KENDRIYA VIDALAYA GANGTOK

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
2019-2020

TPOIC - ELECTRIC TRANSFORMER

MADE BY – ANISHA KUMARI

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ANISHA KUMARI a student of class 12th science
has successfully completed the research on the below mentioned
project under the guidances of MISS SONALI CHAUDHARY (subject
teacher) during the year 2019-2020 and submitted to AISSCE practical
examination conducted by CBSE at Kendriya Vidyalaya Gangtok.

Signature of external examiner signature of physics teacher

Signature of principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people
have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people
who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this

project with success. Then I would like to thank my principal
and physics teacher whose valuable guidance has been the
once that helped me patched this project and make it
successful. Their instructions have served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friend who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of completion of the project.
 CONTENT
INTRODUCTION

PRINCIPLE

CONTRUCTION

WORKING OF TRANSFORMER

EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER

ENERGY LOSSES

APPLICATIONS

BIBLOGRAPHY
 Introduction
A Transformer is an electric device which is used for changing
the A.C voltages. It is most widely used device in both low and
high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits. There sizes may be so small that it weights only
a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits it
may weights hundreds of tones. In it the electric energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts.
There are two types of transformers-
1. Step up transformer- A transformer which increases the
voltages is called step up transformer.

2. Step down transformer- A transformer which decreases

the voltages is called step down transformer.
 Principle
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a
varying current is set up in a circuit then induced e.m.f is
produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current
in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induce
e.m.f in the neighboring circuit.
 Construction
It consists of rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated
sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils P1&P2 and
S1&S2 wound on the same core, but are well insulated from
each other. The coils are insulated from the core the source of
alternating e.m.f is connected to P1 P2 the primary coil and a
load resistance R is connected to S1S2. The secondary coil
through an open switch S, thus there can be no current through
the sec.coil as long as the switch is open.
Two types of arrangement of primary and secondary coils in a
transformer are-
1. Core type- The primary and the secondary coils are wound
on separate limbs of the core.
2. Shell type- The primary and secondary coils are wound one
over another on the same limb of the iron core.
 Theory and Working of
transformer
When an altering e.m.f is supplied to the primary coilP1P2
an alternating current is starts falling in it. The alternating
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces alternating voltage in the primary as well as
in the secondary in a good transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, then the induced e.m.f induced in each turn of
the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous value of the
emf’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np
and Ns are the No. of turns of the primary ,secondary coils
of the transformer and
dф/dt=rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil at this
instant ,we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt ----1

Es = -Ns dф /dt ----2

From eq1 and eq2

Es/Ep= -Ns/Np
 As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in
the primary coil P1 so the instantaneous current in it is due
to the difference in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f further if Rp is the resistance of P1P2
coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by
Ip = E-Ep / Rp
E-Ep=IpRp
When the resistance of the primary is small, RᵨIᵨ can be
neglected so therefore
Ep = E
Back e.m.f =input e.m.f
Therefore
Es / Ep = Ns / Np = Es / E = K
where K is called turn or transformation ratio.
IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER –
I.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher.
Hence whatever we gain in voltage is we lose in current in
the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer
whatever we lose in voltage we gain in current in the same
ratio.
IN STEP UP TRANSFORMER
Es>E
K>1
Hence Ns>Np

IN STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es<E
K<1
Hence Ns<Np
 Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power
Ƞ = output power /input power
= Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer where there is no power losses
ƞ=1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

Load losses or No load losses or

coil losses core losses
The loss is proportional to The lose is continuous
the square of load drawn independent of core
 Energy losses
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat of the
copper wires used in the primary and secondary windings.

2. Eddy current loss it is the energy loss in the form of

heat in the iron core of the transformer. It can be
minimized by taking laminated core.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux the flux produced by

the primary coil May not fully pass through the secondary.
Some of the flux may leak into air. This can be minimized
by over winding of the coils on one another.

4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to the

repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the iron
core when A.C is fed into it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming sound of the

transformer
 Application of transformer
A transformer is used in almost all A.C operations:
 In voltage regulator for T.V, refrigerator, computer air
conditioner etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step down transformers used for obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-RAYS
and NEON advertisement.
 It is used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.
 It is used in the transmission of A.C over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc.
 Bibliography
 www.goggle.co.in/
 www.slideshare.com/
 www.en.wikipdia.com/
 NCERT Textbook of Physics
 SL ARORA ‘s Fundamental of Physics
 Physics Laboratory Manual