TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS Page No.

TITLE PAGE
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION i
CERTIFICATE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES x
ABBREVIATIONS xi
ABSTRACT xii

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 A Little Overview 1
1.2 Load Frequency Control 3
1.3 Need of LFC 4
1.4 Motivation 5
1.5 Objective of Work 5
1.6 Organization of Thesis 5
CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Overview of LFC Scheme 7
2.2.1 Literature on LFC Related Power System Model 8
2.2.2 Literature Review on LFC Related to Control
8
Methods

v
2.3 Approaches to Realistic Systems 9
2.4 Control Method 9
2.4.1 Classical Control Methods 10
2.4.2 Artificial intelligence (AI) Techniques 10
CHAPTER 3 : MATERIALS & CONCEPTS OF LFC
3.1 Working of LFC loops 12
3.2 Frequency response modeling 13
3.3 Load Frequency Problems 16
3.4 Controller Techniques 17
3.4.1 Algorithm for OFC 19
3.4.2 Selection of 𝑄̃ and 𝑅̃ matrices 20
3.5 Proposed Technique 21
CHAPTER 4 : CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND PRESENT WORK
4.1 Overview of Control Technique 22
4.2 PID-CONTROLLER 23
4.2.1 Role of a Proportional Controller (PC) 24
4.2.2 Role of an Integral Controller (IC) 25
4.2.3 Role of a Derivative Controller (DC) 25
4.3 Fuzzy Logic Controller 27
4.4 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) 28
4.5 ANFIS Model 31
CHAPTER 5 : RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Simulation Tool and Software 34
5.1.1 MATLAB as a tool for data analysis
5.2 Proposed Model Design 36
5.2.1 PID-Controller 36
5.2.2 Fuzzy Logic Controller 40

vi
 5.2.3 ANFIS Controller 40
5.3 Simulation Results and Discussion 40
5.3.1 PID Controller 40
5.3.2 Fuzzy Logic Controller 42
5.3.3 ANFIS Controller 43
5.4 Comparative Analysis of Performance of different 44
controller
CHAPTER 6 : CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 CONCLUSION 49
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE 49
REFERENCES 51-54

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Captions Page No.

Figure 3.1 Architecture of a synchronous generator with f control 13

loops
Figure 3.2 Linear model of primary LFC loop 14

Figure 3.3 Linear model with supplementary LFC loop 16

Figure 3.4 Flow Chart of Load Frequency Control using PID, 21
Fuzzy & ANFIS Controller
Figure 4.1 A PID-C system 26

Figure 4.2 A structure of a PID-C system 26

Figure 4.3 Fuzzy Inference System 30
Figure 4.4 (a) ANFIS System 31
Figure 5.1 LFC using PID Controller 37
Figure 5.2 LFC using Fuzzy Controller 38
Figure 5.3 LFC using ANFIS Controller 39
Figure 5.4 Change in frequency area -1 using PID Controller 40
Figure 5.5 Change in Frequency area -2 using PID controller 41
Figure 5.6 Tie- Line Power delta p 1-2 using PID Controller 41
Figure 5.7 Change in Frequency area -1 using Fuzzy logic 42
Controller
Figure 5.8 Change in frequency area -2 using FLC 42
Figure 5.9 Tie- Line Power ∆ p 1-2 using FLC 43
Figure 5.10 Change in Frequency area -1 using ANFIS-C 43
Figure 5.11 Change in frequency area -2 using ANFIS-C 44
Figure 5.12 Tie- Line Power ∆ p 1-2using ANFIS Controller 44
Figure 5.13 Comparative Analysis of Change in Frequency area -1 45
using PID, Fuzzy and ANFIS Controller

viii
Figure 5.14 Comparative Analysis of Change in Frequency area -2 45
using PID, Fuzzy and ANFIS Controller

Figure 5.15 Comparative Analysis of Tie- Line power ∆ p 1-2 using 46

PID-C, FLC and ANFIS-C

ix
 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Caption Page No.

Table 5.1 AREA 1 Change in Frequency 47

Table 5.2 AREA 2 Change in Frequency 47
Table 5.3 TIE LINE 1 Power ∆ p1-2 48

x
 ABBREVIATIONS

PID Proportional Intergal Controller

FLC Fuzzy Logic Controller

ANFIS Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interface System

EMS Energy Management System

AGC automated generation control

LFC Load Frequency Controller

ANN Artificial Neural Network

PC Proportional Controller

MF Membership Function

Application Program Interface

PT Peak Time

MO Maximum Overshoot

RT Rise Time

ST Settling Time

xi
 ABSTRACT
The frequency of the power system is varied by the variation in the load of power
system, thus it created a load frequency control difficulty (LFC). The frequency
distinction is highly objectionable and maximum tolerable frequency distinction is ±
0.5Hz. In this research load frequency control is done by PID controller, Fuzzy and
ANFIS Controller. Our control goal has to normalize the area control error (ACE),
frequency error and tie-line power error despite the presences of system uncertainties
and exterior load disturbance. The behavior of the planned controller is checked by
means of MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The outcome show that controller provides
speedy response, less undershoot and small peak overshoots with having minute state
transfer time to make the final steady state. This research for single area, two area the
helpfulness of PID , Fuzzy and ANFIS controller is confirmed.
Many research deals with LFC have been accounted for as of late. Still there is much
space for further improvement and expansions of LFC methodologies. In this proposition
an ideal yield criticism controller structure strategy is proposed for LFC of a reasonable
power framework. execution of proposed controller is exhibited on multi-source control
framework and its dynamic reactions are contrasted and full state criticism controller.
impact of GRC on f deviation reaction is examined. dynamic execution of framework
weakens if GRC isn't fused for reasonable investigation of framework. f deviation
reaction of zone and generator yield control deviation reaction to 1% step burden
bothers have been acquired. yield criticism controller gives better f deviation reaction
having generally littler pinnacle overshoot and lesser ST with zero SSE when contrasted
with full state input controller reaction. Conclusion for area 1 RT of PID Controller, FLC
and ANFIS Controller is 10 , 8 , 5 sec respectively. Peak Time of PID Controller, Fuzzy
Logic Controller and ANFIS Controller is 30, 13, 9 sec respectively.ST of of PID
Controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller and ANFIS Controller is 40, 30, 20 sec respectively.
Peak Overshoot is 0.8%, 0.1% and 0.032% respectively. Steady State Error is 0.4%
0.02% and 0.001% respectively.

xii