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APA References

In the body of the essay


No footnotes
Verbs that we can use: Posit, argue, explain, say, etc.
No titles of the books or papers in the essay. We’ll include them at the end.
Don’t include dictionary definitions, a more specialised source. But if we include a definition, we
don’t add page numbers or year of publication)
We don’t mention if it’s someone extracted from the internet
If we find sth in another language and we want to include it, we have to translate it in the essay
(but in the references we leave the book in the original language). And we should add that it’s
our translation.

Ways of reference

● According to Labov (2003: 45) “variation is problematic

If we don’t quote, we don’t need the page number

● Tannen and Cameron (1999) argue that gender and language establish a complex
relationship…

If someone cites smn else…. And I’m interested in what that smn else says but I didn’t read
that:
● Willson (2001, cited in Herring 2006:123) posits that “digital discourse is ever
changing…”

References vs bibliography

References: what you have used in the text as quotes


Bibliography: what we used as information

In the essay, we only include references, only the sources that we have cited
References list:​ ​(we don’t add a bullet point before each reference) we use
indentation if we need a second line for a reference.

Surname, Initial (year of publication) ​Title of the book. ​Place of publication: publisher’s name

Surname, initial and inital of the name Surname (year of publication). “Title of the article”. Name
of the journal . Vol 5 (7), pp. Xxx

Surname, initial (year of publication) (ebook) ​Title of the book​. Place of publication: publisher’s
name.

For a chapter of an edited book (written by different authors):

Surname of the writer of the chapter, initial (year of publication) “Title of the chapter”. In
Surname of the editor of the book, initial and initial Surname of the other editor (eds.). ​Title of
the book,. ​Place of publication: publisher’s name,​ p
​ p. where we find the chapter

If we cite something from the internet:

Surname, initial and inital of the name Surname (year of publication). “Title of the article”.
(retrieved from (whole link) on date you retrieved it and the time)

If we don’t have a page number:


Maybe we can paraphrase it, but if it’s relevant to add that exact quote, we need to somehow
find the page number, we have to include it.

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