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WORKSHEET NO.

Chapter 8: The Judiciary


A. Definition of terms. Provide a definition and concepts of the following terms.
1. Judiciary- it is the branch of government that includes courts of law and judges.
Concept:
The main function of the judiciary branch is to interpret and apply the law in the name of the state.
And according to what I have read and understand the judiciary branch is also known as the
mechanism for the resolution of disputes. Under this doctrine of the separation of powers, the
judiciary generally does not make statutory law because it is the responsibility of legislature as
well as it doesn’t enforce law which is the responsibility of the executive, but rather it interprets
law and applies it to the facts of each case.

2. Judicial power- it refers to the power of the Judicial Branch to hear cases and interpret, enforce
or nullify laws and statutes in order to render verdicts.
Concept:
The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established
by law. They have the power to apply the laws to contests or disputes concerning legally
recognized rights. The judicial branch reviews every cases that belongs to them. They also have
the duty to settle actual controversies involving rights which must be legally demandable and
enforceable.

3. Supreme Court- is a political subdivision of a nation or state that is constituted by law and has
substantial control of local affairs.

Concept:
It is the highest court in the Philippines. It is composed of a Chief Justice and 15 Associate Justices.
It also plays an important role in the government. The Supreme Court is like a referee in a football
field. The Congress, the president, the state police, and other government officials are the players.
Some can pass laws, and others can enforce laws. But all exercise power within certain boundaries.
These boundaries are set by the Constitution.

4. Due Process- it is a standard which is necessary in the administration of justice.


Concept:

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In due process there must be a fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a
citizen's entitlement. It also can be the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights
that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the
individual person from it. Its primary obligation is to protect the person from state federal
government by taking a person’s life, liberty or property without notice or a hearing. Its role is to
convict the guilty while protecting the innocent by limiting governmental power and respecting
every individual rights which is accurate.

5. Grave abuse of discretion- refers to the standard applied by the Supreme Court in reviewing a
decision made by the other department which is claimed to be grossly unsound, unreasonable, or
illegal.
Concept:
It is a polite way of saying a trial judge has made such a bad mistake during a trial or on ruling on a
motion and that a great person did not get a fair
trial.A court of appeals will use afinding of this abuse as a reason to reverse the previous court result. Ex
amples of "abuse of discretion" or judges' mistakesinclude not allowing an important witness to testify,
making improper comments that might influence a jury, showing bias, ormaking rulings on evidence that
deny a person a chance to tell his or her side of the matter. This does not mean a trial or thejudge has t
o be perfect, but it does mean that the judge's actions were so far out of bounds that someone truly did
not get afair trial. Sometimes the appeals courts admit the judge was wrong, but not wrong enough to h
ave influenced the outcome ofthe trial, often to the annoyance of the losing party. In criminal cases abu
se of discretion can include sentences that aregrossly too harsh. In a divorce action, it includes awarding
alimony way beyond the established formula or the spouse's or lifepartner's realistic ability to pay.

6. Jurisdiction- it is defined as the power of courts to take cognizance of and decide cases.
Concept:
It can be original or appellate, exclusive or concurrent, general or special. In jurisdiction a legal
body was granted a practical authority for them to administer justice within a defined field of
responsibility. The people involved in jurisdiction must be that responsible enough and an
analytical thinker so that every decision they will make is going to be a good and acceptable one.

7. Judicial review- it pertains to the mandate of the courts to decide on the validity of executive
and legislative acts in the light of their conformity with the constitution.
Concept:
It is like a constitutional doctrine that’s gives to a court system the power to annul legislative or
executive acts which the judges declare to be unconstitutional. For example, to revoke state laws
that denied civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution.

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8. Lower courts-is a court from which an appeal may be taken.
Concept:
A lower court is always the trial court; where an appellate court is describing the actions under
review from the lower court, it is referring to the court that examined the evidence and testimony
directly and made rulings upon it, rather than any intermediate appellate courts. However, a court
that functions as a trial court in some instances may still be above another court.
9. Quasi-judicial bodies- these are administrative agencies which are also empowered to decide
legal disputes by the laws creating them.
Concept:
The concept of quasi-judicial body implies that the act is not wholly judicial.it describes only a
duty cost on the executive body or authority to conform to forms of judicial procedure in
performing some acts in exercise of its executive power. The quasi may indicate that the tribunal
is not acting purely administratively or that it is acting in a manner in which the judicial tribunal
is expecting to act.

10. Judicial virtue- it is required for the even-handed administration of justice, to be politically
neutral and fair.
Concept:
It is one of the challenges of judges in judging, to be politically neutral and fair. The most
developed aspect of virtue jurisprudence is its distinctive theory of judging. A virtue-centered
theory of judging offers an account of the characteristics or excellences that make for a good judge.
Good judgement must have judicial temperance, judicial courage, judicial temperament, judicial
intelligence, judicial wisdom, and justice. Like for example, for appointing some to public office.
The president must choose those applicants that have the highest quality and a reputation for
honesty not just because he or she know that person will be the cause of someone’s appointment
because being in a public office is a great responsibility that will need a really good officials.

B. Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is correct. If incorrect, replaced the
underlined word/s to make the statement correct. Write your answer on the space provided before
each number.
True 1.Conflicting interest in society require resolution brought by a neutral arbiter.
True 2. The Supreme Court is the highest court of the land.
Due Process 3. Judicial power may be invoked if life, liberty, and property have been taken.

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True 4. Abuse of discretion refers to the standard applied by the Supreme Court in
reviewing a decision that is grossly unsound, unreasonable, or illegal.
Commission on Elections 5. A regional trial court is a quasi-judicial body.
Judicial Bar Council 6. Applicants for appointment to the judiciary have to be screened by the
Congress.
True 7. The Commission on Elections is an example of a quasi-judicial body.
True 8. Among the powers of the Supreme Court is to order a change of venue of trial to avoid
a miscarriage of justice.
True/ 14 9. The Supreme Court is composed of a chief justice and 15 associate’s justices.
Jurisdiction 10. Judicial review is the power of the court to take cognizance of and decide cases.
C. Critical Thinking: Briefly answer the following questions:
1. Why Supreme Court is called the highest court of the land? Explain your answer by discussion
its power and responsibilities.
The Supreme Court is often called "the highest court of the land" because it hears appeals from
state courts as well as federal courts. The Supreme Court has nine justices and begins its term on
the first Monday in October of each year. The Constitution gives it the power to check, if necessary,
the actions of the President and Congress. It can tell a President that his actions are not allowed by
the Constitution. It can also tell the government of a state that one of its laws breaks a rule in the
Constitution.

2. What are quasi-judicial bodies and how do they contribute in the dispensation of justice? Are
administrative agencies which are also empowered to decide legal disputes by the laws creating
them?

3. What is the role of due process when the courts and quasi-judicial bodies decide on cases brought
before them? How is the concept invoked? Explain your answer by providing concrete and specific
examples.

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WORKSHEET NO. 9

Chapter 9: Decentralization
Definition of Terms. Provide a simple definition of the following terms/concepts.
1. Local government unit – it is a political subdivision of a nation or state which is constituted by
law and has substantial control of local affairs.
Concept:
This local government unit or LGUs, are divided into three levels – provinces and independent
cities; component cities and municipalities; and barangays. Since it is an administrative and
political government unit secondary to the national government which could itself consist of sub-
units as in the case of a province or a municipality, the local government units are the main point
of contact for delivery of services and for delivery of national programs to the citizens. A primary
function of a Local government unit is to serve and protect its regions, cities, or municipalities by
allocating resources to different local programs and services. These programs should be able to
provide health and social services, environmental protection, agriculture, crime prevention, and
maintenance of public works and highways.

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2. Local governance – it is the management of political, economic, and administrative affairs of
the territorial organization within a state.
Concept:
Local governance is crucial for transparent, accountable, efficient and effective delivery of public
services at the local level. If the leader running the governance has poor government figure there
is a high possibility that the political and even economic growth will be lessen or will still not get
a high average figure. Local Governance is made up of the political and institutional processes
through which decisions are taken and implemented. Good governance is particularly important at
local level, where governments interact with citizens and communities on a daily basis. Improving
local governance is a vital tool to guarantee peace, boost economic development, maximize
administrative efficiency, and ensure social inclusion and environmental sustainability.

3. Local Government Code – it constitutes the most radical decentralization measure with regard
to the powers, responsibilities, resources, and personnel devolved to the LGUs.
Concept:
This Code establishes the system and defines powers of provincial, city, municipal and barangay
governments in the Philippines. It provides for a more responsive local government structure
instituted through a system of decentralization wherein Local Government Units are delegated
more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources. The functioning of the decentralization
statement is enhanced by the provision in the Code which permits LGUs to regroup into larger
cooperative units when they deem appropriate. From what I’ve read the primary purpose of this
local government code is to: first, Transform LGUs into self-reliant communities and active
partners in nation building by giving them more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources.
Secondly, hopes to achieve economic development at the regional and local levels by giving LCE
more freedom in carrying out their programs that are suitable in their areas.

4. Decentralization – it signifies the transfer of the powers and responsibilities of state institutions
to local governments, which makes local autonomy possible
Concept:
Decentralization literally means granting of more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources
by the national government to local government units in order to be self-reliant and active partners
Decentralization is also a transfer of power and authority from central institution to lower or local
levels of a government system. Decentralization is classified in to three, Devolution or the transfer
of power and authority from the national government to local government units; political and
territorial. Another is Deconcentration which is the transfer of power, authority or responsibility
or the discretion to plan, decide and manage from central to local levels; administrative and
sectorial. And lastly, Debureaucratization that serves as the transfer of some public functions and
responsibilities, which government may perform, to private entities or NGOs.

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5. Province – it is generally larger than cities and they are the intermediate level between the
national government and the cities and municipalities.
Concept:
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. Form what I
have understand, each province is governed by two main elected branches of the government:
executive and legislative. As for executive, the provincial governor is chief executive and head
of each province. He/she is elected to a term of three years and limited to three consecutive
terms, he or she appoints the directors of each provincial department which include the office of
administration, engineering office, information office, legal office, and treasury office. As for
Legislative, the vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniang Panlalawigan or
"Provincial Board", the province's legislative body. The vice governor and regular members of
SP are elected by the voters within the province.

6. City – it is a place where people live that is larger or more important than a town and an area
where many people live and work.
Concept:
City is a large human settlement and generally have extensive systems for housing, transportation,
sanitation, utilities, land use and communication. It usually facilitates interaction between people,
government organizations and business, sometimes benefiting different parties in the process. City
typically have public spaces where anyone can go. City can sometimes be referred to us as a more
developed and serves as administrative, commercial, religious, and cultural hubs for their larger
surrounding areas.
7. Municipality – it is usually a single urban or administrative division having corporate status and
Powers of self-government or jurisdiction.
Concept:
Municipality is like a city or a town or a small group of them that has its own government to deal
with local problems. There is a group of people who run such government. In municipality there
is a clearly defined territory, and all the people living on that territory share one common local
government. In most of the country it is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own
democratically elected representative leadership. It is usually governed by a mayor and city
municipal council and it can be created as a municipal corporation. People involve in this division
is doing different tasks every day and discussing how to handle the community they are concerned
with as well as discussing some important topics regarding the improvement of their municipality.

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8. Barangay – it is a sub municipal unit.
Concept:
As early as the Philippines was invaded we already have barangay established by the ancient
Filipinos. It was composed of 30-100 households. It is just a small community that is ruled by a
“kapitan”, its officials and their so called Sangguniang Barangay. Inside a barangay a close
interaction among its people is performed accordingly. A barangay primary function as a receiver
or support to the services rendered by the city or municipal government that they belong.

9. Local officials – A local authority is an organization that is officially responsible for all the
public services and facilities in a particular area.
Concept:
They are the personnel that authorized by election or job title to carry out the operation, planning,
mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery functions of the emergency management
programs at local levels. They are responsible for controlling or regulating an activity to ensure
that participation is fair among all citizens. Local officials are granted to penalize or punish the
inhabitants that they are managing for not acting fairly. As a respect because they are an authority,
we must follow them as long as it will be for the greater good.
10. Devolution – it is the transfer of political power from central to subnational government.
Concept
The transfer of power is happening in here. It can be classified into Administrative and legislative.
In Administrative, political power is concentrated at the center, but special arrangements are made
to take account of distinctive regional interests and identities while Legislative involves the
creation of separate parliaments with legislative power. Devolution is one of the positive effect of
decentralization, the responsibilities and communication will be observable and faster. For
example, when devolution came about, district and provincial city hospitals were placed under the
administration of the provincial and city government which means there will be no delayed in
providing help and operations.

B. Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is correct. If incorrect, replace the underlined
word/s to make the statement correct. Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
Supreme Court 1. A federal government is a political subdivision of a state that is constituted by
law and has substantial control of local affairs.
Centralization 2. Decentralization means that political or governmental power is concentrated at
the national level.

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Federal System of Government 3. In a unitary system of government, sovereignty is shared
between the central and peripheral institutions.
True 4. Autonomous regions are excluded in the enumeration of territorial and political
subdivisions in the Philippines.
True 5. In a unitary system of government, the sovereign power is vested in a single, national
institution.
Local Government Code 6. The Civil Code of the Philippines constitutes the most radical
decentralization measure with regard to the powers and responsibilities devolved to LGUs.
True 7. Provinces are the intermediate level between the national government and the cities and
municipalities in the Philippines.
Highly Urbanized Cities 8. A component city meets the population and income requirements
provided in the Local Government Code.
True 9. The barangay is a sub-municipal unit.
True 10. The Philippines adopts the federal system of government.
C. Critical Thinking: Briefly answer the following questions:
1. Based on the nature and functions of the different local government units, is there really a need
to maintain such level of governance in society? Explain your answer.

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Chapter 10: Election and Political Parties in the Philippines
A. Definition of Terms. Provide a simple definition of the following terms/concepts.
1. Election – it is the process by which voters in a country select the officials who will exercise the
powers of government for a period fixed by law.
Concept:
Election is the time by which the voters will choose officials whom they want to rule to a
particular position. Before the time of election the candidates or the party list have already conduct
their campaign for the voters to know if whom they need to vote because of his or her advocacies
or plans. This election is manage by the commission on election or commonly known as
COMELEC.
2. Electoral systems – it pertains to the set of rules which are applied to govern the conduct of
elections.
Concept:
As the COMELEC govern the conduct of elections there are set of rules that they need to
perform and follow. Set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and
how their results are determined. These political electoral systems are organized by governments,
while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organizations and informal
organizations. It also consist of set of rules that govern all aspects of the voting process: when the
elections occur, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, how the ballots are marked
and cast, how the ballots are counted using electoral method, limits on campaign spending and
other factors that can affect the outcome.
3. Commission of Election – it is one of the three constitutional commissions, the others being the
Civil Service Commission and the Commission on Audit.
Concept:
The Commission on Election or COMELEC plays an important role in managing an election
all over the country. It is because they have given the power to enforce and to administer all laws
and regulations relative to the conduct of an election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum and recall.
They also have the power to resolve controversies arising from the enforcement of election laws.
It depends on them if how the election will flow greatly and end without misconduct but it always
happen that after an election there is always some controversies arises as well as the complaints
that sometimes lead to misunderstanding.
4. Voters – a person who votes or has the right to vote in an election.
Concept:
Voters are the registered persons that are capable of voting because they are already
completed for the qualification of being a voter like, he or she is already 18 years of age on the
day of election, a resident of the Philippines for one year and in his/her city or municipality for at

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least 6 months and where he/she is registered as a voter. Having a good governance in a county
depends on its voters.
5. Elective officials – they are officials who have the standard qualifications for the position of
President, Vice President, Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, and local officials
on the second Monday of May.
Concept:
They are the officials that are chosen or filled by popular election. And being an elective
official have qualifications required like if running to be a President the person must be a natural
born citizen, a registered voter, able to read and to write, at least 40 years of age in the day of
election and must be a resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years. There are also different
qualifications for the Vice President, Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, and
local officials.

6. Automated Election System – it is a system using an appropriate technology for voting and
electronic devices to count votes and canvass and consolidate results.
Concept:
It is an election wherein it uses machine for voting or to count the votes in the election.
Just like the COMELEC used Precinct Count Optical Scan or PCOS machines for more accurate
and fast votes counts in every election happening. This automated election system was made to
ensure free, orderly, honest, peaceful, credible, and informed elections that will ensure the secrecy
and sanctity of the ballot and elections.

7. Political party – it refers to an organized group of citizens advocating an ideology or platform,


principles, and policies for the general conduct of government.
Concept:
The political party are strengthened, encouraging program and platform-based politics
instead of weak affiliations between opportunities. It is a group of people that sometimes have
common views, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. This
party agrees on some proposed policies and programmes, with a view to promoting the collective
good or furthering their supporter’s interest.

8. Party-list – is a voting system used with proportional representation, in which people vote for a
party rather than a candidate.
Concept:
The concept of this party-list is that instead of voting by candidate the voters will vote by
party or group. The vote is awarded to parties in proportion to the votes they receive. Each party
is assigned a number of seats that reflects its share of vote. The party-list system can help to create
a healthy democracy, providing citizens, voice in congress and in local government.

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9. Regular election – one conducted nationwide or in certain political subdivisions of the country
to select, normally through balloting.
Concept:
It is a type of election that happens normally and consecutively when the term of an official
have already ended. Regular election is the time by which voters will select again official that will
govern a specific place. For example, the presidential election is conducted every 2nd Monday of
May and happens every 6 years after the past election.

10. Special election – one conducted to select, normally through balloting, the official who shall
serve for the unexpired part of the term for which the incumbent has been elected.
Concept:
It happens when there is vacancy of position because of some reason. For example the
official died, special election will be conducted to select an official who will replace in a vacant
position legally. It is scheduled at other than usual date for a specific purpose, often to fill an office
that has become vacant before the incumbent has become vacant before the incumbent has
completed the term.

B. Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is correct. If incorrect, replace the underlined
word/s to make the statement correct. Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
Election 1. Appointments are the process by which voters select who will exercise the power
of government.
True 2. Elections are political exercises.
True 3. Regular elections for president, vice-president, senators, members of the House of
Representatives, and local officials are held on the second Monday of May.
True 4. The Commission on Election is a constitutional commission.
2010 5. The 2013 national election was the first that utilized an automated election system.
Special Election 6. A regular election is conducted to select the official who shall serve the
unexpired part of the term for which the incumbent has been elected.
35 7. A senator should be at least 40 years old on the day of the election.
True 8. Sectorial parties/organizations may participate in the party-list system.
18 9. The age qualification of a voter is at least 21 years old on the day of election.
True 10. The proportional electoral system applies the principle that parties should be awarded
seats in direct proportion to their share of votes.
C. Critical Thinking: Briefly answer the following questions:

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1. In the light of current social and political conditions in the Philippines, are elections still relevant
in the lives of the people? Are elections in the country considered credible? Explain your answers
by providing concrete/ specific examples.
In today’s light of current social and political conditions in the Philippines, the election is
still relevant in the lives of people. No matter what, the election in this country can be considered
as credible because the commissions that are responsible for these matters are doing their best to
ensure peaceful, credible and informed elections, specifically the Commission on Election or
COMELEC. In times of election the voters are still capable of voting their desired official for
specific positions. For example, the past Presidential election last May 9, 2016 considered as more
credible than that of 2010 election, in that situation it means that from time to time the flow of
election is improving and become more credible especially when the automated election began.

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Chapter 11: Civil Society and Social Movements
A. Definition of Terms. Provide a simple definition of the following terms/concepts.
1. Civil society – it is much-debated political idea pertaining to the “space, arena, or sector”
situated between the state and the market.
Concept:
The civil society is considered as a community of citizens linked by common interests’
collective activity. It is comprised of groups or organizations working in the interest of the citizens
but operating outside of the governmental and non-profit sectors. The organizations and
institutions that make up the civil society include labour unions, non-profit organization, churches,
and other service agencies that provide an important service to society but generally ask for very
little in return.

2. Civil society organizations – these are associations which are established independently of and
operate outside of the state and the market.
Concept:
The civil society organizations help shape education policies and monitor programs, and
hold governments accountable for their duty to fulfil the right to education. CSOs can be small or
large, national or international, and include also parents’ associations, children’s and youth
organizations and teacher unions. The civil society organizations assess progress toward education
results by monitoring the allocation, disbursement and use of funds from donors, the GPE Fund,
and national government.
3. Formal institutions – are those based on laws enforced by the state and these institutions have a
rigid structure, which has its advantages.
Concept:
Formal institution include the written constitution, law, policies rights, and regulation
enforced by official authorities. They are created, communicated and enforced through channels
of generally accepted official organization, such as courts, legislatures and others, and state-
enforced rules such as constitutions, laws and regulations. Examples of formal institutions are the
executive branch, legislative branch as well as the judiciary branch. Furthermore, formal
institutions are estate-enforced rules.

4. Informal institution – it does not have rigid structure: they may change through time because
they are rooted in the community and are a reflection of the customs, traditions, and beliefs of the
community.
Concept:
The concept of informal institution is that they are socially shared rules, usually unwritten,
that are created, communicated and enforced outside of official channels. Informal institutions
change very slowly compared with the formal institution. The informal institution can conclude
norms such as corruption, political ideology, and culture. The examples of informal institution are

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civil society, Pamanhikan, fear of the number 13 and etc. additionally, informal institutions are
cultural traditions. It is also an organization that was formed within the formal institution as a
network of interpersonal relationship, when people interact with each other, is known as the
informal communication.

5. Social movements – they are defined as a particular form of collective behaviour wherein the
impetus to act comes from the attitudes and aspirations of its members.
Concept:
It is a type of group action. It can be defined as organizational structures and strategies
that may empower oppressed population to mount effective challenges and resist the more
powerful and advantage elites. As far as I know they are large, sometimes informal, groupings of
individuals or organizations which focus on specific political or social issues. In other words, they
carry out, resist or undo a social change. They provide a way of social change from the bottom
within nations.

6. Traditional social movement – the old social movement.


Concept:
In the old social movement there is less unity to be observed. This traditional movement
have diverse interests and they rarely work together. Additionally, this movement is concerned or
focused with the economic advancement rather than concerning the quality of life. In the traditional
movement the supporters are oppressed and disadvantaged unlike in social movement that its
supporters are young, better-educated, and relatively affluent.

7. New social movement – it is a theory of social movements that attempts to explain the plethora
of new movements that have come up in various western societies.
Concept:
The concept of new social movement is that it concentrate on bringing about social
mobilization through cultural innovations, development of new-lifestyles and transformation of
identities. According from what I’ve read this movement is became dominant from the second half
of the 20th century like the feminist movement, prochoice movement, free software, gay rights
movement and etc. additionally it do not have links to politics parties and its main aim is to address
social issues.

8. Family – smallest unit of the society.


Concept:
The family plays an important role in making the society better and producing
productive leaders. They are group of persons that is united by marriage, blood, or even adoption,

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constituting a single household and interacting with each other in their respective social positions,
usually those of spouses, parents, children and siblings. The family is considered as the foundation
of a state.
9. Non-government organizations – is any non-profit, voluntary citizens group which is organized
on a local, national or international level.
Concept:
The NGOs perform variety of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns
to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through
provision of information. They are volunteer and independent group with unity and their big aim
is helping to improve the level in local, national and even international.
10. Spontaneous mass action – uprising action for destabilizing existing political order.
Concept:
It seeks to unsettle or overthrow the existing political order, like the EDSA revolts.
Spontaneous generation relays that the people are against of how the government rules the country.
The citizens have the common objective that they want to put the present political order in its end.

B. Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is correct. If incorrect, replace the underlined
word/s to make the statement correct. Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
True 1. New social movements typically comprise young, better-educated, and relatively
affluent members.
True 2. Civil society is a counterweight to the oppression characterizing totalitarian regimes.
Institution 3. A people’s organization is an established manner or means of conducting an activity
that is widely accepted throughout society.
Formal Institution 4. Informal Institution are those based on laws enforced by the State.
_True__ 5. The three branches of government fall under the category of formal institution.
True 6. Civil society organizations are characterized as having institutional space, district realm
of values, and institutional mechanism.
True 7. Civil society organizations are associations that are established independently of and
operate outside of the State and market.
New social movement 8. The green movement is an example of traditional social movement.
Informal Institutions 9. Civil society is an example of a formal institution.
True 10. Social movements do not stand for the status quo.
C. Critical Thinking: Briefly answer the following questions:

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1. Is civil society a major force to reckon with in contemporary Philippine society? Explain your
answer by providing specific examples, particularly events in the country that transpired in the
past three decades.

2. Why is civil society considered an informal institution?

Chapter 12: Citizenship


A. Definition of Terms. Provide a simple definition of the following terms/concepts.
1. Citizenship – it is the status of having the rights, duties and privileges of a citizen.
Concept:
Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law as being as
legal member of a sovereign state or belonging to a nation. Each country has its own policies,
regulations and criteria as to who is entitled to its citizenship on a number of bases. The citizenship
can be by birth (jus sanguinis), born within a country (jus soli), by marriage, naturalization and a
citizenship by investment.
2. Filipino citizen – are those who are citizens of the Philippines at the times of the adoption of the
constitutions.
Concept:
The Filipino citizens are those people that their fathers and mothers are from the
Philippines or president of the Philippines. They are also those who are naturalized in accordance

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with law. Furthermore, there are two kinds of Filipino citizenship: a natural born Filipino and a
naturalized Filipino citizen.
3. Natural-born citizen – are those citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform
any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship.
Concept:
A natural born citizen is the one who was born with one of his parents, or both, is a
Filipino, citizen regardless of the place where he was born, he follows the citizenship of the
parents. Specifically, a natural born Filipino is the one who does not have to perform any act to
acquire his Philippine citizenship.
4. Bases of citizenship – according to two fundamental principles: jus soli (right of birthplace),
and jus sanguinis (right of blood).
Concept:
It is the basis of citizenship in the Philippines which consists of Jus soli which is the
principle of citizenship based on the place of birth and the Jus sanguinis which means principle
based on blood relation.

5. Dual citizenship – the status of a person who is a legal citizen of two or more countries.
Concept:
Dual citizenship is the possession of an individual, that of his original citizenship and
that of a country where he became a naturalized citizen. It may arise in an instance wherein a
person was born of Filipino parents but in other country where said country follows jus soli.
6. Dual allegiance – it refers to the situation in which a person simultaneously owes, by some
positive act, loyalty to two or more states.
Concept:
The dual allegiance can be referred to us as a continued allegiance of a natural citizen to
their mother country even after acquiring Filipino citizenship. In the Philippines dual allegiance is
not prohibited, however, it may be regulated or restricted by the Philippine laws where it is
conducive or could deal to dual allegiance. It is because citizenship requires allegiance to a country
to which one is a citizen which must be absolute and undivided.
7. State-centric citizenship – is a political theory which stresses the role of the government on civil
society.
Concept:
It holds that the state itself can structure political life to some degree independently of the
way power is distributed between classes and other groups at a given time. In state-centric

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citizenship there is less participation from the citizens of the society. The government is the one
that performs the most.

8. Participatory citizenship – it draws its strength from democratic constitutions, which the rights
and freedoms that accompany citizenship include the right to participate in governance.
Concept:
Participatory citizenship is the improvements in relationships between the state and its
citizens, and constructing new avenues to redefine the relation between the privilege and the less
power embedded in democratic constitutions with the rights and freedom which include
participation. Despite what may be characterized as representative elections, group of people are
excluded from the participation. Additionally, participatory citizenship encompasses a
constellation of competencies, practices and habits of mind pertaining to how, where and why an
individual engages with his or her local and global community.

9. Civil rights – it is the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
Concept:
As a person we do have the rights in society to have equal treatment, and equal
opportunities, whatever our race, sex, or religion. These includes equal citizenship, equal
protection under the law and due process. In short the civil rights are trying to protect us from any
harm of discrimination.
10. Bill of Rights – it is a declaration and enumeration of a person’s rights and privilege which the
constitution is design to protect against violation by the government or by individual or group of
individual.
Concept:
The bill of rights is a list of every person’s rights and privileges which is very important.
As far as I remembered the first amendment is perhaps the most important part of the bill of rights.
It protects the five basic liberties: the freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press,
freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition the government to right wrongs. These were the
guarantees that antifederalists missed most in the new constitution.
11. Political rights – are the rights exercised in the formation and administration of a government.
They are given to citizen by constitution.
Concept:
The political rights have given the citizens the power to participate directly or indirectly
in the administration. These rights also involved the participation in the establishment of a
government and are usually held to entitle the adult citizen to exercise of the franchise, the holding
of public office, and other political activities. Moreover, political rights are the right to political

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participation. And political participation can take many forms but the most notable to it is the right
to vote.
12. Jus soli – it is the principle of citizenship based on the place of birth
Concept:
The concept of the jus soli is that it is a citizenship was being introduced and inherited by
the child. The citizenship of a child depends on where the territory within which he was. The jus
soli is very common in developed countries that desires to increase their own citizenry such as
Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, United States and etc.
13. Jus sanguinis – it is the principle based on blood relation.
Concept:
It pertains to the citizenship based blood relation or your parents’ citizenship before and
being you are born. It is also a principle of nationality law by which citizenship is not determined
by the place of birth but by having one or both parents who are citizens of one state. Children at
birth may automatically be citizens if both parents have state citizenship or national identities of
ethnic, cultural, or other origins.
14. Immigrant – it is a person who moves into a country for the purpose of permanent residence.
Concept:
They are those persons who come to live permanently in a foreign country. Since many
immigrants are planning to stay only temporarily, they frequently want to work extra hours to earn
more. They are also constantly redefined by events taking place in their home and their relationship
with other immigrant group. Additionally, immigrants are those who come to one country from
another country, in hopes in having a better life.
15. Immigration – it is the place at a port, airport, or international border where the officials check
the passports of people who wish to come into the country.
Concept:
The immigration is in charge to check the people coming or living a country to work or
live there. To re-enter a country a person must show his/her passport and it must be not yet expired.
For example the OFWs, if their passport was expired, they can’t go back to the Philippines unless
they already renewed their passport. That why immigration is important because it plays an
important role in managing the numbers of people entering a country as well as to keep the threat
of conquest a specific country.
B. Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is correct. If incorrect, replace the underlined
word/s to make the statement correct. Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
True 1. Citizenship allows the involvement in the political processes of the State.

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_True__ 2. A person is considered a Filipino if his or her father or mother is a citizen of the
Philippines.
_Citizenship_ 3. Dual citizenship is the status of having the rights, duties, and privilege of a citizen.
Participatory 4. State-centric citizenship entails the participation of citizens in the governance
processes.
Dual citizenship 5. Dual-allegiance entails the reacquisition of the original citizenship while
retaining the naturalized citizens of the countries in which they live.
True 6. Dual-citizenship entails the reacquisition of the original citizenship while retaining their
status as naturalized citizens of the countries in which they live.
Section 1 7. Article IV, Section 2 of the 1987 Constitution states who is the citizens of the
Philippines are.
True 8. The two recognized bases of citizenship by birth are the land or place of birth and the
percentage of blood relations.
True 9. The 1987 Constitution generally provides the rights and obligations of a Filipino citizen.
_Jus sanguinis_ 10. Jus soli is the principle of citizenship based on blood relations.
C. Critical Thinking: Briefly answer the following questions:
1. In the Philippine context, how can citizenship be lost and reacquired?

2. What are the fundamental differences between dual citizenship?

Chapter 13: Institution of Government


A. Definition of Terms. Provide a simple definition of the following terms/concepts.
1. Separation of Church and State – this means that the state cannot interfere with religious affairs
which includes matters of faith, or favour one religion over another.

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Concept:
In the separation of the church and state each of them cannot interfere with each other. The
state will not hand in the operation of the church or even to dictate the appointments of those
government officials like in the priest, bishop and other church officials and where they should be
assigned. Because of that the state is not the one to decide if where churches, mosques, and other
places of worship should be built. In the same way, in the operation of the state, the church cannot
interfere with them. The church must not decide if how the government should be run.
2. Constitutional Commission – they are the independent government bodies enjoying fiscal
autonomy.
Concept:
The constitutional commissions help a lot in dealing with the economic problems. Since
the commissions were created by the constitution it cannot be abolished by the congress. Like to
the other government bodies, the constitutional commissions are vested with quasi-legislative and
quasi-judicial powers.
3. Civil Service Commission – it is the central personnel agency of the government that shall
establish a career service and adopt measures to promote morale, efficiency, integrity,
responsiveness, progressiveness and courtesy in the civil service.
Concept:
It exercises supervision over personnel matters that involves the entire civil service,
which means those who are working in the government. This constitution is tasked to strengthen
the merit and rewards system within the government agencies, integrate human resources
development programs for all levels and ranks, and institutionalize a climate conducive to
transparency and in accountability.

4. Commission on Election – it enforces and administers all laws and regulations relative to the
conduct of an election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.
Concept:
COMELEC is the primary government agency that is responsible for the conduct of
regular and special elections in the country. Similar from the other constitutional commissions, the
Commission on Election is an independent and fiscally-autonomous body that is free from political
interference or any influence from the tree branches of the government that is why it is possible to
conduct a free, fair and honest elections.
5. Commission on Audit – it has the power, authority, and duty to examine, audit, and settle all
accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of and expenditures or uses of funds.
Concept:

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It is envisioned as an anti-graft and corruption body. It was establish to audit, examine,
and settle all accounts. The COA must comprised of a chairman and two commissioners, who shall
be appointed by the president with the approval from the commission on appointments for single
seven year terms. This constitution audits the subsidies or equities entities that coming from the
government to the autonomous state colleges and universities, and non-governmental.

6. Ombudsman – a person who investigates complaints and tries to deal with problems fairly.
Concept:
The ombudsman is the official who is charged with representing the interests of the
public by investigating and addressing complaints of maladministration or violation of rights. The
ombudsman is usually appointed by the government or by parliament, but with a significant degree
of independence.
7. Impeachment – it is a normal proceeding wherein a high official of the government is charged
with misconduct in office.
Concept:
It is the process by which the higher officials who committed the impeachable offenses
will undergo to this process and will be removed in his position. Impeachment is effective and
efficient process against erring high officials in the country that causes dishonesty and misconduct
in the government. So by the process of impeachment those leaders that is breaking public trust
and corrupting the government will be eliminated.
8. Impeachable Officials – they are the government officials that can undergo in an impeachment
if they commit the impeachable offenses.
Concept:
Being a government official is a great responsibility and also have rules and regulations
to follow. Impeachable officials are those officials that can be removed in their position by an
impeachment. Those officials are the President of the Philippines, justices of the supreme court of
the Philippines, Members of the constitutional commissions: the commission on election, civil
service commission, commission on audit, and the ombudsman. The other officials also can be
removed in the position but not by a process of impeachment just to the higher officials.
9. Impeachable Offenses – these are the set of rules that the impeachable officials should not
violate.
Concept:
If the impeachable offenses was violated by the specific higher government official
they will undergo in the process of an impeachment. These are the following impeachable offenses:
culpable violation of the constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes and
betrayal of the public trust.

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10. Political Dynasty – it refers to the deaf family units with members involved in government
activities.
Concept:
Political dynasty pertains to those government officials that runs in a position by family.
For example in the Philippines, political dynasties refer to groups of politicians who come from
same family. They usually steals money from others like our former president. The group is
question is usually associated with a certain province or city. Which members of the family have
led or represented for successive generations. This political dynasty can occur in two ways. One
way is for members of a family to occupy a same certain government position on every term. Once
the term of the member of a political dynasty runs out, a relative of the incumbent will run in his
instead, thus ensuring political dominance. The second way is for a number of family members to
occupy government positions at the same time. As of the moment, there are no legal documents or
laws that officially define a political dynasty in the Philippines. Nowadays, political dynasty are
not allowed because it causes miscarry, failure and abuse of power they have.
B. Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is correct. If incorrect, replace the underlined
word/s to make the statement correct. Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
True 1. The separation of church and state provides that both the state and church cannot interfere
with the affairs of each other.
Constitutional Commission 2. Quasi-judicial bodies are independent government bodies enjoying
fiscal autonomy and cannot be abolished by Congress.
True 3. The Ombudsman is an impeachable official.
Political Dynasty 4. Constitutional Commission may be defined as the concentration,
consolidation, or continuation of public office and political power by person related to one another.
True 5. The Civil Service Commission exercises supervision over personnel matters involving
those who work in Government.
Office of the ombudsman 6. The Commission on Audit is authorized to examine the acts or
government officials and employees, and prosecute and punish these civil servants if they have
committed administrative offenses.
True 7. Impeachable Officials are those government officials who can only be removed from office
through impeachment.
True 8. Treason is an impeachable offense.
Impeachment 9. Betrayal of Public Trust is a formal proceeding wherein a high official of the
government is charged with misconduct in office.
Vice President 10. The executive secretary will succeed the president in case the latter fails to
complete his/her term.

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C. Critical Thinking: Briefly answer the following questions:
1. Is the principle of separation of church and state still applicable in the Philippine context?
Provide evidence that will support your answer.

Yes, it is applicable in the Philippines, way back the American regime where this application
started, it is implemented to avoid the misconceptions and the conflicts between the State and the
Church wherein it is more effective to not be involved of such controversies and to avoid that the
Separation of the Church is implemented it’s about not giving comments and getting involved in
the internal and external affairs of each. It is effective to prevent such extension of pressure and
involvement of conflict, and yes, it is still applicable in the Philippines up to the present day.

2. In the case of the Estrada and Corona impeachment trials, was the impeachment process justified
and utilized based on its constitutional objectives? Explain your answer by providing specific
examples.

Yes, misuse of power


Estrda---

3. Is the impeachment an effective and efficient process against erring high officials in the country?
Explain your answer.
In my own opinion, yes, impeachment is effective and efficient process against erring
high officials in the country that causes dishonesty and misconduct in the government. The official
will be under an impeachment wherein he or she will be removed in the position. And it is really
effective because of its primary purpose which is to preserve public trust. It is needed to have these
impeachment so that the impeachable officials will not do anything that will harm the economic
property of the country, they will be afraid to violate the impeachable offenses, in that way they
strive to do their best to make the public in believing in his/her capabilities.

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4. Is the Office of the Ombudsman effectively carrying out its responsibilities to curb graft and
corruption? Explain your answer.
In Section 2, RA 6770 the Ombudsman Charter that provides “The state shall ensure honesty and
integrity in public office”. In the Philippine the Ombudsman functions as the disciplinary authority
that ensures the fair and equal treatment between the relationship of people the employees and the
employer of different public or private sector. It is effective measure that takes steps in the progress
of the graft and corruption against the people that should be exemplified. It carries the
responsibility effective.

5. Will the Philippines ever pass a law that will finally ban political dynasties? What are the bases
of your answer?

I think the Philippines would implement this kind of law, because it may affect the political system
in a better way, actually, without political dynasties the country may function better, those families
who run in the positions with their relatives will be powerful to control their surroundings and may
cause to misfits, I believe that the Philippines should implement this kind of law to prevent this
from happening, because political dynasty is about having family running the country’s power in
their hands. It is devastating and unfair it’s about the continuation of public office by the relatives.

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Chapter 14: Integration and Youth Empowerment
A. Definition of Terms. Provide a simple definition of the following terms/concepts.
1. Youth – is a young individual that can engage the institutions of the state in ways that are
constructive and beneficial to the society.
Concept:
Youths can change the world. They can contribute in leading a campaign against graft
and corruption inside the government. Youths can do a lot of things especially in protecting the
nature and the natural resources of their community. Youths are the hope of the present and future
society that they can fight the battle against the never-ending problem of instability, corruption,
mismanagement, and the government’s failure to deliver which is also the reason why nothing has
progressed even in decades in a very small country.
2. Youth empowerment – it is a process where children and young people are encouraged to take
charge of their lives.
Concept:
In a youth empowerment the young people or youths gain the ability, authority, and
agency to make decisions and implement change in their own lives and the lives of other people.
Empowering of youth stands a chance of succeeding in his society unlike those who lack such
opportunity. In summary, youth empowerment can create social change agents who can influence
and lead on solving problems in their communities.
3. Sangguniang kabataan – it is a council meant to represent the youth in each barangay in the
Philippines.
Concept:
These are group of elected individuals that serves as a laboratory for future political
leaders of the country. Sangguniang Kabataan or SK can do activities and fund-raising activities
to help other youths to enhance the social, political, economic, cultural, intellectual, moral,
spiritual and physical development. SK plays an important role in the community and help the
elder leaders in some matter.
4. Constructive politics – it means best ideas win but has shortcomings and risks too.
Concept:

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Constructive politics is a progression. As the word constructive implies, it means to be
productive but there is a factor to be consider like if how informed we are, as people, in judging
policy options or trustworthiness of politicians and political parties. Furthermore, in constructive
politics, certain rules must be observe to prevent too much playing with people’s sentiments or
misleading them.
5. Nation-building – it refers to the process of constructing or structuring a national identity using
the power of the state.
Concept:
Nation-building can be referred to us creating a country that functions out of non-
functioning one. It is an aim to make a country viable, stable and prosperous as well as restoring a
functioning market economy. Nation-building is a help in a failed state to function again. It also
help to create a legitimate government and other effective social institutions which is being
initiated or guided by the Nation builders or those members of the state who take the initiative to
develop the national community through government.
6. Article II, Section 13 of the 1987 – it is the role of youth in nation-building.
Concept:
It means that the youth really have an important role in nation-building that the state
have recognized. In it the youth must protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social
well-being. And the Article also state that the state must teach or instruct the youths the patriotism,
nationalism, and encourage them to be participative in public and civic affairs.
7. Section 423 of R.A. No. 7160 Local Government Code – it states that there shall be a
Sangguniang Kabataan in every barangay.
Concept:
It states that there must be participants every barangay for the Sanguniang Kabataan to
be able for them to represent and prove the abilities and hidden capabilities of the youths. They
will also serve as the role models of the youths in the Barangay where they belong.

8. Section 424 of R.A. No. 7160 Local Government Code – provides for the basis and standards
and a constitutional basis for the participants of Sangguniang Kabataan.
Concept:
It states the basis and standards for the participants of the Sanguniang Kabataan. These
standards involves that the youth must be 15-21 years of age and a resident of his barangay for at
least six months and are registered in the list of Sangguniang Kabataan of the official barangay list
by the custody of the Barangay secretary.

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9. Section 426 of R.A. No. 7160 Local Government Code – it provides the power and functions of
the Sangguniang Kabatan.
Concept:
In this section the functions of the Sanguniang Kabatan is written. The goals that they
have must be accomplish and must be practiced appropriately. The youths will have access from
the help of government. By this section the Sangunian Kabataan can conduct fund-raisings that
will help them to earn additional funds for their projects as well as helping other youths.

10. Section 5 (5) of Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution – it declares that “the state shall assign
the highest budgetary priority to education.”
Concept:
In this section, it says that the government must provide enough budget for the
educational purposes that will let the students the quality of education that they need to be able to
achieve the knowledge and abilities to be one of those people helping to improve the economy of
our beloved country.

11. Section 13, Article II of the 1987 Constitution – it provides the constitutional basis for youth
empowerment.
Concept:
To be able for the youths to have access or participate in the government they must be
involved in such political activities and constitutions. It also serves as the protection of youths
from any threats that are surrounding them. Every youth must be build and become better citizens
of the society, by involving themselves in the politics they will have knowledge and will be aware
of the happening as well as the problems that our country is suffering, in that way they can
contribute ideas in solving those things.
12. Section 3, Article II, of the Constitution –
Concept:
The concept of Section 3, Article II, of the Constitution, it is said that the people of the
Republic of the Philippines has more power than a military has. In other simple words, the civilian
authorities have the right to ask, and in some instance interact, intervene, and command the
military, After all, the main goal of military is the protection of the people of the Republic of the
Philippines, as well as the land, sea and air under the sovereign right and jurisdiction of the country,

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B. Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is correct. If incorrect, replace the underlined
word/s to make the statement correct. Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
True 1. The Local Government Code ensures the participation of the youth in barangay affairs.
13 2. Article II, Section 2 of the 1987 Constitution ensures youth empowerment in the
Philippines.
True 3. The members of the Sangguniang Kabataan should be between the ages 15 and 21.
Section 2 Article XIV 4. The 1987 Constitution promotes the well-being of the youth by providing
them access to Education, Section 3, Article IV.
Participatory Citizenship 5. State-centric citizenship entails the participation of the youth in
constructive politics and nation building.
C. Critical Thinking: Briefly answer the following questions:
1. How does the state ensure the empowerment of the youth in the Philippines? Are these
mechanisms sufficient to serve the cause of young Filipinos? Explain your answer.

2. In the Sangguniang Kabataan an effective mechanism to ensure the participation of the youth in
constructive politics and nation-building? Prove your answer.
Yes, the Sangguniang Kabataan an effective mechanism to ensure the participation of the
youth in constructive politics as well as in nation-building. In having SK in every barangay there
will be a bridge for the youths to give their complaints as well as giving their ideas to express
themselves. By the help of the leader and officials of SK the youths in a barangay will be united
as one and will grow economically, physically and intellectually productive. The SK will also help
its youths to be more participative and will improve their self confidence in involving themselves
in politics.
3. Is the current Philippine context, what do you think are the effective programs that should be
pursued to serve the cause of the youth? How can these programs contribute to the nation-building?
4. Give the current situation in the Philippine politics, is it advisable that the government handle
the training of young people in terms of leadership and governance? Explain your answer.

5. Do you agree with the recommendation of various sectors to abolish the Sangguniang Kabataan?
What would be an effective alternative to this program? Provide an explanation to your answer.
I do not agree in the abolishment of the Sanguniang Kabataan. It is because it plays an
important role in helping the youths to catch up with the community and institution we have.
Sanguniang Kabataan contributes a lot in keeping the youths in order and giving them enough
social attentions. The SK can conduct a fund raisings to help those young ones that already lost

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their ways to be back again and will have a proper and better life as what others want. Sanguniang
Kabataan is not just an institution because it is a training ground for youths to be future leaders of
the next generation. If Sanguniang Kabataan will be abolished what will happen to the youths? Of
course they will not be properly guided as much as they need because one of the institutions that
are managing them will be lessen. Therefore, Sanguniang Kabataan should not be abolished
because of some youth matters in society specifically in youths.

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Colegio de Sta. Rosa
Conchu, Trece Martires Cavite City, Cavite

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Research Assignment:
The Ten Commandments

Submitted by:
Teri Anne A. Fabrero
HUMSS-11

Submitted to:
Sr. Damiana Tafalla A.R.
Theology 1

Date Submitted:
October 24, 2018
Summary:
Shortly after God delivered the people of Israel out of Egypt by crossing the Red Sea, they
travelled through the desert to Sinai where they camped in front of Mount Sinai. Also called Mount
Horeb, Mount Sinai is a very significant place. It is here that God met and spoke with Moses,
telling him why he had rescued Israel from Egypt. God had chosen the people of Israel to be his
treasured possession. Israel would be made into a holy nation of priests for God.
One day God called Moses to the top of the mountain. He gave Moses the first part of his new
system of laws for the people – the Ten Commandments. These commandments summarized the
absolutes of spiritual and moral living that God intended for his people.
God continued to give direction to his people through Moses, including civil and ceremonial
laws for managing their lives and their worship. Eventually, God called Moses to the mountain for
40 days and 40 nights. This time He gave Moses instructions for the tabernacle and the offerings.
The 10 commandments that was given to Moses by God are:

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1. Thou shall not have other God before me.
2. Thou shall not use the name of God in vain.
3. Remember to keep holy the Lord’s Day.
4. Honor thy father thy father and thy mother.
5. Thou shall not kill.
6. Thou shall not commit adultery.
7. Thou shall not steal.
8. Thou shall not bear false witness against his neighbor.
9. Thou shall not covet your neighbor’s wife.
10. Thou shall not covet your neighbor’s possession.

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REAKSYONG PAPEL

“DON’T ENGLISH ME”


By: Teri Anne A. Fabrero
HUMSS-11

I- INTRODUKSYON/PANIMULA:

Sa ating mga Pilipino marami parin talagang pagkakamali ang ating nagagawa pagdating
sa gramatika. Nanoood ako ng isa sa mga dokumentaryo ng i-witness ng bansag na
reporter na si Hawie Severeno na pinamagatang “Don’t English Me”. Nakapaloob dito
and iba’t-ibang uri ng pagkakamali sa gramatika pagdating sa wikang Ingles. Makikita
dito ang mga pampublikong mga karatula at monumento na mali ang pagkakasulat o
konstraksyon ng mga salita idagdag pang mdaming kamalian sa mga spelling. Isa pa sa
mga suliraning tinalakay dito ay ang paggamit ng wikang ingles na kung saan hindi
masyadong maunawaan ng mga mag-aaral ang mga itinuturo sa kanila. Higit paroon
inilalayon dito ang paggammit ng multilingwal na lengwahe o kinalakhang salita sa
pagtuturo upang mas maunawaan ng mga mag-aaral ang kanilang mga leksyon.

II- KATAWAN:

Sa paglalakbay ng reporter na si hawie severeno marami siyang nakitang


pagkakamali sa espeling katulad na lamang ng salitang “BAZAR” may mga
napadaang kalalakihan at tinanong niya ang mga ito na kung ano ba atalaga ang
totong espeling ng mga ito isa-isa. Ang sabi ng isa “ Bazzar” samantalang ang isa pa
ay “Bazzare” ngunit mali sila dahil ang tama ay ang sinabi ng huling sumagot ng
“Bazaar”. Sa eksena pa lamang na ito, mapapatunayan na talaga nating may kahinaan
parin tayo sa gramatikang ingles. sa pagpatuloy pa niya sa oobserba nakakita siya ang
dalawang karatula na magkaiba ang espeling ngunit parehas lamang ang gusting
ipahiwatig, ito ay ang salitang “bazzar” at “bazar” tinanong niya ang isa sa mga
katiwala kung alin ba sa dalawa ang tama ngunit ang sinagot niya lamang ay baka
parehas lang naman daw ang mga ito. Maraming pagkakamali ang maoobserbahan.
Hindi lamang sa mga karutula mayroong problema kundi pati sa mga paaralan na
kung saan unang itinuturo at isinusulat ang mga letra. Sa ibang paaralan ang
pangunahing ginagamit na wika sa pagtuturo ay ang wikang ingles at Filipino. Kaya’t
maraming nahihirapan sa paraan ng pagtuturo at pag intindi ng mga estudyante sa
mga leksyon. Ngunit bakit nga ba madalas gamitin ang wikang ingles at Filipino sa

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pagtuturo? Ito ay dahil sa kanilang paniniwala na kapag matagal na inexpose ang mga
bata sa mga wikang ito ay madali silang matututo ngunit doon ang ilan sa atin
nagkakamali. Nahihirapan talagang intindihin ng ilan sa mga bata ang mga wikang
ito at pilit na itinutuwid ang kanilang mga baluktot na dila sa pagsasalita ng
banyagang lengwahe lalong-lalo na ang mga taong hindi ingles at Filipino ang
pangunahing wika katulad na lamang ng mga bisaya, Ilokano, Bicolano at marami
pang iba. Dahil dito kaya sang-ayon din ako sa pagpapatupad ng multilingual
education na kung saan ay pwedeng gamitin ang mother tongue o kinalakhang salita
sa pagtuturo sa mga paaralan sapagkat hindi lamang ang mga mag-aaral ang
nahihirapan dito kundi pati ang mga guro sapagkat hindi nila masyadong gamay ang
wikang ingles dahil hindi ito ang kanilang kinalakhan o hindi naman sila mga English
Speaking Persons at sila ay maituturing lamang na SECOND LANGUAGE
LEARNERS. Kung kaya’t kung gagamitin ang nakasanayang salita ng mga
estudyante mas madali silang matututo at hindi malabong mas maiintindihan nila ang
mga itinuturo ng mga guro. Ang isang halimbawa ng paaralang umangat dahilsa
paggamit ng mother tongue sa pagtuturo ay sa Lubugan Central Elementary School.
Mahigit dalawampung taon na itong ginagamit doon at napatunayan nila na mas
matas ang iskor na kanilang nakukuha kesa sa mga paaralang Bilingual Education
ang gamit. Sa paraan din pagtuturo sa Lubugan hindi naa parusa ang tingin ng mga
bata sa pag-aaral sapagkat kahit ang kanilang mga libro roon ay pawing nakasulat sa
kanilang sariling dayalekto. Kung pag-aaralang mabuti, ang mga instructional
materials na nakasulat sa ingles ay kung hindi naman mapapakinabangan at hindi
naman matututo ang bata dito ay wala din itong saysay kahit pa umiiral ito.

III- KONKLUSYON:
Kung oobserbahang mabuti, hindi talaga mabilis matuto ang isang tao kapag ito ay
napipilitan lamang. Mas maganda parin na magkaroon siya ng inspirasyon sa pag-aaral o kung
saan nais talaga ng isang tao na matutunan ito dahil madali niyang maiintindihan ang kaniyang
inaaral sapagkat pamilyar na siya sa salita at kung ang nagtuturo ay naipapayag na mabuti ang
dapat matutunan ng isang tao. Ang mga estudyante katulad ko, kung hindi matuturuan o

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matututukan sa pagtuturo ng guro ng maayos kahit gaano pa man siya katalino ay bali wala rin
lang. Kung kaya tang iba sa mga Estudyante ay nagpupursigi nalang na matuto sa sarili nilang
pamamaran. Isa pa, kung ang estudyante ay hindi maintindihan ang leksyon na itinuturo dahil sa
banyagang wika ang ginagamit, mawawalam siya ng gana at mas pipiliin nalang niya na tumigil
sa pag-aaral. Kung iiisipin ito ay napakalaking suliranin na dapat masolusyunan kaya sa
pangunguna nga Departamento ng Edukasyo ay ipinatupad na nila ang MULTILINGUAL
EDUCATION upang mapababa ang dropout rate na nangyayari sa Pilipinas. Nang dahil din sa
MLE mas magiging pursigido at sisipagin na mag-aral at pumasok sa eskwelahan ang mga bata
dahil gamit na sa ppagtuturo ang wika na kanila ng nkasanayan na kung saan ay mas mabilis na
nilang mauunawaan ang bawat salita at leksyon na kanila ay itinuturo.

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