DESIGN OF HYBRID SOLAR AND WIND

POWER SYSTEM
SESSION – 2017-18

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by –

Shweta Mishra
B.Tech (ECE)
Bengal College of Engineering & Technology
Durgapur, West Bengal

Guided By –

Dr. J.K.Singh
Sr. Technical Officer

Product, Process and Technology Development

CSIR – Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research,
Barwa Road, Dhanbad – 826015,
Jharkhand (INDIA)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled “Design of
Hybrid Solar and Wind Power System” submitted to
CSIR – CIMFR is a record of the work done by Shweta Mishra
under my supervision from 16th December 2017 to 15th
January 2018.

Dr. J. K. Singh
Sr. Technical Officer
CSIR – CIMFR, Dhanbad
Jharkhand

Dr. G. Banerjee
Chief Scientist and HORG,
Mine Mechanisation and Technology Development,
CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad

Date:

Place:
 DECLARATION BY THE AUTHOR

I hereby declare that this project report on “Design of Hybrid

Solar and Wind Power System” has been completed and written
by me. Any part of this report has not been plagiarised from
other sources. Also, all the information included in this report
has been duly acknowledged.

Shweta Mishra
B.Tech (ECE)
Bengal College of Engineering and Technology
Durgapur, West Bengal

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We value virtue but do not discuss it and the acknowledgement
of a single possibility can change everything.

So, I would take this opportunity to express my profound

gratitude and indebtedness to Dr. J. K. Singh, Sr. Technical
Officer, Department of Product, Process and Technology
Development, CSIR – Central Institute of Mining and Fuel
Research, Dhanbad for his continuous guidance, valuable
advices, constant encouragement and untiring supervision
throughout my project work.

I express my deep sense of gratitude, to Dr. P. K. Singh,

Director, CSIR – Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research,
Dhanbad for giving me the golden opportunity, to do my project
work in his institute of global reputation.

At the same time, I am also grateful to Dr. G.Banerjee, Chief

Scientist and HORG, Mine Mechanisation and Technology
Development, CSIR – Central Institute of Mining and Fuel
Research, Dhanbad, for his continuous inspiration and
encouragement throughout my project.

Also, I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. I. Ahmed,

Sr. Principal Scientist and Head HRD and CSIR – Central
Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad for giving me
the premium opportunity to work under Dr. Singh and also for
providing all the other facilities and required help form the core
of their heart. I would also like to thank the other staff members
of the Human Resource Department (HRD), for helping me
throughout my work.

And lastly, I would like to thank all the other staff members of
CSIR - Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad
who, directly or indirectly helped me to perform this work.

Shweta Mishra
CONTENTS
Abstract
Introduction
Overview of the project.
Advantages of our project.

Integration challenge of the project.

Solar power.
Wind power.
Working principle of wind turbine.
Converter
Controller
Components and its Specifications
Working model of project
Precautions
Conclusion
References
 ABSTRACT
Renewable energy resources are the most important & expected field
to find new energy sources to meet up the large demand in power all
over the world especially in a developing countries like India. The most
popular renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy,
hydro energy. In our project we present the design and analysis of a
hybrid solar-wind system. Hybrid system is more environmental
friendly and economical as compared to other system. Hybrid
renewable energy system combines two or more renewable energy
sources. This hybrid system is combined in such a way that both wind
and solar energy are used to generate electricity simultaneously and
this electricity is used to charge a battery. The power generation
capacity of hybrid system is more than the power generation capacity
of the individual system. This system is very effective as compared to
another. Also it increases the reliability and reduces the dependence
on one single source.
 INTRODUCTION
Electricity is most needed facility for human beings. The demand of electricity
increases day by day in the world and to fulfil demand we have to generate it. There
are two ways of electricity generation either by renewable energy resources or by
non-renewable energy resources. Today most of the electricity is generated by non-
renewable energy resources. The main disadvantages of these resources is that it
produce harmful gases and waste materials which damage the atmosphere and our
health. So we can move towards the renewable energy resources like solar and wind
energy to produce electrical energy. These resources are pollution free and
economical. The renewable sources are emerging options to full fill the energy
demand in future. Hybrid renewable energy system combines two or more
renewable energy sources like wind turbine and solar system. Basically our project
(hybrid system) involves integration of two solar and wind energy. In our project we
can use solar and wind energy to generate electrical energy. Both the energy
sources have greater availability in all areas. It needs lower cost. There is no need to
find special location to install this system. Solar panel is convert solar energy into
electrical and wind turbine dynamo convert wind energy into electrical and this
electrical energy store in large battery. Solar and wind energy integrated
technologies have great potential to benefit our nation. They can diversify our
energy supply, reduce our dependence on imported fuels, improve the quality of the
air we breathe, offset greenhouse gas emissions, and stimulate our economy by
creating jobs in the manufacturing and installation of solar and wind energy
systems. By using solar and wind integrated system we can electrify remote area
also it is applicable for metro cities in future to avoid unwanted load shedding.

This electrical power can utilize for various purpose. Also it increases the reliability
and reduces the dependence on one single source. This hybrid solar-wind power
generating system is suitable for industries and also domestic areas. Wind speeds
are low in the summer when the sun shines brightest and longest. The wind is
strong in the winter when less sunlight is available. Because the peak operating
times for wind and solar systems occur at different times of the day and year, hybrid
systems are more likely to produce power when you need it.

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PROJECT MOTIVATION
The economy is largely built on a reliable supply of cheap electricity. A
challenge is to keep the supply system stable and affordable with the
rapid expansion of renewable energy sources like hybrid system.

OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

Hybrid energy system usually comprises of two or more renewable energy
sources combined in such a way to provide an efficient system with continuous
power supply. In other words it can be said that hybrid energy system is a
combination several (two or more) energy sources with appropriate energy
conversion technology connected together to feed power to local load/grid.
In this project, both wind and solar are successfully integrated in a single system. In
presence of both sunlight and wind, the system will be highly effective. Solar panel
convert solar energy into electrical and wind turbine convert wind energy into
electrical and by both input source of electricity, we can charge the battery by hybrid
voltage controller. This electrical power can used for various load.

Figure: 1

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 ADVANTAGES OF OUR PROJECT
The Major Advantage of our system is that when solar and wind power
production are used together, the reliability of the system is enhanced.
Hybrid solar and wind system reduces the dependency on non-
renewable resources.
Solar and wind hybrid system has potential to save about 8-12% in
capital investment of India.
Solar PV systems are more productive during the summer, and wind turbines
are more productive during the winter. So it is effective in all seasons.
Point of Generation and consumption being close to each other hence
saves on infrastructure costs especially for Rural Electrification projects.
Hybrid systems are easy to install & maintain. Already proven in India &
worldwide for variety of applications, virtually same skilled man power who
is trained to install and maintain Solar Systems will be able to manage.
By using this system we can reduce our electricity bill to 10-20%.
Though initial investment needed for wind farm is higher than that of the fossil
fuel based power plants, but its life cycle cost requires no extra fuel cost.
The setup of our system is very simple and most efficient.
Ideal for remote areas where national grids cannot reach.

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INTEGRATION CHALLENGE OF THE PROJECT
The difficulty (or ease) of increasing the share of variable generation
in a power system depends on the interaction of two main factors:

• First, the properties of wind and solar PV generation; these include the
constraints that weather and daylight patterns have on where and when they can
generate. It is also relevant that VRE power plants are often smaller in scale than
conventional generation and deployed in a more dispersed fashion. Finally, VRE
connects to the grid using power converter technologies, which are different
from conventional generators and lead to important integration effects.

• Second, the flexibility of the power system into which VRE is integrated,
the characteristics of the system’s electricity demand and climatic
conditions. For example it is easier to integrate large shares of VRE where
there is a good match with demand, and solar PV show less seasonal
fluctuation in countries that have constant daylight hours during the entire
year. Flexibility is defined as the ability of a power system to respond to
rapid swings in the supply demand balance, expected or otherwise. It can be
provided by four fundamental resources: demand-side resources, electricity
storage, grid infrastructure and flexible generation.

Policy, market and regulatory frameworks have a critical impact on the

way in which these two factors interact. The frameworks determine
how the power system is actually operated and hence whether what is
technically possible is both practically achievable and economically
attractive for stakeholders in the electricity system

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SOLAR POWER
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun. It is an important source
of renewable energy. Solar energy supports all life on earth and is the basis
for almost every form of energy we use. However direct solar energy can be
used as heat, light, and electricity through the use of solar cells (solar panel).

WORKING OF SOLAR CELL

A solar cell is a solid-state electrical device (p-n junction) that converts

the energy of light directly into electricity (DC) using the photovoltaic
effect. Actually solar cells are made of semi-conductors, which mostly
is silicon. Silicon crystals are laminated into n-type and p-type layers,
stacked on the top of each other. It is same as the P-N junction diode.

Figure: 2

When light reaches the p-n junction, the light photons can easily enter in the
Junction, through very thin p-type layer. The light energy, in the form of photons,
supplies sufficient energy to the junction to create a number of electron-hole pairs.
The incident light, breaks the thermal equilibrium condition of the junction. The free
electrons in the depletion region can quickly come to the n-type side of the junction.
Similarly, the holes in the depletion can quickly come to the p-type side of the
junction. Once, the newly created free electrons come to the n-type side, cannot
further cross the junction because of barrier potential of the junction.

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Similarly, the newly created holes once come to the p-type side cannot further
cross the junction became of same barrier potential of the junction. As the
concentration of electrons becomes higher in one side i.e. n-type side of the
junction and concentration of holes becomes more in another side i.e. the p-type
side of the junction, the p-n junction will behave like a small battery cell. A
voltage is set up which is known as photo voltage. If we connect a small load
across the junction, there will be a tiny current flow through it.

The key variable is to keep solar cells performance. Different areas

and applications in each location. As well as to calculate the overall
system and the number of solar cells required was intensity of light
and temperature. Electrical current is directly proportional to the
intensity of light. And the voltage will be directly proportional to the
light intensity is the same, but not as much as electric current. If the
high intensity of the light to the current from solar cells, it is as well.

Materials Used in Solar Cell

The materials which are used for this purpose must have band
gap close to 1.5ev. Commonly used materials are-
1. Silicon.
2. GaAs.
3. CdTe.
4. CuInSe2.

Criteria for Materials to be Use in Solar Cell.

1. Must have band gap from 1ev to 1.8ev.

2. It must have high optical absorption.
3. It must have high electrical conductivity.
4. The raw material must be available in abundance and the cost of
the material must be low.

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WIND POWER
Wind energy is one of the best sources of alternative energy. Wind refers to the
movement of air from high pressure areas to low pressure areas. It is a renewable
source of energy and does not produce any pollutants or emissions during
operation that could harm the environment. Wind power is one of the cleanest and
safest method of generating renewable electricity by using wind turbine.

WIND TURBINE

A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical
energy. Wind turbines operate on a simple principle. The energy in the wind turns
two or three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main
shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity. Wind turbine works the Opposite
of a fan. Wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades,
which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.

TYPES OF WIND TURBINES

Generally Wind turbines can be divided into two basic types

determined by which way the turbine spins.

Horizontal axis wind turbine

Vertical axis wind turbine

In our project we used vertical axis wind turbine. In vertical axis

turbines the shaft the blades are connected to is vertical to the ground.
All of the main components are close to the ground as shown in figure.

Figure: 3

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Advantages of vertical axis wind turbine.

Work at lower wind speeds.

Accept wind from any angle.
High mechanical stability.
Required less maintenance.
No massive tall tower construction
required. Highly effective.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF WIND TURBINE GENERATOR.

Generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It
works based on principle of faraday law of electromagnetic induction. The faradays
law states that whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, EMF is
induced and this induced EMF is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages. This
EMF can be generated when there is either relative space or relative time variation
between the conductor and magnetic field. Generators are basically coils of electric
conductors, normally copper wire, that are tightly wound onto a metal core and are
mounted to turn around inside an exhibit of large magnets. An electric conductor
moves through a magnetic field, the magnetism will interface with the electrons in
the conductor to induce a flow of electrical current inside it.

Figure: 4

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The conductor coil and its core are called the armature, connecting the armature
to the shaft of a mechanical power source, for example an motor, the copper
conductor can turn at exceptionally increased speed over the magnetic field.

The point when the generator armature first starts to turn, then there is a weak
magnetic field in the iron pole shoes. As the armature turns, it starts to raise
voltage. Some of this voltage is making on the field windings through the
generator regulator. This impressed voltage builds up stronger winding current,
raises the strength of the magnetic field. The expanded field produces more
voltage in the armature. This, in turn, make more current in the field windings,
with a resultant higher armature voltage. At this time the signs of the shoes
depended on the direction of flow of current in the field winding.

Figure 5: Overall working model of our project wind turbine

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CONVERTER
It is an electronics circuit that convert Ac to Dc. It is also known as rectifier.
Rectifier circuits may be single-phase or multi-phase (three being the most
common number of phases). Most low power rectifiers for domestic equipment
are single-phase, but three-phase rectification is very important for industrial
applications and for the transmission of energy as DC (HVDC). There are two
types of rectifier circuit, first one is half wave rectifier and second one is full
wave rectifier. A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an Ac voltage
into a pulsating dc voltage using both half cycles of the applied ac voltage.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CONVERTER.

The working & operation of a full wave bridge rectifier is pretty simple. The
circuit diagrams and wave forms we have given below will help you understand
the operation of a bridge rectifier perfectly. In the circuit diagram, 4 diodes are
arranged in the form of a bridge. The transformer secondary is connected to two
diametrically opposite points of the bridge as shown in figure.

Figure: 6
During first half cycle of the input voltage, the upper end of the transformer
secondary winding is positive with respect to the lower end. Thus during the
first half cycle diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased and current flows through
arm AB, enters the load resistance RL, and returns back flowing through arm DC.
During this half of each input cycle, the diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and
current is not allowed to flow in arms AD and BC. The flow of current is indicated
by solid arrows in the figure above. We have developed another diagram below
to help you understand the current flow quickly. See the diagram below – the
green arrows indicate beginning of current flow from source (transformer
secondary) to the load resistance. The red arrows indicate return path of current
from load resistance to the source, thus completing the circuit.

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During second half cycle of the input voltage, the lower end of the transformer
secondary winding is positive with respect to the upper end. Thus diodes D3and
D4 become forward biased and current flows through arm, enters the load
resistance RL, and returns back to the source flowing through arm. Flow of
current has been shown by dotted arrows in the figure. Thus the direction of
flow of current through the load resistance RL remains the same during both half
cycles of the input supply voltage. See the diagram below – the green arrows
indicate beginning of current flow from source (transformer secondary) to the
load resistance. The red arrows indicate return path of current from load
resistance to the source, thus completing the circuit.

WAVEFORM

RECTIFIER

AC TO DC

INPUT OUTPUT
Figure: 7

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CONTROLLER
It is device which gives desired output. It also control the input signal. There are
various type of controller. Basically in our project we used voltage controller.

SOLAR CHARGER CONTROLLER

A solar charge controller manages the power going into the battery bank
from the solar array. It ensures that the deep cycle batteries are not
overcharged during the day, and that the power doesn’t run backwards to the
solar panels overnight and drain the batteries. Some charge controllers are
available with additional capabilities, like lighting and load control, but
managing the power is its primary job. A solar charge controller is available
in two different technologies, PWM and MPPT. They perform in a system is
very different from each other. An MPPT solar charge controller stands for
“Maximum Power Point Tracking” and PWM solar charge controller stands
for “Pulse Width Modulation”. In our project we used PWM controller.

Figure: 8

PWM operate by making a connection directly from the solar array to the battery
bank. During bulk charging, when there is a continuous connection from the
array to the battery bank, the array output voltage is ‘pulled down’ to the battery
voltage. As the battery charges, the voltage of the battery rises, so the voltage
output of the solar panel rises as well, using more of the solar power as it
charges. As a result, you need to make sure you match the nominal voltage of
the solar array with the voltage of the battery bank. *Note that when we refer to a
12V solar panel that means a panel that is designed to work with a 12V battery.
The actual voltage of a 12V solar panel, when connected to a load, is close to 18
VMP (Volts at maximum power). This is because a higher voltage source is
required to charge a battery. If the battery and solar panel both started at the
same voltage, the battery would not charge.

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HYBRID CHARGER CONTROLLER.

The energy generated from two different source are difficult to handle
simultaneously. Hence, a hybrid controller is needed to keep the battery safe
and charge it judiciously and cut off the power source when the battery is
fully charged. The hybrid controller is attached in series with the battery. The
various slots available on hybrid controller are for solar power source, the
wind power source and an outlet for the rechargeable battery. There is also a
slot for directly dumping the power to the load. The load can be any things,
which meets the requirements of the power produced.

Figure: 9
We have not used hybrid controller in our system as they are very costly
and are generally used for the systems, which produce huge amount of
power. For our system the diodes did the job and proved that such a
system was viable, and could be produced in large scale. The hybrid
controllers can also use power input from the direct power supply.
DIODES
The definition of a diode is an electronic device with two
transmitting terminals that allows electric current to flow in one
direction while blocking current in the opposite direction.

Figure: 10

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COMPONENTS AND ITS SPECIFICATIONS
Dynamo
Solar panel
Ac to Dc
converter Charge
controller Diode
Battery

Dynamo: Metallic body, it provides AC output so the

live/positive terminal is the bottom bolt, Size: 10 x 10 x 10
cm, voltage 6v to 12v, power 6w. Minimum RPM 20

Figure: 11
Solar panel: Monocrystalline silicon solar panel, DC Power
cable for 12V Battery, size 1 x 0.6 m.

Figure: 12

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 Charge controller: PWM Auto Solar Charge Controller, brand-
Generic, Voltage 6V to 12V, current 10A, size 5.1 x 2.2 x 6.9 cm.

Figure: 13
Diode: voltage 2v to 12v, power 6w.

Figure: 14
Battery: Lead Acid Rechargeable battery, voltage 12v, Battery
capacity: 1.3 Ah.

Figure: 15

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Working model of the project:

Solar and wind hybrid power systems are designed using solar panels
and small wind turbine generators for generating electricity. Generally,
these solar wind hybrid systems are capable of small capabilities. The
typical power generation capacities of solar wind hybrid systems are in
the range from 1 kW to 10 kW. Before discussing in brief about the solar
and wind hybrid power system, we should know about solar power
generation systems and wind-power generation systems.
To better understand the working of solar wind hybrid system, we
must know the working of solar energy system and wind energy
system. Solar power system can be defined as the system that uses
solar energy for power generation with solar panels. The block
diagram of solar wind hybrid system is shown in the figure in which
the solar panels and wind turbine are used for power generation.
Solar energy is one of the major renewable energy resources that can be
used for different applications, such as solar power generation, solar water
heaters, solar calculators, solar chargers, solar lamps, and so on. There
are various advantages of solar energy usage in electric power generation
including low pollution, cost-effective power generation (neglecting
installation cost), maintenance free power system, etc. Solar power system
consists of three major blocks namely solar panels, solar photovoltaic
cells, and batteries for storing energy. The electrical energy (DC power)
generated using solar panels can be stored in batteries or can be used for
supplying DC loads or can be used for inverter to feed AC loads.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF HYBRID SYSTEM

Figure: 16

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Wind energy is also one of the renewable energy resources that can
be used for generating electrical energy with wind turbines coupled
with generators. There are various advantages of wind energy, such
as wind turbines power generation, for mechanical power with
windmills, for pumping water using wind pumps, and so on.
Large wind turbines are made to rotate with the blowing wind and accordingly
electricity can be generated. The minimum wind speed required for connecting
the generator to the power grid is called as cut in speed and maximum wind
speed required for the generator for disconnecting the generator from the
power grid is called as cut off speed. Generally, wind turbines work in the
range of speed between cut in and cut off speeds.

Overall circuit of hybrid system.

Figure: 17

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Precautions

The wind turbine must be steady, if the turbine is not steady, it

may get damaged in strong wind.
Solar panel must be at the correct angle, so that solar panel
obtained high intensity of sunlight.
The turbines are generally unstable and there is high chance of a
short circuit, so the system must be kept away from inflammable
objects.
Connect the wire of the wind turbine and solar panel with correct
slot in controller if you not connect the wire of both with correct
slot then the components will be damaged.
All the components should be connecting in correct way so that
there is no chance of short circuit.

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Conclusion

Electricity is most needed facility for human beings. The demand of

electricity increases day by day in the world and to fulfil demand we
have to generate it. In addition, hybrid system theory provides the
backbone for the formulation and implementation of learning control
policies. The advancement in technology is increasing the electrical
and electronic appliances usage – which, in turn – is increasing the
power demand. Thus, to meet the load demand, different techniques
are used for electric power generation. In the recent times, to avoid
pollution and to conserve non-renewable energy resources like coal,
petroleum, etc., renewable energy sources like solar, wind, etc., are
being preferred for power generation. The combination of renewable
energy sources can also be used for generating power called as
hybrid power. Hybrid system is best way to fulfil the demand of the
world.

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