
 HAR combines aspects of both surface and

bulk micromachining to allow for silicon
structures with extremely high aspect ratios
through thick layers of silicon (hundreds of
nanometers, up to hundreds of
micrometers).
 HAR MEMS technology enables a high

degree of immunity to high-frequency, high-
amplitude parasitic vibrations.
Micro-Electro Mechanical System IV
 What are MEMS Applications?
Applications in Medical Science
 Biocavity Laser : This device distinguishes

cancerous from non cancerous cells thus aiding the
surgeons in operations.
 Smart Pill :
 Implanted in the body
 Automatic drug delivery (on demand)
 Sight for the blind : MEMS based array that may

be inserted in the retina of a blind person to provide
partial sight
Applications in Marine Science
Sensing in marine environment maybe done for

various reasons:
 Oil exploration and related applications
 Global weather predictions
 Monitor water quality for any contamination
 Measure parameters detrimental to the “health” of

structures in the sea ( like oil rigs and ships )
 Study of aquatic plants and animals
 In military operations
Applications in Marine Military Operations
 An array of MEMS sensors spread on the ocean

floor could detect the presence of enemy
submarines.
 MEMS sensors (pressure sensors, accelerometers

etc.) are being used in anti-torpedo weapons on
submarines and ships.
 MEMS sensors in torpedoes are responsible for

 Detonating the torpedo at the right time
 Hitting the target in a crowded environment
 Prevent any premature explosion
CONCLUSION
 MEMS promises to be an effective technique of producing sensors of high quality, at lower costs.
 Thus we can conclude that the MEMS can create a proactive computing world, connected
computing nodes automatically, acquire and act on real-time data about a physical environment,
helping to improve lives, promoting a better understanding of the world and enabling people to
become more productive.
Ion-selective electrodes
Learning Objectives
What are Ion-selective electrodes?
Introduction
• -Also known as indicator electrodes

• -Respond directly to the analyte
• -Used for direct potentiometric measurements
• -Selectively binds and measures the activity of one ion
Examples
• pH electrode
• Calcium (Ca2+) electrode
• Chloride (Cl-) electrode
Principle
Ion Selective Electrodes (including the most common pH electrode)
work on the basic principal of the galvanic cell.
By measuring the electric potential generated across a membrane by
"selected" ions, and comparing it to a reference electrode, a net
charge is determined.
The strength of this charge is directly proportional to the concentration
of the selected ion.
FIELDS OF THE APPLICATION OF ISE
• Agriculture
• Medicine
• Food industry
• Paper industry
• Medical product
• Research
GAS SENSORS
Learning Objectives
What are GAS SENSORS
How do they work?
GAS SENSORS
- For monitoring gases such as CO2, O2, NH3, H2S
- Device is known as compound electrode
- Highly sensitive and selective for measuring dissolved gases
- For environmental monitoring
- For clinical and industrial applications

GAS SENSORS
- Gas permeable membrane (teflon, polyethylene) is immobilized
on a pH electrode or ion-selective electrode
- Thin film of electrolyte solution is placed between

electrode and membrane (fixed amount, ~0.1 M)
- Inbuilt reference electrode
- The target analyte diffuses through the membrane and comes

to equilibrium with the internal electrolyte solution
GAS SENSORS
- The target gas then undergoes chemical reaction and the
resulting ion is detected by the ion-selective electrode
- Electrode response is directly related to the concentration

of gas in the sample
- Two types of polymeric materials are used

Microporous and Homogeneous
- Membrane thickness is ~ 0.01 – 0.10 mm
- Membrane is impermeable to water and ions

GAS SENSORS
CO2 Sensors
- Consists of pH electrode covered by a CO2 selective

membrane (silicone)
- Electrolyte between electrode and membrane is

NaHCO3-NaCl solution
- pH of inner solution lowers when CO2 diffuses through membrane
- Inner glass electrode senses changes in pH
- Overall potential is determined by CO2 concentration in sample

GAS SENSORS
NH3 Sensors
- Consists of pH electrode covered by NH3 selective

membrane (teflon or polyethylene)
- Electrolyte between electrode and membrane is

NH4+-KCl solution
- NH3 goes through membrane and raises pH
- Inner glass electrode senses changes in pH
- Increase in pH is proportional to amount of NH3 in sample

GAS SENSORS
Other Gas Sensing Devices
NO2 and SO2

- Makes use of modified pH electrode
H2S
- Makes use of S2- ISE or modified pH electrode
HF
- Makes use of F- ISE or modified pH electrode
GAS SENSORS
Oxygen Sensors
- Based on amperometric measurements

(gas sensors discussed earlier are potentiometric)
- Consists of a pair of electrodes (Ag anode and Pt cathode) in

an electrolyte solution
- Electrodes are separated by a gas-permeable

hydrophorbic membrane
- Membrane may be teflon, silicon rubber, polyethylene

GAS SENSORS
Oxygen Sensors
- Electrolyte is a solution of KCl and buffer
- O2 diffuses through the membrane and is reduced
- Electrolytic current is then measured

Thank You
SOLID-STATE DEVICES
Learning objectives
What are solid state devices?
How can they work?
What are their examples?
SOLID-STATE DEVICES
 Known as ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFET)

 Liquid membrane is a type of ISE based on water-
immiscible liquid substances produced in a
polymeric membrane used for direct potentiometric
measurement.
 Used for direct measurement of several polyvalent
cations (Ca ion) as well as a certain anions.
 Heterogeneous membrane electrode:
 Ion-selective electrodes prepared of an active
substance, or mixture of active substances
(silicone rubber or PVC).
 Example: Fluoride ion selective electrode
 Example: Ion ExchangerElectrode
The polymeric membrane made of PVC to separate the test

solution from its inner compartment.
Contains standard solution of the target ion.
The filling solution contains a chloride salt for establishing the
potential of the internal Ag/AgCl wire electrode.
SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- Known as ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFET)
Other Examples
Na+ ISFET
NH3 ISFET
Cl- ISFET
Thank You
X-RAY used a ISE Sensor I
Learning Objectives
How X-RAY used a ISE Sensor?
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Electromagnetic spectrum or EMS is the name given to all of

the types of “waves” which exist in the universe. They all have
some things in common e.g. They all travel at 300,000,000 metres
per second (3 x 108 ms-1) also they do not have any mass, i.e. they
have no weight or atomic structure.
The types of waves that people are most familiar with are visible
light (light we can see), infra red light, ultra violet light, x rays,
micro-waves and radio waves
Gamma Rays are a type
of ray emitted by This is the light Humans can see, it Microwaves, commonly
radioactive materials. makes up the colours of the rainbow, used in cooking and
They are extremely Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, mobile phones,
hazardous to living things, Indigo, Violet. Frequency ≈ 1 x 109 Hz
but when used correctly Wavelength ≈ 1x 10-6 m Wavelength ≈ 1m
they can kill cancer cells.
Frequency ≈1 x 1014 Hertz
Wavelength ≈ 1x10-12m
Frequency 1x1021Hz
Infra red, we cant see it ,

X- Rays : Used a lot in but we feel its effects…its
medicine to help doctors Ultra Violet.. This is called HEAT.
see broken bones, x-rays responsible for people Wavelength≈ 1x 105m,
can pass through tissue getting a tan or Frequency ≈ 1 x 1011Hz
but not bone. sunburn!!
Wavelength ≈ 1 x 10-9m Wavelength ≈ 1 x 10-
7m Frequency ≈ 1 x
Frequency ≈ 1 x 1018 Hz 1016Hz
X-Rays
This unit deals with X-rays. By the end of this unit
you should be able to explore and explain some of
the following ideas
1. Some applications of x-rays in medicine.

2. Some background information about x-rays.
3. Some of the physics ideas behind x-rays.
4. Complete a short experiment to show a simulation of how x-
rays work.
5. Write an explanation of how your experiment shows how x-
rays work.
6. Have the basic knowledge needed for Expert Group tasks
Thank You
X-Rays
Medical Applications
X-rays are used in
medicine for
medical analysis.
Dentists use them
to find
complications,
cavities and
impacted teeth.
Soft body tissue
are transparent to
the waves. Bones
and teeth block
the rays and show
up as white on the
black background
Below are some x-rays showing objects which have been
swallowed by people. The examples show an open safety pin and a
child's stomach with all the pieces of a magnetic toy re-aligned
after he's swallowed them…one by one!
X-Rays and Mammograms
A mammogram (also called a
mammography exam) is a
safe, low-dose x-ray of the
breast. A high-quality
mammogram is the most
effective tool for detecting
breast cancer early. Early
detection of breast cancer
may allow more treatment
options. It could even mean
saving a woman’s breast or
her life.
How is a mammogram taken?
Using a low-dose x-ray, the
mammogram machine takes a
snapshot of the inside of a
woman’s breast.
The machine holds and
compresses the breasts so that
images at different angles can
be taken.
Doctors and nurses examine
these snapshots, looking for
signs of abnormalities such as
lumps, which could be tumors.
The results of a mammogram
are usually available rather
quickly, easing the anxiety of
those undergoing the procedure
A mammogram showing a healthy breast (left), and a
mammogram showing cancer (right). Breast x-rays can
detect breast lumps or changes long before they can be felt.
The information provided by a mammogram can lead to
proper follow-up care.
Healthy Cancerous
History of X-Rays
 x-ray technology was
invented completely by
accident.
 In 1895, a German physicist
named Wilhelm Roentgen
made the discovery while
experimenting with electron
beams in a gas
discharge tube. Wilhem Roentgen,
The discoverer of
 Roentgen noticed that a X-Rays
fluorescent screen in his lab
started to glow when the
electron beam was turned on.
 Roentgen placed various
objects between the
tube and the screen,
and the screen still
glowed.
 Finally, he put his hand
in front of the tube,
and saw the silhouette
of his bones projected
onto the fluorescent
screen.
One of the very first x-rays: The
 So he not only picture above shows an x-ray taken
discovered x-rays but of Wilhem Roentgen wife's hand.
also, their most You can see her wedding ring is
beneficial application. clearly visible.
Thank You
How are X-Rays Produced?
X-Rays are
produced in
a special
type of tube
called… “An
X ray Tube!!”
Production
Of
X-Rays..
(continued)
Electrons are first emitted from a heated filament, by a process called thermionic emission.
They are then accelerated across the evacuated X-ray tube, under the action of a large voltage
across the tube, the filament forming the negative cathode and the target being positive anode.
On striking the target, the electrons lose most (about 99%) of their energy in low-energy
collisions with target atoms, resulting in a substantial heating of the target.
The rest of the electron energy (usually less than 1%) reappears as X-ray radiation.
Production
Of
X-Rays..
(continued)
•A rapidly-rotating anode is generally used. It forms the (tungsten) target surface on to which
the electron beam is focused. The target area under bombardment is constantly changing, thus
reducing local heat concentration. (You can often hear the whirring of the anode motor during the
taking of an X-ray.
Copper, being an excellent heat conductor, is used to hold the anode in place.
Oil, which circulates in the outer housing,, helps with convective cooling (as well as providing
electrical insulation).
Experiment to show
how X-Rays Work
Because x-rays can damage human

tissue severely, it is not possible
to do a hands-on activity with this
type of radiation. There is a
"simulated" x-ray activity included
in the next slide.
The effect of X rays can be
simulated by the following
activity:
Place a piece of thin wire
gauze over a box. An outline of the pattern can be seen in the bottom of
the box. The photographs show the set up and an
Place a pattern made of example of the pattern in the bottom of the box.
cardboard on top of the
screen.
Sprinkle sand over the area
of the box.
The sand (x-rays) will pass
through the screen to the
bottom of the box, except
where they are blocked by
the pattern An area of no sand shows the shape of the blocking pattern.
Thank You
Field Effect Transistor
Learning objectives
What are Field Effect Transistors?
How can they be classified?
Introduction
• The field-effect transistor (FET) is a transistor that uses
an electric field to control the shape and hence the
conductivity of a channel of one type of charge carrier
in a semiconductor material.
• FETs are unipolar transistors as they involve single-
carrier-type operation.
SOME BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT FET
•FETs can be majority-charge-carrier

devices
•The device consists of an active channel
through which charge carriers, electrons
or holes, flow from the source to the
drain.
Terminals of FETs
• Source (S), through which the carriers enter the
channel.
• Drain (D), through which the carriers leave the
channel.
• Gate (G), the terminal that modulates the channel
conductivity.
Typical representation of an FET
Types of Field Effect Transistors
(The Classification)
Thank You
Ion sensitive biosensor
Learning Objectives
What are ion sensitive biosensors?
• These are semiconductor FETs having an ion-
sensitive surface.
• The surface electrical potential changes when

the ions and semiconductor interact.
• The Ion sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET)
can be constructed by
• covering the sensor electrode with a polymer

layer.
• This polymer layer is selectively permeable to

analyte ions.
• The ions diffuse through the polymer layer
and in return cause a change in the FET
surface potential.
• This type of biosensor is also called an ENFET
(Enzyme Field Effect Transistor) and is
primarily used for pH detection.
Ion sensitive biosensor
Thank You
Thermal Biosensors
Learning Objectives
What are Thermal Biosensors?
How it is constructed?
Thermal Biosensors
Enzyme thermistors are biosensors that use

thermal resistors to measure the heat change
caused by an enzymatic reaction
Thermal Biosensors
 Biological reactions are associated with the

production of heat and this forms the basis
of thermometric biosensors
Thermal Biosensor
They are more commonly referred to as thermal biosensors or
calorimetric biosensors.
A diagrammatic representation of a thermal biosensor is
depicted in Fig. 21.16. It consists of a heat insulated box fitted
with heat exchanger (aluminium cylinder).
Thank you
Applications of Thermal Biosensors
Learning Objectives
Applications of thermal biosensors
Applications of Thermal Biosensors
 estimations of glucose (enzyme-glucose oxidase),

 estimation of serum cholesterol
 urea (enzyme-urease),
Applications of thermal biosensors
 uric acid (enzyme-uricase) and penicillin G

 Thermometric biosensors can be used as a part of enzyme-linked
immunoassay (ELISA)
Thank you
Thermal Biosensors
Thermal Biosensors
Learning Objectives
What is the structure of thermal biosensor
Thermal Biosensor
Insulated box
Heat exchanger
Matched thermistors
Immobilized enzyme bed
Substrate
product
Thermal Biosensors
Thank you
MEMS Thermal Biosensors
Learning Objectives
What is MEMS thermal biosensor?
Advantages of MEMS thermal biosensor
MEMS Thermal Biosensors
MEMS Thermal Biosensor
Thank you
MEMS thermal Biosensor
Learning Objectives
What is the design of the MEMS thermal biosensor?
What is the operating principle ?
Design of MEMS Biosensor?
Design of MEMS thermal Biosensor
Operating Principle of MEMS
Thank you
sol–gel (SG) based glucose biosensor
Learning Objectives
What is sol-gel based glucose biosensor?
Thermal Biosensor
A sol–gel (SG) based glucose biosensor using thermometric measurement

is reported. The enzymes (glucose oxidase, GOD and
catalase, CAT) were entrapped on the surface of reticulated
vitreous carbon cylinder (RVC cartridge) using SG as a
binder.
 This RVC cartridge as placed ithi the colu of a
enzyme thermistor (ET) device. Injection of various d-
glucose concentrations resulted in changing the heat
content of the circulating buffer, recorded as a
thermometric peak by a sensitive thermistor.
Independent calibration curves between 10 and 50 mM
and between 0.2 and 1 mM d-glucose was obtained by
plotting the d-glucose concentration versus the
thermometric peak height.
Thermal Biosensors
The se siti ity of the respo se as opti ized to 1 l i −1

flow rate of the buffer. The stability of the entrapped GOD/CAT
stored at room temperature (25°C) or 4–10°C was 3 or 6
months, respectively.
The effect of dissolved oxygen and other interferents such as
acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, urea
and uric acid, on the catalytic activity of the enzyme was also
investigated.
This system was employed to detect glucose in samples of
fruit juice, coca cola and human blood serum.
Thank you
Optical Biosensor and structure
Learning Objectives
what is s optical biosensor?
Structure of the optical biosensor
Optical Biosensor
Definition
 Optical biosensors can be defined as sensor

devices which make use of optical principles
for the transduction of a biochemical
interaction into a suitable output signal. ...
 Optical biosensors have had, and still are
having, an increasing impact on analytical
technology for the detection of biological
and chemical species.
Optical Biosensor
Optical Biosensor
Thank you
Optical Biosensor
Learning Objectives
Principle of optical Biosensor

Optical Biosensor
 An optical biosensor is a compact analytical device containing a

biorecognition sensing element integrated with an optical transducer
system
 . The basic objective of an optical biosensor is to produce a signal which
is proportionate to the concentration of a measured substance (analyte).
 The optical biosensor can use various biological materials, including
enzymes, antibodies, antigens, receptors, nucleic acids, whole cells and
tissues as biorecognition elements
Optical Biosensor
 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR),

evanescent wave fluorescence and optical
waveguide interferometry utilize the
evanescent field in close proximity to the
biosensor surface to detect the interaction of
the biorecognition element with the analyte.
Optical Biosensor
 There are a huge number of variations in the

construction of optical biosensors and this
review will focus on a few that have been
selected on the basis of their widespread
application and tending towards the detection
of the most biologically relevant substances.
Optical Biosensor
Thank you
Importance Optical Biosensor
Learning Objectives
Importance of optical biosensor
Functions of the fiber optic lactate biosensor
Optical Biosensor
 The optical Biosensor is a device, it utilizes the principle of optical
measurements like fluorescence, absorbance and etc.
 They used in fiber optics and Optoelectronic transducers.
 The optical Biosensors are safe for non electrical remote sensing of
materials.
 In the transducer elements primarily optical Biosensors involves in
the enzymes and antibodies.
 Usually the Biosensors is not required any reference sensors and
the comparative signals are generated by using the sampling sensor
Optical Biosensor
Fiber Optic Lactate Biosensor

The working of the fiber optic lactate Biosensor is based on the measurement
of change in oxygen concentration, molecular by identifying the effects of
oxygen in fluorescent dye.
Optical Biosensor
Optical Biosensor
The following reaction is reduced by the enzyme lactate mono-oxygenase.

The oxygen depends on the amount of fluorescence generated by the
dyed film this is because of oxygen has a reducing effect on the
fluorescence.
In the reaction mixture the concentration of lactate is increased, oxygen is
utilized and as a result, there is a proportional decrease in the quenching
effect.
Hence there is an increase in the fluorescence output can be measured.
Thank you
Optical Biosensors for Blood Glucose
Optical Biosensors for Blood Glucose
Learning Objectives
How optical biosensors measure the glucose in the blood?
Optical Biosensor
For the diabetes patients, the blood glucose is more

important to monitor.
In this simple technique is used, i.e. Paper strips
saturated with the reagents it contains glucose oxide,
Horseradish Peroxidase and a Chromogen.
 The reactions take place in test tube. Using the
portable reflectance meter it can measure the intensity
of the color of the dye.
 In the world wide the glucose strip industry is very
high.
Optical Biosensor
The calorimetric test strips of cellulose

covered with the suitable enzymes and
reagents are in use for the view of more blood
and the urine parameters.
The other optical fiber Biosensors are used in
the devices of optical biosensing, it measures
the CO2. It can be used in critical care units and
in surgical monitoring wards.
Thank you
Enzyme technology optical biosensor
Enzyme technology optical biosensor
Learning Objectives
What is enzyme technology optical biosensor?
Optical Biosensor
There are two main areas of development in optical

biosensors.
 These involve determining changes in light absorption
between the reactants and products of a reaction, or
measuring the light output by a luminescent process.
 The former usually involve the widely established, if
rather low technology, use of colorimetric test strips.
These are disposable single-use cellulose pads
impregnated with enzyme and reagents.
The most common use of this technology is for whole-
blood monitoring in diabetes control.
Optical Biosensor
In this case, the strips include glucose oxidase,

horseradish peroxidase and a chromogen (e.g. o-
toluidine or 3, 3',5, 5'-tetra-methyl-benzidine). The
hydrogen peroxide, produced by the aerobic oxidation
of glucose, oxidizing the weakly colored chromogen to
a highly colored dye.
chromogen(2H) + H2O2 Colored dye + 2H2O
Optical Biosensor
The evaluation of the dyed strips is best achieved by the use of portable reflectance meters,
although direct visual comparison with a colored chart is often used.
A wide variety of test strips involving other enzymes are commercially available at the
present time. A most promising biosensor involving luminescence uses firefly luciferase to
detect the presence of bacteria in food or clinical samples.
Bacteria are specifically lysed and the ATP released (roughly proportional to the number of
bacteria present) reacted with D-luciferin and oxygen in a reaction which produces yellow light
in high quantum yield.
 ATP + D-luciferin + O2 oxyluciferin + AMP + pyrophosphate + CO2 + light (562 nm)

 The light produced may be detected photometrically by use of high-
voltage, and expensive, photomultiplier tubes or low-voltage cheap
photodiode systems.
 The sensitivity
s of the photomultiplier-containing systems is, at
present, somewhat greater (< 104 cells ml-1, < 10-12 M ATP) than the
simpler photon detectors which use photodiodes.
 Firefly luciferase is a very expensive enzyme, only obtainable from the
tails of wild fireflies.
 Use of immobilized luciferase greatly reduces the cost of these
analyses.
Thank you
Affinity biosensor
Learning Objectives
What is affinity biosensor?
Affinity Biosensor
 Affinity biosensors: Biosensors in which

bio-recognition molecules bind
 analyte molecules leading to formation
or dissociation of complex.
 Possible receptor molecules: i)
antibodies ii) DNA iii) receptors
Biosensor
Indirect affinity biosensor
Immunosensors: Use antibody as biorecognition

element.
Thank you
Learning Objectives
Factors which influenced the assay format
What are the Design parameters for affinity biosensors?

Affinity Biosensor I
Design parameters for affinity

biosensors
Affinity biosensor
The structure is consist on the

Assay Format
Bio affinity element
Interface
Sensor material
Transducer type
Affinity Biosensor
Assay format strongly influenced by the
!) Nature of analyte
2)Transduction approach
Affinity Biosensor
Assay format strongly

influenced by:
• Nature of analyte
• Transduction approach
Thank you
Indirect Affinity Biosensor
Learning Objectives
What is indirect assay?
sensitivity in affinity biosensor
Indirect Affinity Biosensor
ELISA: Indirect assay

Secondary antibody (reporter);
usually Pam against the primary
antibody.
Primary antibody
(target/recognition element)
Antigen (recognition
element/target)
•Used for the detection of antigenes/antibodies in

serum
Indirect affinity Biosensor
◦ ELISA : Competitive assay

Indirect affinity biosensor
Sensitivity in affinity biosensor
Imagine each candle representing an antibody and you are

an optical transducer, you can easily detect if one candle light
up (direct affinity assay)
Indirect Affinity biosensor
.
Thank you
Basic components of an affinity based biosensor
Learning Objectives
Basic components of an affinity based biosensor

Affinity Biosensor
The basic components of an affinity based biosensor are
Analyte
Biorecognition( SENSING ) elements
Transducer 9 REPORTING ELEMENT)
Affinity Biosensor
Thank you
BioSignals
Learning Objectives
What are biosignals?
How do they produce?
Why do they produce in our body?
BioSignals
A BioSignal is a human body variable that can be measured and monitord and that can
provide information on the health status of individual .In most cases it is an electric
voltage
Biosignals
Biological signals
Biosignals are electrical or magnetic activity within the human

body. They are usually detected via electrodes or transducers.
Bio+Signal = living o je t + fun tion that carries information

about the behavior or state
Biosignals
Signal analysis
At the level of signals, the biomedical system for diagnosis is based on Machine Learning.
Biosignals
Thank you
BioSignals
Learning Objectives
How can we classify the biosignals and at what bases?
Biosignal
Classification of biosignals
According to the physical nature of biosignals
According to the system of origin of biosignals

Electric signals
ENG – electroneurogram
EEG – electroencephalogram
ERG – electroretinogram
ECG – electrocardiogram
EMG – electromyogram
EOG – electrooculorgam
GSR – galvanic skin response
Magnetic biosignals
Magnetic biosignals Weak magnetic fields are generated by different organs and
cells.
MNG – magnetoneurogram
MEG – magnetoencephalogram
MCG – magnetocardiogram
MMG – magnetomyogram
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Magnetic biosignals
Magnetocardiography (MCG)
MCG is the measurement of magnetic fields
emitted by the human heart from small currents
by electrically active cells of the heart muscle
Thank you
Chemical & Mechanical biosignals
Learning Objectives
What are Chemical & Mechanical biosignals ?
BioSignals
Chemical biosignals
Chemical biosignals Signals providing information about concentration of
various chemical agents in the body
Biosignals
- Examples of Chemical biosignals
- Level of glucose (diabetes)
- Blood oxygen level (asthma, heart)
- Gases in blood and breathing airflow (anesthetic gases, carbon dioxide etc.) - pH
Biosignals
Mechanical biosignals
Biomechanical signals reflect mechanical functions of body

parts
Biosignals
Examples: of Mechanical biosignals
- Blood Pressure
- Accelerometer signals describing human movements,
- Chest movements during respiration
- Air flow characteristics during MLV

Thank you
Acoustic biosignals
Learning Objectives
What are Acoustic and thermal biosignals ?
Biosignals
Acoustic biosignals
Subset of mechanical signals that describe the acoustic sound produced by the body
Cardiac sounds (phonocardiography)

-Snoring
-- Swallowing
-- Respiratory sounds
-- Crackles of joints and muscles
Biosignals
Phonocardiogram (PCG)
PCG reflects sounds of heart beats, produced by heart sounds
Respiratory sounds
Reflect normal breathing sounds superimposed with crackles,
cough sounds,
Biosignal
Electronic stethoscope
Biosignal
Thermal biosignals
Body temperature in the point and temperature maps, may describe heat loss and heat
absorption in the body .
Biosignals
Thermography (temperature maps)
-Cancer
- Varicose veins
- Osteochondrosis,
-osteoporosis
Thank you
Classification according to the system of
origin of signal
Learning Objectives
What is classification according to the system of origin of signal?
Classification according to the system of origin of signal
Endocrine System
Signals from Nervous System
Cardiovascular System
Vision system
Auditory system
Musculoskeletal system
Stabilography
Respiratory system
Biosignals
Signals from Nervous System: e.g EEG, MEG
Biosignals
Cardiovascular System : ECG and MCG Vision System: Electroretinography
Biosignals
Auditory system - EEG Respiratory system
Biosignals
Gastrointestinal System
-X-ray
-Ultrasound Imaging
-
-Chemical signals
- Electrogastrogram
Thank you
How Cells produce biosignals?
Learning Objectives
How Cells produce biosignals ?
Types of biosignals
Bioisignals
How Cells produce biosignals ?
When the cells of living things are stimulated,
sodium and potassium ions moved rapidly
through the cell membrane ions channels,
creating the difference in electric potential

Types of biosignals
Types
1)Active biosignals
The energy source for measurement derives from the

patient himself
Types of biosignals
Electrical active biosignals
e.g. EKG, EEG, EMG,ERG.
Non electrical signals e.g. Temperature and blood pressure

Passive biosignals
Passive biosignals the energy source from outside the patients X-ray in CT
Response Rate
Passive biosignals
Passive biosignals the energy source from outside the patients e.g. X-ray in CT
Thank you
Amperometric Biosensor
Self contained integrated devices
based on the measurements of the current
High senestivity biosensor
based on the movement of the electrons
Schematic diagram of a simple amperometric biosensor

Amperometric Biosensor Based on the redox enzymes
Ennzymes catalysed the redox reacion
The enzyme needs to be stable
The advantages of employing enzymes in biosensor architectures
They exhibit a very high catalytic activity
Enzymes have a high selectivity
Driving force, and the redox potential
Enzyme stability was found when enzymes were immobilized

Disadvantages of using enzymes in bioelectrochemical devices
1) Enzymes are larger molecules
2) Active site deeply buried within the protein shell
3) Enzymes have a limited lifetime
4) So biosensors exhibit limited long - term stability.

There are three generations of the biosensors

1) First generation Biosensor
2) Second generations Biosensor
3) Third generations Biosensor
First generation Biosensor
Increase of enzymatic _ally generated product
OR
Decrease of a substrate of the redox enzyme.
First generation
Natural redox mediator can be monitored.
The compound monitored is electrochehemicaly active
Increasing concentration of the product H 2 O 2
or
Decrease in O 2 concentration
Natural co - substrate can be electrochemically detected
Draw backs of first generations
It is challenging
To maintain a reasonable reproducibility due to varying
O2 concentrations within the sample
And
(ii)In working electrode potentials for either the

oxidation of H 2 O 2 or the reduction of O 2
Thank you
Amperometric biosensor based on the redox enzymes
“ Second - Generation ” Biosensors

Biosensors operate at moderate redox potentials
Artifi cial redox mediators was introduced
Kulys and Svirmickas ,Cass et al. were the first
Artificial redox mediator could be used
Ferrocene, could be employed for an amperometric glucose biosensor .

Use of redox mediator
to read out the analyte concentration within a sample.
Redox enzymes able to donate or accept electrons
Redox potential is in tune with the cofactor(s)
Redox mediator highly specific .
Differen e in potential should not e less than ΔE ∼ 50 mV

What are the most important properties of redox mediators suitable for
biosensors?
Redox mediators need to be stable in the oxidized and reduced forms.
No side reactions should occur.
The redox potential needs to be compatible with the enzymatic reaction.

Thank you
The major drawback of using either a natural or an artifi cial free - diffusing redox mediator
Dependence on the dissolved oxygen concentration
Molecules not securely fixed
Can leak from the electrode surface
Not all redox mediators are biocompatible

Third generation of biosensor
Diffusing redox mediators are not necessary
Proteins can spontaneously adsorb on many electrode
materials
proteins tend to denature
Third generation of biosensor

Amperometric biosensors
Based on enzymes that, Either consume oxygen,
or produced hyderogenperoxide
Thank you
Ampermetric biosensor based on the redox enzyme
function
by the production of a current
When a potential is applied between two electrodes.

Involve the Clark oxygen electrode
Voltage
Platinum cathode at which oxygen is reduced and a silver/silver chloride reference electrode.
potential of -0.6 V, applied
current proportional to the oxygen concentration.
electrodes are bathed saturated potassium chloride
oxygen-permeable plastic membrane used for separation

The response of an amperometric biosensor

utilising glucose oxidase to the presence of
glucose solutions
An alternative method for determining the rate of this reaction is to measure the production of
hydrogen peroxide
Pt anode H2O2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e-
Ag cathode 2AgCl + 2e- 2Ag0 + 2Cl-

Developed by Updike and Hicks

First reported use of enzyme electrode
Glucose in blood-diagnosis of diabetes
O2 detection
H2O2 detection
Enzyme mediation
Thank you
Amperometricbiosensor based on the redox enzymes
Glucose Biosensor – O2
Central – Pt cathode, surrounding Ag/AgCl anode,
KCl electrolyte solution
Teflon membrane
Cathode (0.6V) O2 + 4H+ +4e- 2H2O
Anode 4Ag + 4Cl- 4AgCl + 4e-
Glucose +O2 glucoseoxidase Gluconic acid + H2O

Glucose Biosensor – O2
.
Glucose Biosensor – H2O2
Reverse polarity of electrodes for the O2 set up
Replace Teflon membrane with cellulose acetate membrane
Cathode: 2Ag + 2Cl- 2AgCl + 2e-

Pt Anode (0.6V): H2O2 O2+2H+ + 2e-
Counter electrode: 4H++O2 2H2O – 4e-

Glucose Biosensor – H2O2

Thank you
Potentiometric biosensor
In this this type of sensor

measured parameter
Oxidation or reduction potential of anelectrochemical reaction
Potentiometric biosensors
Make use of ion-selective electrodes.
Consists of an immobilised enzyme membrane
potentiometric Biosensor
A simple potentiometric Biosensor
(a) A semi-permeable membrane
(b) surrounds the biocatalyst
(c) Entrapped next to the active glass membrane
(d) pH probe
(e) electrical potential
(f) Ag/AgCl electrode (g) bathed in dilute HCl (h)An

external reference electrode
potentiometric Biosensor
Three types of ion-selective electrodes used
Glass electrodes for cations

e.g. normal pH electrode
Glass pH electrodes
coated with a gas-permeable membrane selective for CO2, NH3 or H2S
Solid-state electrodes
glass membrane is replaced by a thin membrane
Thank you
Potentiometric Biosensor
Characteristics of potentiobiometric biosensor
1. Measured species (such as H+, NH4+, etc.) not consumed
2. Measures the activity of a specific ion
3. Output is in voltage (Em).
4. Ion specificity comes entirely from the membrane.
For example, there is a membranes specific to H+, one for NH4+, one for Ca++, etc.
5. The output of the base sensor
1) In voltage;
2) Independent of the sensor size;
and
3) Proportional to natural log of Co.

Examples of Potentiometric Biosensor.
Number of biosensor developed by using
1) pH sensor
2) Base transducer.
e.g
. Penicillin biosensor
Glucose biosensor
Urea biosensor
Penicillin biosensor
Penicillinase
Penicillin -----------------------> penicillic acid + H+
Response: 52 mV/decade over 5x10-2 to 10-4 M.
2. Glucose biosensor
Glucose oxidase
Glucose ------------------------> gluconic acid + H2O2
Response: log linear response from 0.1 mM to 1 mM
3. Urea biosensor
Urease
Urea ----------------------------- 2 NH4+ +NCO3-
Response: log linear response from 5x10-5 to 5x10-3

Thank you
Potentiometric biosensors for biomedical analysis
Developed
By using biocatalytic and bioaffinity-based biosensing schemes.
Few used for the medical analysis
Detection Main products of protein metabolism,

namely urea and creatinine.
Potentiometric biosensor also used for immunoassays or geno_analysis.
.
Flagship example of commercial biosensor
glucose biosensing devices for diabetes.
Clinical and biomedical applications
environmental,
food Analysis
pharmaceutical analysis.
Optical and amperometric biosensors exemplify the largest group of devices

Potentiometry
.
Oldest method
Attractive tool
Determination of ions
inexpensive measurement equipment.
According to IUPAC recommendations potentiometric biosensors have two
important features:
(i) Biological component is an integral part of the sensor receptor, recognizing an analyte,
(ii) The analytical signal generated by the biosensor is a potential.

Urea biosensors
Creatinine biosensors
Thank you
potentiometric biosensors
Urea detected using potentiometric enzyme-based biosensors
95% of protein nitrogen is metabolized to urea nitrogen.
Low plasma urea liver diseases or low intake of protein
Uremic syndrome Very high blood urea

Several potentiometric sensors useful for such biomodifications.
urease is a model biocatalyst
Inexpensive
Easily available
Highly purified
Stable biocatalyst
urea biosensors have been developed as disposable devices
Scheme 1.
Urea biosensing based on pH-measurements is possible

because in the course of the enzymatic hydrolysis the
products having protolytic properties are formed
Creatinine produced
By Dephosphorylation of phosphocreatine as well as by dehydration of creatine.
Creatinine is one of the most significant

analytes in the modern clinical analysis.
Determination metabolite of Creatinine
1) In renal, muscular and thyroid dysfunctions.
2)Helpful for the biomedical diagnosis
Creatinine is a marker for muscle mass and

its generation reflects slow turnover of muscle protein
Scheme Two
Biosensors has followed two paths
Based on trienzyme or monoenzyme.
Both these paths are illustrated by Scheme 2.
Conversion of creatinine to creatine (hydrolysis),
creatine to sarcosine (hydrolysis) and
finally oxidation of sarcosine to glycine, are predominantly implemented in amperometric
creatinine biosensors.
Creatinine Biosensor
Scheme two
Thanku
Reaction
Thin sensing glass membrane
Change in pH
Read from the pH-meter's display.
Electrical potential determined
NO interference with the reaction.

NH4+ cation,
L-amino acid oxidase
L-amino acid + O2 + H2O keto acid + NH4+ + H2O2
asparaginase `
L-asparagine + H2O L-aspartate + NH4+
urease (pH 7.5)

H2NCONH2 + 2H2O + H+ 2NH4++ HCO3-
H+ cation,
glucose oxidase H2O
D-glucose + O2 D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O2 D-gluconate + H+
H2NCONH2 + H2O + 2H + 2NH4+ + CO2
urease (pH 9.5
H2NCONH2 + 2H2O 2NH3 + HCO3- + H+
lipase
neutral lipids + H2O glycerol + fatty acids + H+
I- anion,
peroxidase
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2I- I2 + 2H2O [6.11]
CN-anion,
b-glucosidase
amygdalin + 2H2O 2glucose + benzaldehyde + H+ + CN
Thank you
OPTICAL BIOSENSORS:
Optical Biosensor
Nano-biomolecular devices
make a new device fabrication in biomedical fields.
Optical Biosensor
powerful alternate to conventional analytical techniques,
Due to these properties
Particularly high specification,
sensitivity,
small size, cost effectiveness.

OPTICAL BIOSENSORS
.
OPTICAL BIOSENSORS
Types of
.
optical biosensor
1.Surface plasmon resonance biosensors
2.Evanescent wave fluorescence biosensors
3.Bioluminescent optical fiber biosensors
4.Optical waveguide inter ferometric biosensors
5.Ellipsometric biosensors
6.Reflectometric interference spectroscopy biosensors
7.Surface-enhanced Raman scattering biosensors
OPTICAL BIOSENSORS
. Working:
Optical biosensor
Utilizes a recognition element
Element senses the presence of an analyte (the specie to be detected)
and
Create a response that is converted by a transducer to a signal.
Thank you
Optical Biosensor
Optical biosensing : Single virus detection from the reactive shift of a whispering-
gallery mode
Biosensing can be broadly divided
into two general modes
1.Label-free biosensing
2. Label-based biosensing
Optical Biosensor
.
Label-free biosensing based on single gold
nanostars as plasmonic transducers.
Optical Biosensor
Label based Biosensing:
.
use of a label and the optical signal is then generated by a colorimetric, fluorescent or
luminescent method.
label biosensor
Uses molecular species
Species bonded to the biological material
Helps to detect the target substance.
Common markers are radioactive isotopes or

fluorescence molecules. In our case, we didn't use a
marker bonded to enzyme
Optical Biosensor
Surface plasmon resonance
esonant oscillation of conduction electrons
SPR is the basis of many standard tools
The SPR phenomenon occurs on the surface of metal
.
Reduction of the intensity of reflected light at a specific angle known as the resonance angle.
This effect is proportionate to the mass on the surface
Thank you
Optical Biosesnsor
Evanescent wave fluorescence biosensors
Uses recombinant bioluminescent cells
And
Bioluminescent signal
An Escherichia coli strain,

Genetically modified strain to emit a luminescent signal in the
presence of genotoxic agents,
Optical Biosensor
Strain immobilized on to a fibre optic

and
Optrode response to the genotoxin atrazine achieved a detection limit of 10 pg · l−1
Optical biosensor
.
A live cell array by immobilizing bacterial cells on the optical
fibres arranged in a high-density array of microwells was
developed.
A single genetically engineered bacterium
Responding to a specific analyte
Enabled the multidetection of genotoxins

Optical biosensor
Optical waveguide interferometric biosensors
Combination of evanescent field sensing and optical phase
By probing the near-surface region
Any change of the refractive index
Induces a phase shift
I terferi g fields of these odes produce a i terfere ce sig al detected at the se sor’s output
Optical biosensor
.
Optical waveguide interferometric biosensors
Technique, also called resonant waveguide grating (RWG),

suitable for detecting
redistribution of cellular contents,
studying cellular responses and cellular processes,
also applied to the detection of the avian influenza virus .
Thank you
Ellipsometric biosensors
An ellipsometric biosensor
 Measures changes in the polarization of light
 Applied in detecting the binding of influenza A virus strains


of 18.2 units · ml−1, which is lower than the cut-off value for a
normal level .
Equilibrium dissociation constants used
Characterizing parameters of viral receptor profiles .


Microarray biosensors based on total internal reflection imaging ellipsometry
 For the detection of the serum tumour
an estimated detection limit of CA19-9

Physical parameters
Reflectometric interference spectroscopy biosensors

 (RIfS) is a label-free
 and
 Time-resolved method
 Simple optical setup
 Based on white light interference at thin layers.
 Changes in the phase and amplitude


 Provide information about the thickness (ml−1).
Used for the
Detection

Quantification of diclofenac in bovine milk
 In the complex milk matrix
obtained limit of detection was 0.112μg / l−1

RIfS biosensor for the detection
Circulating tumour cells was capable of the
Selective detection of cancer cells

within a concentration range of 1000–100000 cells/ml−1
Thank you
Optical Biosensor
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering biosensors
biosensing technique which Enhances the intensity
nanoparticles made of gold or silver.
A SERS-active surface applied

to the sensitive detection of cancer proteins
A SERS biosensor for
1.Fast
2.sensitive detection of a protein biomarker
In an aquatic environment, with a limit of detection of 5 ng · l−1, has been reported .

Optical Biosensor
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering biosensors … Working:
compact analytical device containing a
Biorecognition sensing element
A optical transducer system.
basic objective of an optical biosensor
produce a signal which is proportionate to the concentration of a measured substance analyte.

Optical Biosensor
Characteristics:
Use various biological materials,
Including enzymes,
Antibodies,
Antigens,
Receptors,
.
Optical Biosensor
Characteristics:
Nucleic acids,
Whole cells
Tissues as biorecognition elements
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR),
Evanescent wave fluorescence
Optical waveguide interferometry utilize the evanescent field in close proximity to the biosensor
surface to detect the interaction of the biorecognition element with the analyte.
Thank you
Optical Biosensor
Applications:
In the fields of
1. Medicine
2. Environment
3. Biotechnology
4. Sample concentration required
5. Time taken to complete the probe
Time necessary to enable reuse of the biosensor and the cleaning requirements
of the system
Optical Biosensor
.
Advantages:
Their advantages including
1. High specificity
2. Sensitivity
3. Small size
4. Cost-effectiveness
5. Multiple advanced concepts and

Optical Biosensor
. multidisciplinary approaches including
6. Highly
7. Microelectronics,
8. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs),
9. Micro/nano-technologies,
10. Molecular biology,
11. Biotechnology
12. Chemistry
Optical Biosensor
Surface plasmon resonance biosensors imiging:
1Screening of biomarkers and therapeutic targets
2.Screening of drug–target protein intteractions.

SPR phenomenon occurs on the surface of metal
Resonance angle :- “Reduction of the intensity of reflected light at a specific angle”.

This effect is proportionate to the mass on the surface.
Thank you
Evanescent wave fluorescence
Advantages
1. Clinical diagnostics,
2. Biodefence,
3. Food testing
4. Clinical
5. Biomarkers
6. Toxin Screening
Evanescent wave aptamer-based Fluorescence biosensor
Used for the rapid,
7. Sensitive Highly selective detection of 17β-oestradiol,
8. Endocrine-disrupting compound frequently detected in environmental water samples.
9. This biosensor was constructed as a portable system with the detection

Bioluminescent optical fibre
Response of cells to genotoxic agents

Multidetection of genotoxins by live cell array
Uses recombinant bioluminescent cells
Bioluminescent signal transferred from the analyte by an optical fibre
.
Waveguide interferometric
Advantages
1. Study of cellular responses and processes
2. Virus detection
3. This technique, also called resonant waveguide grating (RWG),
4. Suitable for detecting the Redistribution of cellular contents
5. Cellular responses and cellular processes applied
6. For Detection of the avian influenza virus
Localized surface plasmon resonance
Advantages
1. Detection of DNA hybridization
2. Screening of antigen–
3. Antibody interactions
4. Cancer biomarker detection
5. Toxin detection
6. Mycotoxin ochratoxin A
7. Detected by LSPR
Thanku
Piezoelectric Effect and piezoelectricity
Piezoelectric materials
use in many technological applications and they
in electronic devices.
In principle,
Piezoelectric materials work as oscillators
Well suitable for construction of biosensors
Recognizing affinity interactions.
piezoelectric effect connected with
Jacques Curie and Pierre Curie
Recognized that anisotropic crystals i.e.
Crystals without center of symmetry
Inorganic
, organic
even some biomolecules
like nucleic acid can provide piezoelectricity.
Inorganic anisotropic materials are following
quartz crystal ,
Aluminium phosphate also known as berlinite,
aluminium nitride,
zinc oxide,
crystalized topaz,
crystalized tourmaline,
barium titanate, gallium orthophosphate, lead titanate and quartz SiO2
Piezoelectric biosensors performed
1. With low costs
2. With simple assay devices
Determination of macromolecules.
Enhance potential for routine applications.
Thanku
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)
Measures a mass variation the
By measuring
change in frequency of a quartz crystal resonator.
The resonance is disturbed by the addition or removal
of a small mass .
The QCM used under vacuum, in gas phase .
Useful for monitoring the rate of deposition..
Quartz crystal microbalance
In liquid, it is highly effective at determining the affinity of molecules.

Larger entities viruses or polymers
QCM has also been used to investigate interactions between biomolecules.
Easy to measure mass densities down to a level of below 1 μg/cm2
inverse quality factor of the resonance, Q−1 = w/fr (see below
the dissipation factor) is often measured to help analysis

How is electric polaraization caused?

Ans. Crystal is compressed, the ions in each unit cell are displaced, causing the electric
polarization of the unit cell.
Regularity of crystalline structure,

External electric field applied to the crystal the
Ions displaced by electrostatic forces,
Resulting in the mechanical deformation of crystal.
DNA-based piezoelectric biosensor
studied in terms of
1. probe immobilisation
2. DNA sample pre-treatment.
Detection of the mecA gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
MRSA responsible of infections,
like 1. pneumonia,
2. Meningitis
3.Endocarditic
Thanku
Pressure sensor
Pressure sensor
Device for pressure measurement of gases or liquids.
Pressure
An expression of the force to stop a fluid from

expanding, and is usually stated in terms of force per unit
area.
A pressure sensor acts as a transducer

Pressure sensor
Pressure sensors used
1. To control
2. Monitoring in thousands of applications.
Can also be used to measure other variables such as
1. Fluid
2. Gas flow,
3. Speed
4. Water level
5.Altitude
Pressure sensor
Pressure sensors
Alternatively be called
pressure transducers,
pressure transmitters,
pressure senders,
pressure indicators,
Piezometers manometers
Response Rate
Pressures developed
During the combustion process
Continuously measured by sensors mounted on the cylinder heads.
Continuous Pressure monitor(CPM) systems
Continuous calculations of combustion quality and engine balance.
Thank you
piezoelectric biosensors
The pressure is calculated
1. From the sensor outputs

2.From volume is obtained
Expert systems send signals
1. Actuate
2. Other controllers
Controller unit has processing power
To process the signals
Piezoelectric biosensors suitable

For the determination
Analytes
Without application of any further reagents.

Advantages
piezoelectric biosensors performed with
quite low costs and
simple assay devices.
Especially diagnosis based on the
determination of macromolecules
research on piezoelectric materials enhance routine applications.
Thank you
Classification of Pressure sensor
Classified according
1. Crystal's electrostatic charge

2. Its resistivity,
Depending on which phenomenon is used, the crystal sensor

can be called electrostatic, piezoresistive, or resonant.
A charge is proportional to the force applied
The fundamental Difference electric signal

Pressure sensor
Sensors unsuitable for

Measurement of static forces
OR
Pressures
But useful for
Dynamic measurements.
Pressure sensor
Crystal elastically deformed.
Electric signal measured as an indication.
Static pressures cant detect
, But used to measure
rapidly changing pressures
blasts,
explosions,
pressure pulsations (in rocket motors, engines, compressors) or
other sources of shock or
vibration.
.
Pressure sensor
Output of such dynamic pressure sensors is often expressed in "relative" pressure units (such as
psir instead of psig),.
The maximum range of such sensors is 5,000 or 10,000 psir.
Desirable features of piezoelectric sensors
1. Rugged construction,
2. Small size,
3. High speed, and
4. Self-generated signal.
5. Sensitive to temperature variations and require special cabling and amplification
Thank you
Advantages
1. Detection of cancer proteins
2. Protein biomarker in environment
A SERS biosensor for
3. Fast and sensitive detection of a protein biomarker
( In aquatic environment)
.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
A biosensing technique which enhances the intensity of the

vibration spectra of a molecule by several orders of
magnitude when it is in close proximity to nano-roughened
metallic surfaces or nanoparticles made of gold or silver
A SERS-active surface applied to the sensitive detection of cancer proteins (∼100 pg)
In a low sample volume (∼10 nl).
Limitations
1. Mass transport limitations

2. Can take time to optimise regeneration conditions
3. Sorting problems can be time consuming
Thank you

Introduction to Biosensors and MEMS Applications

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Introduction to Biosensors and MEMS Applications

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Introduction to Biosensors

What are the characteristics and features of a successful biosensor

Reaction should be independent

What are the main components of biosensors

Professor Leland C Clark Jnr

 MEMS is the integration of a number of micro-

 The components are integrated on a single chip

Mechanical Optical Thermal Chemical & Biological

Materials used are:

 Metals Deposition Patterning Etching

High Aspect Ratio (HAR) Silicon Micromachining

 This technique involves the selective removal of the

 A widely used bulk micromachining technique in

 In surface micromachining, the MEMS sensors are formed on top of

High Aspect Ratio (HAR) Silicon Micromachining

 HAR combines aspects of both surface and

 HAR MEMS technology enables a high

 Biocavity Laser : This device distinguishes

 Sight for the blind : MEMS based array that may

Sensing in marine environment maybe done for

 Oil exploration and related applications

 Global weather predictions

 Monitor water quality for any contamination

 Measure parameters detrimental to the “health” of

 Study of aquatic plants and animals

 An array of MEMS sensors spread on the ocean

 MEMS sensors (pressure sensors, accelerometers

 MEMS sensors in torpedoes are responsible for

• -Also known as indicator electrodes

- Device is known as compound electrode

- Highly sensitive and selective for measuring dissolved gases

- For environmental monitoring

- For clinical and industrial applications

- Thin film of electrolyte solution is placed between

- Inbuilt reference electrode

- The target analyte diffuses through the membrane and comes

- Electrode response is directly related to the concentration

- Two types of polymeric materials are used

- Membrane thickness is ~ 0.01 – 0.10 mm

- Membrane is impermeable to water and ions

- Consists of pH electrode covered by a CO2 selective

- Electrolyte between electrode and membrane is

- pH of inner solution lowers when CO2 diffuses through membrane

- Inner glass electrode senses changes in pH

- Overall potential is determined by CO2 concentration in sample

- Consists of pH electrode covered by NH3 selective

- Electrolyte between electrode and membrane is

- NH3 goes through membrane and raises pH

- Inner glass electrode senses changes in pH

- Increase in pH is proportional to amount of NH3 in sample

NO2 and SO2

- Based on amperometric measurements

- Consists of a pair of electrodes (Ag anode and Pt cathode) in

- Electrodes are separated by a gas-permeable

- Membrane may be teflon, silicon rubber, polyethylene

- Electrolyte is a solution of KCl and buffer

- O2 diffuses through the membrane and is reduced

- Electrolytic current is then measured

 Known as ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFET)

The polymeric membrane made of PVC to separate the test

- Known as ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFET)

The Electromagnetic spectrum or EMS is the name given to all of

Infra red, we cant see it ,