4

10. One face of a cardboard cube is cut along its diagonals, as shown.

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Which of the following are not nets for this cube?

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1 2 3 4 5

UKMT

A 1 and 3 B 1 and 5 C 3 and 4 D 2 and 4 E 3 and 5 This booklet contains the questions and solutions for the follow-up competitions of
11. Mark marked out the points J , K, L and M on a straight line, so that JK = 13 cm, the UKMT Intermediate Mathematical Challenge held in February 2008.
KL = 11 cm, LM = 14 cm and MJ = 12 cm. What is the distance, in cm, between
the two points furthest apart? For the age ranges covered, see the details on the relevant paper.
A 14 B 38 C 50 D 25 E More information is needed
12. Four tangent circles, each of radius 6 cm, are inscribed in P T Q As is usual, it is not intended that these solutions should be thought of as the ‘best’
a rectangle PQRS as shown in the diagram. The sides of possible solutions and the ideas of readers may be equally meritorious.
the rectangle touch two of the circles at T and U . What
is the area of triangle RU T in cm2 ?
S U R
A 27 B 45 C 54 D 108 E 180
Contents
13. Gar the Magician wrote each of the numbers from 1 to 7, one on each of seven cards, page
and placed them in his hat. He offered the hat to two other magicians, Kan and Roo. Question Papers
Kan took, at random, 3 cards from the hat and Roo took 2 cards (so that there were 2
cards left in the hat). Kan told Roo: “I can deduce that the sum of the numbers of your European Kangaroo (Grey Paper) 2
cards is even”. What was the sum of the numbers on Kan’s cards?
European Kangaroo (Pink Paper) 6
A 6 B 9 C 10 D 12 E 15 Olympiad Cayley Paper 12
14. In triangle FGH, the point I lies on FH so that GI bisects angle FGH. Also, FG = FH Olympiad Hamilton Paper 13
and GI = GH. What is the size of the angle FIG? Olympiad Maclaurin Paper 14
A 90° B 100° C 108° D 120° E More information is needed
15. A wooden cube measuring 11 cm by 11 cm by 11 cm is made from 113 centimetre cubes. Colin Maclaurin − biographical note 15
What is the greatest number of centimetre cubes visible from any point?
Solutions
A 328 B 329 C 330 D 331 E 332 European Kangaroo (Grey Paper) 16
16. In the subtraction calculation on the right, each of the letters K, A, N, KAN European Kangaroo (Pink Paper) 21
G, R and O represents a different digit. −GAR Olympiad Cayley Paper 25
What is the largest possible value of the number ‘KAN’? OO
Olympiad Hamilton Paper 32
A 987 B 876 C 865 D 864 E 785 Olympiad Maclaurin Paper 38
17. In Miss Quaffley’s class, the girls make up more than 45% of the pupils, but less than 50%.
What is the smallest possible number of girls in her class?
A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 E 7

© UKMT 2008
2 3
1. In the diagram, a square with sides of length 4 cm and a triangle with
the same perimeter as the square are joined together to form a
pentagon. What is the perimeter of the pentagon?

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A 12 cm B 24 cm C 28 cm D 32 cm

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4 cm
T E It depends on the size of the triangle

UKMT 2. Flora the florist has 24 white, 42 red and 36 yellow roses. What is the greatest number
of bunches she can make if she uses all of these flowers and all the bunches are
identical?
EUROPEAN ‘KANGAROO’ MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE A 4 B 6 C 8 D 10 E 12
‘GREY’
3. How many different squares can be drawn in total by joining the dots
Thursday 24th April 2008 with line segments in the part of the square lattice as shown on the
right?
Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust and the
Association Kangourou Sans Frontières A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 E 6

This paper is being taken by students in over thirty countries in Europe and beyond. 4. The English mathematician Augustus de Morgan, who died in 1871, claimed that he
RULES AND GUIDELINES (to be read before starting): became x years old in the year x2. When was he born?
1. Do not open the paper until the Invigilator tells you to do so. A 1806 B 1848 C 1849 D 1871 E More information is needed
2. Time allowed: 1 hour. 5. In the diagram, three lines intersect at one point, forming angles of
108° and 124°, as shown. What is the size of the angle marked x°? 108° 124°
No answers, or personal details, may be entered after the allowed hour is over.
x°
A 56° B 55° C 54° D 53° E 52°
3. The use of rough paper is allowed; calculators and measuring instruments are
forbidden.
6. A shape is made by cutting all the corners off a cube, as shown in the
4. Candidates in England and Wales must be in School Year 9 or below. diagram. How many edges does the shape have?
Candidates in Scotland must be in S2 or below.
A 24 B 30 C 36 D 42 E 48
Candidates in Northern Ireland must be in School Year 10 or below.
5. Use B or HB pencil only. For each question mark at most one of the options A, 7. Dan has nine €2 coins and his sister Ann has eight €5 coins. What is the smallest
B, C, D, E on the Answer Sheet. Do not mark more than one option. number of coins that must change hands so that Dan and Ann end up with equal amounts
of money?
6. Five marks will be awarded for each correct answer to Questions 1 - 15.
A 4 B 5 C 8 D 12 E It is impossible
Six marks will be awarded for each correct answer to Questions 16 - 25.
8. Neda decided to take the ferry from the mainland to visit the four islands P, Q, R and S.
7. Do not expect to finish the whole paper in 1 hour. Concentrate first on Questions The island Q can be reached by ferry only from island P or from the mainland. Ferries
1-15. When you have checked your answers to these, have a go at some of the later connect islands P and R, and each of them with the mainland. Island S only has a ferry
questions. connection with island P. What is the smallest number of ferry journeys that Neda needs
to take in order to visit all the islands and return to the mainland?
8. The questions on this paper challenge you to think, not to guess. Though you
A 4 B 5 C 6 D 7 E 8
will not lose marks for getting answers wrong, you will undoubtedly get more
marks, and more satisfaction, by doing a few questions carefully than by 9. Tom and Jerry started with identical rectangular sheets of paper. Each of them cut his
guessing lots of answers. sheet into two. Tom obtained two rectangles, each with a perimeter of 40 cm while Jerry
obtained two rectangles, each with a perimeter of 50 cm. What was the perimeter of
Enquiries about the European Kangaroo should be sent to: Maths Challenges Tom’s original sheet of paper?
Office, A 40 cm B 50 cm C 60 cm D 80 cm E 90 cm
School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
8 5
9. One face of a cardboard cube is cut along its diagonals, as shown. 18. Mr Ross always tells the truth on Thursdays and Fridays but always tells lies on
Which of the following are not nets for this cube? Tuesdays. On the other days of the week he tells the truth or tells lies, at random. For
seven consecutive days he was asked what his first name was, and on the first six days
he gave the following answers, in order: John, Bob, John, Bob, Pit, Bob. What was his
1 2 3 4 5 answer on the seventh day?
A John B Bob C Pit D Kate E More information is needed
19. Heidi and Peter went for a mountain walk from Obersee to Salzbau. They left Obersee
at 12 noon and the sign there said that Salzbau was 2 hours and 55 minutes away. At
A 1 and 3 B 1 and 5 C 3 and 4 D 2 and 4 E 3 and 5 one o’clock they sat down for lunch under another sign which said that Salzbau was now
only 1 hour and 15 minutes away. After stopping for 15 minutes for lunch, they
10. The Seven Dwarfs were born on the same day, in seven consecutive years. The ages of continued their walk at the same speed as before without any further breaks. At what
the youngest three add up to 42 years. What do the ages of the oldest three add up to? time did they reach Salzbau?
A 48 B 51 C 54 D 60 E 70 A 2:00 pm B 2:30 pm C 2:55 pm D 3:10 pm E 3:20 pm
11. A parallelogram contains two identical regular hexagons. The hexagons 20. How many sets of three prime numbers have the property that the product of the three
share a common side, and each has two sides touching the sides of the numbers is exactly five times their sum? (The order of the three numbers is not important).
parallelogram. What fraction of the parallelogram's area is shaded?
2 1 1 1 3 A 0 B 1 C 2 D 4 E 6
A B C D E
3 2 3 4 5 21. F is the set of all five-digit numbers whose digits have a product equal to 15.
12. On the number line below, each gap equals one unit. Six integers are marked as shown. T is the set of all five-digit numbers whose digits have a product equal to 25.
At least two of the integers are divisible by 3, and at least two of them are divisible by 5. Which of the following statements is true?
Which of the integers are divisible by 15?
A Set F has twice as many members as set T B Set T has twice as many members as
F G H I J K set F
C Set F has 2/3 more members than set T D Set T has 2/3 more members than set F
A F and K B G and J C H and I D all six numbers E only one of them
E Both sets have the same number of members
13. Dominique wrote down the 1000-digit number 20082008...2008. She erased some digits
and was surprised to find that the remaining digits added up to 2008. What is the largest 22. Four identical dice are arranged in a row as shown in the diagram.
number of digits that she could have erased? Although each die does have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 dots, the sum of the
numbers of dots on each pair of opposite faces is not necessarily 7.
A 251 B 500 C 502 D 746 E 749 What is the total number of dots on the six touching faces of the dice?
14. In the diagram, triangle JKL is isosceles with JK = JL, PQ is J
A 19 B 20 C 21 D 22 E 23
perpendicular to JK , angle KPL is 120° and angle JKP is 50°.
What is the size of angle PKL? Q
P 23. Tildash wishes to draw a number of straight lines on a piece of paper so that all of the
A 5° B 10° C 15° D 20° E 25° angles 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, 70°, 80° and 90° are formed between the lines. What
K L
is the smallest possible number of lines Tildash needs to draw?
15. How many pairs of numbers (a, b) exist such that the sum a + b, the product ab and the A 8 B 7 C 6 D 5 E 4
a
quotient of these two numbers are all equal?
b 24. The highest common factor of two positive integers m and n is 12, and their lowest
common multiple is a square number.
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 4 E 8 n m n m
How many of the five numbers , , , and mn are square numbers?
16. Jane wants to create a six-digit number for her padlock. She writes down two digits and 3 3 4 4
each digit she writes after these is the sum of the previous two digits. How many six- A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E More is information needed
digit numbers could she create in this way? (A number may not start with the digit
zero.) 25. A triangle T has an area of 1 cm2. Let M be the product of the perimeter of T and the
sum of the three altitudes of T. Which of the following statements is false?
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 4 E 6
A There are triangles T for which M > 1000 B M > 6 for all triangles T
17. For a positive integer n, we define n! to be the product of all the positive integers from 1
to n; that is n! = 1 × 2 × 3 × … × n. If n! = 2 15
× 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 × 13,
6 3 2 C There are triangles T for which M = 18 D M > 16 for all right-angled
what is the value of n? triangles T
E There are triangles T for which M < 12
A 13 B 14 C 15 D 16 E 17
6 7
1. Five boxes contain cards as shown. Simon removes cards so that each box contains
exactly one card, and the five cards remaining in the boxes can be used to spell his name.

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Which card remains in box 2?

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1 2 3 4 5

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S I
I M
M I N M I M
UKMT O N
O N

A S B I C M D O E N
EUROPEAN ‘KANGAROO’ MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
2. Frank and Gabriel competed in a 200 m race. Gabriel finished in half a minute and Frank
‘PINK’ finished in one hundredth of an hour. Which of the following statements is true?
Thursday 24th April 2008 A Gabriel won by 36 seconds B Frank won by 24 seconds
Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust and the C Gabriel won by 6 seconds D Frank won by 6 seconds E It was a dead-
heat
Association Kangourou Sans Frontières
3. Four unit squares are placed edge to edge as shown. What is the
This paper is being taken by students in over thirty countries in Europe and beyond. length of the line PQ?

RULES AND GUIDELINES (to be read before starting): A 5 B 13 C 5+ 2 D 5 E 13

1. Do not open the paper until the Invigilator tells you to do so.
4. What is the smallest number of letters that need to be removed from the word
2. Time allowed: 1 hour. DISCOVER so that the remaining letters are in alphabetical order?
No answers, or personal details, may be entered after the allowed hour is over. A 5 B 4 C 3 D 2 E 1
3. The use of rough paper is allowed; calculators and measuring instruments are 5. Tom and Jerry started with identical rectangular sheets of paper. Each of them cut his
forbidden. sheet into two. Tom obtained two rectangles, each with a perimeter of 40 cm while Jerry
obtained two rectangles, each with a perimeter of 50 cm. What was the perimeter of
4. Candidates in England and Wales must be in School Year 10 or 11. Tom’s original sheet of paper?
Candidates in Scotland must be in S3 or S4. A 40 cm B 50 cm C 60 cm D 80 cm E 90 cm
Candidates in Northern Ireland must be in School Year 11 or 12. 6. A shape is made by cutting all the corners off a cube, as shown in the
5. Use B or HB pencil only. For each question, mark at most one of the options A, diagram. How many edges does the shape have?
B, C, D, E on the Answer Sheet. Do not mark more than one option. A 24 B 30 C 36 D 42 E 48
6. Five marks will be awarded for each correct answer to Questions 1 - 15.
Six marks will be awarded for each correct answer to Questions 16 - 25. 7. In Emily's first spelling test of this new term, she scored one mark out of five so she
decided to work really hard to improve her scores. Assuming that she succeeds in
7. Do not expect to finish the whole paper in 1 hour. Concentrate first on Questions scoring full marks (five out of five) in all her tests after the first, how many more tests
1-15. When you have checked your answers to these, have a go at some of the later does she need to take to increase her average to four out of five?
questions.
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 E 6
8. The questions on this paper challenge you to think, not to guess. Though you will not 8. Gar the Magician wrote each of the numbers from 1 to 7, one on each of seven cards and
lose marks for getting answers wrong, you will undoubtedly get more marks, and more placed them in his hat. He offered the hat to two other magicians, Kan and Roo. Kan
satisfaction, by doing a few questions carefully than by guessing lots of answers. took, at random, 3 cards from the hat and Roo took 2 cards (so that there were 2 cards
left in the hat). Kan told Roo: “I can deduce that the sum of the numbers on your cards is
Enquiries about the European Kangaroo should be sent to: Maths Challenges even”. What was the sum of the numbers on Kan’s cards?
Office, A 6 B 9 C 10 D 12 E 15
School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
12 9
Olympiad Cayley Paper 18. A wooden cube has three of its faces painted red and the other three of its faces painted
blue. It is then cut into 27 identical smaller cubes. How many of these new cubes have at
least one red face and also at least one blue face?
All candidates must be in School Year 9 or below (England and Wales), S2 or A 6 B 12 C 14 D 16
below (Scotland), or School Year 10 or below (Northern Ireland). E it depends on which faces of the big cube are red and which are blue
19. Three circles C1, C2 and C3 of radii 1 cm, 2 cm and 3 cm respectively
touch as shown. C1 meets C2 at P and meets C3 at Q. What is the P
1. How many four-digit multiples of 9 consist of four different odd digits? length in centimetres of the longer arc of circle C1 between P and Q? Q
5π 5π π 2π 3π
A B C D E
2. A hexagon is made by cutting a small equilateral triangle from 4 3 2 3 2
each corner of a larger equilateral triangle. The sides of the
smaller triangles have lengths 1, 2 and 3 units. The lengths of the 20. The diagram shows the net of a regular octahedron. In a Magic
perimeters of the hexagon and the original triangle are in the Octahedron, the four numbers on the faces that meet at a vertex F G H 5
ratio 5 : 7. add up to make the same total for every vertex. If the letters F, G, J 9 3 K

What fraction of the area of the original triangle remains? H, J and K are replaced with the numbers 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, in some
order, to make a Magic Octahedron, what is the value of G + J ?
A 6 B 7 C 8 D 9 E 10
3. In the rectangle ABCD the midpoint of AB is M and AB : AD = 2 : 1. The point X is such
that triangle MDX is equilateral, with X and A lying on opposite sides of the line MD. 21. An n-pyramid is defined to be a stack of n layers of balls, with each layer forming a
Find the value of ∠XCD. triangular array. The layers of a 3-pyramid are shown in the diagram.
An 8-pyramid is now formed where all the balls on the outside of the
8-pyramid are black (including the base layer) and the balls on the
4. The number N is the product of the first 99 positive integers. The number M is the
product of the first 99 positive integers after each has been reversed. That is, for inside are all white. How many layers are there in the white pyramid?
example, the reverse of 8 is 8; of 17 is 71; and of 20 is 02. A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 E 7
Find the exact value of N ÷ M.
22. Sixteen unit squares are arranged to form a square array as shown in
the diagram. What is the maximum number of diagonals that can be
5. A kite has sides AB and AD of length 25 cm B drawn in these unit squares so that no two diagonals share a common
and sides CB and CD of length 39 cm. The m 25 point (including endpoints)?
39 c cm
perpendicular distance from B to AD is 24
h cm
24

A 8 B 9 C 10 D 11 E 12
cm

cm. C A
The perpendicular distance from B to CD is 39 c
m cm 23. Kanga can move in two ways (always in a forward direction): either she hops exactly 1 m
25 or jumps exactly 3 m. The distance from Kanga’s favourite tree to her favourite watering
h cm. D
Find the value of h. hole is exactly 10 m. Sometimes she likes to hop and then do three jumps to travel this
distance. Other times she does three jumps and ends with a hop. Sometimes she hops ten
times! How many different ways are there that she could travel this distance?

6. A regular tetrahedron ABCD has edges of length 2 units. The midpoint of the edge AB is A 28 B 34 C 35 D 55 E 56
M and the midpoint of the edge CD is N . 24. In the diagram, KLMN is a unit square. Arcs of radius one unit L

Find the exact length of the segment MN. are drawn using each of the four corners of the square as centres.
The arcs centred at K and L intersect at Q; the arcs centred at M
and N intersect at P. What is the length of PQ? M
P
K
Q
3 3
A 2− 2 B C 5− 2 D E 3 − 1
4 3
N

25. How many 2008-digit numbers are there in which every pair of consecutive digits forms
a two-digit number that is divisible by 17 or 23?
A 5 B 6 C 7 D 9 E more than 9
10 11

The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust

• Do not hurry, but spend time working carefully on one question before
attempting another.
Intermediate Mathematical Olympiad and Kangaroo • Try to finish whole questions even if you cannot do many.
(IMOK) • You will have done well if you hand in full solutions to two or more
questions.
Olympiad Cayley/Hamilton/Maclaurin Papers
Thursday 13th March 2008
• Answers must be FULLY SIMPLIFIED, and EXACT using symbols like
π, fractions, or square roots if appropriate, but NOT decimal
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE STARTING approximations.
1. Time allowed: 2 hours.
2. The use of calculators, protractors and squared paper is forbidden. • Give full written solutions, including mathematical reasons as to why
Rulers and compasses may be used. your method is correct.
3. Solutions must be written neatly on A4 paper. Sheets must be STAPLED
• Just stating an answer, even a correct one, will earn you very few marks.
together in the top left corner with the Cover Sheet on top.
4. Start each question on a fresh A4 sheet. • Incomplete or poorly presented solutions will not receive full marks.
You may wish to work in rough first, then set out your final solution with clear
explanations and proofs.
Do not hand in rough work. • Do not hand in rough work
5. Answers must be FULLY SIMPLIFIED, and EXACT using symbols like π,
fractions, or square roots if appropriate, but NOT decimal approximations.
6. Give full written solutions, including mathematical reasons as to why your
method is correct.
Just stating an answer, even a correct one, will earn you very few marks; also,
incomplete or poorly presented solutions will not receive full marks.
7. These problems are meant to be challenging! The earlier questions tend to be
easier; the last two questions are the most demanding.
Do not hurry, but spend time working carefully on one question before
attempting another. Try to finish whole questions even if you cannot do many:
you will have done well if you hand in full solutions to two or more questions.
DO NOT OPEN THE PAPER UNTIL INSTRUCTED BY THE
INVIGILATOR TO DO SO!
The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust is a Registered Charity.
Enquiries should be sent to: Maths Challenges Office,
School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
16 13
Solutions to the European Kangaroo Grey Paper Olympiad Hamilton Paper
1. B The square (and hence the triangle) has perimeter 16 cm. From 2 × 16 cm, we
have to subtract 2 × 4 cm for the common side. Thus the perimeter of the All candidates must be in School Year 10 (England and Wales), S3 (Scotland), or
pentagon is 24 cm. School Year 11 (Northern Ireland).

2. B The highest common factor of 24, 36 and 42 is 6, so Flora can make 6 bunches,
each consisting of 4 white, 6 yellow and 7 red roses. 1. How many four-digit multiples of 9 consist of four different odd digits?

3. C There are four possible squares:

2. A regular octagon with sides of length a is inscribed in a
square with sides of length 1, as shown.
Prove that a2 + 2a = 1.
4. A The square numbers around 1871 are 422 = 1764, 432 = 1849 and 442 = 1936.
These lead to birth years of 1722, 1806 and 1892, and only 1806 is consistent
with the date of de Morgan's death.

5. E One can see that y + 124 = 180, so y = 56.

Then x = 108 − 56 = 52. 108° 124°
y° 3. Kelly cycles to a friend's house at an average speed of 12 km/hr. Her friend is out, so
x° Kelly immediately returns home by the same route. At what average speed does she
need to cycle home if her average speed over the whole journey is to be 15 km/hr?

6. C A cube has 12 edges, but truncating each of the 8 corners will create 3 extra edges 4. A triangle is bounded by the lines whose equations are y = −x − 1, y = 2x − 1 and
at each one. Hence the new shape has 12 + 8 × 3 = 36 edges. y = k , where k is a positive integer.
For what values of k is the area of the triangle less than 2008?
7. B Let Dan give Ann t €2 coins and Ann give David f €2 coins, so that Dan has
€ (18 − 2t + 5f ) and Ann has € (40 − 5f + 2t).
5. Two congruent rectangles have a common
For Ann and David to end up with the same amounts, we have vertex and overlap as shown in the diagram.
18 − 2t + 5f = 40 − 5f + 2t and so 5f − 2t = 11. Clearly f ≥ 3 and t ≥ 0,
so the minimum value of f + t is 3 + 2 = 5. What is the total shaded area?

8. C To visit S requires a journey from P to S and one back.

Simply to visit each of P, Q and R and return to the 8 2
mainland requires at least 4 journeys (having, as 4
Q R
destination, each of P, Q, R and the mainland). So at P S
least 6 journeys are needed and the map shows one
possible route.
6. Find all solutions to the simultaneous equations
9. C Let the original rectangle have sides of length 2a cm x2 − y2 = −5
and 2b cm, where a ≥ b, with perimeter (4a + 4b) cm.
Then Tom's rectangles have lengths of a and 2b with
2a 2x2 + xy − y2 = 5.
a
perimeter 2a + 4b = 40, and Jerry's rectangles have
lengths of 2a and b with perimeter 4a + 2b = 50. 2b b
Adding these gives 6a + 6b = 90, so
4a + 4b = 23 (6a + 6b) and so the perimeter is 60 cm.
14 15
Olympiad Maclaurin Paper Professor Colin Maclaurin
February 1698 − June 1746
All candidates must be in School Year 11 (England and Wales), S4 (Scotland), or
School Year 12 (Northern Ireland).
The most significant Scottish mathematician and
physicist of the eighteenth century, Colin Maclaurin was
1. All the digits of a certain positive three-digit number are non-zero. When the digits are only 11 years old when he first attended the University
taken in reverse order a different number is formed. The difference between the two of Glasgow. There he came into contact with the
numbers is divisible by eight. Professor of Mathematics, Robert Simson, whose
Given that the original number is a square number, find its possible values. enthusiasm and interest in geometry was to influence the
young boy. After graduating in 1713, Maclaurin
remained in Glasgow for a further year to read divinity
2. The diagram shows a regular pentagon ABCDE. A (at that time intending to enter the Presbyterian Church).
A circle is drawn such that AB is a tangent to the He then continued to study mathematics and divinity
circle at A and CD is a tangent to the circle at D. whilst staying with his uncle, the minister at Kilfinnan
The side AE of the pentagon is extended to meet on Loch Fyne.
E B
the circumference of the circle at F.
Maclaurin was appointed professor of mathematics at
Prove that DE = DF. Marischal College in the University of Aberdeen in
F
1717, aged 19. At this time his main interest was in the
mathematical and physical ideas of Sir Isaac Newton; he
met Newton during a visit to London in 1719, the same year that he was elected a fellow of
D C the Royal Society. Maclaurin also did notable work in geometry, particularly higher plane
curves, and his first published work was Geometria organica, sive descriptio linearum
curvarum universalis, published in 1720. One curve still bears his name, the Trisectrix of
3. Show that the equation
Maclaurin.
1 1 5
+ = After two years spent travelling in Europe, during which he was awarded a Grand Prize by the
x y 11
Académie des Sciences in Paris for his work on the impact of bodies, Maclaurin took up the
has no solutions for positive integers x, y. post of Professor of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh in 1725, and remained there
for the rest of his career. In 1740 he again received a prize from the Académie des Sciences,
4. A circle is inscribed in a right-angled triangle, as shown. x this time for a study of the tides. The prize was jointly awarded to four people, including two
The point of contact of the circle and the hypotenuse other famous mathematicians, Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli.
divides the hypotenuse into lengths x and y. y In 1742, Maclaurin published the Treatise of fluxions, in which he uses the special case of
Prove that the area of the triangle is equal to xy. Taylor's series now named after him and for which he is best remembered today:
f ′ (0) f ″ (0) 2 f ′′′ (0) 3
f (x) = f (0) + x + x + x + ···.
1! 2! 3!
5. An ant lives on the surface of a cuboid which has Y
points X, Y and Z on three adjacent faces. y°
He also wrote a book of problems for students, Ane Introduction to the Mathematicks, one of
The ant travels between X, Y and Z along the shortest which was used as the basis for question 2 of the 2004 Hamilton Olympiad Paper:
possible path between each pair of points. The angles z° Maritus, uxor, et filius habent annos 96, ita ut anni Mariti et filii, simul
x°, y° and z° are the angles between the parts of the Z
x°
faciant annos uxoris + 15. Sed uxoris cum filii faciant mariti + 2.
ant's path, as shown. X
Prove that x + y + z = 270. Maclaurin defended mathematical education at universities because of its practical
applications, and his own work included gravitation, astronomy, cartography, the structure of
honeycombs and the measurement of the volumes of barrels. The field of actuarial science
6. An artist is preparing to draw on a sheet of A4 paper (a rectangle with sides in the ratio dates back to the calculations he helped to supply when one of the first pension funds was
1 : 2). The artist wishes to place a rectangular grid of squares in the centre of the founded in 1743, the Scottish Ministers’ Widows’ Fund.
paper, leaving a margin of equal width on all four sides.
Show that such an arrangement is possible for a 1 × 2 or a 2 × 3 grid but impossible for
any other g × (g + 1) grid.
Professor Colin Maclaurin: chalk drawing by David, 11th Earl of Buchan; reproduced by permission of
the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.
20 17
Examples of the valdity of the options A, B, C and D are shown below. 10. E In diagram 3 the triangles at the top and
bottom will fold up in such a way as to overlap 3 5

Option A: There are triangles T for which M > 1000. with one of the square faces as indicated. In
diagram 5 the triangles at the bottom will fit
Take the right-angled triangle with sides as shown in the diagram. together but the triangle at the top will overlap
≈25 with one of the square faces.
0.08

25 11. D If K lies between J and L then JL would be JK + KL = 13 + 11 = 24. So in

Here the sum of the sides exceeds 50 and the sum of the altitudes exceeds 25 and this case either JM = 24 + 14 or JM = 24 − 14 neither of which is 12. Thus K
so M > 50 × 25 = 1250. does not lie between J and L, and since JK = 13 > 11 = KL, we must have the
order shown below (or its reflection).
Option B: M > 6 for all triangles T. K L J
Clearly this is true because from above M > 12. 11 2
Point M cannot be on the same side of J as K , because JM = 12 and LM = 14,
Option C: There are triangles T for which M = 18. and so M must be at the opposite extreme to K , as shown below (or its reflection).
2 K L J M
This is true as one can take a equilateral triangle with sides of length 4 . Then
3
( 2
Ha = Hb = Hc = 4 3, and so M = 3 × 4 (3 × 4 3) = 18.
3 ) 11 2 12
Hence the distance between the two points furthest apart is 11 + 2 + 12 = 25.
Option D: M > 16 for all right-angled triangles T.
Note that in this case, since T is a right-angled triangle, we can take the 12. D The height of triangle RU T is the diameter of a circle, i.e. 12 cm; the base length is
perpendicular sides to be a, b and so c is the hypotenuse. Thus the area is 12 ab 3 radii, i.e. 18 cm. Hence the area is 12 × 18 × 12 = 108 cm2.
which gives ab = 2. From this we have Ha = 2a = b, Hb = 2b = a and we still
have Hc = 2c . Also, by Pythagoras' Theorem, c2 = a2 + b2. So 13. D If Kan can deduce that the numbers on Roo's cards have an even total, they must be

( )
2 either both even or both odd. Kan cannot be certain that both numbers are even as
M = ( a + b + c) ( H a + H b + H c ) = ( a + b + c) b + a + he cannot have selected all four of the odd numbered cards. He can only be certain
c if he has selected all three of the even numbered cards, leaving Roo only odd
= (a + b) + (a + b) c +
2
( 2
c )
+ 2. numbered cards. Thus the sum of the numbers on Kan's cards was
2 + 4 + 6 = 12.
But (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab = c2 + 4. So

M = (c2 + 4) + (
c2 + 4 c +
2
c )
+ 2 > (c2 + 4) + (
c2 c +
2
c)+ 2
14. C Let ∠FGI = ∠HGI = x°.
Then ∠FHG = ∠FGH = 2x° and so ∠GIH = 2x°, x°
G

as shown in the diagram. x°

= (c2 + 4) + (c2 + 2) + 2 = 2c2 + 8. From the angle sum of triangle HIG, 5x = 180 and
F
Finally, we need to obtain the size of c2 which can be done by comparing c2 and so x = 36. Hence ∠FIG = 180° − 2 × 36° = 108°.
2x°
2ab. 2x°
I
c − 2ab = a + b − 2ab = (a − b) ≥ 0.
2 2 2 2
H
Hence c2 ≥ 2ab = 4. Thus
M > 2 × 4 + 8 = 16. 15. D One can see the greatest number of centimetre cubes when looking at three faces at
once. There are 113 = 1331 centimetre cubes altogether, of which none of the 10
cm by 10 cm by 10 cm cube underneath or behind can be seen. Hence one can see
at most 1331 − 1000 = 331 cubes.
[Alternatively: One can count the three faces of 112 cubes, giving a total of
3 × 121 = 363 cubes, but then one would have to subtract the cubes along the
three edges counted twice and then add back the cube for which three faces are
visible, to get 363 − 3 × 11 + 1 = 331 cubes.]
18 19
16. D First we can observe that the difference between ‘KAN’ and ‘GAR’ is less than 22. B It is clear that the face with 3 dots is surrounded by faces with
100, and so, since K ≠ G, K = G + 1. 1, 2, 4 and 6 dots; so the face opposite must have 5 dots.
Next we must have N < R, because if N ≥ R, the difference between ‘KAN’ and Moreover the face with 4 dots must be opposite the face with
‘GAR’ would be at least 100. 1 dot. So the net of the cube will look as on the right:
Let R = N + x, where 1 < x < 9. Then ‘OO’ = 100 − x, and hence O = 9, K ≤ 8
Separating the dice, we have .
and R = N+1. Since we are seeking the largest value for KAN, we try K = 8.
In that case G = 7 and A ≤ 6. Once again, we try A = 6. Then, R ≤ 5 and, since
R = N+1, N ≤ 4. So 864 is the largest possible value for KAN and we have The faces between the first and second dice are 5 and 1, between the second and
864 − 765 = 99. third dice are 4 and 6 and, finally, between the third and fourth are 2 and 2. So their
sum is 20.
17. C If we consider possible numbers g of girls in a class of size c, we need
g g 23. D Suppose it were possible for Tildash to form all nine angles by drawing only four
0.45 < < 0.5. If we try g = 1, there is no such c, since if c = 1 or c = 2, is lines. Each pair of lines corresponds to one angle less than or equal to 90°. But
c c
g there are only six ways of choosing two lines from four and there are nine angles to
too large and if c > 2, is too small. make, so she must draw at least five lines.
c
Likewise for g = 2 or 3 or 4. The diagram below shows how she can use just five lines to form all nine angles.
5
However g = 5 with c = 11 leads to a fraction of = 45115 %.
11

18. A Since he does not give the same name on two consecutive days, the six days cannot
include both a Thursday and a Friday. But one of the six days must be a Thursday
or a Friday. If the six days were to run from Saturday to Thursday, he would not be
able to give the same answer on the Tuesday and Thursday (but he does). So the
only conclusion is that the six days run from Friday to Wednesday: his truthful
answer on Friday is John and so it will be the same when he tells the truth on the
following Thursday.

19. A Before lunch Peter and Heidi had walked for 60 minutes, a distance that the sign Since the highest common factor of m and n is 12, let m = 12a and n = 12b
24. B
indicated might have taken 1 hour and 40 minutes, the difference between 2 hours where a and b are coprime. Then the lowest common multiple is 12ab, which is a
and 55 minutes and 1 hour and 15 minutes – they have used only 100 60
= 35 of the square number. Since 12ab = 4 × 3ab, 3ab must be square number, and so ab
time allowed. Maintaining this progress after lunch, they should cover the must be a multiple of 3. Since a and b are coprime, exactly one of a and b is a
remaining distance in 35 of the 75 minutes foreseen by the sign, a time of 45 multiple of 3.
minutes. Having spent 15 minutes on lunch, they should reach Salzbau at 2 pm.
Without loss of generality, let a be the multiple of 3; say a = 3c. Because
3ab = 9cb is a square number and b and c are coprime, both b and c are squares
20. B Let x, y and z be three prime numbers with the property that xyz = 5(x + y + z).
too; say c = d 2 and b = e2. Thus m = 12a = 36d 2 and n = 12e2. Then
Since xyz must be divisible by 5, it follows that one of x, y or z is divisible by 5
4 = 9d and 3 = 4e are square numbers, whereas 3 = 12d , 4 = 3e and
m 2 n 2 m 2 n 2
which in turn means that one of x, y, z is actually 5. Assume that z = 5. Then we
have 5xy = 5 (x + y + 5), i.e. xy = x + y + 5. This equation can be rewritten mn = 36 × 12d 2e2 are not.
as xy − x − y = 5 which leads to (x − 1) (y − 1) = 6. Since x − 1 and y − 1
are both positive integers, we need only consider the factorisations 6 = 1 × 6 or 25. E Let the sides of triangle T have lengths a, b and c and the corresponding altitudes
6 = 2 × 3. So we may suppose either that x − 1 = 1 (and so y − 1 = 6) or have lengths Ha, Hb and Hc.
that x − 1 = 2 (and soy − 1 = 3). This gives either (x, y) = (2, 7) or By the triangle inequality, we have a + b > c, b + c > a and c + a > b and so
(x, y) = (3, 4) but as 4 is not prime, the second possibility must be rejected so the a + b + c > 2c, a + b + c > 2a and a + b + c > 2b.
only possible set is {2, 5, 7}. Also, since triangle T has area 1, we have 12 aHa = 1, 12 bHb = 1 and 12 cHc = 1
and so aHa = 2, bHb = 2 and cHc = 2.
21. A For a 5-digit number to have a digit product of 15, one digit must be 3, one 5 and
three digits are 1. There are five places to put the 3, and then four places to put Now let us consider M.
the 5. So there are 20 numbers in F. M = ( a + b + c) ( H a + H b + H c )
For a 5-digit number to have a digit product of 25, two digits must be 5 and three = ( a + b + c) H a + ( a + b + c) H b + ( a + b + c) H c
digits are 1. There are five places to put the first 5 and then four places to put the
second 5; but the same number is obtained if the first 5 and the second 5 are > 2aHa + 2bHb + 2cHc = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12
interchanged. So there are only 20 ÷ 2 = 10 distinct numbers in T. so M > 12.
24 21
23. A Let Mn be the number of ways that Kanga can travel a distance of n metres. So Solutions to the European Kangaroo Pink Paper
clearly M1 = 1 and also M2 = 1, because she has to hop twice. M3 = 2 because
she can hop three times or jump once. For every other distance Kanga can either 1. D Box 4 must keep the ‘M’ so the ‘M’ must be removed from box 5 and the ‘I’ left
hop first (leaving a distance n − 1 that can be travelled in Mn − 1 ways) or jump there. Similarly, ‘I’ must be removed from box 3 and ‘N’ remain. Then ‘I’, ‘M’,
first (leaving a distance n − 3 that can be travelled in Mn − 3 ways). This gives the ‘N’ must be removed from box 2 and ‘O’ remains.
formula Mn = Mn − 1 + Mn − 3 and we can calculate M10 by starting at M1 and
working up as shown in the table.
2. C One hour is 60 × 60 seconds long, so Frank takes 60 × 60 ÷ 100 = 36 seconds.
Formula Number Formula Number Gabriel finishes in 30 seconds, so he wins by 6 seconds.
of ways of ways
M1 1 1 M6 M5 + M3 = 4 + 2 6 3. B The horizontal and vertical distances between P and Q are 3 and 2 units
respectively, so by Pythagoras' Theorem, the distance is 32 + 22 = 13.
M2 1 1 M7 M6 + M4 = 6 + 3 9
M3 2 2 M8 M7 + M5 = 9 + 4 13 4. B In the word DISCOVER, the distinct pairs of letters DC, IE, SO, VR occur in
reverse alphabetical order. So in order to get a sequence in alphabetical order, we
M4 M3 + M1 = 2 + 1 3 M9 M8 + M6 = 13 + 6 19 must delete at least one of the letters in each such pair. So any possible sequence
M5 M4 + M2 = 3 + 1 4 M10 M9 + M7 = 19 + 9 28 has at most length four. The sequence DISV shows that four is possible.

L 5. C Let the original rectangle have sides of length 2a cm

24. E Extend PQ and let X, Y be the intersections with MN
and KL respectively as shown.
The length of PM is 1 because P lies on an arc centred
at M.
By Pythagoras' Theorem,
PX2 = PM2 − MX2 = 12 − ( 12 ) = 34 . So PX = 23 .
2
As KLMN is a unit square, XY = 1 and so
PY = 1 − PX= 1 − 23 as is QX. Thus
PQ = 1 − 2 (1 − 23)= 1 − 2 + 3 = 3 − 1.
and 2b cm, where a ≥ b, with perimeter (4a + 4b) cm.
2a
Then Tom's rectangles have lengths of a and 2b with
Y a
perimeter 2a + 4b = 40, and Jerry's rectangles have
P
lengths of 2a and b with perimeter 4a + 2b = 50. 2b b
M
Q K Adding these gives 6a + 6b = 90, so
4a + 4b = 23 (6a + 6b) and so the perimeter is 60 cm.
X
N 6. C A cube has 12 edges, but truncating each of the 8 corners will create 3 extra edges
at each one. Hence the new shape has 12 + 8 × 3 = 36 edges.

25. D The two-digit multiples of 17 and 23 are 17, 34, 51, 68, 85 and 23, 46, 69, 92 7. B Given that Emily scores five out of five on the second and all subsequent tests, then
respectively. The second digit of a pair will be the first digit of the next pair so her totals will be one out of five, six out of ten, eleven out of fifteen, and sixteen
these pairs must follow in a certain order, e.g. 17 must follow 51 to give 517. There out of twenty (which equals four out of five). So she needs to sit three tests after
is only one pair that offers a choice of two options: 46 can be followed by 68 or 69. her first one.
Using 69 forms a loop 69, 92, 23, 34, 46 (giving a repeated cycle of five digits
69234). Using 68 leads to a dead end 68, 85, 51, 17 (68517). 17 has no pair that can 8. D If Kan can deduce that the numbers on Roo's cards have an even total, they must be
follow it. either both even or both odd. Kan cannot be certain that both numbers are even as
7 he cannot have selected all four of the odd numbered cards. He can only be certain
8 5 1
4 6 if he has selected all three of the even numbered cards, leaving Roo only odd
numbered cards. Thus the sum of the numbers on Kan's cards was
2 + 4 + 6 = 12.
3 9
9. E In diagram 3 the triangles at the top and
2 bottom will fold up in such a way as to overlap 3 5
with one of the square faces as indicated. In
To make a 2008-digit number, there must be a large number of loops at the start. diagram 5 the triangles at the bottom will fit
The number can either end on a loop (on any of the 5 digits 6, 9, 2, 3, 4) or it can together but the triangle at the top will overlap
end on the dead-end (on any of the 4 digits 8, 5, 1, 7). This gives 9 possible with one of the square faces.
endings, so there must be 9 such numbers.
22
10. C The ages of the youngest three dwarfs are consecutive integers and add up to 42, so 18. E
the middle one of these three must be 42 ÷ 3 = 14 years old. So the seven dwarfs
are aged 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and so the sum of the ages of the oldest three is
17 + 18 + 19 = 54.
11. B The regular hexagons have interior angles of 120° and fit into
the corners of the parallelogram, so the parallelogram must
have interior angles of 120° and 60°.
Therefore the diagonals of the hexagons drawn are parallel to the edges of the
parallelogram. By extending these diagonals, the parallelogram is dissected into 19. E
eight trapezia. The four trapezia in the hexagons are clearly all congruent because
their interior angles are 60°, 60°, 120°, 120° and their three shorter sides are all the
same length (being equal to the length of the sides of the hexagons). The other four
have the same interior angles as these and their three shorter sides are easily seen to
have the same length as the sides of the hexagons. Hence the parallelogram has
been dissected into eight congruent trapezia, so the shaded area is half the total area.
12. A To be divisible by three, at least two integers must differ by a multiple of three,
which is true for all of F, G, J , and K , so they must all be divisible by 3. To be
divisible by five, there must be at least two integers that differ by a multiple of 5,
which is true for all of F, H, I, and K , so they must all be divisible by 5. Hence F
and K are divisible by 3 and 5, so are divisible by 15.
20. A
13. D There are 250 copies of the number 2008 and since 250 × 8 = 2000, Dominique
can retain all 250 eights. She then needs 4 twos so her number has 254 digits of the
original 1000. This allows her to delete 1000 − 254 = 746 of the digits.
14. A Since ∠KPL = 120°, ∠KPJ = 60° and, as ∠JKP = 50°, J F + G + J + 9 = 22 and, since F = 7, we obtain G + J = 6.
∠KJP = 70° (by angle sum of a triangle). So, since triangle
JKL is isosceles, ∠JKL = 12 (180 − 70) ° = 55° giving Q 21. B
∠PKL = ∠JKL − ∠JKP = 5°. P layer is black. The top three layers of an 8-pyramid are the same as the 3-pyramid
K L
15. B Firstly note that b cannot be zero because we cannot divide by zero in the quotient
a / b. Also if a = 0 then the product ab = 0 and the sum becomes b + 0 = 0
contradicting b ≠ 0. So a, b are non-zero. Now ab = a / b so ab2 = a giving
b2 = 1. Thus b = 1 or b = −1. If b = 1, then a + 1 = a (since a + b = ab), 22. C
but this is impossible. If b = −1, then a − 1 = −a and so 2a = 1 and a = 12 .
The only pair is a = 12 , b = −1.
If the first two digits are a and b then the six terms will be a, b, a + b, a + 2b,
16. D
2a + 3b and 3a + 5b. Hence a ≤ 3 and b ≤ 1, since 3a + 5b must be a single
digit number. If b = 0 then we could have a = 1, 2, 3 . If b = 1 then we can
only have a = 1. So the four possibilities are 101123, 202246, 303369 and
112358.
17. D The number n! is divisible by 53 so n must be at least 15. But n is not 15 because 15! is
only divisible by 211 (the factors 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 contribute
2 × 22 × 2 × 23 × 2 × 22 × 2 = 211). However 17 is not a factor of n, so n < 17. Hence
n = 16.
23
If the three red faces of the large cube meet at a single vertex 6 edges
then there are 6 edges of the cube where a blue and a red face
meet. This gives 6 middle cubes and 6 corner cubes that have
both a blue and a red face. However if the three red faces
form a band round the large cube, there will be 8 edges of the
cube where a blue and red face meet. This gives 8 middle 8 edges
cubes and 8 corner cubes with both a blue and red face.
Therefore the answer depends on the colouring of the cube.
The triangle that joins up the centres of the
circles has sides of length 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm so C1
must be a right-angled triangle by the converse 2 1
to Pythagoras' Theorem. Therefore the length 1
of the longer arc of circle C1 is 2
3 3π
× 2π × 1 = cm. 3
3
4 2
The sum of the numbers on the faces is 2 + 3 + 4 + … + 9 = 44.
Each number contributes towards the sum on exactly 3 vertices, so the sum of all
the vertices is 3 × 44 = 132. This is shared equally over 6 vertices so the sum of
each vertex must be 132 ÷ 6 = 22. The sums at each vertex must be equal, so in
particular G + H + 9 + 3 = F + G + H + 5 which gives F = 7. Then the vertex sum
To form the white pyramid, we must remove all the black balls. The entire base
shown in the question and all the balls will be coloured black. The highest white
ball is in the centre of the fourth layer down, and the lowest white balls appear in
the layer above the base. Hence we are left with 4 layers of white balls, forming a
4-pyramid.
Consider the diagram shown where ten vertices have a
dot on them. Every diagonal of a small square will use
one of these dotted vertices. The dotted vertices can only
be used exactly once so the greatest number of diagonals
we can hope for is ten. The second diagram shows that
ten is possible.
28 25
4. The number N is the product of the first 99 positive integers. The number M is the Solutions to the Olympiad Cayley Paper
product of the first 99 positive integers after each has been reversed. That is, for
example, the reverse of 8 is 8; of 17 is 71; and of 20 is 02.
Find the exact value of N ÷ M. 1. How many four-digit multiples of 9 consist of four different odd digits?
First solution First solution
From the given definition we have There are five odd digits: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9.
N = (1 × 2 ×… × 9) × 10 × (11 × 12 ×… × 19) × 20 ×… × 90 × (91 ×… × 99) , The sum of the four smallest odd digits is 16 and the sum of the four largest is 24. Hence
which rearranges to the digit sum of any four-digit number with different odd digits lies between 16 and 24,
inclusive.
N = (1 × 2 ×… × 9) × (11 × 12 ×… × 19) ×… × (91 ×… × 99) × (10 × 20 ×… × 90) . However, the sum of the digits of a multiple of 9 is also a multiple of 9, and the only
Also multiple of 9 between 16 and 24 is 18. Hence the sum of the four digits is 18.
Now 1 + 3 + 5 + 9 = 18, so that the four digits can be 1, 3, 5 and 9. If 7 is one of the
M = (1 × 2 ×… × 9) × 01 × (11 × 21 ×… × 91) × 02 ×… × 09 × (19 ×… × 99) four digits then the sum of the other three is 11, which is impossible. So 7 cannot be one
which rearranges to of the digits and therefore the four digits can only be 1, 3, 5 and 9.
M = (1 × 2 ×… × 9) × (11 × 12 ×… × 19) ×… × (91 ×… × 99) × (01 × 02 ×… × 09) The number of arrangements of these four digits is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. Hence there
are 24 four-digit multiples of 9 that consist of four different odd digits.
= (1 × 2 ×… × 9) × (11 × 12 ×… × 19) ×… × (91 ×… × 99) × (1 × 2 ×… × 9) .
Comparing these arrangements for M and N , we see that M has the same terms as N Second solution
except that the product 10 × 20 ×… × 90 is replaced by the product 1 × 2 ×… × 9. The sum of all five odd digits is 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25.
Thus when we divide N by M all the common terms cancel and we are left with Subtracting 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 in turn we get 24, 22, 20, 18 and 16, only one of which is a
multiple of 9, namely 18 = 25 − 7. Since the sum of the digits of a multiple of 9 is also
N 10 × 20 ×… × 90
= a multiple of 9, it follows that the four digits can only be 1, 3, 5 and 9.
M 1 × 2 ×… × 9 The number of arrangements of these four digits is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. Hence there
= 109. are 24 four-digit multiples of 9 that consist of four different odd digits.
Second solution 2. A hexagon is made by cutting a small equilateral triangle
from each corner of a larger equilateral triangle. The
We may place the numbers from 1 to 99 into three categories, determined by how they
sides of the smaller triangles have lengths 1, 2 and 3
are transformed when they are reversed:
units. The lengths of the perimeters of the hexagon and
1. single digit numbers ‘a’ are unchanged; the original triangle are in the ratio 5 : 7.
2. a two-digit number ‘ab’, where neither a nor b is zero, is transformed to the two- What fraction of the area of the original triangle
digit number ‘ba’; and remains?
3. a multiple of 10 such as ‘a0’ is transformed to ‘0a’ = a, a single-digit number.
Thus there is a correspondence between the factors in N and M, as shown in the table: First solution
Let the side length of the large equilateral triangle be x units; this triangle therefore has a
N M perimeter of length 3x units.
‘a’ ‘a’ Now consider the hexagon, which has sides of lengths 1, x − 3, 2, x − 5, 3 and x − 4
‘aa’ ‘aa’ units. Hence the hexagon has perimeter length 3x − 6 units.
‘ab’ and ‘ba’ ‘ba’ and ‘ab’ Since the ratio of the perimeter lengths of the hexagon and the large triangle is 5 : 7, we
have
‘a0’ ‘a’
3x − 6 5
Single-digit numbers are unchanged; two-digit numbers with a repeated digit are = .
3x 7
unchanged; pairs of two-digit numbers, with different digits and neither digit zero, are
unchanged as a pair; the multiples of 10 in N are replaced by single-digit numbers in M. Rearranging and solving for x we obtain
Thus when we divide N by M all the identical factors cancel and we are left with x = 7. (∗)
N 10 × 20 ×… × 90
=
M 1 × 2 ×… × 9
= 109.
26 27
Now, in order to find the area of the large equilateral triangle, we determine the height h 3. In the rectangle ABCD the midpoint of AB is M and AB : AD = 2 : 1. The point X is such
units using Pythagoras' theorem: that triangle MDX is equilateral, with X and A lying on opposite sides of the line MD.
Find the value of ∠XCD.
h2 = 72 − ( ) 7 2
2
Solution
= 49 (1 − 1
4 ) = 49 × 34 . The key to this solution is to draw MC and consider triangle MCX.
3 3 We are given that ABCD is a rectangle, so that BC = AD and ∠DAM = 90° = ∠MBC.
Hence h = 49 × = 7 × . We are also given that AB = 2AD and that M is the midpoint of AB. Therefore
4 2
DA = AM = MB = BC.
Therefore the area of the large equilateral triangle is X
1 7 3 49 3
× 7 × = .
2 2 4 C
D
We may find the areas of the three small equilateral triangles in a similar way. These
areas are
3 4 3 9 3
, and .
4 4 4
The area of the hexagon is the area of the large equilateral triangle minus the areas of the
three small equilateral triangles, that is, A M B
49 3
4
− ( 4
3
+
4 3
4
+
9 3
4
=)35 3
4
. It follows that triangles DAM and MBC are congruent (SAS) and we deduce that
DM = MC.
Finally, the fraction of the original equilateral triangle remaining is But triangle MDX is equilateral, so MX = DM and hence MX = MC . In other words,
triangle MCX is isosceles.
35 3 49 3 5
÷ = .
4 4 7 Now consider the angles at M.
Second solution 1. Triangle DAM is right-angled with ∠DAM = 90°. It is also isosceles, so
Having established that the large triangle has sides of length 7 (equation (*) in the ∠AMD = ∠ADM = 45°, since the angle sum is 180°.
solution above), we may proceed as follows: 2. Similarly, from triangle MBC , ∠CMB = 45°.
The four equilateral triangles in the problem are similar. Now the ratio of the areas of 3. Finally, because triangle MDX is equilateral, ∠DMX = 60°.
similar figures is equal to the ratio of the squares of their sides. Hence the four triangles
Hence ∠CMX = 180° − 45° − 45° − 60°
have areas in the ratio 12 : 22 : 32 : 72 = 1 : 4 : 9 : 49.
Hence the ratio of the areas of the hexagon and the large triangle is = 30°
49 − (1 + 4 + 9) : 49 = 35 : 49 = 5 : 7. since angles on a straight line add up to 180°.
This may be illustrated by dividing the large triangle into 49 small triangles, as shown. Lastly, we consider the angles at C.
We know that triangle XCM is isosceles and that ∠CMX = 30°. Hence each base angle
is 12 (180° − 30°) = 75°; in particular, ∠XCM = 75°.

Also, ABCD is a rectangle, so ∠DCB = 90°, and triangle MBC is right-angled and
isosceles, so ∠MCB = 45°. Therefore
∠DCM = ∠DCB − ∠MCB
= 90° − 45°
= 45°.
We can now calculate the value of ∠XCD.
Note:
We have ∠XCD = ∠XCM − ∠DCM
The observant reader will have noticed that the answer to this problem is surprising: the
ratio of the areas is the same as the ratio of the perimeters. There is no reason to expect = 75° − 45°
this to happen. = 30°.
32 29
Solutions to the Olympiad Hamilton Paper 5. A kite has sides AB and AD of length 25 cm and B
sides CB and CD of length 39 cm. The m 25
perpendicular distance from B to AD is 24 cm. 39 c c m
1. How many four-digit multiples of 9 consist of four different odd digits?

24
h cm

cm
The perpendicular distance from B to CD is h C A
First solution
cm. 39 c
There are five odd digits: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. m cm
Find the value of h. 25
The sum of the four smallest odd digits is 16 and the sum of the four largest is 24. D
Hence the digit sum of any four-digit number with different odd digits lies between 16
First solution
and 24, inclusive.
As shown in the figure below, let the perpendicular from B to the line AD meet the line
However, the sum of the digits of a multiple of 9 is also a multiple of 9, and the only
AD at the point X; let the perpendicular from B to the line CD meet the line CD at the
multiple of 9 between 16 and 24 is 18. Hence the sum of the four digits is 18.
point Y and let the distance DY be y cm.
Now 1 + 3 + 5 + 9 = 18, so that the four digits can be 1, 3, 5 and 9. If 7 is one of the B
four digits then the sum of the other three is 11, which is impossible. So 7 cannot be one
of the digits and therefore the four digits can only be 1, 3, 5 and 9. 39 25
The number of arrangements of these four digits is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. Hence there C
h 24 A
are 24 four-digit multiples of 9 that consist of four different odd digits. X
39 − y 25
Second solution Y y
D
The sum of all five odd digits is 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25.
Subtracting 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 in turn we get 24, 22, 20, 18 and 16, only one of which is a Considering triangle ABX and using Pythagoras' Theorem we obtain
multiple of 9, namely 18 = 25 − 7. Since the sum of the digits of a multiple of 9 is also AX = 252 − 242 cm
a multiple of 9, it follows that the four digits can only be 1, 3, 5 and 9.
The number of arrangements of these four digits is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. Hence there = 7 cm.
are 24 four-digit multiples of 9 that consist of four different odd digits. Similarly, from triangle BDX we have
2. A regular octagon with sides of length a is inscribed in a BD = 242 + (25 − 7)2 cm
square with sides of length 1, as shown. = 30 cm . (∗)
Prove that a2 + 2a = 1. Now from triangles BDY and BCY , again by Pythagoras' theorem, we deduce that
h2 + (39 − y)2 = 392

and h2 + y2 = 302. (1)

First solution
Subtract to get (39 − y)2 − y2 = 392 − 302,
Consider each of the four unshaded triangles. The angle at the vertex of a square is 90°
so each triangle is right-angled. which simplifies to 78y = 900,
The marked angles in the left-hand diagram are both external angles of a regular
150
octagon, so each is equal to 18 × 360° = 45°. Hence each triangle is isosceles (since so that y= .
sides opposite equal angles are equal). 13
x Finally, by substituting in equation (1), we find
360
x
a h = .
13
a Second solution
Another solution uses the length of BD obtained in (*) above to find the area of isosceles
x triangle BCD. Once the area is known the value of the height h may be found from
area = 12 × 39 × h.
Can you see how to find the area of triangle BCD and so complete the solution?
1
Let the two equal sides of one of these triangles have length x, as shown in the right- Note: Triangle DYB is a ‘5, 12, 13’ triangle.
hand diagram.
30 31
6. A regular tetrahedron ABCD has edges of length 2 units. The midpoint of the edge AB is P
M and the midpoint of the edge CD is N .
Find the exact length of the segment MN. A
M
A
B
M
B
Q
D
C R
N
N
D S
First solution
We make use of the following result. R
Theorem (Median of isosceles triangle): The line joining the apex C
to the midpoint of the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular
to the base. That is, in the following figure, ∠PSR = 90°.
P S Q
Applying the theorem to triangle ABC, we find that ∠AMC = 90°. Similarly, in triangle
ABD, ∠AMD = 90°.
Now applying Pythagoras' theorem to the triangles AMC and AMD we get
CM2 = AC2 − AM2 = 22 − 12
and DM2 = AD2 − AM2 = 22 − 12.
Hence CM = 3 and DM = 3, so triangle CMD is isosceles.
Now apply the theorem to triangle CMD to obtain ∠CNM = 90°.
Then by Pythagoras' theorem in triangle CNM
MN 2 = CM2 − CN 2
= 3 − 1.
Therefore MN = 2.

Second solution
A tetrahedron may be formed by joining face diagonals of a cube, as shown below.
Since the faces of the cube are congruent squares the face diagonals have equal length
and so the tetrahedron is regular.
Now M and N are midpoints of opposite edges of the tetrahedron. Therefore they are
midpoints of opposite face diagonals of the cube, that is, centres of opposite faces of the
cube. Hence MN = AR.
Letting the sides of the cube have length a, from Pythagoras' theorem in triangle ARC we
get
AC2 = AR2 + RC2

so that 22 = a2 + a2

= 2a2.
Hence a = 2 and therefore MN = 2.
36 33
5. Two congruent rectangles have a common From Pythagoras' theorem x + x = a
2 2 2

vertex and overlap as shown in the diagram.

so that 2x2 = a2
What is the total shaded area?
a
and hence x = .
2
Now the side of the square has length 1, therefore
8 2 a + 2x = 1,
4 that is, a + a 2 = 1,
or a 2 = 1 − a.
Solution
Squaring this equation we get
Let the unknown side of the rectangle have length y and let one diagonal of the unshaded
quadrilateral have length x, as shown below. 2a2 = 1 − 2a + a2

and therefore a2 + 2a = 1.
y
x 4 Second solution
8 8 We derive an equation for a using
y−2 2
4 unshaded area + area of octagon = area of the square. (1)
Consider each of the four unshaded triangles. The angle at the vertex of a square is 90°
Applying Pythagoras' theorem to the two unshaded right-angled triangles we get so each triangle is right-angled.
x2 = 82 + (y − 2)2 The marked angles in the left-hand diagram are both external angles of a regular
octagon, so each is equal to 18 × 360° = 45°. Hence each triangle is isosceles (since
and x2 = y2 + 42. sides opposite equal angles are equal).
Eliminate x2 from these equations to give Therefore each of the four unshaded triangles is isosceles and right-angled, with
hypotenuse of length a, so the four triangles can be reassembled to form a square of side
64 + (y − 2)2 = y2 + 16, a (see below). Hence the unshaded area is equal to a2.
C B
that is, 64 + y2 − 4y + 4 = y2 + 16,

which rearranges to 52 = 4y a D A
V U
and hence y = 13. a
Now the shaded area is equal to twice the area of one rectangle minus twice the area of W X
E H
the unshaded region, that is,
2 (8 × 13) − 2 ( 12 × 8 × 11 + 1
2 × 4 × 13) = 68.
F G
Hence the total shaded area equals 68. 1
6. Find all solutions to the simultaneous equations Similarly, the four shaded triangles in the right-hand figure together have an area of a2.
x2 − y2 = −5 The octagon comprises these four shaded triangles together with two rectangles, ADEH
and BCFG, which overlap in the square U VWX. Therefore the area of the octagon is
2x2 + xy − y2 = 5.
a2 + area ADEH + area BCFG − area U VWX.
First solution
But the two rectangles each have area a × 1 and the area of square U VWX is a × a, so
We may rewrite the given equations by factorising the left-hand sides:
that the octagon has area
(x − y) (x + y) = −5 (1)
a2 + a + a − a2 = 2a.
(2x − y) (x + y) = 5. (2) Finally, the large square has area 1, so equation (1) gives
Since −5 is non-zero, we may divide (2) by (1) to get a2 + 2a = 1.
34 35
3. Kelly cycles to a friend's house at an average speed of 12 km/hr. Her friend is out, so 4. A triangle is bounded by the lines whose equations are y = −x − 1, y = 2x − 1 and
Kelly immediately returns home by the same route. At what average speed does she y = k , where k is a positive integer.
need to cycle home if her average speed over the whole journey is to be 15 km/hr? For what values of k is the area of the triangle less than 2008?
First solution Solution
Let the distance cycled to the house be d km; let the time taken on the journey to the The lines with equations y = −x − 1 and y = 2x − 1 intersect when
friend's house be t 1 hours and let the time taken on the way back be t 2 hours.
From the given information about average speeds, −x − 1 = 2x − 1,
d x = 0,
12 = from which
t1
so that the lines meet at (0, −1).
2d
and 15 = . The line y = k intersects the line y = −x − 1 when
t1 + t2
These equations may be rearranged to give k = −x − 1,

12t 1 = d (1) from which x = −k − 1,

and the line y = k intersects the line y = 2x − 1 when
and 15t 1 + 15t 2 = 2d . (2)
Substituting from equation (1) into equation (2), we get k = 2x − 1
15t 1 + 15t 2 = 24t 1 k + 1
from which x =
.
so that t1 = 3 t 2.
5 2
Thus the three intersection points are (0, −1), (−k − 1, k) and ( k +2 1 , k ) .
Then equation (1) gives 12 × 53 t 2 = d,
y
d
and hence 20 = .
t2 (−k − 1, k ) ( k +2 1 , k )
Thus Kelly's average speed cycling home is 20 km/h.

Second solution x
Let the distance cycled to the house be d km; let the average speed for the journey home
be v km/h. Then from the information given (0, −1)
d
the time for the outward journey = hours,
12 Now the enclosed triangle has height k + 1 and ‘base’ equal to
d k + 1 k + 1
the time for the homeward journey = hours, − (−k − 1) = + k + 1
v 2 2
2d = 3
(k + 1) ,
and the time for the whole journey = hours. 2
15
so the enclosed area is
Therefore we have
1
2 × 3
2 (k + 1) × (k + 1) = 3
4 (k + 1)2 .
d d 2d
+ = , Therefore when the area is less than 2008,
12 v 15
which may be rearranged to give 3
4 (k + 1)2 < 2008,
1 2 1 8032
= − so that (k + 1)2 <
v 15 12 3
8 − 5
= = 267713 .
60
1 Now 51 = 2601 and 52 = 2704 so that k + 1 < 52, that is, k < 51. Hence the
2 2

= . possible values of k are given by 1 ≤ k ≤ 50.

20
Hence v = 20 and Kelly's average speed cycling home is 20 km/h.
40 37
3. Show that the equation 2x − y
= −1,
1 1 5 x − y
+ =
x y 11 which rearranges to 2x − y = y − x
has no solutions for positive integers x, y.
and hence x = 23 y.
Solutions
Now substitute x = 2
3y in x − y = −5 to obtain
2 2
The first two solutions make use of the following:
We are given
4 2
9y − y2 = −5,
1 1 5 so that y2 = 9
+ = ,
x y 11
and hence y = ±3.
where x and y are positive integers.
Multiplying the given equation throughout by 11xy we obtain Since x = 2
3y we deduce that the equations have two solutions:

11y + 11x = 5xy. (∗) x = 2, y = 3 and x = −2, y = −3.

First solution Second solution
Equation (∗) may be rearranged to give The given equations are

5xy − 11x − 11y = 0, x2 − y2 = −5 (3)

or 25xy − 55x − 55y = 0. 2x2 + xy − y2 = 5. (4)

Adding (3) and (4) we get
Therefore (5x − 11) (5y − 11) − 121 = 0,
3x2 + xy − 2y2 = 0
so that (5x − 11) (5y − 11) = 121. (1)
Now we know that x and y are integers and so 5x − 11 and 5y − 11 are also integers. which factorises to (3x − 2y) (x + y) = 0.
Therefore equation (1) tells us that 5x − 11 is a factor of 121, that is, Hence x = 2
3yor x = −y. But, from equation (3), we know x ≠ −y so we have
x = 23 y.
5x − 11 = ±1, ±11, or ± 121. Substitute x = 23 y in (3) to obtain
Of these six cases, only 5x − 11 = −1 gives a positive integer for x but in this case
5y − 11 = −121 leading to y = −22. So we conclude that the original equation has no
4 2
9y − y2 = −5,
solutions for positive integers x and y.
so that y2 = 9

Second solution and hence y = ±3.

Use equation (∗) to find y in terms of x: Since x = 2
3y we deduce that the equations have two solutions:
11y + 11x = 5xy x = 2, y = 3 and x = −2, y = −3.
so 11x = 5xy − 11y

= (5x − 11) y,
11x
and thus = y, (2)
5x − 11
noting that 5x − 11 is non-zero since x is an integer.
Now y > 0, so 5x − 11 > 0 and hence x ≥ 3 since x is an integer.
We may also assume, without loss of generality, that y ≥ x, so that 11 ≥ 5x − 11 and
hence x ≤ 4.
Therefore x = 3 or x = 4. However, from equation (2), neither of these values of x gives an
integer value for y and hence the original equation has no solutions for positive integers x
and y.
38 39
A
Solutions to the Olympiad Maclaurin Paper

1. All the digits of a certain positive three-digit number are non-zero. When the digits are E B
taken in reverse order a different number is formed. The difference between the two O
numbers is divisible by eight.
F
Given that the original number is a square number, find its possible values.
Solution
Consider the three-digit number ‘abc’ = 100a + 10b + c. When the digits are taken
D C
in reverse order we obtain the number ‘cba’ = 100c + 10b + a. If these numbers are
different, then a ≠ c. Let O be the centre of the circle. The angle between a tangent and the radius drawn to
the point of contact is 90°. Hence
Case I: a > c If a > c, then the difference between ‘abc’ and ’cba’ is
∠OAB = ∠ODC = 90°.
(100a + 10b + c) − (100c + 10b + a) = 99a − 99c
The sum of the interior angles of the pentagon OABCD is 540°. Hence
= 99 (a − c) .
∠AOD = 540° − 90° − 90° − 108° − 108°
We are told that this difference is divisible by 8. But 99 is not divisible by 2, so we
conclude that a − c is divisible by 8. = 144°.
Since a and c are different single-digit numbers, the only possible value of a − c is 8, The angle subtended at the centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended at the
which occurs when a = 9 and c = 1. circumference, so
It now remains to check the nine possible values of b. Of these, only b = 6 yields a
∠EFD = ∠AOD ÷ 2
square number for ‘abc’, namely 961 = 312.
= 72°. (2)
Case II: a < c Using a similar argument, we obtain a = 1 and c = 9. Again, checking
the nine possible values of b, we find only one square number, namely 169 = 132. From equations (1) and (2) we deduce that ∠EFD = ∠DEF, that is, triangle DEF has
equal base angles; therefore the sides opposite these angles are equal. Hence DE = DF,
Hence, the only numbers satisfying the given conditions are 169 and 961. as required.
2. The diagram shows a regular pentagon A
ABCDE. A circle is drawn such that AB is Second solution
a tangent to the circle at A and CD is a A
tangent to the circle at D. The side AE of
E B
the pentagon is extended to meet the
circumference of the circle at F.
Prove that DE = DF. F E B

F
D C
First solution
Since ABCDE is a regular pentagon D C

360° Another solution makes use of the ‘alternate segment theorem’, from which
∠DEF = ∠BAD = ∠AFD, as shown.
5
Can you see how to complete the argument?
= 72°. (1)
We also deduce that each interior angle of the regular pentagon is 108°, since angles on a
straight line are supplementary.
44 41

d Third solution
m Assume, without loss of generality, that x ≤ y. Then
1 1 1 2
+ ≤
x y x
5 2
so that ≤
11 x
2 and hence 5x ≤ 22.
The length of the sheet is Therefore x ≤ 4 since x is an integer. Can you see how to proceed?
d (g + 1) + 2m = 2
Note
and the width of the sheet is
A unit fraction has numerator 1. An Egyptian fraction is constructed by adding different
dg + 2m = 1. (1) unit fractions together, for example,
Eliminate d from this pair of equations to yield the relationship 5 1 1 1
= + + .
2m = g + 1 − g 2. (2) 11 3 11 33
In ancient Egypt fractions were written like this.
We now use the fact that m has to be positive to obtain
0 < g + 1 − g 2 It is possible to write any given proper fraction as an Egyptian fraction, but finding the
smallest number of unit fractions needed is not easy—the problem above shows that 115
and hence ( 2 − 1) g < 1 requires more than two.
4. A circle is inscribed in a right-angled triangle, as shown. x
1
so that g < The point of contact of the circle and the hypotenuse
2 − 1 divides the hypotenuse into lengths x and y. y
1 2 + 1 Prove that the area of the triangle is equal to xy.
= ×
2 − 1 2 + 1
Solution
= 2 + 1. Use the notation in the diagram below.
Restricting our solutions to positive integers, we deduce that there are only two B
possibilities: g = 1 or g = 2. x
If g = 1, then from equations (2) and (1) we find that
r y
2m = 2 − 2 > 0 Q O
r
and d = 1 − (2 − 2)
C R A
= 2 − 1 > 0,
The two tangents to a circle from an external point are of equal length.
so that the arrangement is indeed possible for a 1 × 2 grid.
Hence AR = y and BQ = x.
Similarly, if g = 2, then Now OR and OQ are radii of the circle and AC and BC are tangents to the circle, so that
∠ORC = 90° and ∠OQC = 90°. It follows that OQCR is a square, and hence
2m = 3 − 2 2 > 0 CR = CQ = r.
and 2d = 1 − (3 − 2 2) From Pythagoras' theorem applied to triangle ABC we get
= 2 2 − 2 > 0, AB2 = BC2 + AC2
so that the arrangement is also possible for a 2 × 3 grid. and so (x + y)2 = (x + r)2 + (y + r)2
which may be expanded and simplified to give
Hence the arrangement is possible for grids of size 1 × 2 or 2 × 3 but impossible for
any other grids of the form g × (g + 1). xy = xr + yr + r2. (1)
42 43
Now the area of the triangle is This sum comprises:
‘ 12 base × height ’ = 1
× AC × BC the three angles x°, y° and z°;
2
three pairs of supplementary angles, as described above; and
= 1
2 (y + r) (x + r) three right angles at the vertex V .
= 1
2 (xy + xr + yr + r2) , We thus obtain the equation
x + y + z + 3 × 180 + 3 × 90 = 1080
= 1
2 (xy + xy) from equation (1)
and hence x + y + z = 270,
= xy,
as required.
as required.
5. An ant lives on the surface of a cuboid which has Y Second solution
points X, Y and Z on three adjacent faces. y°
Another solution considers a net of three faces of the cuboid, drawn on a sheet of paper,
The ant travels between X, Y and Z along the shortest as shown in the diagram below.
possible path between each pair of points. The angles z°
x°, y° and z° are the angles between the parts of the Z
x° Z
ant's path, as shown. X
Prove that x + y + z = 270.
Y
First solution
Consider any two adjacent faces along which the ant moves and unfold them as shown in
the diagram. Since the ant takes the shortest possible path between any two points, on
the unfolded diagram the path will be a straight line.
T

X
a
b

On the net, one section of the ant's path is disconnected. The two broken parts of the path
may be extended, as shown by the dashed lines, to meet at a point T .
Can you see how to show that the angle at T is a right angle, and so complete the proof?
It follows that the path, when it crosses an edge, always forms a pair of supplementary 6. An artist is preparing to draw on a sheet of A4 paper (a rectangle with sides in the ratio
angles, such as a and b in the diagram above. 1 : 2). The artist wishes to place a rectangular grid of squares in the centre of the
paper, leaving a margin of equal width on all four sides.
Y
y° Show that such an arrangement is possible for a 1 × 2 or a 2 × 3 grid but impossible for
any other g × (g + 1) grid.
V
Solutions
z° Without any loss of generality, we may suppose that the sheet of paper measures 2
Z units by 1 unit. Let the width of the margin be m units and let the g × (g + 1) grid be
x° composed of squares with sides of length d units, as shown in the diagram.
X

Now consider the three quadrilaterals, shown shaded in the diagram above, which are
bounded by the path and which have one vertex V of the cuboid in common.
The angle sum of each quadrilateral is 360° and so the sum of the angles in all three
quadrilaterals is 3 × 360° = 1080°.