READ ALOUD:

1. The maximum yield of plants, determined by their genetic potential, is Seldom Acquired
because factors such as insufficient water or nutrients, adverse climate conditions, plant
diseases, and insect damage will limit growth at some Stage. Plants subjected to these biotic
and abiotic between are said to be stressed.
2. Orientalists, like many other nineteenth-century thinkers, conceive of humanity either in
large collective terms or in Abstract Generalities Orientalists are neither interested in nor
capable of discussing individuals; instead, artificial Entities predominate. similar, the age-old
distinction between “Europe” and “Asia” or “Occident" and "Orient Herds Beneath very wide
labels every possible variety of human Multiple, reducing it in the process to one or two
terminal Collective abstraction.
3. Though Botswana's economic outlook remaining strong, the devastation that AIDS has
caused threatens to destroy the Country's future. In 2001, Botswana has the highest rates of
HIV infection in the world. With the help of international Donors it launched an ambitious
national campaign that provided free Antiviral Drugs to anyone who need them, and By
March 2004, Botswana's infection rate has dropped significantly.
4. Using more than fifty interviews, award-winning writer Danny Danziger Creates a
fascinating mosaic of the people Behind New York's magnificent Metropolitan Museum of Art
from the aristocratic, acerbic director of the museum, Philippe de Montebello, to the curators
who have a deep knowledge and passionate appreciation of their collections, From the
security guards to the philanthropists who keep the museum's financial life blood flowing.
Most words have Experience several changes in meaning throughout their history.
5. Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday, when the International Astronomical
Union downsized the solar System from nine to eight planets. Although there had been
passionate debates at the IAU General Assembly Meeting In Prague about the definition of a
planet – and whether Pluto met the specifications – the audience greeted the Decision to
Exclusion It with Applause.
6. Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing the elder
sister started to say that her parents had been very strict and that she had been rather
frightened of them. Her sister, younger by two years, interrupted in amazement. "What are
you talking about?" she said, "Our parents were very lenient".
7. Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open
the front door and discover Houses all around you. You see neighbours tending their
gardens and children walking to school. Where did all the People come from? What if the
answer turned out to be that they had always been there—you just hadn't seen.
8. This year the National Environmental Science Competition received excellent
undergraduate and postgraduate entries from all across the country, with a wide range of
projects. We are delighted that our awards are encouraging exciting and valuable projects
that go beyond research and analysis to develop solutions for a number of key problems.
Information about the shortlisted projects will be posted on our website in the first week in
June.
9. Hundreds of millions of people eat fast food every day without giving it much thought.
They just unwrap their hamburgers and dig in. An hour or so later, when the burger’s all
gone and the wrapper’s been tossed into the garbage, the whole meal has already been
forgotten.
10. Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open
the front door and discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens
and children walking to school. Where did all the people come from? What if the answer
turned out to be that they had always been there—you just hadn't seen them?
11. The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly
altered from the usual mammal, design for two main reasons. One is to cope with the great
weight of huge grinding cheek teeth and elongated tusk, making the skull particularly
massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a huge body.
12. Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language. It puzzles us in
part, because it doesn’t seem to have any relatives. What’s more, it is now virtually a fossil
word, until recently almost invariably found in arms akimbo, a posture in which a person
stands with hands on hips and elbows sharply bent outward, one that signals impatience and
hostility.
13. While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Blue food is
rare in nature. Food researchers say that when humans searched for food, they learned to
avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black, or purple. When food dyed blue
is served to study subjects, they lose appetite.
14. Blue is the most popular color. Food researchers disagree – when humans searched for
food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black, or purple.
When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose their appetite.
15. When countries assess their annual carbon dioxide emissions, they count up their cars
and power stations, but bush fires are not included presumably because they are deemed to
be events beyond human control. In Australia, Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand
hectares burn each year in both 2004 and the present summer, the figure has been over 1
million hectares.
16. First-year university students have designed and built a ground-breaking electric car that
recharges itself. Fifty students from the University of Sydney's Faculty of Engineering spent
five months cobbling together bits of plywood, foam and fiberglass to build the ManGo
concept car. They developed the specifications and hand built the car. It's a pretty radical
design: a four-wheel drive with a motor in each wheel.
17. Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas, this plant now looks
entirely at home on the banks of English rivers. Brought to the UK in 1839, it quickly escaped
from Victorian gardens and colonized river banks and damp woodlands. Now it is spreading
across Europe, New Zealand, Canada and the US.
18. A young man from a small provincial town — a man without independent wealth, without
powerful family connections and without a university education — moved to London in the
late 1580’s and, in a remarkably short time, became the greatest playwright not of his age
alone but of all time. How did Shakespeare become Shakespeare?
19. The Japanese tea ceremony is a tour influenced by Buddhism in which green tea is
prepared and served to a small group of guests in a peaceful setting. The ceremony can
take as long as four hours and there are many traditional gestures that both the server and
the guest must perform.
20. Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects, and
precision is more important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too complex; it is
usually unnecessary to make extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of
terms is often required.
21. Lincoln’s apparently radical change of mind about his war power to emancipate slaves
was caused by the escalating scope of war, which convinced him that any measure to
weaken the Confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military
necessity.
22. Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting, and marketing,
today's MBA students are enrolling on courses for environmental policy and stewardship.
Indeed, more than half of business schools require a course in environmental sustainability
or corporate social responsibility, according to a survey of 91 US business schools,
published in October 2005.
23. The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the
world’s palate. It’s also the second most expensive spice after saffron. But highly labour-
intensive cultivation methods and the plant’s temperamental life cycle and propagation mean
production on a global scale is struggling to keep up with the increasing demand for the
product.
24. Yellow is the most optimistic colour, yet surprisingly, people lose their tempers most
often in yellow rooms and babies cry more in them. The reason may be that yellow is the
hardest colour on the eye. On the other hand, it speeds metabolism and enhances
concentration; think of yellow legal pads and post-it notes.
25. How do we imagine the unimaginable If we’re asked to think of an object say, a yellow
tulip a picture immediately forms in our mind’s eye. But what if we try to imagine a concept
such as the square root of negative number?
26. A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to
create retail interfaces with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity
from a consumer perspective is the implementation of sophisticated tools/to assist shoppers
in their purchase decisions by customizing the electronic shopping environment to their
individual preferences.
27. A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic
liquids and should thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible
decomposition of the solvent in question, as well as the physical placement of the distillation
apparatus and heating equipment to be employed.
28. The preparation of abstract is an intellectual effort, requiring general familiarity with the
subject. To bring out the salient points of author’s argument calls for skill and experience.
Consequently, a considerable amount of qualified manpower that could be used to
advantage in other ways must be diverted to the task of facilitating access to information.
29. Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist because of the strong
association of the home with femininity and paid work with masculinity – to challenge who
does what in the home is arguably tantamount to challenge what it is to be a woman or a
man.
30. Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students was
in part the result of a realization that they had inadvertently limited their application pool by
requiring several years’ work experience. Talented students who might otherwise have gone
to business school instead opted for a law or policy degree because they were intimidated by
the expectation of work experience.
31. Orientalists, like many other nineteenth-century thinkers, conceive of humanity either in
large collective terms or in abstract generalities. Orientalists are neither interested in nor
capable of discussing individuals; instead, artificial entities predominate. Similarly, the age-
old distinction between “Europe” and “Asia” or “Occident” and “Orient” herds beneath very
wide labels every possible variety of human plurality, reducing it in the process to one or two
terminal collective realities.
32. When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the need to
consume natural resources. If used materials are not recycled, new products are made by
extracting fresh, raw material from the Earth, through mining and forestry. Recycling helps
conserve important raw materials and protects natural habitats for the future.
33. Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try to
move them into grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the animals and
dramatically increases survivals in the grow-out ponds. Many farms that abandoned nursery
ponds have gone back to them, and the results have been surprisingly positive. They're
using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
34. Scientists know little about how exactly it works, especially when it comes to complex
functions like memory formation. Research is more advanced in animals, but experiments on
humans are hard. Yet, even today, some parts of the brain, like the motor cortex, are better
understood. Nor is complete knowledge always needed. Machine learning can recognize
patterns of neural activity; the brain itself gets the hang of controlling BCIS with extraordinary
ease. And neuro-technology will reveal more of the brain’s secrets.
35. Hundreds of millions of American people eat fast food every day without giving it too
much thought, unaware of the subtle and not so subtle ramifications of their purchases. They
just grab their tray off the counter, find a table, take a seat, unwrap the paper, and dig in. The
whole experience is transitory and soon forgotten.
36. Tourism is a challenging sector on which divides statistic since businesses serving
tourists, also service local people. Therefore, it is not a straightforward to estimate how much
business sectors' revenue and how many jobs are due to tourist expenditures.
37. Australians do speak English, however, for some tourists and travellers, it can be difficult
to understand the slang. Also, the links between Australian and American English were seen
to be very tenuous. At least some colloquialisms in Australian English does not exist in other
types of English.
38. As we progress into the 21st century, communications are becoming faster and faster
Think of millions of different media images you are bombarded with every day. It is as
important now to be able to read and make sense of those images, as it has been to be able
to read ordinary text.
39. For any marketing course that requires development of marketing plan, such as
marketing management, marketing strategy and segmentation support marketing, this is the
only planning handbook that guides students through the step by step creation of customized
marketing plan. While offering commercial software to aid in the process.
40. Before European explorers had reached Australia, it was believed that all swans were
white. Dutch mariner, Antounie Caen, was the first to be amazed at the sight of Australia's
Black swans on the Shark Bay in 1636.
41. As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in
inaugurating in a number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in
the days preceding the Industrial Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of the Industrial
Revolution, there were substantial divergences among writers.
42. Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing. The elder
sister started to say that her parents had been very strict and that she had been rather
frightened of them. Her sister, younger by two years, interrupted in amazement. “What are
you talking about?” She said, “Our parents were very lenient”.
43. A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized
businesses has uncovered 65 instances of theft in more than five years, with more than $31
million stolen. Of the cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine
instances involved men. However, male bookkeepers who defrauded their employer stole
three times, on average, the amount that women stole.
44. At the beginning of each fiscal year, funds are allocated to each State account in
accordance with the University’s financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by
object of expenditure. Account managers are responsible for ensuring that adequate funds
are available in the appropriate object before initiating transactions to use the funds.
45. It isn’t rare for private equity houses to hire grads fresh out of business school, he said,
but 9 times out of 10, the students who nab these jobs are the ones who had private equity
experience under their belts before even starting their MBA program.
46. Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the
preserver of republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with great respect,
and was made Consul year after year. He successfully reduced the political power of the
army by retiring many soldiers, but giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.
47. Ever since I remembered, father woke up at five thirty every morning, made us all
breakfast and read newspaper. After that he would go to work. He worked as a writer. It was
a long time before I realized he did this for a living.
48. The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide and attains a depth of over a
mile. While the specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand Canyon are the
subject of debate by geologists, recent evidence suggests the Colorado River established its
course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago.
49. Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday, when the International Astronomical
Union downsized the solar system from nine to eight planets. Although there had been
passionate debates at the IAU General Assembly Meeting in Prague about the definition of a
planet – and whether Pluto met the specifications – the audience greeted the decision to
exclude it with applause.
50. The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country’s productive
capacity and the ability of people to consume. Great innovations in productive techniques
during and after the war raised the output of industry beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S.
farmers and wage earners.
51. Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the
development like the Reformation that many Europeans taking pride in their unique culture,
find dubious value. Russia is, as a result, the most unusual member of European family, if
indeed it is European at all. The question is still open to debate, particularly among Russians
themselves.
52. The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electric
systems for more than four decades by making ever-smaller devices. However, this
approach will soon encounter both scientific and technical limits, which is why the industry is
exploring a number of alternative device technologies.
53. “Thompson recognized and exploited all the ingredients of a successful amusement
ride.” writes Judith A. Adams in The American Amusement Park Industry. “His coasters
combined an appearance of danger with actual safety, thrilled riders with exhilarating speed,
and allowed the public to intimately experience the Industrial Revolution’s new technologies
of gears, steel, and dazzling electric lights.”
54. There is no single method of learning that guarantee success. How we learn that
depends on many different factors. And what works best for you will not necessarily be that
same as the approach used for the other students even they study the same course. We are
all unique as learners, although some patterns emerge any groups of students.
55. One of the important values of literature is that knowledge is our emotional life, the inner
life that good review in their characters, often gives us glimpses into some portion of
ourselves. We can devote to laugh, cry tremor, dream, ponder, shriek, or risk by simply
turning a page instead of turning our lives upside down.
56. Have you ever picture a world without light? Just think how much we rely on man-made
light sources in our lives, without engineers, we wouldn’t be able to live the way we do. No
street lights, no TV, no computer displays, no house light, engineers design and build all
these things.
57. Internal hybrid electric, enabling the driver to decide which source of power is
appropriate for the travel requirements of given journey. Major U.S. auto manufacturers are
now developing feasible hybrid electric vehicles, and some are exploring fuel-cell technology
for their electric cars.
58. The training of an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity, courage and
commitment. You will learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse and how to use
independent and proactive processes that inform you to do the best work possible for both
stage and screen.
59. The department determines whether or not the candidate has passed the examination. In
cases where an appearance for the final public oral examination would constitute a
substantial financial hardship for the candidate, the director of graduate studies may
recommend to the dean of the Graduate School that the examination be waived.
60. Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to me in
small groups, something that is difficult to arrange such a desperate organization. Many
officers would have to work together for thirty years but would not know others strength and
weakness.
61. The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens modern
societies. It provides a basis for decisions to be made on such things as where to
(open)locate schools and hospitals, how much money to spend on welfare payments and
even which football players to replace at half-time.
62. Fence, humanly erected barrier between two divisions of land, used to mark a legal or
other boundary, to keep animals or people in or out, and sometimes as an ornament. In
newly settled lands fences are usually made of materials at hand, e.g., stone, earth, or wood.
63. Such an agreement would include recognition that the world must aim as soon as
possible to hold global warming to 1.5-degree Celsius; a long-term low-carbon future; 5-year
updated action plans that recognize the developing climate reality; and aid to those countries
that did little to cause climate change but are most at risk from it.
64. Tesla came over from Graz and went to work for Thomas Edison. Nonetheless Edison
offered him a job, promising Tesla fifty thousand dollars if Tesla could redesign Edison’s
breakdown-prone DC generator designs. The new generator designs were a vast
improvement over Edison’s originals. Upon completing the job Tesla went to Edison to
collect the $50,000 promised for the task. Tesla, Edison replied, you don’t understand our
American humour. And Tesla was never paid. These two men became arch-rivals.
65. Who do you think is the most glamorous person? A biotechnologist who led his company
in international research, an ordinary welder who gained international fame through his work,
or a photographer complimented widely for a series of photos?
66. Major breeding areas, and breeding islands, are shown as dark green areas or darts.
Open darts are shown no-breeding records on islands, and are also used for off shore
sightings, which are from ships or boats. Other areas where species are not meant to be
seen are plain pale green, with pale green hatching were records are usually sparse.
67. Another administration option is to bake marijuana at a relatively low temperature to kill
any dangerous microorganisms and then allow that patient to eat it or drink it. Both of these
methods of administration make smoking the drug unnecessary. However, criticism of
medical marijuana has also been raised because as a natural plant, it cannot be patented
and marketed by pharmaceutical companies and is unlikely to win widespread medical
acceptance.
REPEAT SENTENCES:
1. Expertise in particular areas distinguishes you from other graduates.
2. The timetable will be posted on the website before the class start.
3. I don’t understand that what the comment of my essay means at all.
4. You can pay by cash or using a credit card.
5. The seminar on writing has been cancelled.
6. Today, we will be discussing the role of the government in preventing injustice.
7. Residents’ hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the end of the
semester.
8. Please make sure you correctly cite all the necessary materials.
9. 39.5% California residents speak a language other than English at home.
10. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
11. Make sure the Financial Director knows the full details of the Pay Agreement.
12. All printers in the computer lab are out of ink.
13. You can only choose one subject from history and media.
14. I'd like cheese and tomato sandwiches on white bread with orange juice.
15. The student service center is located on the main campus behind the library.
16. You should enquire about the direct deposit.
17. Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and the process is without artificial
additives
18. Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and possesses no artificial additives.
19. Your watch is fast; you need to reset it.
20. History is not a simple collection of dates and events.
21. Please explain what the author means by ‘sustainability’.
22. We are required to submit the assignment before Friday.
23. You can change your courses on the website during the registration period.
24. You can drop/change your courses on the website online during the registration period.
25. Environmental friendliness is a new category in which campuses are competing.
26. You can find the student service center on level one of Home Building.
27. Could you please pass the handouts along to the rest of people in your row?
28. I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue.
29. All of our accommodations are within a walking distance to the academic buildings.
30. In market, short time thought often lead to disaster.
31. Chapter one provides the historical background to the topic.
32. All lectures’ handouts are downloadable on the university website.
33. The US ranks 22nd in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.
34. Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice out stripped theory.
35. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic selection clash on my timetable.
36. The verdict depends on which side was more convicting to the jury.
37. The lecture on child psychology has been postponed until Friday.
38. Elephant is the largest land living mammal.
39. Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table.
40. Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, and the others just stay here.
41. Our university has strong partnerships with industries as well as collaborative
relationships with government bodies.
42. Students’ identification cards will be issued today and tomorrow.
43. The first few sentences of an essay should capture the readers’ attention.
44. This part of session is not supported by documentation.
45. It is interesting to observe the development of the language skills of toddlers.
46. Don’t hesitate to email me if you have any questions.
47. The key to success in the exam is to study hard and do well.
48. Environmental friendliness is a new category in which campuses are competing.
49. Exam results will be available next week from the course office.
50. Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving.
51. Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization phenomenon.
52. Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer.
53. I didn't agree with the author's argument but his presentation is good.
54. I didn't understand the author's point of view on immigration.
55. I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue.
56. If you forgot your student number you should contact Jenny Bryce.
57. In 1830 periodicals appeared in large numbers in America.
58. In consultation with your supervisor your thesis is approved by the faculty committee.
59. In our Institute prospective students have access to 13 college libraries.
60. Interpreters are not readily available in this department.
61. in this library reserve collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours
62. His hypothesis on black hole is rendered Muta's explanations.
63. It is clear that there is little accurate documentation is in support of this claim.
64. It is good for the environment and also good for your electricity bill.
65. It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures.
66. It seems that language appeared from nowhere.
67. I used to have coffee with milk and one sugar.
68. I will be in my office every day from 11 o'clock to 2 o'clock.
69. Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand.
70. Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help.
71. Meteorology is a detailed study of Earth's atmosphere.
72. Much of the evidence been used has only recently become available.
73. Native discourse continues to be predominant in discussion of gender.
74. Nearly half of television outputs are given away for educational program.
75. Newspapers across the world reported stories of presidents.
76. No more than four people can be in the lab at once.
77. Number the beakers and put them away by tomorrow.
78. On behalf of our department I would like to thank you for your participation.
79. Once more under the pressure of economic necessity practice outstripped theory.
80. Our fundamental realities especially national needs have been the ability to flourish.
81. Our university has strong partnerships with industry as well as collaborative relationships
with government bodies.
82. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy.
83. Pease keep this medicine in the fridge.
84. Portfolio is due to the internal review office no later than Tuesday.
85. Many undergraduate students go back home and stay with their parents after graduation.
86. Students are afraid of writing an essay because they have learned nothing about it.
87. Students can download the materials from the website.
88. The agricultural sector in that country has heavily subsidized.
89. The author expressed the idea that modern readers cannot accept.
90. The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library.
91. The cafe will close soon but you can still access the snack machine which is running
throughout the night.
92. The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events are always fascinating.
93. The contest includes both the land living history and the human history.
94. The gap between rich and poor is not decreasing rapidly as expected.
95. The glass is not the real solid because it doesn't have crystal structure.
96. The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way.
97. The lecture theatre 1 is located on the ground floor of the PAC building.
98. The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the Freshman Seminar.
99. The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.
100. The professor will be the last speaker this evening.
101. The psychology department is looking for volunteers to be involved in research projects.
102. The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food but poverty.
103. The small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy Islands.
104. The sports team members often practice on weekdays and play games on weekends.
105. The student welfare officer can help students with different issues.
106. The study of archaeology requires extensive international fieldwork.
107. The theoretical proposal was challenged to grasp.
108. The timetable for the new term will be available next week.
109. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
110. The United States has become a coffee culture in recent years.
111. The University welcomes postgraduate students from all over the world.
112. The wheelchair lift has been upgraded this month.
113. There is no entrance fee for tonight's lecture.
114. There will be an open book exam on Monday the 28th.
115. Those reference books are too old while the others are okay.
116. To answer such a complex question with a simple yes-or-no is absolutely impossible.
117. To measure distance could take as much as three weeks.
118. Try to explain how your ideas are linked so that there is a logical flow/
119. We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty.
120. We didn't have any noticeable variance between the two or three tasks.
121. We must put great care when analysing data.
122. We're constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture close together.
123. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial circumstances.
124. What distinguishes him from others is that he used black-and-white photography.
125. Would you prepare some PowerPoint slides with appropriate graphs?
126. You can have student discount in many campus stores including the coffeehouse.
127. You should inquire about the direct deposit.
128. You should go to the reception to get your student card.
129. You should include your name and identification number in the registration form.
130. You should raise your concern with the head of school.
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RETELL LECTURE:
1.
Sample answer: keywords:
a) BSI leads the way in testing and certification of fire safety production.
b) They help clients get access not only to European, but also global market by ensuring
products meet all requirements.
c) The Kite mark TM is acknowledged the world over as a symbol of trust, integrity, and
quality.
d) For specifiers, they demonstrate a commitment to best procurement.
e) For the public, they provide the reassurance that fire safety products are effective and
reliable.
2.
Sample answer: The lecture mainly talks about the phenomenon that we may share
language and emotion with other animals. Based on the Pavlov’s experiment, Interesting
things are that the salivation increases more time to paralyzes. Furthermore, the experiment
showed what is going on in the brain to generate competitive state in terms of how the dog’s
feeling and how you feel about eating lunch.
3.
Sample answer: Removing immigration control would double the world economy. This policy
will do so much to help poor people. Immigrants ends up with 20000 a year from gain and
countries they come from. They send home around 200 billion dollars a year through formal
channels which are twice as that through informal channels. These remittances can help
local people for living straight.
4.
Sample Answer: This lecture talks about a biology tutorial. In this lecture, the speaker gives
many different topics, including DNA and genetics in cells, in bacteria, in life and a lot of
interesting stuff. However, the speaker will stick with the basics. According to the speaker,
he mentioned the scientific definition of biology which is the study of life in living organisms,
such as plants and dogs. In conclusion, it is clear that everyone had their own separate
definition of life and we need to have an agreement over “what is life” at the very beginning.
5.
Sample Answer: The lecture talks about a novelist who has been writing non-fiction for years
with the intention of writing fiction at first, took a little detour for about 10 years. However,
another great novelist, Eudora Welty has a big influence on her and encourages her to take
a risk and write fiction in the early 90s. She said that no art ever came out of not risking your
neck. The very first thing she wrote was actually the first chapter of the novel called “The
secret life of bees”.
6.
Sample answer: The lecture talks about 3 stages of brain development, which are the
primitive brain, limbic brain and the neocortex. Different sections of the brain have different
function and finished development in different times. For sensory pathways, including vision
and hearing, develop from embryo time, peak at three-month-old, stop at more than 1-year-
old. For language, develop from embryo time, peak around 9 months old, and stop at more
than 1-year-old.
For higher cognitive function, develop from embryo time, peak at 1-year-old and develop for
a longer period of time. Moreover, higher level functions, such as logical thinking, based on
lower level of development.
7.
Sample answer: This lecture talks about the very first robots that were characters in a play.
People tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or devoid of politics, but the first
robots were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. Because of
the First World War, there was a devastating impact across many countries and so people
will be kind and people are kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human, what makes
us human, and etc. However, the primary purpose is designed to be labour in a
manufacturing production line.
8.
Sample answer: This speaker believes European borders should be open for other countries
although it is not politically acceptable now. He mentions why he thinks the argument for free
migration has to be made at several levels: a principled case is that it increases freedom and
reduces injustice; a humanitarian case is that it helps people much poorer than ourselves; an
economic case: it makes us richer; and a pragmatic case is that it is inevitable, so it is in
everyone's interests to make the best of it. Therefore, the developed countries should allow
more freedom and respects for open borders.
9.
Sample Answer: There is a claim that says, “If you leave matter alone on Earth, life will
eventually exist.” However, if we expect a monkey to be able to produce the works of
Shakespeare, it would in fact take trillions of years for a monkey to evolve to a state of
intelligence high enough to do so. Since this time length is not likely, it is therefore
fathomable to believe that God has created humans as intelligent beings simply by saying
“let is be so,” rather than evolution making it so.
10.
Sample answer: There would be a 0% chance to get a patent on a clicker if we go to the
patent office with nothing supporting information or details. If we convince the patent office
that we should be able to get a patent on a clicker, it would be incredibly valuable because
we would get benefit from infringement of this clicker. However, if million words are used to
describe every single radius, material and others about this clicker. There is almost 100%
chance to get the patent of it, but the value of this patent would be close to zero.
11.
Sample answer: This lecture is about recognizing the responsibility and importance of
communities to have authority in their languages. She has just moved to work with
communities. She gives an example of a career woman who teaches in Sydney and is
experiencing this nicely. She is distinguished in her expertise and have authority in her
community. People gathered in a community with different individual narrow scope of
knowledge and different languages, it is difficult to cope with one language. Languages are
lost because of the dominance of one people over another. Therefore, the bottom line is not
to lose the language by maintaining the authority of a language.
12.
Sample answer: The concept of innovation equals invention is mistaken according to the
speaker. Innovation generates value for the world and it’s faster, better and cheaper and It
gives great satisfaction. While an invention is an idea, a technology and a patent which does
not generate value. Some think innovation and invention can interchange, which is also
incorrect according to the speaker because innovation requires not only a new idea but also
individual or organizational effort to commercialize it to make value to the world.
13.
Sample answer: This lecturer talks about the neural circuits in a bottom-up sequence. Firstly,
the brain builds basic circuits that are responsible for basic skills. And then more complex
circuits are built on top of those basic circuits. The interaction between genetics and
experience shows the reciprocal/mutual relationship that will influence their lives. In addition,
our brain is an integrated organ which has multiple sections, so our brain could specialize in
different kinds of processes, including cognitive function, emotion, scene and hearing. To
summarize, individual learning abilities would be affected by experiences in adult
development.
14.
Sample answer: This lecture is about sugar in food. There's sugar in a lot of foods where we
don't expect it, for example, in donuts of ice cream, or pastries; but there are other places
where we see it and we don't necessarily expect it. An example is peanut butter which
contains a lot of sugar but we may not know until reading food labels of ingredients. Another
example is beef stew, you wouldn't necessarily have expected to find sugar in beef stew but
it's there. Fresh potatoes have more sugar than carrots. So people should be careful of what
to eat, avoiding taking in too much sugar.
15.
Sample answer: keywords:
a) The reason we need rhetoric is we have to use it.
b) We need to use rhetoric to influence morons, and get them to understand the truth.
c) Rhetoric is the body, while the spirit is the soul.
d) If we want people to see the truth, we need to use some tricks, which is rhetoric.
e) Because most people are ramble, and only the educated can see the truth.
16.
Sample answer:
The lecture is about air pollution;
a) Increasing combustion which leads to greenhouse gases emissions is the major cause of
global warming and climate change;
b) Soot emission is another bigger threat to humans’ health which makes people live
shorter.
c) But we can’t ignore carbon dioxide emissions;
d) Soot emission is one quarter more harmful to health than carbon dioxide is;
e) Also, the reduction of soot emission is the quickest and easiest way to tackle global
warming in short-term.
17.
Sample answer: This lecture mainly talks about biology, a subject that study animals, human
and the environment around them. Although animals looked differently, they are actually
closely related to each other. They all rely on DNA and RNA to store and transmit genetic
materials, and these are inherited and genetic information that can be passed on, such as
molecules. All organs have metabolism system, and the inner chemicals are still the same,
which convert energy from one form to another.
18.
Sample answer:
a) Australia is isolated from the US and the UK;
b) China becomes the second largest exporter after Japan;
c) Asia becomes Australia’s best export destination;
d) The rise of China changes the world situation;
e) Australia should take advantage of China’s rise.
19.
Sample answer:
a) The lecture is about educational expenditure among different European countries;
b) UK spent only 1.08% of GDP on education, which is lower than the OECD countries
average line 4.6%;
c) The educational expenditures of Italy and France are close to UK;
d) Denmark and Finland spent much more on education than other European countries.
20.
Sample Answer:
a) The lecture talks about differences in stress reactivity of adults rats are determined by
material licking and grooming during infancy; L means licking and G means grooming.
b) The experiment tested on high and low level for development of stress reactivity.
c) High LG will bring modest stress reactivity, which can reduce the risk for poor
development and diseases.
d) Low LG will increase the stress reactivity, which can increase the risk for heart disease,
type II diabetes, alcoholism, affective disorders and brain aging.
21.
Sample Answer:
a) This lecture is about wages, consumption and household debt over the past 5 years;
b) Wage growth has increased for only 5%, which is weak;
c) Consumption has increased for 15%, which is decent;
d) Household debt has increased for 40%;
e) The increase in wages is far less sufficient to cover the increase in consumption and
household debt;
f) The increase in consumption is not because of the increase in income, but because
people are borrowing more money.
22.
Sample answer：
a) In terms of the size of economy, the US economy is more than the total amount of China,
Japan UK and Germany. In terms of the industrial output, US output is $2.8 trillion, but it
only equals to the sum of China and Japan.
b) US economy is larger than China, Japan, UK and German combined. Some serious
crisis of the US economy, but size of US economy is still very large. US industrial output
is around 2.8 trillion dollars, which is around the total of China and Japan. It is vital to
understand the scale of American economy.
23.
Sample answer:
a) The lecture talks about the poverty in countries including India and Vietnam.
b) The poverty rate in rural areas are much higher than urban, because most of the poor
people live in the rural areas.
c) Rural areas are home to about 75% of the poor and are still expected to house 60% by
2025.
d) The poor are affected by environmental problems such as water pollution, indoor smoke
and gas emission in terms of their health.
e) The rising demand for energy consumption is likely to sustain until 2030, which will have
an effect on a range of environmental problems.
24.
Sample Answer:
a) This lecture talks about the renovation of Paris in the 1890s；
b) Napoleon told Haussmann to bring air and light to the centre to make the city safer and
more beautiful;
c) The renovation removed the unhealthy neighbourhood and it includes building roads,
parks and squares, planting more trees and the construction of new infrastructure;
d) Finally, the speaker mentions that the reason for doing this is that the old Paris had many
serious problems such as overcrowding, disease and crime.
25.
Sample answer: This lecture is mainly about the population in some major areas of the UK.
According to the lecture, the population in London is about 7 million, which equals that of
Scotland and Wales in total. Unlike other countries where the population is scattered, most
of the English people live in London, and this high population density makes it difficult to
govern the city, which is also a problem caused by the lack of a national party. If the country
has a national party, it can be easier for England to achieve better city management.
26.
Sample answer: The speaker in the lecture reveals that 10% children have language
disorder in UK/US. We should distinguish children’s language disorder from adults’ language
disorder. 20% of children’s language disorder is the result of physical disability. We cannot
take it for granted, instead, we should emphasize this problem more. We need to know more
about how children’ language acquisition is attained and how it can be learned, anyway,
children’s learning process and logic are different from adults.
27.
Sample answer:
a) This is a photo of thousands of galaxies;
b) It is the largest photo so far taken by NASA;
c) It is copyright free;
d) It took more than a month to produce this photo;
e) The deepest mystery of galaxies is the darkness, but galaxies are not dark actually.
28.
Sample answer: This lecture talks about the overweight problem. There are 20% of children
today having the overweight problems, which brings the heart diseases are more and more
common in children, the smallest is 5 years old. This situation makes the heart attack and
other health problems become earlier and earlier. This issue needs to be solved because the
overweight problems will be in more serious situations such as diabetes type 2 diabetes and
blindness.
29.
Sample answer: This lecture talks about two different realms of memories that are
exceedingly complicated. Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and
consciously recalled, such as remembering people’s birthdays and answering multiple
questions on the test, while implicit that memory is an exponential functional form which
cannot be consciously recalled and cannot be tied to a visual memory but a muscle memory.
30.
Sample answer: This lecture talks about influences of climate change. Climate change will
result in less production and less food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal with
climate change due to their financial status and other issues. There are many people living in
hungry, especially in Africa. The climate change will also have negative effects on the world
economy. The tropical areas on earth are dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for food
production.
31.
Sample answer: This lecture introduced earthquake. It talks about the relationship between
the fault lines in the Earth’s crust and an earthquake. Firstly, it tells us where the dislocation
of the rock will be, from seven kilometres to several hundred kilometres. Then, it introduced
epicentre, the earthquake’s focus, which is beneath the interior of the Earth’s crust and it will
release the energy and cause earthquake. Thirdly, we can have faults’ maps according to
the position of the epicentres. And at last, it introduced the cause of seismic wave.
32.
Sample answer: You cannot grow a cloud drop without have a particle there for water to
condense on. Scientists are trying to unravel which sources are contributing to the clouds.
Clouds are very important in climate change. They also play huge role in regional weather.
The pollution in the clouds is affecting weather patterns and reducing precipitation.
33.
Sample answer：The lecture is about Wilson, a major player in the successful effort of his
generation to establish in the heart of American life and innovative literature that would equal
the great cultures of Europe. He became the focal point of a mainstream American culture
and modern literature that are read and appreciated by ordinary people. He joined a high
artistic standard with an openness to all experience and a belief that literature was as much
of a part of life for everyone as conversation. Wilson was a very various man. He was a
dedicated, a literary journalist, and an investigative reporter, a brilliant memoirist, and
dedicated journal keeper.
ANSWER SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What attitude would you have when you are in a job interview, enthusiastic or passive?
Enthusiastic
2. What do you call a person that can’t hear? Deaf
3. What is the third largest area on the map of Britain? Wales
4. In which direction does the sun come up? East
5. How many days are in a leap year? 366
6. What is the feature that guitars and violins have in common? Strings
7. How do you call the seasonal flying from cold to warmer areas, mitigation or migration?
Migration
8. Which part usually include Japanese, Korean and Hindi? Asia
9. What is the stripes used when sitting on cars and airplanes to keep you safe? Safe Belt
10. What is the hardest/toughest part of your hand? Nails
11. Which of the below is most likely to be taught in biology class? Genetic
12. What do we call a doctor who can sell prescribed medicines? Pharmacist
13. Who is a physician who performs surgical operations? Surgeon
14. To which of our sense do all of the following words relate: rough, smooth and granular?
Touch
15. What is correlation with a cause? Effect
16. What kind of shoes do you wear to keep it comfortable when hiking? Hiking
boots/shoes
17. Where can you find index in the book? At the end of the book
18. What is the collection of maps called? Atlas
19. Which literacy genre describes all details of a famous person's life? Biography
20. What is the first paragraph of an essay? Introduction / Abstract
21. Correlation is the relationship between cause and what? Effect
22.What device do you use to measure your weight? Weighing scale
23. What material does a carpentry use? Wood
24. What is the meaning of ‘post’ in the word ‘postgraduate’? After
25. What fruit is used in a winery? Grape
26. Which organ is the blood pumped from? Heart
27. What do we call the prize that sponsored by Switzerland which sets many prize in
literal/literature and physical/physics field? The Nobel Prize
28. Which one needs the most complicated mechanism: Air plane Sea level rise or down due
to climate change? Rise
29. What is the wet place does crocodile/alligator prefer to live? Swamp
30. What’s the verb used to describe two people sharing the same opinion? Agree
31. How do you call a public sale in which goods or property are sold to the highest price
offered? Auction
32. What is the opposite to convex? Concave
33. Which part of body do optometrists examine? Eyes
34. What do meter and millimetre measure, height or length? Length
35. What is the thing that has inside and can attract iron? Magnet
36.What do you call a piece of equipment we use to look at stars? Telescope
37. What does the sun do during dawn? Sunrise
38. Which one would a vegetarian most likely to eat, sandwiches or fruit salad? Fruit salad
39. What kind of book is written by a person about their own life? Autobiography
40. What do we call the piece of paper that proves you have bought an item? A receipt
41. A dozen is a grouping of which number? Twelve
42. What do we call the thread in the center of the candle? Candle wick
43. Which kind of book can we find Africa maps? Atlas
44. What do we call the things of 88 keys covered by color white and black? Piano
45. What word is used to describe frozen water? Ice
46. What is 3 quarters of 100%? 75%
47. Which of the following are real animals, unicorn, giraffe, dragon or mermaid? Giraffe
48. What is the name of male sheep? Ram
49. What material are windows made of? Glass
50. What do mammals use to feed their next generations? Breast
51. What do birds use to fly? Wings
52. What protects birds on the outside of their bodies? Feather
53. Where do people go for saving money? Bank
54.Where do people go for watching sports or games? Stadium
55. What are the two holes in your nose to breathe? Nostrils
56. What is the document you submit before you submit your assignment at university?
Proposal/Draft
58. What clothes are used to hike mountains and are used to keep dry? Jacket
59. What does green being helpful for? Environment
60. When a person’s Blood Alcohol Content is higher than the standard range, what activity
can’t the person do? Driving
61. How do we call the car that uses two types of fuels? Hybrid
62. What is the point device in a presentation called? Laser pointer
63. What is the adjective to describe TV? Live
64. How many wheels does a bicycle have? Two
65. What is the default font when you first open the Microsoft Word, Arial or Times New
Roman? Times New Roman
66. What is one half of 100%? 50%
67. What's the color of the medal that a champion gets? Gold
68. What is the room that is under the ground floor? Basement
69. What we call the tax of service and goods? GST
70. What order is a bibliography usually listed in? Alphabetical order
71. What we call the person who repair the car? An auto technician
72. What is the act that does not waste resources? Recycle
73. What is the seven day's period called? One week/A week
74. What is the strings on shoes? Shoelace
75. What is the name of the instrument used to measure variations in temperature?
Thermometer
76. How many years are there in a decade? 10 years
77. How many years are there in a century? 100 years
78. Which part at the end of book can be used for further reading? An index or a
bibliography? A bibliography
79. Which of the following is not a means of transportation: by plane, by public transportation
or car model? Car model
80. What are your options in gender when you completing an application form? Male and
female
81. How do you describe the money that citizens must contribute to the government for
public use? TAX
82. One and half represents what percentage? 150%
83. What do these following belong to: roses, daisies, tulip, etc? Flowers
84. What does ASAP mean? As soon as possible
85. When you use Microsoft Word, what does “Times New Roman” mean? Font
86. What do we call the “Times New Roman” in the computer? Font
87. How many wheels do a tricycle have? Three
88. How do you call the siblings that born from your mother at the same time? Twins
89. What are the people who study ancient bones or plants in rocks?
Anthropology/Historian
90. In which reference book can you find synonyms and antonyms? Thesaurus
91. If you want to read tragedies or comedies, what kind of book do you read? Fiction
books/novels
92. "We went to the tutorial " which word that tells us the thing happened in the past? went
93. In solar system, which planet can support life? Earth
94. What kind of liquid do mammals feed their children? Milk
95. Can you find alligators in a swamp or a lake? swamp
96. Where can you borrow books? Library
97. What do bees collect from flowers? Pollen
98. What is H2O in chemical substances? Water
99. Which systems do planets such as earth moon belong to? Solar system
100. What do we call the alphabetical list, at the end of the book that tells you where to find
specific information? Index
101 What material is the tire made of? Rubber
102. What is the device that shows the time of the day according to the shadow of sunlight?
Sundial
103. In a hospital, who is the person that can write prescriptions? Doctor
104. How many angles does pentagon have? Five
105. What is the opposite to ‘still’? Moving / Active / Dynamic
106. What is paper made from? Wood/Tree
107. What is the book that you cannot borrowed from library? Reserved books
108. What century are we living in now? The 21st century
109. What is the collection of pictures called? Album
110. When you get lost in city, what item do you need to buy to find out where you are and
where you go？ Map

111. What is the force happened between the relative motion when objects are rubbed
against each other? Friction
112. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? Pilot
113. What will snow become after it melt? Water
114. What events are held every four years? The Olympic Games
115. What does a ton and ounce measure? Weight
116. What is the opposite of positive? Negative
117. What is the music that is recorded for a movie or a film? Soundtrack
118. If a car is not stationary, what is it doing? Moving
119. If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly pick one, which color is mostly
likely to be picked? Black
120. How do you describe a situation is precarious? Dangerous
121. How many years are there in one millennium? One thousand years
122. How often does a leap year come around? Every four years
123. How many days are there added in February during a leap year? 1 day
124. When you react to a stimulus, is your response quick or slow? Quick
125. Where do you hang your coat, in a closet or in a drawer? A closet
126. What do you call the computer you can carry with you? Laptop
127. Which country's language is more widespread, Japanese, North Korea or India? India
128. What device can be used to take photos? Camera
129. What books cannot be borrowed in a library? Reserve collection
130. Tomorrow’s lecture is cancelled. If today is Tuesday, then on which day was the lecture
cancelled? Wednesday
131. How would you describe the process in which ice becomes water? Melting
132. What publication reports daily news? Newspaper
133. How many extra days in February in a leap year? One
134. Which one is easier to recycle? Plastic or paper? Paper
135. What is the doctor who specializes in treating children’s diseases? Paediatrician
136. What is the table that lists chemical elements in order to atomic numbers in rows and
columns? Periodic table
137. Why bees are important to agriculture? Pollination
138. Oral English is different from academic English. Which is the best term to describe
academic English, tolerant or rigorous. – Rigorous
139. What do we call the place selling gold and silver? Jewelry store or bullion market
140. What is the main harmful content in a cigarette? Nicotine
141. What department studies the humans body part of eyes? Ophthalmology
142. A document protecting people’s works. - Patent/Copyright
143. Where do you go to send mails, a post office or a coffee house? Post office
144. If one’s response is simultaneous, quick or slow? Quick
145. The instructions that tell you how to cook food? Recipe
146. What is the meeting point of Sea and Sky called? Horizon
147. What is the opposite direction of west-north? South-east
148. What is the opposite of “predecessor”? Successor
149. Which kind of mountain can erupt? A volcano
150. When ice is at room temperature, what does it become? Water/liquid
151. Which one has more interactions between teachers and students, a lecture or a
tutorial? Tutorial
152. How many times does a biannual magazine published in one year? Twice
153. Do unions work for workers or management? Workers
154. If you are happy with the agreement, what would you like to put at the bottom of the
contract with the date? Signature
155. Which symbol is used to complete a sentence? Full stop/period
156. How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth? Extinction
157. What do we call the person who can speak two languages? Bilingual
158. What electronic device wakes you up in the morning? Alarm
159. What is the name of ground military forces? Army
160. Where would you go to see an exhibition of sculptures? Art gallery/Museum
161. Who is a person that makes bread, cakes and pastries? Baker
162. What is someone that can’t see called? Blind
163. What is the red liquid that flows through a body? Blood
164. What is the line between countries? Boundary or border
165. What plan shows how much money is available and how it will be spent? Budget
166. What desk should you go to when you first arrive at a hotel? Check-in desk /
Reception / Front desk
167. What does the letter “C” represents for in brands? Copyright
168. What term is used for the amount of money owe, asset or debt? Debt
169. What is the job of someone that looks after your teeth and gums? Dentist
170. Where does a camel normal live? Desert
171. What planet do we live on? Earth
172. What do we call the animals with white ivory and long trunk? Elephant
173. What do ophthalmologist specialize in? Eye operations
174. Where would you keep the meat you wish to keep frozen at home? Freezer
175. If you want to reference all pages in a book that discuss a certain topic, where to find it?
Index
176. What do we call the alphabetical list, at the end of the book that tells you where to find
specific information? Index
SUMMARISE WRITTEN TEXT:
1. Cow and grass
The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature’s
underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just about
everything about modern meat.
For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the grazing of ruminants, the cow
maintains and expands their habitat by preventing trees and shrubs from gaining a foothold
and hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads grass seed, plants it with his hooves, and
then fertilizes it with his manure.
In exchange for these services the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful and exclusive supply
of lunch. For cows (like sheep, bison, and other ruminants) have evolved the special ability
to convert grass-which single-stomached creatures like us can’t digest-into high-quality
protein. They can do this because they possess what is surely the most highly evolved
digestive organ in nature: the rumen. About the size of a medicine ball, the organ is
essentially a forty-five-gallon fermentation tank in which a resident population of bacteria
dines on grass.
2. Diasporas
Diasporas -communities which live outside, but maintain links with, their homelands-are
getting larger, thicker and stronger. They are the human face of globalization. Diaspora
consciousness is on the rise: diasporas are becoming more interested in their origin, and
organizing themselves more effectively; homelands are revising their opinions of their
diasporas as the stigma attached to emigration declines, and stepping up their engagement
efforts; meanwhile, host countries are witnessing more assertive diasporic groups within their
own national communities, worrying about fifth columns and foreign lobbies, and suffering
outbreaks of ‘diaspora phobia. I
This trend is the result of five factors, all of them connected with globalization: the growth in
international migration; the revolution in transport and communications technology, which is
quickening the pace of diasporas’ interactions with their homelands; a reaction against global
homogenized culture, which is leading people to rethink their identities; the end of the Cold
War, which increased the salience of ethnicity and nationalism and created new space in
which diasporas can operate; and policy changes by national governments on issues such
as dual citizenship and multiculturalism, which are enabling people to lead transnational
lives. Diasporas such as those attaching to China, India, Russia and Mexico are already big,
but they will continue to grow, the migration flows which feed them are likely to widen and
quicken in the future.
3. English dominance and its influence
Firstly, from the macroscopic view, the dominance of English is not precipitated by the
language itself, so the arising of English dominance in international communication is not
solely the dominance of language itself. Just as the professor Jean Aitchison in Oxford
pointed out, the success of a language has much to do with the power of the people who use
it but has little to do with internal features of the language. It is very obvious in consideration
to English. During the 18th century and 19th century, the influence of the British Empire
began to spread around the world for the sake of industrial revolution, so English began to
become popular. English was used not only in the British colonies but also in the diplomatic
negotiations of non-English-speaking countries.
However, no matter how powerful the adaptively is and how large the area that the power of
English covers, currently, the international status of English mainly springs from the status of
America as a superpower after World War 2.
Besides, with the development of the economic globalization and new political structure,
there is a great need of an international language. As result, English became the first choice.
5. Geothermal energy
What is the solution for nations with increasing energy demands, hindered by frequent power
cuts and an inability to compete in the international oil market? For East Africa at least,
experts think geothermal energy is the answer. More promising still, the Kenyan government
and international investors seem to be listening. This is just in time according to many, as
claims of an acute energy crisis are afoot due to high oil prices, population spikes and
droughts.
Geothermal energy works by pumping water into bedrock, where it is heated and returns to
the surface as steam which is used directly as a heat source or to drive electricity production.
Source: Energy Information Administration, Energy in the Western United States and Hawaii.
Currently over 60% of Kenya’s power comes from hydroelectric sources but these are
proving increasingly unreliable as the issue of seasonal variation is intensified by erratic rain
patterns. Alternative energy sources are needed; and the leading energy supplier in Kenya,
Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), hopes to expand its geothermal energy
supply from 13% to 25% of its total usage by 2020. The potential of geothermal energy in the
region was first realised Internationally by the United Nations Development Program, when
geologists observed thermal anomalies below the East African Rift system. Locals have
been utilising this resource for centuries; using steam vents to create the perfect humidity for
greenhouses, or simply to enjoy a swim in the many natural hot lakes.
Along the 6000 km of the rift from the Red Sea to Mozambique, geochemical, geophysical
and heat flow measurements were made to identify areas suitable for geothermal wells. One
area lies next to the extinct Olkaria volcano, within the Hell’s Gate National Park, and sits
over some of the thinnest continental crust on Earth. This is a result of the thinning of the
crust by tectonic stretching, causing hotter material below the Earth’s surface to rise,
resulting in higher temperatures. This thin crust was ideal for the drilling of geothermal wells,
reaching depths of around 3000 m, where temperatures get up 342℃, far higher than the
usual temperature of 90℃ at this depth. Water in the surrounding rocks is converted to
steam by the heat. The steam can be used to drive turbines and produce electricity.
6. Great managers
What do great managers actually do? there is one quality that sets truly great managers
apart from the rest: They discover what is the unique about each person and then capitalize
on it Great managers know and value the unique abilities and even the eccentricities of their
employees, and they learn how best to integrate them into a coordinated plan of attack.
First, identifying and capitalizing on each person’s uniqueness saves time Second,
capitalizing on uniqueness makes each person more accountable. Third, capitalizing on what
is unique about each person builds a stronger sense of team.
7. Greenhouse gas
When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an aerosol hair spray, greenhouse
gases are produced. In economic term, this creates a classic negative externality. Most of
the cost (in the case, those arising from global warming) are borne by individuals other than
the one making the decision about how many miles to drive or how much hair spray to use.
Because the driver (or sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activities but suffers only part of
the cost, that individual engages in more than the economically efficient amount of the
activity. In this sense, the problem of greenhouse gases parallels the problem that occurs
when someone smokes a cigarette in an enclosed space or litters the countryside with fast-
food wrappers, If we are to get individuals to reduce production of greenhouse gases to the
efficient rate we must somehow induce them to act as though they bear all the costs of their
actions. The two most widely accepted means of doing this are government regulation and
taxation, both of which have been proposed to deal with greenhouse gases.
8. House mice
According to new research, house mice (Musmusculus) are ideal biomarkers of human
settlement as they tend to stow away in crates or on ships that end up going where people
go. Using mice as a proxy for human movement can add to what is already known through
archaeological data and answer important questions in areas where there is a lack of
artifacts, Searle said.
Where people go, so do mice, often stowing away in carts of hay or on ships. Despite a
natural range of just 100 meters (109 yards) and an evolutionary base near Pakistan, the
house mouse has managed to colonize every continent, which makes it a useful tool for
researchers like Searle.
Previous research conducted by Searle at the University of York supported the theory that
Australian mice originated in the British Isles and probably came over with convicts shipped
there to colonize the continent in the late 18th and 19th centuries.
In the Viking study, he and his fellow researchers in Iceland, Denmark and Sweden took it a
step further, using ancient mouse DNA collected from archaeological sites dating from the
10th to 12th centuries, as well as modern mice.
He is hoping to.do just that in his next project, which involves tracking the migration of mice
and other species, including plants, across the Indian Ocean, from South Asia to East Africa.
9. 2014 Olympics
11 February 2009 – Major athletic events around the globe – from the 2014 Sochi Olympics
to an annual powerboat race in Norwegian words-are striving to neutralize their carbon
footprint as part of a world- wide climate network, the United Nations Environment
Programme(UNEP) said today. The sporting events are the fates participants to join the
network, and are particularly important for inspiring further global action on the environment,
said Achim Steiner, UNEP Executive Director. Organizers of the 2014 Sochi Olympic and
Paralympic Winter Games – to be held in a unique natural setting between the shores of the
Black Sea and the soaring snow-capped Caucasus Mountains-say they will put an estimated
$1.75 billion into energy conservation and renewable energy.
That investment will be dedicated to improving transport infrastructure, offsetting greenhouse
gas emissions from the use of electricity, air travel and ground transportation, the
reforestation of Sochi National Park and the development of green belts in the city.
10. Ageing world
We live in an ageing world. While this has been recognized for some time in developed
countries, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been fully acknowledged. Global
communication is “shrinking” the world, and global ageing is “maturing” it. The increasing
presence of older persons in the world is making people of all ages more aware that we live
in a diverse and multigenerational society. It is no longer possible to ignore ageing,
regardless of whether one views it positively or negatively.
Demographers note that if current trends in ageing continue as predicted, a demographic
revolution, wherein the proportions of the young and the old will undergo a historic
crossover, will be felt in just three generations. This portrait of change in the world’s
population parallels the magnitude of the industrial revolution traditionally considered the
most significant social and economic breakthrough in the history of humankind since the
Neolithic period. It marked beginning of a sustained movement towards modern economic
growth in much the same way that globalization is today marking an unprecedented and
sustained movement toward a “global culture”. The demographic revolution, it is envisaged,
will be at powerful.
While the future effects are not known, a likely scenario is one where both the challenges as
well as the opportunities will emerge from a vessel into which exploration and research,
dialogue and debate are poured. Challenges arise as social and economic structures try to
adjust to the simultaneous phenomenon of diminishing young cohorts with rising older ones,
and opportunities present themselves in the sheer number of older individuals and the vast
resources societies stand to again from their contribution.
This ageing of the population permeates all social, economic and cultural spheres.
Revolutionary change calls for new, revolutionary thinking, which can position policy
formulation and implementation on sounder footing. In our ageing world, new thinking
requires that we view ageing as a lifelong and older person.
11. Armed Police in NSW schools
Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate
students.
The 40 School Liaison Police(SLP) officers have been allocated to public and private high
schools across the state.
Organizers say the officers, who began work last week, will build positive relationships
between police and students. But parent groups waned of potential dangers of armed police
working at schools in communities where police relations were already under strain.
Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention workshops, talking to students
about issues including shoplifting, offensive behaviour, graffiti and drugs and alcohol. They
can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis, began work in the inner
Sydney region last week, including at Alexandria Park Community School’s senior campus.
Previously stationed as a crime prevention officer at The Rocks, he now has 27 schools
under his jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross.
Constable Purvis said the full–time position would see him working on the broader issues of
crime prevention. “I am not a security guard,” he said. “I am not there to patrol the school.
We want to improve relationships between police and schoolchildren, to have positive
interaction. We are coming to the school and giving them knowledge to improve their own
safety.” The use of fake ID among older students is among the issues he was already
discussed with principals. Parents ‘groups responded to the program positively, but said it
may spark a range of community reactions. “It is a good thing and an innovative idea and
there could be some positive benefits,” Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer
Danielle Cronin said. “Different communities will respond to this kind of presence in different
ways.”
12. Australia education
When Australians engage in debate about educational quality or equity, they often seem to
accept that a country cannot achieve both at the same time.
Curriculum reforms intended to improve equity often fail to do so because they Increase
breadth or differentiation in offerings in a way that increases differences in quality. Further,
these differences in quality often reflect differences in students’ social backgrounds because
the ‘new’ offerings are typically taken up by relatively disadvantaged students who are not
served well them. Evidence from New South Wales will be used to illustrate this point.
The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted across OECD and other
countries as they seek to strengthen their human capital to underpin their modern,
knowledge economies. Improved equity is also important for this purpose, since the demand
for high level skills is widespread and the opportunities for the low skilled are diminishing.
Improved equity in education is also important for social cohesion. There are countries in
which the education system seems primarily to reproduce existing social arrangements,
conferring privilege where it already extreme, the capacity of schooling to build social
cohesion is often diminished by the way in which schools’ separate individuals and groups.
13. Australian indigenous food
In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its indigenous
ingredients, the foods that are native to this country. ‘There can be little doubt that using an
indigenous product must qualify a dish as Australian notes Stephanie Alexander. Similarly,
and without qualification, states that’ A
uniquely Australian food culture can only be based upon foods indigenous to this country,
although, as Craw remarks, proposing Australian native foods as national symbols relies
more upon their association with ‘nature’ and geographic origin than on common usage.
Notwithstanding the lack of justification for the premise that national dishes are, of necessity,
founded on ingredients native to the country-after all, Italy’s gastronomic identity is tied to the
non-indigenous tomato, Thailand^ to then on-indigenous chili-the reality is that Austrians do
not eat indigenous foods insignificant quantities. The exceptions are fish, crustaceans and
shellfish from oceans, rivers and lakes most of which are unarguably unique to this country.
Despite valiant and well-intentioned efforts today at promoting and encouraging the
consumption of native resource, bush foods are not harvested or produced in sufficient
quantities for them to be a standard component of Australian diets, nor are they generally
accessible. Indigenous foods are less relevant to Australian identity today than lamb and
passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalized.
14. Autism
Autism is a disorder characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, and
repetitive behaviours. Over the past 40 years, the measured prevalence of autism has
multiplied roughly 10-fold. While progress has been made in understanding some of the
factors associated with increased risk and rising prevalence, no one knows with certainty
what causes autism or what caused autism prevalence to rise so precipitously. There is,
however, a growing awareness among scholars that focusing solely on individual risk factors
such as exposure toxicants, prenatal complications, or parental education is insufficient to
explain why autism prevalence rates have increased so stunningly. Social and institutional
processes likely play an important role. For example, changes in diagnostic criteria and an
influx of resources dedicated to autism diagnosis may be critical to understanding why
prevalence rates have risen. Increased awareness and social influence have been
implicated in the rise of autism and a variety of comparable disorders, where social
processes mimic the effects of contagion. Studies have examined the contribution of
changes in diagnostic criteria and diagnostic substitution to rising autism prevalence rates,
but the importance of institutional factors, resources for diagnosis, and greater awareness
have not been systematically assessed. The sociological literature on health and inequality,
however, provides substantial motivation for exploring how individual- and community-level
effects operate to shape the likelihood of an autism diagnosis.
15. Skip Breakfast
Spurred by the sense that disorderly behaviour among students in South Euclid was
increasing, the school resource officer (SRO) reviewed data regarding referrals to the
principal’s office. He found that the high school reported thousands of referrals a year for
bullying and that the junior high school had recently experienced a 30 percent increase in
bullying referrals. Police data showed that juvenile complaints about disturbances, bullying,
and assaults after school hours had increased 90 percent in the past 10 years.
A researcher from Kent State University (Ohio) conducted a survey of all students attending
the junior high and high school Interviews and focus groups were conducted with students –
identified as victims or offenders -teachers, and guidance counsellors. Finally, the South
Euclid Police Department purchased a Geographic Information System to conduct crime
incident mapping of hotspots within the schools. The main findings pointed to four primary
areas of concern: the environmental design of the school; teacher knowledge of and
response to the problem; parental attitudes and responses；and student perspectives and
behaviours.
The SRO worked in close collaboration with a social worker and the university researcher.
They coordinated a Response Planning Team comprising many stakeholders that was
intended to
respond to each of the areas identified in the initial analysis. Environmental changes
included modifying the school schedule and increasing teacher supervision of hotspots.
Counsellors and social workers conducted teacher training courses in conflict resolution and
bullying prevention. Parent education included mailings with information about bullying, an
explanation of the new school policy, and a discussion about what could be done at home to
address the problems. Finally, student education included classroom discussions between
homeroom teachers and students, as well as assemblies conducted by the SRO. The SRO
also opened a substation next to a primary hotspot. The Ohio
Department of Education contributed by opening a new training centre provide a non-
traditional setting for specialized help. The results from the various responses were dramatic.
School suspensions decreased 40 percent. Bullying incidents dropped 60 percent in the
hallways and 80 percent in the gym area. Follow-up surveys indicated that there were
positive attitudinal changes among students about bullying and that more students felt
confident that teachers would take action when a problem arose. Teachers indicated that
training sessions were helpful and that they were more likely to talk about bullying as a
serious issue. Parents responded positively, asking for more information about the problem
in future mailings. The overall results suggest that the school environments were not only
safer, but that early intervention was helping at-risk students succeed in school (South
Euclid(Ohio) Police Department,2001)
16. Songbirds
Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the established, even
cherished view of courtship in birds, but now some ornithologists are changing tune.
Laszlo Garamszegi of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied the
literature on 233 European songbird species. Of the 109 for which information on females
was available, they found evidence for singing in 101 species, In only eight species could the
team conclude that females did not sing?
Females that sing have been overlooked, the team say, because their songs are quiet, they
are mistaken for males from their similar plumage or they live in less well studied areas such
as the tropics. Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin for the oversight. “He emphasized the
importance of male sexual display, and this is what everyone has been looking at.”
The findings go beyond modern species. After carefully tracing back an evolutionary family
tree for their songbirds, Garamszegi’s team discovered that, in at least two bird families,
singing evolved in females first. They suggest these ancient females may have been using
their songs to deter other females from their territories, to coordinate breeding activities with
males, or possibly to attract mates.
“It leaves us with a perplexing question, ” says Garamszegi. “What evolutionary forces drove
some females to give up singing?”
17. South African
In around 2300 BP (Before Present), hummer-gatherers called the San acquired domestic
stock in what is now modern day Botswana. Their population grew, and spread throughout
the Western half of South Africa, they were the first pastoralists in southern Africa, and called
themselves Khoikhoi (or Khoe), which means ‘men of men’ or ‘the real people’. This name
was chosen to show pride in their past and culture. The Khoikhoi brought a new way of life to
South Africa and to the San, who were hunter-gatherers as opposed to herders. This led to
misunderstandings and subsequent conflict between the two groups.
The Khoikhoi were the first native people to come into contact with the Dutch settlers in the
mid-17th century. As the Dutch took over land for farms, the Khoikhoi were dispossessed,
exterminated, or enslaved and therefore their numbers dwindled.
The Khoikhoi used a word while dancing that sounded like ‘Hottentots’ and therefore settlers
referred to the Khoikhoi by this name-however today this term is considered derogatory. The
settlers used the term ‘Bushmen’ for the San, a term also considered derogatory today.
Many of those whom the colonists called ‘Bushmen were in fact Khoikhoi or former Khoikhoi.
For this reason, scholars sometimes find it convenient to refer to hunters and herders
together as ‘Khoisan’.
When European settlement began, Khoikhoi groups called the Namaqua were settled in
modern day Namibia and the north eastern Cape; others, including the Koran, along the
Orange River; and the Gonaqua, interspersed among the Xhosa in the Eastern Cape. But
the largest concentration of Khoikhoi, numbering in the tens of thousands inhabited the well-
watered pasture lands of the south-western Cape. These ‘Cape’ Khoikhoi would be the first
African population to bear the brunt of White settlement.
The Khoikhoi kept herds of animals such as goat, cattle and sheep and had to move around
to find enough grazing land for their animals. They moved according to the seasons and only
stayed in one place for a few weeks. This meant that they had to be able to carry all their
belongings themselves, or load them onto the backs of their animals.
Houses had to be very light and easy to erect and take apart. For this reason, they were
made of thin poles covered with reed mats. Even pots and buckets were made of wood with
small handles to make them easier to tie to animals’ backs. They also wore clothes made of
leather, like the San.
18. Technology prediction IBM
As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted in the fifties
that the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the British
Department for Education seemed to think in the eighties that we would all need to be able
to code in BASIC and that in the nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the
Internet. Who could have predicted that one major effect of the automobile would be to
bankrupt small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the telephone have
foreseen its development as a medium for person-to-person communication, rather than as a
form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the ‘experts’, seem to be peculiarly inept at
predicting the likely development of our technologies, even as far as the next year. We can,
of course, try to extrapolate from experience of previous technologies, as I do below by
comparing the technology of the Internet with the development of other information and
communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio and print.
But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question. You might conceivably
find the history of the British and French videotext systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive.
However, I am not entirely convinced that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you
can find information about them on-line, so, rather than take up space here, I’ve briefly
described them in a separate article.
19. The importance of Water
Water is at the core of sustainable development. Water resources, and the range of services
they provide, underpin poverty reduction, economic growth and environmental sustainability.
From food and energy security to human and environmental health, water contributes to
improvements in social well- being and inclusive growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions
In a sustainable world that is achievable in the near future, water and related resources are
managed in support of human well-being and ecosystem integrity in a robust economy.
Sufficient and safe water is made available to meet every person’s basic needs, with healthy
lifestyles and behaviours easily upheld through reliable and affordable water supply and
sanitation services, in turn supported by equitably extended and efficiently managed
infrastructure, Water resources management, infrastructure and service delivery are
sustainably financed. Water is duly valued in all its forms, with wastewater treated as a
resource that avails energy, nutrients and freshwater for reuse. Human settlements develop
in harmony with the natural water cycle and the ecosystems that support it, with measures in
place that reduce vulnerability and improve resilience to water-related disasters. Integrated
approaches to water resources development, management and use and to human rights are
the norm. Water is governed in a participatory way that draws on the full potential of women
and men as professionals and citizens, guided by a number of able and knowledgeable
organizations, within a just and transparent institutional framework.
20. The study of human remains
Human remains are a fundamental part of the archaeological record, offering unique insights
into the lives of individuals and populations in the past. Like many archaeological materials
human remains require distinctive and specialised methods of recovery, analysis and
interpretation, while technological innovations and the accumulation of expertise have
enabled archaeologists to extract ever greater amounts of information from assemblages of
skeletal material. Alongside analyses of new finds, these advances have consistently thrown
new light on existing collections of human remains in museums, universities and other
institutions. Given the powerful emotional, social and religious meanings attached to the
dead body, it is perhaps unsurprising that human remains pose a distinctive set of ethical
questions for archaeologists.
With the rise of indigenous rights movements and the emergence of post-colonial nations the
acquisition and ownership of human remains became a divisive and politically loaded issue.
It became increasingly clear that many human remains in museum collections around the
world represented the traces of colonial exploitation and discredited pseudo-scientific
theories of race. In tbe light of these debates and changing attitudes, some human remains
were returned or repatriated to their communities of origin, a process which continues to this
day. Recently a new set of challenges to the study of human remains has emerged from a
rather unexpected direction: The British government revised its interpretation of nineteenth-
century burial legislation in a way that would drastically curtail the ability of archaeologists to
study human remains of any age excavated in England and Wales. This paper examines
these extraordinary events and the legal, political and ethical questions that they raise.
The Emergence of Compulsory Reburial In April 2008 the British government announced
that, henceforth, all human remains archaeologically excavated in England and Wales
should be reburied after a two-year period of scientific analysis. Not only would
internationally important prehistoric remains have to be returned to the ground, removing
there from public view, but also there would no longer be any possibility of long-term
scientific investigation as new techniques and methods emerged and developed in the
future. Thus, while faunal remains, potsherds, artefacts and environmental samples could be
analysed and reanalysed in future years, human remains were to be effectively removed
from the curation process. Archaeologists and other scientists were also concerned that this
might be the first step towards a policy of reburying all human remains held in museum
collections in England and Wales including prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, Viking and Medieval
as well as more recent remains.
21. Tourism industry
Jobs. generated by Travel & Tourism are spread across the economy, in retail, construction,
manufacturing and telecommunications, as well as directly in Travel & Tourism companies.
These Jobs employ a large proportion of women, minorities and young people; are
predominantly in small and medium sized companies; and offer good training and
transferability. Tourism can also be one of the most effective drivers for the development of
regional economies. These patterns apply to both developed and emerging economies.
There are numerous good examples of where Travel & Tourism is acting as a catalyst for
conservation and improvement of the environment and maintenance of local diversity and
culture. Travel & Tourism creates Jobs and wealth and has tremendous potential to
contribute to economically, environmentally and socially sustainable development in both
developed countries and emerging nations. It has a comparative advantage in that its start
up and running costs can be low compare to many other forms of industry development. It is
strong likelihood that the Travel & Tourism industry will continue to grow globally over the
short to medium term.
22. Tree ring
Here’s how tree ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology works. If you cut a tree
down today, it’s straightforward to count the rings inwards, starting from the tree’s outside
(corresponding to this year’s growth ring), and thereby to state that the 177th ring from the
outermost one towards the centre was laid down in the year 2005 minus 177, or 1828. But
it’s less straightforward to attach a date to a particular ring in an ancient Anasazi wooden
beam because at first you don’t know in what year the beam was cut. However, the widths of
tree growth rings vary from year to year, depending on the rain or drought conditions in each
year.
Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross-section is like a message in Morse code
formerly used for sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-dash-dot-dash in the Morse code,
wide-wide-narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring sequence. Actually the tree ring sequence is
even more diagnostic and richer in information than the Morse code, because trees actually
contain rings spanning many different width, rather than the Morse code choice between dot
and dash.
Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochronologists) proceed by nothing the sequence of
wider and narrower rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year, and also nothing the
sequences in beams from trees cut down at various times in the past. They then match up
and align the tree ring sequences with the same diagnostic wide/narrow patterns from
different beams.
In that way, dendrochronologists have constructed tree ring records extending back for
thousands of years in some parts of the world. Each record is valid for a geographic area
whose extent depends on local weather patterns, because weather and hence tree growth
patterns vary with location. For instance, the basic tree ring chronology of the American
Southwest applies (with some variation) to the area from Northern Mexico to Wyoming.
23. Beauty contest
Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss Universe and Miss
Universe and Miss Teen International respectively, there has been a dramatic increase in
interest in beauty pageants in this country. These wins have also sparked a debate as to
whether beauty pageants are just harmless reminders of old fashioned values or a
throwback to the days when women were respected for how good they looked.
Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether it’s Miss Universe of Miss Teen
International, are demeaning to women and out of sync with the times. They say they are
nothing more than symbols of decline.
In the past few decades Australia has taken more than a few faltering steps toward treating
women with dignity and respect. Young women are being brought up knowing that they can
do anything, as shown by inspiring role models in medicine such as 2003 Australia of the
Year Professor Fiona Stanley.
In the 1960s and 70s, one of the first acts of the feminist movement was to picket beauty
pageants on the premise that the industry promoted the view that it was acceptable to judge
women on their appearance. Today many young Australia women are still profoundly
uncomfortable with their body image, feeling under all kinds of pressures because they are
judged by how they look.
Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the message that thin equals
beautiful. This ignores the fact that men and women come in all sizes and shapes. In a
country where up to 60% of young women are on a diet at any one time and 70% of school
girls say they want to lose weight, despite the fact that most have a normal BMI, such
messages are profoundly hazardous to the mental health of young Australians.
24. Benefits of honey
According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M D, M.P.H. the average American consumes more than
150 pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high fructose com syrup every
year. In comparison, we consume only around1.3 pounds of honey per year on average in
the U.S. According to new research, if you can switch out your intake of refined sugar and
use pure raw honey instead, the health benefits can be enormous.
What is raw honey? It’s a pure, unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by bees from
the nectar of flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed honey that’s been
heated and filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike processed honey, raw honey
does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional value and health powers. It can help with
everything from low energy to sleep problems to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw honey
may even help weight-loss efforts when compared to diets containing sugar or high fructose
corn syrup. I’m excited to tell you more about one of my all-time favourite natural sweeteners
today.
25. Children watching TV
Why and to what extent should parents control their Children’s TV watching? There is
certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a child
watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the amount of time
spent watching TV goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but
other important aspects of li such as social development and physical activities decreases.
Television is bound to have it tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of how many
hours a week he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the
effects of television, he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the child in terms
of information and knowledge, how many hours a week a youngster his age should watch
television, the impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials. What about the
family as a whole? Is the TV set a central piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the
moment someone enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the
background noise of your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that
television should be watched selectively?
26. Cities
How can we design great cities from scratch if we cannot agree on what makes them great?
None of the cities where people most want to live such as London, New York, Paris and
Hong Kong comes near to being at the top of surveys asking which are best to live in.
The top three in the most recent Economist Intelligence Units liveability ranking, for example,
were Melbourne, Vancouver and Vienna. They are all perfectly pleasant, but great? The first
question to tackle is the difference between liveability and greatness.
Perhaps we cannot aspire to make a great city, but if we attempt to make a liveable one, can
it in time become great?
There are some fundamental elements that you need. The first is public space. Whether it is
Viennas Ringstrasse and Prater Park, or the beaches of Melbourne and Vancouver, these
are places that allow the city to pause and the citizens to mingle and to breathe, regardless
of class or wealth. Good cities also seem to be close to nature, and all three have easy
access to varied, wonderful landscapes and topographies.
A second crucial factor, says Ricky Burdett, a professor of urban studies at the London
School of Economics, is a good transport system. Affordable public transport is the one thing
which cuts across all successful cities, he says.
27. Compulsory Voting in Australia
On October 12,1492 (the first day he encountered the native people of the Americas),
Columbus wrote in his journal: They should be good servants. I, our Lord being pleased, will
take hence, at the time of my departure, six natives for your Highnesses. These captives
were later paraded through the streets of Barcelona and Seville when Columbus returned to
Spain.
From his very first contact with native people, Columbus had their domination in mind. For
example, on October 14,1492, Columbus wrote in his journal, with fifty men they can all be
subjugated and made to dc what is required of them. These were not mere words: after his
second voyage, Columbus sent back a consignment of natives to be sold as slaves.
Yet in an April,1493, letter to Luis de Santangel (a patron who helped fund the first voyage),
Columbus made clear that the people he encountered had done nothing to deserve ill
treatment.
28. Human and animals
All non-human animals are constrained by the tools that nature has bequeathed them
through natural selection. They are not capable of striving towards truth; they simply absorb
information, and behave in ways useful for their survival. The kinds of knowledge they
require of the world have been largely pre-selected by evolution. No animal is capable of
asking question or generating problems that are irrelevant to its immediate circumstances or
its evolutionarily designed needs. When a beaver builds a dam, it doesn’t ask itself why it
does so, or whether there is a better way of doing it. When a swallow flies south, it doesn’t
wonder why it is hotter in Africa or what would happen if it flew still further south.
Humans do ask themselves these and many other kinds of questions, questions that have
no relevance, indeed make little sense, in the context of evolved needs and goals. What
marks out humans is our capacity to go beyond our naturally defined goals such as the need
to find food, shelter or a mate and to establish human created goals.
Some contemporary thinkers believe that there are indeed certain questions that humans are
incapable of answering because of our evolved nature. Steven Pinker, for instance, argues
that “Our minds evolved by natural selection to solve problems that were life and death
matters to our ancestors, not to commune with connecters or to answer any question we are
capable of asking. We cannot hold ten thousand words in our short term memory. We cannot
see ultra violet light. We cannot mentally rotate an object in the fourth dimension. And
perhaps we cannot solve conundrums like free will and sentience.”
29. Labor comparative advantage
With an abundance of low-priced labor relative to the United States, it is no surprise that
China, India and other developing countries specialize in the production of labour-intensive
products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize in the production of goods
that are human-and physical-capital intensive because of the relative abundance of a highly-
educated labor force and technically sophisticated equipment in the United States.
The division of global production should yield higher global output of both types of goods
than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods itself. For
example, the United States would produce more expensive labour-intensive goods because
of its more expensive labor and the developing countries would produce more expensive
human and physical capital-intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs.
This logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor in the
production green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and physical capital.
Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the United
States has a comparative advantage in the production of the products enable by this
innovation. However, once these technologies become well-understood and production
processes are designed that can make use of less-skilled labor, production will migrate to
countries with less expensive labor.
30. Living in countryside
I knew it was a good idea because I had been there before. Born and reared on a farm I had
been seduced for a few years by the idea of being a big shot who lived and worked in a city
rather than only going for the day to wave at the buses. True, I was familiar with some of the
minor disadvantages of country living such as an iffy private water supply sometimes
infiltrated by a range of Flora and fauna including, on one memorable occasion, a dead
lamb, the absence of central heating in farm houses and cottages and a single-track farm
road easily blocked by snow, broken-down machinery or escaped livestock.
But there were many advantages as I told Liz back in the mid-Seventies. Town born and
bred, eight months pregnant and exchanging a warm, substantial Corstorphine terrace for a
windswept farm cottage on a much lower income, persuading her that country had it over
town might have been difficult.
31. London
Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little band
of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder
members of what would become the world’s mighty money capital?
Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house
exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally
hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt and
Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK
capital’s hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in size of the funds managed
(including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global secondary bond market and the
City dominates foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out ￡9 billion in bonuses
in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf
and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private equity ‘locusts’ and their hedge fund
pals now hang out.
For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes Oxley and no euro to
hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the
most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan and there’s an ever
present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being, the deals just keep on getting
bigger.
32. Malaysia
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia. Aside
from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb beaches,
mountains and national parks in the region.
Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20 million
visitors here this year. Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur,
where you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world’s tallest
buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet
high and are connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves,
located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu
shrines, including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves,
visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to be
confused with Indonesians Borneo you’ll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan island,
off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world.
You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok
Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis
monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot
belly and strange honking sounds. While you’re in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its
heyday, this southern state was a powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in
the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a place of intriguing
Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of European colonial powers.
Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This island off
the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage, good food and
beautiful beaches.
33. Museology
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia. Aside
from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb beaches,
mountains and national parks in the region.
Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20 million
visitors here this year. Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur,
where you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world’s tallest
buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet
high and are connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves,
located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu
shrines, including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves,
visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to be
confused with Indonesians Borneo you’ll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan island,
off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world.
You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok
Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis
monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot
belly and strange honking sounds. While you’re in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its
heyday, this southern state was a powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in
the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a place of intriguing
Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of European colonial powers.
Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This island off
the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage, good food and
beautiful beaches.
34. Napping
A large new study has found that people who regularly took a siesta were significantly less
likely to die of heart disease. “Taking a nap could turn out to be an important weapon in the
fight against coronary mortality,” said Dimitris Trichopoulos of the Harvard School of Public
Health in Boston, who led the study published yesterday in the Archives of Internal Medicine.
The study of more than 23,000 Greek adults-the biggest and best examination of the subject
to date-found that those who regularly took a midday siesta were more than 30 percent less
likely to die of heart disease. Other experts said the results are intriguing. Heart disease kills
more than 650,000 Americans each year, making it the nation’s NO.1 cause of death. “It’s
interesting. A little siesta, a little snooze may be beneficial,” said Gerald Fletcher, a
cardiologist at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla, speaking on behalf of the American Heart
Association. “It’s simple, but it has a lot of promise.”
While more research is needed to confirm and explore the findings, there are several ways
napping could reduce the risk of heart attacks, experts said. “Napping may help deal with the
stress of daily living, “said Michael Twery, who directs the National Hert Lung and Blood
Institute’s National Center on Sleep Disorders Research.” “Another possibility is that it is part
of the normal biological rhythm of daily living. The biological clock that drives sleep and
wakefulness has two cycles each day, and one of them dips usually in the early afternoon.
It’s possible that not engaging in napping for some people might disrupt these processes.”
Researchers have long known that countries such as Greece, ltaly and Spain where people
commonly take siestas, have lower rates of heart disease than would be expected. But
previous studies that attempted to study the relationship between naps and heart disease
have produced mixed results. The new study is first to try to fully account for factors that
might confuse the findings, such as physical activity, diet and other illnesses. “This study has
a number of advantages,” Trichopoulos said. He and colleagues at the University of Athens
examined 23,681 Greek men and women ages 20 to 86 who had no history of heart disease
or any other serious health problem when they enrolled in the study between 1994 and 1999.
The researchers asked the participants whether they took midday naps and, if so, how often
and for how long. They also asked detailed questions about their health and lifestyles, such
as whether they had any illnesses that might make them sleep more how much exercise
they got and what they ate. After an average of more than six year of follow-up, 792 of the
study subjects died, including 133 who died of heart disease. Of that group, 94 were
nappers. After the researchers accounted for factors that could confuse the issue, they found
that those who took naps frequently were 34 percent less likely to die of heart disease than
those who did not. The biggest nappers–79 people who took a siesta for 30 minutes or more
at least three times a week–had a 37 percent lower risk. Naps appeared to offer the most
protection to working men: Those who took midday siestas either occasionally or
systematically had a 64 percent lower risk of death from heart disease. Non- working men
had a 36 percent reduction in risk. A similar analysis could not be done in women because
too few died of heart disease.
35. Nobel peace prize
This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United
Nations Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent,
painstaking work that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate change.
The other award winner, former US Vice President AL Gore, has spent much more time
telling us what to fear. While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in careful
study, Gore doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained.
Gore told the world in his Academy Award winning movie (recently labeled “one sided” and
containing “scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20-foot sea level rises over this
century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co winner, the IPCC, who conclude that sea
levels will rise between only a half foot and two feet over this century, with their best
expectation being about one foot. That’s similar to what the world experienced over the past
150 years.
Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and what it means
for the planet, but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the current rate of
melting would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of the century. Gore also
takes no notice of research showing that Greenland’s temperatures were higher in 1941 than
they are today.
Gore also frets about the future of polar bears. He claims they are drowning as their icy
habitat disappears. However, the only scientific study showing.any such thing indicates that
four polar bears drowned because of a storm.
The politician turned movie maker loses sleep over a predicted rise in heat related deaths.
There’s another side of the story that’s inconvenient to mention: rising temperatures will
reduce the number of cold spells, which are a much bigger killer than heat. The best study
shows that by 2050, heat will claim 400,000 more lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die because
of cold. Indeed, according to the first complete survey of the economic effects of climate
change for the world, global warming will actually save lives.
36. Parent’s born order affects their parenting
Parents’ own birth order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are raising
replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples, such as a
firstborn parent getting into “raging battles” with a firstborn child. “Both are used to getting
the last word. Each has to be right. But the parent has to be grown up and step out of that
battle,” he advises. When youngest children become parents, Agati cautions that because
they “may not have had high expectations placed on them, they in turn may not see their
kids for their abilities.” But he also notes that since youngest children tend to be more social,
“youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who may have a harder time with social
situations. These parents can be help their eldest kids loosen up and not be so hard on
themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order didn’t seem to affect her parenting
until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was born. Julie was nine years younger than
Ritz’s oldest, Joshua mirroring the age difference between Susan and her own older
brother.” I would see Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me,” she says of the taunting
and teasing by a much older sibling.
“I had to try not to always take Julie’s side.” Biases can surface no matter what your own
birth position was, as Lori Silverstone points out. “As a middle myself, I can be harder on my
older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me,” she says of her reactions to her
daughters’ tussles.
“My husband is a firstborn. He’s always sticking up for the oldest. He feels bad for her that
the others came so fast. He helps me to see what that feels like, to have that attention and
then lose it.” Silverstone sees birth order triggers as “an opportunity to heal parts of
ourselves. I’ve learned to teach my middle daughter to stand up for herself. My mother didn’t
teach me that. I’m conscious of giving my middle daughter tools so she has a nice way to
protect herself.”
Whether or not you subscribe to theories that birth order can affect your child’s personality,
ultimately, “we all have free will,” Agati notes. It’s important for both parents and kids to
realize that, despite the characteristics often associated with birth order, “you’re not locked
into any role.”
37. Pascolena
When Namibia gained independence in 1990, teenager Pascolena Flory was herding goats
in the country’s dry, desolate northern savannah. Her job, unpaid and dangerous, was to
protect her parents’ livestock from preying jackals and leopards. She saw wildlife as the
enemy, and many of the other. indigenous inhabitants of Namibia’s rural communal lands
shared her view. Wildlife poaching was commonplace. Fifteen years later, 31-year-old
Pascolena’s life and outlook are very different. She has built a previously undreamed-of
career in tourism and is the first black Namibian to be appointed manager of a guest lodge.
Her village and hundreds of others, have directly benefited from government efforts to
devolve.
38. Plants Research
Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by
humans, and they shape our environment. According to Ehrhardt and Former, the three
major challenges facing humanity in our time are food, energy, and environmental
degradation. All three are plant related.
All of our food is produced by plants, either directly or indirectly via animals that eat them
Plants are a source of energy production. And they are intimately involved in climate change
and a major factor in a variety of environmental concerns, including agricultural expansion
and its impact on habitat destruction and waterway pollution.
What’s more, none of these issues are independent of each other. Climate change places
additional stresses on the food supply and on various habitats. So, plant research is
instrumental in addressing all of these problems and moving into the future. For plant
research to move significantly forward, Ehrhardt and Former say technological development
is critical, both to test existing hypotheses and to gain new information and generate fresh
hypotheses. If we are to make headway in understanding how these essential organisms
function and build the foundation for a sustainable future, then we need to apply the most
advanced technologies available to the study of plant life, they say.
39. Rosetta Stone
When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its
surface were quickly copied. Printers ink was applied to the Stone and white paper was laid
over it. When the paper was removed, it revealed an exact copy of the text but in reverse.
Since then, many copies or facsimiles have been made using a variety of materials.
Inevitably, the surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left over from these
activities, despite attempts to remove any residue. Once on display, the grease from many
thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone added to the problem.
An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose when this famous
object was made the centre piece of the Cracking Codes exhibition at The British Museum in
1999. When work commenced to remove all but the original, ancient material, the stone was
black with white lettering. As treatment progressed, the different substances uncovered were
analyzed. Grease from human handling, a coating of carnauba wax from the early 1800s and
printers ink from 1799 were cleaned away using cotton wool swabs and liniment of soap,
white spirit, acetone and purified water. Finally, white paint in the text, applied in 1981, which
had been left in place until now as a protective coating, was removed with cotton swabs and
purified water. A small square at the bottom left corner of the face of the Stone was left
untouched to show the darkened wax and the white infill.
40. School resource officer (SRO)
Spurred by the sense that disorderly behaviour among students in South Euclid was
increasing, the school resource officer (SRO) reviewed data regarding referrals to the
principal’s office. He found that the high school reported thousands of referrals a year for
bullying and that the junior high school had recently experienced a 30 percent increase in
bullying referrals. Police data showed that juvenile complaints about disturbances, bullying,
and assaults after school hours had increased 90 percent in the past 10 years.
A researcher from Kent State University (Ohio) conducted a survey of all students attending
the junior high and high school Interviews and focus groups were conducted with students –
identified as victims or offenders -teachers, and guidance counsellors. Finally, the South
Euclid Police Department purchased a Geographic Information System to conduct crime
incident mapping of hotspots within the schools. The main findings pointed to four primary
areas of concern: the environmental design of the school; teacher knowledge of and
response to the problem; parental attitudes and responses；and student perspectives and
behaviours.
The SRO worked in close collaboration with a social worker and the university researcher.
They coordinated a Response Planning Team comprising many stakeholders that was
intended to
respond to each of the areas identified in the initial analysis. Environmental changes
included modifying the school schedule and increasing teacher supervision of hotspots.
Counsellors and social workers conducted teacher training courses in conflict resolution and
bullying prevention. Parent education included mailings with information about bullying, an
explanation of the new school policy, and a discussion about what could be done at home to
address the problems. Finally, student education included classroom discussions between
homeroom teachers and students, as well as assemblies conducted by the SRO. The SRO
also opened a substation next to a primary hotspot. The Ohio
Department of Education contributed by opening a new training centre provide a non-
traditional setting for specialized help. The results from the various responses were dramatic.
School suspensions decreased 40 percent. Bullying incidents dropped 60 percent in the
hallways and 80 percent in the gym area. Follow-up surveys indicated that there were
positive attitudinal changes among students about bullying and that more students felt
confident that teachers would take action when a problem arose. Teachers indicated that
training sessions were helpful and that they were more likely to talk about bullying as a
serious issue. Parents responded positively, asking for more information about the problem
in future mailings. The overall results suggest that the school environments were not only
safer, but that early intervention was
helping at-risk students succeed in school (South Euclid(Ohio) Police Department,2001)
41. US and Indian engineers
Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and
technicians in Indian have the capacity to provide both computer programming and
innovative new technologies. Indian programmers and high-tech engineers earn one quarter
of what their counterparts earn in the United States, Consequently, Indian is able to do both
jobs at a lower dollar cost than the United States: India has absolute advantage in both. In
other words, it can produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the United States,
and it can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that
the United States will lose not only programming Jobs but innovative technology job, too?
Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and India engage in
the international trade?
David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions-as we do today. While India mat
have an absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India
or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in doing programming
in part because of such activity requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United
States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively
easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that
Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been doing in
the past. In contrast, American firms will shift to more and more innovation. The United
States will specialize in technology innovation India will specialize in programming. The
business managers in each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a
comparative advantage. As in the past, The U.S. economy will continue to concentrate on
what are called the “best” activities.
42. Why business is like pebbles in a pond
The history of marketers seeking the advice of physicists is a short one, but an
understanding of the Theory of Resonance may, give communications experts the edge.
Resonance Theory explains the curious phenomenon of how very small pebbles dropped
into a pond can create bigger waves than a large brick. The brick makes a decent splash but
its ripples peter out quickly. A tiny pebble dropped into the same pond, followed by another,
then another, then another, all timed carefully, will create ripples that build into small waves.
As Dr Carlo Contaldi, a physicist at Imperial College London, explains, a small amount of
energy committed at just the right intervals – the ‘natural frequency’ – creates a cumulatively
large effect. Media consultant Paul Bay believes that just as with the pebbles in a pond, a
carefully choreographed and meticulously timed stream of communication (a monthly ad in
MT, for example) will have a more lasting effect than a sporadic big splash during primetime
ad breaks.
Innocent s testament the power of pebbles. Until last year, the maker of smoothies had
never advertised on TV, instead drip-feeding the market with endless ingenious marketing
plays from annotating its drinks labels with quirky messages rather than communicating
through the occasional big and expensive noise.
43. Wine industry in US
In 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created yet another
setback for the American wine industry. The National Prohibition Act, also known as the
Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale transportation, importation, delivery, or
possession of intoxicating liquors for beverage purpose. Prohibition, which continued for
thirteen years, nearly destroyed what had become a thriving and national industry. One of
the loopholes in the Volstead Act allowed for the manufacture and sale of sacramental wine,
medicinal wines for sale by pharmacists with a doctors’ prescription, and medicinal wine
tonics (fortified wines) sold without prescription. Perhaps more important, Prohibition allowed
anyone to produce up to two hundred gallons yearly of fruit. juice or cider. The fruit juice,
which was sometimes made into concentrate, was ideal for making wine. People would buy
grape concentrate from California and have it shipped to the East Coast. The top of the
container was stamped in big, bold letters’ caution: do not add sugar or yeast or else
fermentation will take place! Some of this yield found its way to bootleggers throughout
America who did just that. But not for long, because the government stepped in and banned
the sale of grape juice, preventing illegal wine production. Vineyards stopped being planted,
and the American wine industry came to a halt.
44. Written Language
The world engages in improving literacy of reading and writing, but it is not that important
now. What is text/Written language anyway? It is an accident IT for storing and retrieving
information. We store information by writing it, and we retrieve it by reading it. 6000 to
10,000 years ago, many of our ancestor’s hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and
began what’s known as the agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private
property and increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of
information. Unable to keep all this in their memories, our ancestors created systems of
written records that evolved over millennial into today’s written language.
But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course and is now
rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-increasing of emerging IT
driven by voice, video, and body movement rather than the written word. In my view, this is a
positive step forward in the evolution of human technology, and it carries great potential for a
total positive redesign of education. Written language is an ancient IT for storing and
retrieving information, however, written word is becoming obsolete and is now rapidly getting
replaced by voice, video and body movement, which is believed a positive step forward in
the evolution of human technology and redesign of education.
45. White brothers
The world engages in improving literacy of reading and writing, but it is not that important
now. What is text/Written language anyway? It is an accident IT for storing and retrieving
information. We store information by writing it, and we retrieve it by reading it. 6000 to
10,000 years ago, many of our ancestor’s hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and
began what’s known as the agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private
property and increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of
information. Unable to keep all this in their memories, our ancestors created systems of
written records that evolved over millennial into today’s written language.
But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course and is now
rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-increasing of emerging IT
driven by voice, video, and body movement rather than the written word. In my view, this is a
positive step forward in the evolution of human technology, and it carries great potential for a
total positive redesign of education. Written language is an ancient IT for storing and
retrieving information, however, written word is becoming obsolete and is now rapidly getting
replaced by voice, video and body movement, which is believed a positive step forward in
the evolution of human technology and redesign of education.
46. Indonesian Volcano
In 1815 on the island of Sumbawa in Indonesia, a handsome and long-quiescent mountain
named Tambora exploded spectacularly, killing a hundred thousand people with its blast and
associated tsunamis. It was the biggest volcanic explosion in ten thousand years—150 times
the size of Mount St. Helens, equivalent to sixty thousand Hiroshima-sized atom bombs.
News didn’t travel terribly fast in those days. In London, The Times ran a small story—
actually a letter from a merchant—seven months after the event. But by this time Tambora’s
effects were already being felt. Thirty-six cubic miles of smoky ash, dust, and grit had
diffused through the atmosphere, obscuring the Sun’s rays and causing the Earth to cool.
Sunsets were unusually but blearily colourful, an effect memorably captured by the artist. J.
M. W. Turner, who could not have been happier, but mostly the world existed under an
oppressive, dusky pall. It was this deathly dimness that inspired the Byron lines above.
Spring never came and summer never warmed: 1816 became known as the year without
summer. Crops everywhere failed to grow. In Ireland a famine and associated typhoid
epidemic killed sixty-five thousand people. In New England, the year became popularly
known as Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death. Morning frosts continued until June and
almost no planted seed would grow. Short of fodder, livestock died or had to be prematurely
slaughtered. In every way it was a dreadful year—almost certainly the worst for farmers in
modern times. Yet globally the temperature fell by only about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit.
Earth’s natural thermostat, as scientists would learn, is an exceedingly delicate instrument.
47. Benefits of honey
According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M D, M.P.H. the average American consumes more than
150 pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high fructose com syrup every
year. In comparison, we consume only around1.3 pounds of honey per year on average in
the U.S. According to new research, if you can switch out your intake of refined sugar and
use pure raw honey instead, the health benefits can be enormous.
What is raw honey? It’s a pure, unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by bees from
the nectar of flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed honey that’s been
heated and filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike processed honey, raw honey
does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional value and health powers. It can help with
everything from low energy to sleep problems to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw honey
may even help weight-loss efforts when compared to diets containing sugar or high fructose
corn syrup. I’m excited to tell you more about one of my all-time favourite natural sweeteners
today.
48. Eye surgery – Blindness
Scientists believe they may have found a way to prevent complications that can arise
following cataract surgery, the world’s leading cause of blindness.
Detailing why complications can occur after surgery, researchers from the University of East
Anglia (UEA) explained that while cataract surgery works well to restore vision, a few natural
lens cells always remain after the procedure. Over time, the eye’s wound-healing response
leads these cells to spread across the underside of the artificial lens, which interferes with
vision, causing what’s known as ‘posterior capsule opacification’ or secondary cataract.
UEA’s School of Biological Sciences academic, Dr Michael Worm stone, who led the study,
said: “Secondary visual loss responds well to treatment with laser surgery. But as life
expectancy increases, the problems of cataract and posterior capsule opacification will
become even greater in terms of both patient wellbeing and economic burden. It’s essential
that we find better ways to manage the condition in future.”
As a result, researchers are designing new artificial lenses that can be placed into a capsular
bag that stays open, instead of shrink-wrapping closed, which currently occurs. It is believed
that, through the new approach, fluid in the eye can flow around the artificial lens, therefore
diluting and washing away the cell-signalling molecules that encourage cell re-growth.
49. Frog in Amber
A tiny tree frog preserved in amber is believed to have lived about 25 million years ago, a
Mexican researcher says. The chunk of amber containing the centimetre-long frog was
uncovered by a miner in southern Chiapas state in 2005 and bought by a private collector,
who lent it to scientists for study.
Only a few preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber — a stone formed by
ancient tree sap — mostly in the Dominican Republic. Like those, the frog found in Chiapas
was of the genus Craugastor, whose relatives still inhabit the region. Gerardo Carbot, the
biologist with the Chiapas Natural History and Ecology Institute who announced the
discovery on Wednesday, said it was the first such frog found in amber in Mexico.
Carbot said he would like to extract a sample from the frog’s remains to see whether they
contain well-preserved DNA, in order to identify the frog’s species. However, he expressed
doubt that the stone’s owner would allow researchers to drill a small hole into the chunk of
amber.
50. Twins
UCLA neurology professor Paul Thompson and his colleagues scanned the brains of 23 sets
of identical twins and 23 sets of fraternal twins. Since identical twins share the same genes
while fraternal twins share about half their genes, the researchers were able to compare
each group to show that myelin integrity was determined genetically in many parts of the
brain that are key for intelligence. These include the parietal lobes, which are responsible for
spatial reasoning, visual processing and logic, and the corpus callosum, which pulls together
information from both sides of the body.
The researchers used a faster version of a type of scanner called a HARDI (high-angular
resolution diffusion imaging) — think of an MRI machine on steroids — that takes scans of
the brain at a much higher resolution than a standard MRI. While an MRI scan shows the
volume of different tissues in the brain by measuring the amount of water present, HARDI
tracks how water diffuses through the brain’s white matter — a way to measure the quality of
its myelin.
“HARDI measures water diffusion,” said Thompson, who is also a member of the UCLA
Laboratory of Neuro-Imaging. “If the water diffuses rapidly in a specific direction, it tells us
that the brain has very fast connections. If it diffuses more broadly, that’s an indication of
slower signalling, and lower intelligence.”
51. Electric Vehicle – PEV
Here’s a term you’re going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym PEV.
It’s what you and many other people will drive to work in, ten years and more from now. At
that time, before you drive off in the morning you will first unplug your car – your plug-in
vehicle. Its big on board batteries will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power
for you to drive 50-100 kilometres through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you’ll plug in your car once again, this time into a socket that allows
power to flow form your car’s batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when
you bought your car was to sign a contract with your favourite electricity supplier, allowing
them to draw a limited amount of power from your car’s batteries should they need to,
perhaps because of a blackout, or very high wholesale spot power prices. The price you get
for the power the distributor buys form your car would not only be most attractive to you, it
would be a good deal for them too, their alternative being very expensive power form
peaking stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your batteries looked like running
flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed
natural gas, even biofuel, would automatically cut in, driving a generator that supplied the
batteries so you could complete your journey.
Concerns over ‘peak oil’, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood that by
the middle of this century there could be five times as many motor vehicles registered world-
wide as there are now, mean that the world’s almost total dependence on petroleum-based
fuels for transport is, in every sense of the word, unsustainable.
52. Multi-life
Life expectancies have been rising by up to three months a year since 1840, and there is no
sign of that flattening. Gratton and Scott draw on a 2009 study to show that if the trend
continues, more than half the babies born in wealthier countries since 2000 may reach their
100th birthdays.
With a few simple, devastating strokes, Gratton and Scott show that under the current
system it is almost certain you won’t be able to save enough to fund several decades of
decent retirement. For example, if your life expectancy is 100, you want a pension that is 50
per cent of your final salary, and you save 10 per cent of your earnings each year, they
calculate that you won’t be able to retire till your 80s. People with 100-year life expectancies
must recognise they are in for the long haul, and make an early start arranging their lives
accordingly.
But how to go about this? Gratton and Scott advance the idea of a multistage life, with
repeated changes of direction and attention. Material and intangible assets will need upkeep,
renewal or replacement. Skills will need updating, augmenting or discarding, as will networks
of friends and acquaintances. Earning will be interspersed with learning or self-reflection. As
the authors warn, recreation will have to become “re-creation”.
ESSAY WRITING TOPICS:
1. Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance between work and
other aspects of one’s life, such as leisure time with family members. How important do you
think is this balance? Why do people find it hard to achieve?

2. The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do you think
is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and give the solution?

3. Some people think that the design of buildings has affect, either positively or negatively,
on where people work and live. To what extent you agree or disagree.

4. Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more
effectively than books or formal school education. How far do you agree with this idea?
Support your opinion with reasons and/or your personal experience.

5. Some people think that life experience is more important than the formal education
provided is schools and universities. How far do you agree with this statement, and provide
examples?

6. Medical technology can increase life expectancy. Is it a blessing or curse?

7. In a cashless society, people use more credit cards. Cashless society seems to be a
reality, and how realistic do you think it is? What are the advantages and? disadvantages of
this phenomenon?

8. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has become
obsolete. Universities should only procure digital materials rather than constantly textbooks.
Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this position and give your own point of
view.

9. Some universities deduct marks from students’ works if given in late, what are the
problems and what is your opinion?

10. Schools should organise activities after class. To what extent do you agree?

11. The importance of cars and airplane in modern life. Give example.

12. Do you think cardless society is realistic and why? What are the advantages and
disadvantages?

13. Children should take large number of exams or learn more in schools.

14. Whether studying films at school is as important as studying literature? Do you think
school should have curriculum asking students to play old drama and work for theatre
centuries ago?
15. Students doing part-time jobs - advantages and disadvantages.

16. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do you
think this is a good or bad change?

17. Should government build more road to allow more vehicle owner or improve the network
of public transport?

18. Which should require more financial support from the government? Health or education?
To what extend do you agree or not. Use your experience.

19. Government should reduce their investment in arts, music and painting. Agree or
disagree.

20. University only requires to apply digital media rather than continuously upgrading
textbook. Agree or disagree.

21. The belching and unauthorised behaviour is unacceptable in modern offices. How far you
support this view? Give your response with justification.

22. More information is available online so library's books are useless. Agree or disagree.

23. Whether parents should be held legally be responsible for children.

24. Most people with university degree can earn higher salaries than those who not go to the
university, so they should pay full cost of their education. Your opinion.

25. Moving from rural areas to big cities will provide more opportunities. Your opinion.

26. Younger employees have more skills, knowledge and more motivated than older
employees. To what extent do you agree or disagree, support your argument with your own
experience.

27. Government promise continuous economic growth, but it’s actually an illusion. Some
people think that governments should abandon this. Please talk about the validity and the
implications.

28. In less developed countries, are the disadvantages from tourism as great as the
advantages?

29. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has become
obsolete. Universities should only procure digital media rather than constantly updating
textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of this position and give your
own point of view.
30. As cities expanding, some people claim governments should look forward creating better
networks of public transportation available for everyone rather than building more roads for
vehicle owning population. What’s your opinion? Give some examples or experience to
support.
READING FILL IN THE BLANKS:
1. Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of TREMENDOUS
intricacy and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were AWED by the beauty of
the Neotropics, where they collected tens of thousands of SPECIES new to science. But
they couldn't have guessed at the complete contents of the rain forest, and they had no idea
of its VALUE to humankind.
2. In an often-cited study about counter-factuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995) found
that bronze medalists appeared happier than silver medalists in television coverage of the
1992 Summer Olympics. Medvec et al. argued that bronze medalists compared themselves
to 4th place finishers, whereas silver medalists compared themselves to gold medalists.
These counter-factuals were the most salient because they were either qualitatively different
(gold vs. silver) or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what actually occurred.
Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic athletes (among
others) are more likely to make counter factual comparisons based on their prior
expectations, consistent with decision affect theory. Silver medallists are more likely to be
disappointed because their personal expectations are higher than those of bronze
medallists. We provide a test between expectancy-based versus category-based processing
and discuss circumstances that trigger each type of processing.
3. In our studies, those people on a high-protein diet lost the same amount of weight as
those on a higher-carbon hydrate diet, since the two diets offered an equal amount of
kilojoules and the same amount of fat. However, body composition (that is, the ratio of fat to
muscle) showed greater improvement among those people on the higher-protein diet. When
the participants in other studies were allowed to eat until they were no longer hungry, those
on the higher-carbon hydrate diet, even after more than a year. The reduction in hungry and
beneficial effect on muscle provided by the higher-protein diet is mostly related to its protein
content, while the reduced triglyceride levels and enhanced fat-loss seem to be related to its
lower amounts of carbon hydrate. The diet is healthy because its protein comes from lean
red meat, fish, chicken and low-fat dairy products, all of which provide good nutrition. A
high-protein diet in which the protein comes from protein powders and supplements is
unlikely to be healthy, unless the supplements are fortified with vitamins and minerals.
4. When humans began farming some 12,000 years ago, they altered the future of our
species forever. Our ancestors were ecological pioneers, discovering and cultivating the
most valuable crops, sealing them up to feed entire communities and transforming wild crops
so fundamentally that they became dependent on humans for their survival. Farming, in the
words of National Geographic’s Genographic Project, “sowed the seeds for the modern age.”
5. Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography
finally supplanted illustration as the “primary means of advertising clothing” in the 1950s,
glamour inhered less in the face of the drawing, which was by necessity schematic and
generalized, than in the sketch’s attitude, posture, and gestures, especially in the strangely
dainty positions of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in the stance of the
model that the faces in the illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but
angles or tilts. Illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but angles or
tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of
introspection; the head cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the profile presented
in sharp outline, emanating power the severity like an emperor's bust embossed on a
Roman coin, aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too.
6. It is important to keep the quantities here in perspective. The volume of radioactive waste
is very small – even smaller if the used material is chemically re-processed – but it has to be
managed carefully. Most countries accept that they are responsible for their own.
7. People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the general population,
because illness increases with age. However, the proportion of the population who visited
complementary health therapists was highest between the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower
rates for people aged 65 years and over contrasted with the rate of visits to other health
professionals which increased steadily with increasing age. The reason for this difference
might include lower levels of acceptance of complementary therapies by older people.
Alternatively, older people may have different treatment priorities than do younger people
because their health on average is worse while their incomes are generally lower.
8. Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles said: ‘A painter just needs a brush
and the writer just needs a pen, but the producer needs an army. And an army needs
money. A producer is just like an entrepreneur; we raise money to make films. First, we
need to find an original idea or a book or a play and purchase the rights, then we need
money to develop that idea often a reasonably small sum. Besides, to commission a writer
for the screen play isn’t something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you
find a partner. We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film
council, all of these are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very
different to producing in America or EVEN Europe because the economic dynamic is
different.
9. Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association
of Paris — based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics
of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colours, open composition,
emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of
time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is
derived from Claude Monet’s Impression, Sunrise (Impression, solelllevant). Critic Louis
Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.
Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began
by giving colours, freely brushed primary over line, drawing inspiration from the work of
painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and
into the world. Previously, not only still lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been
painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and
transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).
10. Drive down any highway, and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants-most likely, if
you travel long and far enough, you’ll see McDonald’s golden arches as well as signs for
Burger King, Hardee’s and Wendy’s, the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though,
Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader
MacDonald’s No.1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King
Remains No.2.
Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic,
with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three contenders have
increased. The decline has been attributed to in consistent product quality and poor
customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an
understanding of Integrated Marketing Communications theory would suggest that internal
management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified,
long-term strategy can be put in place.
The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, not all levels of
communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes
the customer’s order must communicate the same message a Burger King’s famous tagline,
“have it your way,” or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that
seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.
11. A locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but else where it’s a different
story. Edible insects – termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water
bugs – are on the menu for an estimated 80 per cent of the world’s population.
More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, “kungu
cakes” – made from midges – are a delicacy in part of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating – or
entomophagous- hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so
high that 40 species are now under threat, including white agave worms.These caterpillars of
the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetch around $250 a kilogram.
Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The
female gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 per cent protein. Insects can be a good source
of vitamins and minerals too: a type of caterpillar (Usta terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in
iron, zinc and thiamine. What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tanq, apparently,
whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have
probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects are often accidental
tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines
for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is acceptable for 225
grams of macaroni to contain upto 225 insect fragments.
12. By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheet metal, primarily bronze or
gold. However, the peak of feasting – and in particular, of the ‘political’ type of feast – came
in the late Hallstatt period (about 600-450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek
colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the
grape began to make its way north and east along major river systems together with
imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world.
Wine was thus added to the list of mood-altering beverages – such as mead and ale (see
coloured text below) – available to establish social networks in Iron Age Europe. Attic pottery
fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and luxury goods such as the
monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in
Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this interaction. Organic containers such as
leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into Europe but have not
survived. It is unknown what goods were traded in return, but they may have included
salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.
13. In 1959, the partial skeletal remains of an ancient woman estimated to be 10,000 years
old were unearthed in Arlington Springs on Santa Rosa Island, one of the eight Channel
Islands off the southern California coast. They were discovered by Phil C. Orr, curator of
anthropology and natural history at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. The
remains of the so-called Arlington Springs woman were recently reanalyzed by the latest
radiocarbon dating techniques and were found to be approximately 13,000 years old. The
new date makes her remains older than any other known human skeleton found so far in
North America. The discovery challenges the popular belief that the first colonists to North
America arrived at the end of the last ice age about 11,500 years ago by crossing a Bering
land bridge that connected Siberia to Alaska and northwestern Canada. The earlier date and
the location of the woman's remains on the island adds weight to an alternative theory that
some early settlers may have constructed boats and migrated from Asia by sailing down the
Pacific coast.
14. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society examines U.S. history as
revealed through the experiences of all Americans, both ordinary and extraordinary. With a
thought-provoking and rich presentation, the authors explore the complex lives of Americans
of all national origins and cultural backgrounds, at all levels of society, and in all regions of
the country.
15. Coral reefs support more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and are, not
surprisingly, a favorite pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and
biologically spectacular, coral reefs also support the livelihoods of over half a billion people.
What is more, this number is expected to double in coming decades while the area of high-
quality reef is expected to halve. In combination with the very real threat of climate change,
which could lead to increased seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to
arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.
16. If consciousness comes in degrees, then how far along on the spectrum is the octopus?
Octopuses almost certainly feel pain. They nurse and protect injured body parts, and slow a
preference not to be touched near wounds. In addition to feeling pain, octopuses also have
sophisticated sensory capacities: excellent eyesight, and acute sensitivity to taste and
smell. This, together with their large nervous systems and complex behavior makes it all but
certain. The question of what subjective experience might be like for an octopus is
complicated by the odd relationship between its brain and body.
17. Gauss was a child prodigy. There are many anecdotes concerning his precocity as a
child, and he made his first ground-breaking mathematical discoveries while still a teenager.
At just three years old, he corrected an error in his father payroll calculations, and he was
looking after his father’s accounts on a regular basis by the age of 5. At the age of 7, he is
reported to have amazed his teachers by summing the integers from 1 to 100 almost
instantly (having quickly spotted that the sum was actually 50 pairs of numbers, with each
pair summing to 101, total 5,050). By the age of 12, he was already attending gymnasium
and criticizing Euclid’s geometry.
18. Look at the recent "Most Respected Companies" survey by the Financial Times. Who are
the most respected companies and business leaders at the current time? Rather
predictably, they are Jack Welch and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft. Neither
has achieved their world-class status through playing nice. Welch is still remembered for the
brutal downsizing he led his business through, and for the environmental pollution incidents
and prosecutions. Microsoft has had one of the highest profile cases of bullying market
dominance of recent times - and Gates has been able to achieve the financial status where
he can choose to give lots of money away by being ruthless in business.
19. Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his
professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of
researchers around the world who were doing the same. He found, to put most succinctly,
that children don’t think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with young people
often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and
seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and
their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery “so simple that only a genius could
have thought of it.”
Piaget’s insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a
wide-ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years—from
his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84.
20. UWS graduates Racha Abboud and Anna Ford, whose story first appeared in GradLife in
December 2009, have successfully risen through the ranks to be appointed Associates at
leading western Sydney law firm, Coleman Greig Lawyers. The promotion marks the
culmination of many years of hard work for these legal eagles who are the first to rise to
this level from the firm’s Cadet Lawyer program with UWS.
21. Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian
Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was
near-pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course all three had to work
and interact with adults, but all three really related well to children and their simpler worlds.
Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly popular with children, and, of
course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands
of editions since the 19th century.
Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen’s works:”The Ugly
Duckling,””The Emperor’s New Clothes,””The Nightingale, “The Little Mermaid,’ The Match
Girl, “and many others. Though, as with most folk and fairy tales, they strike adult re-readers
much differently than they do young first-time readers.
Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in, only to exult in the
discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages:
don’t tease people because they’re different; don’t fret about your being different because
some day you’ll discover what special gifts you have.
A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen’s tales (including “The Ugly Duckling,” which is
not on our reading st), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often cruel
and unfeeling, love is torturous–in general, the things of the material world cause suffering.
There is often a happy ending, but it’s not conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded,
but only after they manage (often through death) to transcend the rigors of the mortal world.
22. Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late
nineteenth century. During this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking.
Because of this emphasis, there have been many scientific studies in psychology which
explore different aspects of human nature. These include studies into how biology (physical
factors) influence human experience, how people use their senses (touch, taste, smell, sight
and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why people behave in certain
ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how people understand and think
about the world, what motivates people, why people have emotions and how personality
develops. These scientific investigations all contribute to an understanding of human
nature.
23. Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every
year but the gas is usually harmless. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out
into the atmosphere and isn’t concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets
trapped underground under enormous pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense
cloud, it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly.
24. Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its
cross-cultural and marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal powerfully to
real needs in the capitalist society. Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured the
symbolic essence of childhood but the company has gained access to all public shows,
comic books, dolls, apparels, and educational film strips all point to the parks and each
other.
25. Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to
most people. When you’re allergic to something, your immune system mistakenly believes
that this substance is harmful to your body. (Substances that cause allergic reactions- such
as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines- are known as allergens.)
In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produces IGE antibodies to that
allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into
the blood stream, one of which is histamine.
The histamine then acts on the eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract and
causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will
trigger this antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with
that allergen, you’ll have some form of allergy symptoms.
26. Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always
thought she “was growing a nice little business.” And that it is. A little business that controls
45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118
countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family’s shares are
worth more than $6 billion.
But early on, there wasn’t a burgeoning business, there weren’t houses in New York. Palm
Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person to
answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing department
as needed.
You more or less know the Estee Lauder story because it’s a chapter from the book of
American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants,
lived above her father’s hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City.
She started her enterprise by selling skin creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in
beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts.
No doubt the potions were good – Estee Lauder was a quality fanatic – but the saleslady
was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry.
She stalked the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter
space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling
approach that proved as potent as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.
27. Buying a house can seem like a daunting process —First you need to work out how
much you can borrow. This is where our services will really help you. Make sure you have an
accurate and detailed budget that takes into account all associated with purchasing a
property, including stamp duty, council rates, and other fees. We can help you identify these
extra costs. Ask us for our budget planner if you don’t already have one. Interest rates move
constantly, so you will need to allow room in your budget for interest rate increases and for
other unforeseen events. All purchase funds are paid at settlement. In the ordinary course
of events, settlement takes place, the purchase price is paid in full and the deposit bond
simply lapses group certificates for the past two years.
28. Education is generally considered to be a key factor in improving outcomes for
Indigenous Australians, with many studies showing that improved health and socioeconomic
status are directly linked to educational participation and achievement. There is a range of
issues affecting participation in education for Indigenous Australians, including access to
educational institutions, financial constraints, and community expectations.
29. The Alpine Newt is native to much of central, continental Europe and occurs up the
coasts of northeast France through to Holland but it does not appear to have been native to
the British Isles. As its name suggests it can be found in montane habitats up to 2,500
metres in altitude but it can also be abundant in lowlands, and it will use variety of
waterbodies including both shallow and deep ponds and slow flowing streams (Griffiths,
1995).
30. The purpose of this study was to: (1) determine energy expenditure (EE) during a range
of active video games (AVGs) and (2) determine whether EE during AVGs is influenced by
gaming experience or fitness. Twenty-six boys (11.4±0.8 years) participated and performed
a range of sedentary activities (resting, watching television and sedentary gaming), playing
AVGs (Nintendo® Wii Bowling, Boxing, Tennis, and Wii Fit Skiing and Step), walking and
running including a maximal fitness test. During all activities, oxygen uptake, heart rate and
EE were determined. The AVGs resulted in a significantly higher EE compared to rest (63-
190%, p≤0.001) and sedentary screen-time activities (56-184%, p≤0.001). No significant
differences in EE were found between the most active video games and walking. There was
no evidence to suggest that gaming experience or aerobic fitness influenced EE when
playing AVGs. In conclusion, boys expended more energy during active gaming compared to
sedentary activities. Whilst EE during AVG is game-specific, AVGs are not intense enough to
contribute towards the 60min of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity that is currently
recommended for children.
31. Digital media and the internet have made the sharing of texts, music and images easier
than ever, and the enforcement of copyright restriction harder. This situation has
encouraged the growth of IP law, and prompted increased industrial concentration on
extending and 'policing' IP protection, while also leading to the growth of an 'open access', or
'creative commons' movement which challenges such control of knowledge and creativity.
32. Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may sometimes
run off farmland and enter surface water bodies such as lakes and streams. If a surface
water body that is used as a drinking water supply receives excess amounts of these
herbicides, then the municipal water treatment plant must filter them out in order for the
water to be safe to drink. This added filtration process can be expensive. Farmers can help
control excess herbicides in runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with soil more readily,
are less toxic, or degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best tillage practice can
help minimize herbicide pollution.
33. The rocket lofted an uncrewed mock-up of SpaceX’s Dragon Capsule, which is
designed to one-day carry both crew and cargo to orbit. “This has been a good day for
SpaceX and a promising development for the US human space flight programme,” said
Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch.
In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon
Musk, said he would consider the flight 100 per cent successful if it reached orbit.”Even if
you prove out just that the first stage functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for a
test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both stages work correctly.”
SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to launch astronauts to the International Space
Station using the Falcon 9. US government space shuttles, which currently make these trips,
are scheduled to retire for safety reasons at the end of 2010.
34. Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon own their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into
the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new
study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests.
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the
Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs
counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical
forest itself.
“Basically, the Amazon basin is a ‘melting pot’ for South American frogs,” says graduate
student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. “Poison frogs there have come from multiple
places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown
that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent
regions have played a major role.”
35. Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one
extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find
myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it’s easy to be seduced by the face nature which
reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first encountering Camus’ text, I’ve
learned that modern science tells a very different story.
36. Matthew Josephson does an excellent job of covering the life and works of Thomas Alva
Edison. The author of the book covered every aspect of Thomas Edison’s life from the time
his grandparents lived in the original thirteen colonies to the point where he was born in
Milan, Ohio and later up to the point where he died in 1931. Thomas Alva Edison was both a
scientist and an inventor. When he was born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous
change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those
changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a
fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity.
Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093
inventions, earning him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The most famous of his
inventions was the incandescent light bulb, which was quite a time consuming process and
quite interesting how Thomas Edison went about finding the right fiber for his incandescent
bulb. He went so far as to send people around the world after various fibers to be tested as
possible fibers for his light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph
and the “kinetoscope,” a small box for viewing moving films. Thomas Edison is also the first
person in the US to make his own filmstrip. He also improved upon the original design of the
stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believed in hard
work, sometimes working twenty hours a day or more, depending upon the situation.
He has been known to spend several days working on I project without sleep until it worked.
Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent
perspiration.” In tribute (option: memory/ honour / tribute) to this important American, electric
lights in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days
after his death. Bibliography.
37. The Roman people had at first been inclined to regard the French Revolution with either
indifference or derision. But as the months went by and the emigres who remained in the
city were less and less hopeful of an early return home, the mood of the Romans became
increasingly antagonistic towards the ‘assassins of Paris’. The nationalization of Church
property in France, the confiscation of papal territories, the dwindling of contributions and the
paucity of tourists and pilgrims all contributed to an exacerbation of this antagonism. When
the French Convention, determined to gain international recognition for the Republic,
dispatched envoys to Rome, the people turned upon them in fury.
38. Promoting good customer service must start at the top. If management doesn’t realize
how important this aspect of their businesses, they will be at an instant disadvantage in
their industry. Good customer response equates to loyal customers, which are the
cornerstone of any successful business. No matter how money you invest in your
marketing, if you don't much have the fundamental elements of your business right, it's
wasted money.
39. Arguably the greatest mystery facing humanity today is the prospect that 75% of the
universe is made up of a substance known as “dark energy”, about which we have almost
no knowledge at all. Since a further 21% of the universe is made from invisible “dark matter”
that can only be detected through its gravitational effects, the ordinary matter and energy
making up the Earth, planets and stars is apparently only a tiny part of what exists. These
discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus’s
revelation that the Earth moves around the Sun.
40. Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in the
aisles, balancing books on their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand for
empty lecture theaters as for the Internet revolution, which has greatly increased the
volume and range of course materials available online in the past five years. The
temptation now is to simply think, 'Everything will be online so I don't need to go to class',"
said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of
Melbourne. The nation's universities are in the process of opening the doors for the new
academic year and, while classes are generally well attended for the early weeks, it often
does not last. "There is concern at the university level about student attendance dropping
and why students are not coming to lectures." Dr Krause said. But lecturers' pride - and
fierce competition among universities for students - mean few are willing to acknowledge
publicly how poorly attended many classes are.

41. The American executive, unlike the British, has no connection with the legislature, and
this lack of coordination between executive and legislature is one of the distinctive
features of American federal government. The Constitution guarded against executive
control by disqualifying federal officials, whether civil or military, from membership in
Congress.
42. Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of
designing for the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same
in every browser, we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users,
and then progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more
capable browsers. It’s very productive development practice. Instead of spending hours
working out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we
simply use the standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don’t even
attempt to implement it in browsers that don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable
browsers won’t know what they are missing. The biggest challenge to progressive
enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that websites should look the same
in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more
interesting challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive
enhancement.
43. Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles
an hour. Winds can travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose
heat from your body faster when it is windy. Weather forecasters need to know the speed
and direction of the wind. the strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from
wind force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings
and is called hurricane force.
44. When people worry about a glut of liquidity, they are thinking of the first of these
concepts. If money is too abundant or too cheap, inflationary pressures may build up or
bubbles may appear in financial markets — until central banks tighten policy or market
opinion suddenly changes. A slackening of economic activity or a drop in asset prices can
leave households, businesses and financial institutions in trouble if their balance sheets are
not liquid enough (the second concept) or if they cannot find a buyer for assets.
45. Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson
said. is of two kinds you may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now
the amount which you may actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you
may know of the sources of information may, with proper training, become almost
boundless. And here come the value and use of reference books the working of one book in
connexion with another-and applying your own intelligence to both by this means we get as
near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the
single volume or work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of
reference books in existence a knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every
intelligent person Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they can easily be made to
be contributory to idleness and too mechanical a use should not be made of them.
46. Sports women's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper
records don't exist, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a
point on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the records

47. A dog may be man’s best friend. But man is not always a dog ‘s over the centuries
selective breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a
grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when
found in people, regarded as pathologies Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to
those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree
pooches is well recorded their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large,
so there is plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition inbred, and
this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America’ s National
Human Genome Research Institute who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of
particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental.
48. The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and
responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and
culpability, to which the state responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and
punishment. This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analyzed. The
problem is that so often analysis ends there, at the level of individual action, characterized
in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil.
49. The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All
announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change without
notice and do not constitute an agreement between the University of Washington and the
student. Students should assume the responsibility of consulting the appropriate academic
unit or adviser for more current or specific information.
50. Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the
prospect of the annual influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked
waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted shikaras carrying Indian families. Then, in
1989, everything changed Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least
35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated and the houseboats rotted. Any
foreigners venturing there risked their lives - proved in 1995 when five young Europeans
were kidnapped and murdered.
51. Legal deposit has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the nation’s
published output (and thereby its intellectual record and future published heritage) is
collected systematically, to preserve the material for the use of future generations and to
make it available for readers within the designated legal deposit libraries. The Legal Deposit
Libraries are the British Library, the National Library of Scotland, the National Library of
Wales, the Bodleian Libraries, Oxford and the University Library, Cambridge.
The legal deposit system also has benefits for authors and publishers: Deposited
publications are made available to users of the deposit libraries on their premises, are
preserved for the benefit of future generations, and became part of the nation’s heritage.
Publications are recorded in the online catalogs and become an essential research resource
for generations to come.
52. In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works,
Pinker has argued the swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have
originated as evolutionary adaptions, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the
Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune from being explained
this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives
with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who become
mechanical engineers—all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The
controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might differ in their inborn
abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have little influence
on personality.
53. The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell
(Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and
conventional stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is
equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of
design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development
of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a
structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in
story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students
as design innovators. The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details
about "having; growing, and proving" ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such
as "wow" and "yawn" and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term, "sparkiness"
(p. 28), which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In
addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well
as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The
definitions for qualities such as "technical" and "aesthetic"pertaining to users, are too narrow
and ill-defined. The author provides examples of the project, its features and structures,
students' notes and judgments, and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb
packages, in the Appendix.
54. The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of
the water used worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth produced, 200
tons of water is polluted with chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-
hours of electricity powers the factories that card and comb, spin and weave, and cut and
stitch materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind mountains of solid
waste and a massive carbon footprint. “Where the industry is today is not really sustainable
for the long term,” says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile
manufacturer based outside Indore, India. With something of an “if you build it, they will
come” attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered Pratibha toward the leading edge of eco-friendly
textile production. Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in
1999. Initially, the company couldn’t find enough organic farms growing cotton in central
India to supply its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary’s team had to
convince conventional cotton farmers to change their growing methods. Pratibha provided
seeds, cultivation instruction, and a guarantee of fair trade prices for their crops. Today,
Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers across the central states of
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.
55. C. S. Lewis, or Jack Lewis, as he preferred to be called, was born in Belfast, Ireland
(now Northern Ireland) on November 29, 1898. He was the second son of Albert Lewis, a
lawyer, and Flora Hamilton Lewis. His older brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis, who was
known as Warnie, had been born three years earlier in 1895.Lewis's early childhood was
relatively happy and carefree. In those days Northern Ireland was not yet plagued by bitter
civil strife, and the Lewises were comfortably off. The family home, called Little Lea, was a
large, gabled house with dark, narrow passages and an overgrown garden, which Warnie
and Jack played in and explored together. There was also a library that was crammed with
books—two of Jack's favorites were Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and The
Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett.This somewhat idyllic boyhood came to an end
for Lewis when his mother became ill and died of cancer in 1908. Barely a month after her
death the two boys were sent away from home to go to boarding school in England.Lewis
hated the school, with its strict rules and hard, unsympathetic headmaster, and he missed
Belfast terribly. Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able to return to
Ireland. After a year, however, he was sent back to England to study. This time, the
experience proved to be mostly positive. As a teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry,
especially the works of Virgil and Homer. He also developed an interest in modern
languages, mastering French, German, and Italian.
56. Away from the rumble of Shanghai’s highways and the cacophony of the shopping
districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall BRICK HOUSES. In the early evening
or on a weekend morning, you’ll hear the SOUND of classical music drifting from a piano,
played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down another alley
toward drab HIGH-RISES/SKYSCRAPERS and you’ll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing
from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute.
In China, classical music is BOOMING as mightily as the 1812 Overture. It’s fortissimo in
Shanghai, home to China’s oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a
crescendo in farther-flung areas. Commanding ￥100-200($12.50-$25) per hour, private
music teachers in Shanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita
monthly income.
57. None of the books in my father’s dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while I was
growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. Most were massive tomes – a
comprehensive history of civilization, matching volumes of the great works of western
literature, numerous others I can no longer recall – that seemed almost fused to shelves that
bowed slightly from decades of steadfast support.
58. In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools – including Harvard,
Stanford, the University of Chicago and Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial
admissions and prerequisite of four years’ work experience and instead have set their
sights on recent college graduates and so-called “early career” professionals with only a
couple years of work under their belt.
59. Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiments. After these
have been done, he got his results. Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The
scientists around the world have a picture of world.
60. Since nutrition scientists are constantly making new discoveries, we need to revise our
recommendations for healthy eating from time to time. However, nutrition is an art as well
as a science. It's an art because it requires creativity to develop a healthy eating plan for
people who differ in their food preferences, beliefs and culture, let alone in their nutritional
needs according to their genes and life stage. As we discover more about how our genes
and our environment interact it's becoming increasingly difficult to provide a single set of
dietary recommendations that will be suitable for everyone.
61. In the process of studying these techniques, I learned something remarkable: that
there’s far more potential in our minds than we often give them credit for. I’m not just talking
about the fact that it’s possible to memorize lots of information using memory techniques.
I’m talking about a lesson that is more general, and in a way much bigger: that it’s possible,
with training and hard work, to teach oneself to do something that might seem really
difficult.
62. Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as
a way of protecting our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy – whether
it’s country or classical, rock n’ roll or rap – REFLECTS who we are.
But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that may not have a
definitive answer. One LEADING researcher, however, has proposed that the key to
understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and
child. In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born
professor of systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from
‘motherese’ – the playful voices mothers ADOPT when speaking to INFANTS and toddlers.
63. Part of the fun of experimenting with granular materials, says Stephen W. Morris, is the
showmanship. In one stunt that he has demonstrated in settings ranging from high school
classrooms to television studios, the University of Toronto physicist loads clear plastic tubes
with white table salt and black sand and starts them rotating. What transpires in the tubes
usually knocks the socks off of any unsuspecting bystander? Instead of mixing into a drab
gray sameness, the sand particles slowly separate into crisp black bands cutting across a
long, narrow field of salt. As the spinning continues, some bands disappear and new ones
arise. "It's a parlor trick," Morris says. Not to deny its entertainment value, this
demonstration of how strangely granular materials can behave is also an authentic
experiment in a field both rich in fundamental physics and major practical consequences.
64. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what
historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices
must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next
generation in the shape of school history lessons. So, for example, when a national school
curriculum for England and Wales was first discussed at the end of 1980s, the history
curriculum was the subject of considerable public and media interest. Politicians argued
about it; people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret
Thatcher, intervened in the debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There
were two main camps on this issue – those who thought the history of Britain should take
pride of place, and those who favored what was referred to as ‘world history’.
65. On average, Iceland experiences a major volcanic event once every 5 years. Since the
Middle Ages, a third of all the lava that has covered the earth's surface has erupted in
Iceland. However, according to a recent geological hypothesis, this estimate does not
include submarine eruptions, which are much more extensive than those on the land
surface.
66. A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan
Ulrichand colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the biological
world for inspiration to build a scaled-down helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-
size aircraft.
The complex design of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that
standard mini helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air.
The researchers realised that a simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use
much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot.
It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a
single-blade structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These
seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process
called autorotation. By analysing the behaviour of the samara with high-speed cameras,
Ulrich and his team were able to copy its design.
The samara copter is not the first single-winged helicopter – one was flown in 1952, and
others have been attempted since – but it is the first to take advantage of the samara’s
autorotation. This allows Ulrich’s vehicle to perform some neat tricks, such as falling safely to
the ground if its motor fails or using vertical columns of air to stay aloft indefinitely. “We can
turn off the motor and autorotate, which requires no power to sustain,” says Ulrich.
67. Since biological systems with signs of complex engineering are unlikely to have arisen
from accidents or coincidences, their organization must come from natural selection, and
hence should have functions useful for survival and reproduction in the environments in
which humans evolved.
68. The emperor is the giant of the penguin world and the most iconic of the birds of
Antarctica. Gold patches on their ears and on the top of their chest brighten up their black
heads. Emperors and their closest relative, the king penguin, have unique breeding cycles,
with very long chick-rearing periods. The emperor penguins breed the furthest south of any
penguin species, forming large colonies on the sea-ice surrounding the Antarctic continent.
They are true Antarctic birds, rarely seen in the subantarctic waters. So that the chicks can
fledge in the late summer season, emperors breed during the cold, dark winter, with
temperatures as low at - 50°C and winds up to 200 km per hour. They trek 50–120 km (30–
75 mls) over the ice to breeding colonies which may include thousands of individuals. The
female lays a single egg in May then passes it over to her mate to incubate whilst she goes
to sea to feed. For nine weeks the male fasts, losing 45% of his body weight. The male
balances the egg on his feet, which are covered in a thick roll of skin and feathers. The egg
can be 70°C warmer than the outside temperature.
69. Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today. The report
is the first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National Well-being
programme and will be updated and published annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of
the economy, people and the environment. Information such as the unemployment rate or
number of crimes against the person are presented alongside data on people’s thoughts
and feelings, for example, satisfaction with our jobs or leisure time and fear of crime.
Together, a richer picture on ‘how society is doing’ is provided.
70. Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital – the machines, tools, and
equipment used in the production of other goods, but our wealth and well-being also relies
on natural capital. If we forget this, we risk degrading the services that natural ecosystems
provide, which support our economies and sustain our lives. These services include purifying
our water, regulating our climate, reducing flood risk, and pollinating our crops.
The Natural Capital Project—a partnership among WWF, The Nature Conservancy,
University of Minnesota and Stanford University—works to provide decision makers with
reliable ways to assess the true value of the services that ecosystems provide.
An essential element of the Natural Capital Project is developing tools that help decision
makers protect biodiversity and ecosystem services.
71. Sharks killed four people and bit 58 others around the world in 2006, a comparatively dull
year for dangerous encounters between the two species, scientists said in their annual shark
attack census on Tuesday. Shark bite numbers grew steadily over the last century as
humans reproduced exponentially and spent more time at the seashore but the numbers
have been flat over the past five years as over-fishing thinned the shark population near
shore and swimmers got smarter about the risks of wading into certain areas, Burgess said.
72. The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most
effective recruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates who are similar
to previously successful candidates. Moreover, satisfied candidates and school systems are
likely to spread the word without any special effort on the part of their program. Other, less
personal advertising approaches, such as radio and television spots and local newspaper
advertisements, have also proven fruitful, especially for newer programs. New York uses a
print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to become teachers. Subway
posters send provocative messages to burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of
diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired
invitations. News coverage has also proven to be a boon to alternative programs. When the
New York Times, for example, ran a story about the district's alternative route program,
2,100 applications flooded in over the next six weeks.
73. Chimpanzees’ posture, gesture, and facial expressions communicate many messages
and emotions between various individuals. When greeting a dominant individual following
an absence or in response to an aggressive gesture, nervous subordinates may approach
with submissive signals-crouching, presenting the hindquarters, holding a hand out -
accompanied by pant-grunts or squeaks. In response, the dominant individual may make
gesture of reassurance, such as touching, kissing, or embracing.
74. There has been increased research interest in the use of active video games (in which
players physically interact with images on screen) as means to promote physical activity in
children. The aim of this review was to assess active video games as a means of increasing
energy expenditure and physical activity behavior in children. Students were obtained from
computerized searches of multiple electronic bibliographic databases. The last search was
conducted in December 2008. Eleven studies focused on the quantification of the energy
cost associated with playing active video games, and eight studies focused on the utility of
active video games as an intervention to increase physical activity in children. Compared
with traditional non-active video games, active video games elicited greater energy
expenditure, which was similar in intensity to mild to moderate intensity physical activity. The
intervention studies indicate that active video games may have the potential to increase free-
living physical activity and improve body composition in children; however, methodological
limitations prevent definitive conclusions. Future research should focus on larger,
methodologically sound intervention trials to provide definitive answers as to whether this
technology is effective in promoting long-term physical activity in children.
75. Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a
human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to
identify an individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help reserve DNA and be
used to match with the samples taken from the crime scenes.
76. In the fast-changing world of modern health care, the job of a doctor is more and more
like the job of a chief executive. The people who run hospital and physicians’ practices don’t
need to know medicine. They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and
diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal decisions.
77. Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some
eat only bird's eggs, which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead,
these snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg open
a sit as it passes through the throat.
78. What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate
winners from losers? And is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can
possess? My observations of successful company owners lead me to believe that a highly
analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critics； junctures in commercial life, risk-taking is
more an act of faith than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments require
decisiveness and absolute conviction above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all
the facts, or room. for doubt. A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a
new prodcut. That journey involves too many unknowns, too much luck – and too much
sheer intuition, rather than the infallible logic that machines deliver so well. As Chekhov
said: “An artist’s flair is sometimes worth a scientist’s brains” – entrepreneurs need right-
brain thinking. When I have been considering whether to buy a company and what price to
offer, I have been blinded too often by reams of due diligence from the accountants and
lawyers. Usually it pays to stand back from such mountains of gray data and weigh up the
really important issues – and decide how you feel about the opportunity.
79. An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French
impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June. The
gallery in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum
of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renior paintings from 45 public and private
collections.
80. Folklore - a modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories,
dances, and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a given community by
processes of repetition not reliant on the written word. Along with folk songs and folktales
this broad category of cultural forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs,
games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social
classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or locality
to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition.
81. If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an unusual
way, it was probably made using technology based on the work of a Monash researcher.
Professor Joseph Monaghan who pioneered an influential method for interpreting the
behaviour of liquids that underlies most special effects involving water has been honoured
with election to the Australian Academy of Sciences. Professor Monaghan, one of only 17
members elected in 2011, was recognised for developing the method of Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics, engineering and
physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research started in 1977 when he tried to
use computer simulation to describe the formation of stars and stellar systems. The
algorithms available at the time were incapable of describing the complicated systems that
evolve out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy. Professor Monaghan, and his colleague
Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective approach of replacing the fluid or gas in the
simulation with large numbers of particles with properties that mimicked those of the fluid.
SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently used to simulate the
evolution of the universe after the Big Bang, the formation of stars, and the processes of
planet building.
82. Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early
1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from
the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education ---
abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making university accessible to all Australians
who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education. (SEE ENDNOTE 1)
Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions,
particularly student fees. In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher
Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included a loans scheme to help students
finance their contributions. These enabled universities to remain accessible to students by
delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian
Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students --- the
Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from
various sources. This article examines the three main sources --- Australian Government
funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised
through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students'
university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving
university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their
HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt
83. You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries,
study lounges or private rooms are best. above all, the places you choose to study should
not be distracting Distractions can build up, and the first thing you know, you’ re out of time
and out of luck. Make choosing a good physical environment a part of your study habits.
84. No two siblings are the same, not even identical twins. Parents often puzzle about why
their children are so different from one another. They’ll say, I brought them up all the same.
They forget that what determine our behavior isn’t what happens to us but how we interpret
what happens to us, and no two people ever see anything in exactly the same way.
85. In an often -cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995)
found that bronze medallists appeared happier than silver medallists in television coverage
of the 1992 Summer Olympics. Medvec et al. argued that bronze medallists compared
themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver medallists compared themselves to gold
medallists. These counterfactuals were the most salient because they were either
qualitatively different (gold vs. silver) or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from
what actually occurred. Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that
Olympic athletes (among others) are more likely to make counterfactual comparisons based
on their prior expectations, consistent with decision affect theory. Silver medallists are more
likely to be disappointed because their personal expectations are higher than those of
bronze medallists. We provide a test between expectancy-base versus category-based
processing and discuss circumstances that trigger each type of processing.
86. Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate serious
violence in the next two years, according to a University of Michigan study. Researchers
found there is a substantial cause and effect relationship between exposure and
perpetration of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in health behavior and
health education, analysed five years of data from adolescents living in 78 neighborhoods in
Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a paper in this week’s journal Science.
87. More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in
which nature and humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or
multicolour arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant,
such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shapes, line, and form.
Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist’s
intention behind each arrangement is shown through a piece’s colour combinations, natural
shapes, graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the arrangement.
RE-ORDER PARAGRAPH:
(ALL ARE ARRANGED IN CORRECR SEQUENCE)

1.
1) Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future? I still believe in both.
2) The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future (1987), defines sustainable development as
“development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs”.
3) Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development could not be
sustained. Is this true?
4) Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new technologies
and huge improvements in living standards.
5) To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is
mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time.
2.
1) In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped outhis
memory.
2) Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t
have the foggiest idea.
3) Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to get
something to eat.
4) Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits
are stored has nothing to do with memory or reason. It offered proof of what the US
psychologist William James noticed more than a century agothat humans “are mere walking
bundles of habits.
3.
1) A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father-led literacy project,
to encourage fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy.
2) Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers
participating as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary
Schools.
3) Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking saw the need for good
attitudes towards reading to be formed early on – with the help of more male role models.
4) She said. “A male that values reading sets a powerful role model, particularly for young
boys, who are statistically more likely to end up in remedial literacy program.
4.
1) Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased, they invariably share the
system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work.
2) Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issue.
3) Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to
invite candidates from all political parties to a presidential debate.
4) Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
5.
1) Humans appear to be the only species which is able to translate their communication into
another medium, and in this case the medium provides a semi-durable record of the
elements of the communication.
2) So reading is a very special ability that we have.
3) Reading also is special because, unlike language, most children have to be taught to
read, write and spell.
4) So though we may be predisposed to being able to read and usually have the abilities
necessary to master reading, it is something that most of us only accomplish through the
direct help of others.
6.
1) Yet my study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are spiritual
animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also Homo religious.
2) Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became recognizably human;
they created religions at the same time as they created works of art.
3) This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
4) But these early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to have been
an essential component of the human experience of this beautiful yet terrifying world.
7.
1) It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest
single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia.
2) The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor’s bosses finally listened to
shareholders who wanted the board to accept Mittal’s third offer.
3) The story tells us two things about European business, both positive.
4) Moreover, shareholder activism is increasing in a continent where until recently it was
depressingly rare.
5) General, and more important, the Arcelor Mittal deal demonstrates Europe’s deepening
integration into the global economy.
8.
1) The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century transformed
not only the natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also the store of conceptual
material accessible to writers of fiction.
2) During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of the
scientific cosmic voyage.
3) Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional characters’
journey to the moon, sun, and planets.
4) In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves earth-like in
character.
5) Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the seventeenth-
century intellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican framework.
9.
1) International Date Line, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally following the180°
meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
2) The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
3) For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr would elapse a sit
circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be
one day later for those on the ground below them.
4) The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point
on the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
5) The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line
change his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.
10.
1) Early in 1938, Mário de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here, dispatched a
four-member Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern hinterlands of Brazil on a similar
mission.
2) His intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before
encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive
culture.
3) Traveling by truck, horse and donkey, they recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be
interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen,
dance troupes and even children at play.
4) But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
11.
1) Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first semester of this year
studying at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash Abroad program.
2) Ne (Tan), an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash journey at
Monash College in October 2006.
3) There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University as a second-
year student.
4) Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her complete four
units of study in the US before returning to Australia in May 2009.
12.
1) To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22
calves.
2) Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their
choices would lead to a reward.
3) In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in
a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart.
4) The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end
contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.
5) The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.
13.
1) The Newnes railroad was closed in 1 932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.
2) The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the
sandstone in the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own devices.
3) For Newnes, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms.
4) The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in this
case, the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat. Found in massive numbers in
caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned tunnel and hunt with
long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.
14.
1) The Southern Pike is a big obnoxious fish species which inhabits Lake Erie.
2) This enormous hungry fish eats up little fishes such as trout and perch that live in the lake.
3) As it kills all the smaller fishes, this gigantic predator poses a genuine risk to the
environment.
4) As a result, many species of fishes in the lake face extermination which is unhealthy for
the ecosystem.
15.
1) Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but they are
starting to utter warnings.
2) Last summer the editors of the harvard educational review warned that mayoral control
can reduce parents' influence on schools.
3) And they pointed to mr bloomberg's aggressive style as an example of what not to do.
4) All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when mayoral
control is up for renewal—or scrapping.
16.
1) Majority of Walmart customer have less money ‘at the end of the month.’
2) This was cause from lending of U.S.
3) This trend if confirmed will cause more trouble.
4) This damage is manageable.
17.
1) International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which each half of the
book leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and follows with self-contained chapters to
cover key policy applications.
2) The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot topics such as
outsourcing, economic geography, trade and environment, financial derivatives, the
subprime crisis, and China’s exchange rate policies.
3) New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated into MyEconLab,
the online assessment and tutorial system that accompanies the text.
4) Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage practice without
needing to grade work by hand. For more information, visit MyEconLab.
17.
1) During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable and omnipotent.
2) We could engage in impassioned debates about how as chief executive of a certain
company we would have done this, or if we had been the banker on that deal we would have
structured it like that.
3) Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical information
about the case, we were able to solve complex business problems with relative ease.
4) We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the case.
5) The information would be more nebulous and the outcomes of our decisions would be
unpredictable. (Any seriously bad choices could cost a lot of money.
6) So in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the back of our minds
was a collectively felt, unspeakable thought: "Were we really up to the challenge?
18.
1) When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard Business
Review in August 2010 mooting the idea of a “$300-house for the poor were merely
expressing a suggestion. “.
2) Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment,” wrote Prof Govindarajan, a
professor of international business at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth and Mr
Sarkar, a marketing consultant who works on environmental issues an almost apologetic
disclaimer for having such a “far-out” idea.
3) Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn’t it been done before?
4) Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “We ask chief executives,
governments, NGOs, foundations: Are there any takers?”
19.
1) When I was a young scholar, I do a ... research that change my perception.
2) I invited one student from their school each time, set them comfort and then give them a
puzzle.
3) One is very easily; another is very hard.
4) The students do the question with confuse and ...
5) I observe their behavior and record their strategies.
20.
1) Language can convey message
2) Especially written language
3) Music was conveyed orally only, until the 11th century when physical instruments were
invented to perform music.
4) It was hard to teach music
5) But now it’s easy.
21.
1) Chess is one of the oldest, and probably the most scientific game.
2) The origins of this game are mysterious.
3) It was first mentioned in Asian literature about 2000 B.C.
4) It was originally played by kings in India, Persia, and Arabia.
5) It is said that it was invented in order to teach the royals the art of war.
22.
1) Singapore Standard Time (SST) is used in Singapore and is 8 hours ahead of UTC.
2)Singapore initially adopted the Malayan time, which was UTC+07:30, when it was part of
British Malaya in 1941,
3) Malaya adopted UTC+09 Tokyo time on 15 February 1942 after the Japanese occupation.
4) While official appointments were made according to Tokyo time, it was common practice
to keep two separate times: pre-occupation time at home and on personal watches, time in
Tokyo.
5) At the end of the Second World War and Malaya ‘s returns to the British, Singapore
reverted to its pre-war time zone.
6) “Singapore Standard Time” (SST) was created on 1 January 1982, when Singapore
moved half an hour forward from the pre-war time zone, on 31 December 1981 at 11:30 pm.
23.
1) SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru’s Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket
on the map where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
2) That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally log gable land sandwiched between four
natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town. “Boundaries are on
maps,” says a local logger, “maps are only in Lima,” the capital.
3) In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the
relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
4) It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
5) Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log
5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and
sustainable extraction.
24.
1) Take an underperforming company
2) Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all
the fat.
3) Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
4) That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.
25.
1) Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun
Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India.
2) Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to
provide services in a more cost effective way.
3) This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
4) He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource research to
foreign universities if the capability is not available locally.
5) “This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce
them myself,” said Mr. Maria.
26.
1) It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to vacate her seat in
the middle of the bus so that a white man could sit in her place.
2) She was arrested for her civil disobedience.
3) Parks’ arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots movement, succeeded in
catalyzing the Montgomery bus boycott.
4) Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks’ good standing
with the community, her employment, and her marital status.
5) Earlier in 1955, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year old African American girl, had been arrested
for the same crime. However, King and his civil rights compatriots did not feel that she would
serve as an effective face for the civil rights campaign.
27.
1) Wal-Mart’s core shoppers are running out of money much faster than a year ago due to
rising gasoline prices, and the retail giant is worried, CEO Mike Duke said Wednesday.
2) “We’re seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure,” Duke said at an event in New
York. “There’s no doubt that rising fuel prices are having an impact.”
3) Wal-Mart shoppers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck, typically shop in bulk at the
beginning of the month when their paychecks come in.
4) Lately, they’re “running out of money” at a faster clip, he said.
5) “Purchases are really dropping off by the end of the month even more than last year,”
Duke said. “This end-of-month [purchases] cycle is growing to be a concern.
28.
1) Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over millions
of years.
2) Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced animals
for habitat, food and shelter.
3) Some have also had to face new predators.
4) These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country’s soil and
waterways and on its native plants and animals.
29.
1) In language learning there is a distinction between competence and performance.
Competence is a state of the speaker’s mind. What he or she knows?
2) Separate form actual performance-what he or she does while producing or
comprehending language. In other words, competence is put to use through performance.
3) An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the Code and
have indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license.
4) In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the Code to a continuous flow of
changing circumstances, and may even break it from time to time.
5) Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
30.
1) Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein
gluten.
2) The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk.
3) However, up to 30 times cheaper.
4) Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University of Nebraska in
Lincoln.
5)He says that because they are biodegradable, they might be used in biomedical
applications such as surgical sutures.
31.
1) The “Festival in The Desert” is a celebration of the musical heritage of the Touareg, a
fiercely independent nomadic people.
2)It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of Timbuktu, the
ancient city on the Niger River.
3) Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to negotiate.
4)The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day feast of music
and dance.
32.
1) At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened by an
earthquake that would devastate the city.
2) The main temblor, having a 7.7–7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and was the
result of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile San Andreas fault.
3) But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the great fire that
followed.
4) The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines (and, in some cases,
was helped along by people hoping to collect insurance for their property—they were
covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage).
33.
1) Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet.
2) This diet is not only unattractive but also may cause nutritional imbalance if not managed
well.
3) Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend their menus to adapt to this special
diet.
4) Menus in all of these places have become more balance in nutrients, and also attract
those who are not vegetarians.
5) These developments/improvements won’t succeed without the effort of vegetarians
34.

1) New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world’s most dynamic,
emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
2) We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative
businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits,
such as clean energy, efficient water use, and sustainable agriculture.
3) Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
4) For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Ecostar, refurbishes
copy machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a
branded photocopier.
35.
1) Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8mi
(11.3–12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.
2) They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses. There
are four major jet streams.
3) Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the
waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than
the wind speed itself.
4) Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail windsor
head winds are encountered.
5) In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain
speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
36.
1) Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help – if they exist. But even
prehistoric sites contain records – written in nature’s hand.
2) The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered
objects relatively, if not absolutely.
3) However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site, they can often go
beyond simple stratigraphy.
4) For example, tree ring, Dendrochronology (literally, ―tree time‖) dates wooden artefacts
by matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the world, span
several thousand years.
37.
1) Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and 1514.
2) For years, however, he delayed publication of his controversial work, which contradicted
all the authorities of the time.
3) The historic book that contains the final version of his theory, De Revolutionibus Orbium
Coelestium Libri VI (“Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”), did not
appear in print until 1543, the year of his death.
4) According to legend, Copernicus received a copy as he was dying, on May 24, 1543.
5) The book opened the way to a truly scientific approach to astronomy. It had a profound
influence on later thinkers of the scientific revolution, including such major figures as Galileo,
Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton.
38.
1) A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of your choice.
2) The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
3) The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be written in
APA styles.
4) The final draft is due one week before the final exam.
39.
1) There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions.
2) There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon
pricing.
3) If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian factories
will relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation.
4) Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be
uneven across sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors might
threaten the political viability of the policy.
40.
1) After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of
an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
2) He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Peoria and Chicago,
Illinois.
3) During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any
circumstances.
4) After a crash, he even salvaged stashes of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately
phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria’s airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
41.
1) Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but
possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level.
2) Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs
to know how to talk without baffling them.
3) Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how difficult
it is to master another language.
4) Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal.
5) This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions, it makes
comprehension harder.
42.
1) Numbers of staff who wish to turn up and do a simple job and go home is relatively happy
if they believe their work is secure.
2) However, any employee who wants to acquire more varied and responsible duties will not
feel satisfied for long staying with the same and boring job.
3) People want to keep working hard only if there are opportunities for promotion to a more
challenging job.
4) If this opportunity does not exist, they are most likely to be demotivated.
43.
1) Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic
contexts.
2) The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other
decorative objects.
3) Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented
throughout their artwork.
4) Art historians compare different time periods in art history.
5) As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses several methods of
studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture.
44.
1) Hip hop emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South Bronx in the
1970s, and daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence, and neglect.
2) It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and social
justice.
3) Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because these values
remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive social change around the
world.
4) Yet, the hip hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.
45.
1) According to experts, feeding birds is probably the most common way in which people
interact with wild animals today. More than 50 million Americans engage in the practice,
collectively undertaking an unwitting experiment on a vast scale.
2) Is what we’re doing good or bad for birds?
3) Recently, researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology sought to answer this question,
analyzing nearly three decades’ worth of data from a winter-long survey called Project
Feeder Watch.
4) Preliminary results suggest the species visiting our feeders the most are faring
exceptionally well in an age when one-third of the continent’s birds need urgent
conservation.
5) Still, what are the consequences of skewing the odds in favor of the small subset of
species inclined to eat at feeders? What about when the bird we’re aiding is invasive, like our
house finch?
46.
1) Why Applied Computer Science?
2) Our Applied Computer Science major is all about giving you the skills to solve computer-
related problems.
3) With rapid advances in technology and new applications being developed constantly, it is
hard to say what those problems will be.
4) One thing is for sure, though, it is going to be exciting finding out.
47.
1) In ‘Easier Said than Done’, we set out some of the reasons why we might find it hard to
live in a healthy way, exercising, eating well, getting adequate sleep, and checking for early
warning symptoms.
2) Perhaps most importantly, we look the field of behavioral science for strategies that
people can use to overcome those hurdles and to initiate lifestyle changes.
3) These include Commitment devices, where we make it very unattractive to not follow
through on an intention.
4) Changing exiting behaviors can be a difficult task, but with the help of these strategies
new behaviors can become habitual, facilitating a long-term sustained healthy lifestyle.
48.
1) It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology are important.
2) Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some fairly recent
developments in science and technology.
3) Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument.
4) But the fact that science underlines our lives, our health, our work, our communications,
our entertainment and our transport in undeniable.
49.
1) Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of viewpoint
characters.
2) This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions are well-handled
and informative, although occasionally in moving those about the author's manipulations are
a bit blatant. (Especially when one character's ex-girlfriend, who has just undergone a
sudden and not entirely credible change in personality, is swept up by a Plot Device in
Shining Armor and transported directly across most of Mexico and a good bit of the States to
where she happens to bump into another viewpoint character.)
3) They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wreaking
wholesale destruction upon the world's coastal areas, ethical categories tend to become
irrelevant.
4) But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
50.
1) The European Union has two big fish problems.
2) One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries can
no longer meet European demand.
3) The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing lobbies and decommission all
the surplus boats.
4) The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since
1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleets access to
its waters.
5) As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.
51.
1) The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even to 500 individuals
2) And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen quarrel between any two ants
belonging to the same community.
3) However, it must be admitted that they are in hostility not only with most other insects,
including ants of different species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to
different communities.
4) I have over and over again introduced ants from one my nets into another nest of the
same species; and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and
dragged out.
5) It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which
is very remarkable.
52.
1) Are there any systems that can measure the Accounting system?
2) Well, there is accounting software describes a type of application software that records
and processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts payable,
accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance.
3) It is a system in which functions as an accounting information system.
4) This enables the access anywhere at any time with any device which is Internet-enabled,
or maybe desktop based. It varies greatly in its complexity and cost.
5) These tools identify quality customer service and create a climate of confidence, a
customer service strategy that helps meet the specific needs.
53.
1) Psychologists measure results in terms of validity and reliability.
2) Validity is defined as …
3) For example, when a survey is asking about someone’s personality, it shouldn’t ask him
chemistry questions.
4) Meanwhile, a survey also values reliability.
54.
1)Frequently, car accidents occur in the morning;
2)Particularly, accidents occur from 5 am to 7 am;
3)During this time, teenage drivers
4)Raise concerns about this age group;
5)The system also to address; New measures more qualifications for teenager to get license.
(Also there is a system)
55.
1) A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of your choice.
2) The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
3) The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be written in
APA styles.
4) The final draft is due one week before the final exam.
56.
1) A campaign has been launched to help people find out their ‘heart age’.
2) Ministry of Health has created an online test in an effort to reduce the number of deaths
from heart disease or stroke.
3) The free online heart age test asks people some basic lifestyle questions, including blood
pressure, and will give an instant estimation of someone’s heart age.
4) In the urban areas, 75 percent of individuals who have taken the test have a heart age
that is at least one year older than their real age.
5) Those who have a heart age higher than their real age are at an increased risk of heart
attack or stroke.
57.
1) Freshwater fishes eat hundreds of plant species.
2) The largest fruit-eating fish are primarily responsible for seed distribution and the growth
of wetland habitat.
3) During summers, trees adjacent to the wetlands drop fruit into the water.
4) The greatest propagators of seeds are the large fishes which swallow these fruits which
then pass through their excreta.
5) Most plant species in tropical forests are dispersed in this way.
58.
1) Apple, cherry and apricot seeds are not considered to be edible.
2) They are hard, bitter, and unpleasant.
3) This bitter taste is a defensive feature which the plant produces to keep animals like us
from destroying it.
4) It comes from a substance called amygdalin.
5) This chemical turns into cyanide when it comes into contact with acids in the human
digestive system.
59.
1) Goldfields is a spring flower that belongs to the sunflower family.
2) Covering vast stretches of open desert, this flower is found at elevations below 4,500 feet.
3) The low-growing plant produces small but attractive blossoms on plains, March to May.
4) Horses graze these blossoms avidly but are annoyed by a small fly that frequents the
fragrant blossoms, giving the plant the name “fly flower”.
SUMMARISE SPOKEN TEXT:
1. Sample answer:
Vitamin D is called the sunlight vitamin and it is a prohormone, for there is no dietary need
for vitamin D if you get adequate sunshine. People who lived in tropical climates do not need
vitamin D, as they have enough skin exposure, while those migrated away from tropical
regions need vitamin D in food due to inadequate exposure, particularly during the winter.
2. Sample answer:
Amory Lovins is an unusual character. He accesses to knowledge in a wide range of fields,
but he is not an academic. He has been kind of iconic plastic oddball genius, thinking of
ways to save energy, thinking of ways to solve problems using technology that already exist.
Some people think he is kind of crazy, and he was regarded as Mr. Green.
3. Sample answer:
Earthquakes occur on faults which are a thin zone of crushed rock separating blocks of the
earth’s crust. The earthquake’s focus, called hypocentre, occurs vertically beneath the
epicentre in the interior of the earth’s crust, from seven kilometres to several hundred
kilometres. Seismic waves are generated to pass through the focus. We can identify the
location of the focus by using faults maps.
4. Sample answer:
Devolution means moving governmental power from the Federal to the State level.
Moreover, the philosophical issue is that the Democrats believe in big government and
entitlements, while the Republicans believe in a populist type, which means getting power
down closer to the people and the State. However, moving power to the State means moving
power away from the people, as people are not supposed to know about or think about.
5. Sample answer:
The pace of which the human minds have evolved has been so frighteningly rapid that the
evolution of cognitive function and perception can only happen to the actions of a small
number of genes. While genes could not have occurred so quickly compared with our
ancestors 500,000 years ago, people begin to suspect that the genetic differences between
cognitive functions of ancestor’s people and ours are not so large.
6. Sample answer:
There are different literal definitions of risk. One part is the consequence of some kind of
particular danger and hazard loss, and the other part is about the probability, chance and
consequence. Furthermore, the words of safe and safety mean a little circular argument that
free from harm or risks, secure from danger, harm or loss, the condition of being safe and so
on for all.
7. Sample Answer:
France’s relation to ‘retarded’ is rejected because the Industrial Revolution is measured
more than large factories and numbers of machines. Significantly, Industrial Revolution was
an intensification of production. And the rapid rise of industrial production was very much
tied to traditional forms of production. So, if people only focus on the factories and machine
numbers, they will miss the boat on the Industrial Revolution.
8. Sample answer:
Architecture is something causing us both pleasure and trouble. In London, many of the
streets are ugly. A bad building has serious impacts on the people around it for hundreds of
years. The book arose from frustration talking about architecture and its beauty. As people
agree with certain generalization, the book suggests something why architecture works when
it does or what might be wrong when it doesn’t.
9. Sample answer:
As there is an intense competition in the market place where most countries are trying to lure
bright young, talented and intellectually able people, there is a shortage of talent and all sorts
of organizations are competing to hire the best and the brightest people. Furthermore, aging
problem caused by baby-boom population and sophisticated economy are the reasons why
talent is a premium.
10. Sample answer:
This lecture talks about two different realms of memories that are exceedingly complicated.
Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and consciously recalled, such as
remembering people’s birthdays and answering multiple questions on the test, while implicit
memory is an exponential functional form of memory that cannot be consciously recalled,
which is not tied to a visual memory but a muscle memory.
11. Sample answer:
For the environmental law, we need to think globally and act locally. Environmental
legislative controls are not new. Initially, the main concern was the production of the smoke,
although it had detailed legislative controls, the measures implemented were ineffective
because of inappropriate enforcement. During the Industrial Revolution, local industrialists
tried to maximize economic benefits regardless of environment, so comprehensive statutory
controls on the discharge of pollutants were needed.
12. Sample answer:
The well-documented and real scientific evidences show the sign of a decrease in the
number of bees. The drivers of these declines are varied and depend on different species.
The loss of pollinator could be huge and catastrophic, which was not yet been proved. But
the positive side is that people are aware of this and are taking actions to fix it.
13. Fishing industry in Africa: Sample answer:
Wildlife has an important role in the livelihood in East or West Africa, where people rely on
wildlife as the source of food and income. Since billions of people rely on fish as their
primary source of animal protein, the management of fish is important to livelihoods and
health, and wildlife tourism is also a multiple billion-dollar industry for economies.
14. Sample answer:

Although some people live in liberal western democracies, many areas of the world still
suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing information. Governments use tricks in the
book to deny the events that have ever taken place and to cover up their mistakes. In
conclusion, citizens are not well-informed because governments hide information.
15. Sample answer:
The report celebrates some school implementing citizenship in the curriculum, but criticizes
other schools which have not taken citizenship seriously. Citizenship is less good-
established and less well-taught than other subjects. The reasons for introducing citizenship
are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled. Citizenship can address cores skills, attitudes and
values that young people need to consider.
16. Sample answer:
In biology lecture, although animals look different, they are interconnected. Firstly, all
creatures are based on genetic and inherited information. Secondly, cells are the foundation
of building organs that all cells have DNA and RNA, which is used for storing and
transmitting genetic and inherited materials. Thirdly, all organs have metabolism systems
which can convert energy from one form to another by chemical reactions.
17. Very Important, frequently occur: Sample answer:
The amount of money that drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent years.
However, the drug companies said the ads armed consumers with information, and
researchers found that the information was technically accurate, but the tone was
misleading. None of the ads mentioned that lifestyle changes could help treat the condition,
because ads are just another form of mass marketing. Overall, prescribed medicines are not
soap.
18. Sample answer:
The speaker talks about the sound receptors in the ears. These flappy and spiky things can
translate the vibrational energy into physical motion through the fluid in the eardrum, and
then into electrical signals into your ears. Instead of talking details of this impressive stuff,
the professor invites some MIT students to have a closer view of this remarkable device.
19. Sample answer:
There are no reasonable doubts about the reality of global climate change effects caused by
the accumulation of greenhouse gases. So organizations, governments, and individuals
consider what we can do. Although the scientist's three-part crisis scenario did not come
about, the world cannot take the risk of climate change because eleven of the warmest years
occurred in the past twelve and major precipitation changes are taking place globally.
20. Sample answer:
Language death is not mainstream anything. It's outside the mind-sets of most people
because they are not used to think about the language as an issue in itself. So people need
to change their mind-sets to think about language more explicitly, intimately and
enthusiastically. Finally, interest in language is there in the general population, while the
willingness to focus that interest on general issues is not something that happens much.
21. Sample answer:
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity, especially for communities
and nations during their bleakest times. War jokes proliferated during the war period to help
people recover from the pain, such as the Berlin Wall. Moreover, jokes are a form of folklore
existing in societies as different as communist. Finally, humour is subversive and it can
protect self-respect and identity.
22. Sample answer:
There was a war for talents in 1990s because of the talent shortage. Companies and
countries recruited young talents around the world and sent them to universities, which
intensified the competition with local students. The change of the nature of the economy,
shrinking labor forces after the baby-boom, and a mismatch between what schools are
producing and what companies need, are the three major reasons.
23. Sample answer:
The competition between universities is not only for the best students who have choices
internationally, but also the staff in the academic job market. It is more intense in English-
speaking countries since English is the new Latin. Universities compete for government
funding by assessing research quality, for research contracts in both public and private
sector sources, and for other donors. Overall, the competitive environment is particularly
visible to the vice-chancellor.
24. Sample answer:
It is possible to express all forms of power consumption by using a 40-watt light bulb, and it
is surprising that we need 40 light bulbs worth of gas for heating, making hot air or hot water.
Moreover, transport is one of the biggest forms of energy consumption, and it uses a third
about our energy. Today, the average British person is using 125 light bulbs of power.
25. Sample answer:
The debt today for Indian peasants is so high, which is coming from seeds and pesticides.
Seeds used to be free and the usage of pesticides increased 2,000 percent in the last five
years. Due to the free market and globalization, they can only buy expensive seeds and
expensive pesticides by borrowing from seed companies. The seed company also sells the
pesticides, and now become the major creditors.
26. Sample answer:
In the United States, the impact of the pandemic could be catastrophic, so unprecedented
amount of preparation has been done which affects every aspect of public health. Moreover,
the federal government has put a tremendous amount of resources into development of
antiviral drugs and vaccines. The real challenge is many cases happened in the United
States, whereas developing countries do not have the same level of resources from
developed countries.
27. Sample answer:
There are various definitions of globalization. Firstly, globalization means the increase in
international trade transactions across the border. Secondly, an integrated economic system
separates the countries into producing countries and consuming countries, and they rely on
each other for economic growth. But in the past, they are economically independent while
they are now part of the global economy. So the economy becomes post-industrial and
global.

28. Ocean environment: Sample answer:

Ocean environment is a problematic issue, and there are many evidences to show that
human behaviours damage ocean environment. Footprints have an impact on fish population
and coral system, and heat-storing material cause sea level change. Therefore, people
should provoke a critical way to think and find potential solutions to solve these problems,
and we have to reduce human footprints and restore the limited space for future use.
29. Sample answer:
A female novelist who started writing at the age of 30 with the intention to write fiction wrote
non-fiction for years, but she has no regret, while she always has a dream to write fiction. A
great novelist influenced her by inspiring her to take some risks. Finally, in the early 90s, she
started to write her first chapter named "The Secret Life of Bees" of the novel.
30. Sample answer:
Babies' smiles are not spontaneous, but strategic. When they smile, it's for a reason that
they want parents to smile back to them. Researchers find that there are four categories of
interactions between babies and their mothers. By studying when and what the subsequent
effect was, it's found that mothers want the interaction, while babies want to be smiled at.
31. Sample answer:
Some of the human rights acts were controversial in the UK’s history of rights. Since they
provided some start points, the protection contained the UN human rights in many ways.
Moreover, the convention was devised at the end of the Second World War, where UK
lawyers played a significant role in drafting it. Finally, rights sometimes are described as
being positive or negative nature, such as free expression.
32. Sample answer:
Notions of pragmatism and democracies tempered the market economy during the Industrial
Revolution. It had a negative effect on working classes with reduced life expectancy and
living standards. However, people passed legislation about working conditions, and they
circumscribed the worst kinds of behaviors so that compose better environmental conditions,
which reversed the situation and made the market economy work and ways that the benefits
of all than before.
33. Misuse of drug: Sample answer:
The lecture talks about the misuse of drugs and corresponding solutions. Firstly, parents
should put drugs in closed lid box to avoid children taking wrong drugs accidentally.
Secondly, wrong prescription may cause drugs misuse as some people are allergic to certain
drugs. Lastly, it is dangerous for patients to take drugs without knowing its different
resistance and duration. Therefore, medical courses can be introduced to prevent these
circumstances.
34. Einstein: Sample answer:
This lecture talks about the theory of relativity and space and the dynamic change. In the
past, people believed that universe was absolutely fixed and unchanged. However, this has
been transformed by Einstein’s concept of transformation. Stars and planets are under
continuous dynamical changes. In conclusion, Einstein is not the first person who proposed
this theory.
35. An Advertisement: Sample answer:
Consumers are extremely smart, and they can make decisions about the price and value of
product in a second. The brand images are essential for businesses to create its own value,
so that consumers are willing to pay more money for the better performance. Furthermore,
the lecturer took ‘Tide’ brand as the example to show that there are some fundamental
engineering contradictions.
36. HTML: Sample answer:
Thanks to the invention of HTML, people could get online and people were allowed to create
a wide variety of extraordinary works. During the first decade, people created web pages and
other online contents. These groups of people did these without fears, without religious
concerns, without advertisements, without profitability and without traditional motivational
schemes, but only because they enjoyed it.
37. Sign language: Sample answer:
Abstraction, also called description, is an important layer of the computer, because people
cannot do anything on a computer without symbolic system. Human language consists of the
classical symbolic system and sign language. In other words, sign language and movements
were used at the same time to convey ideas or asked for help. Overall, hand words are a
kind of language.
38. The Big Bang Theory: Sample answer:
This topic is described as cosmology and Big Bang Theory, which is an amazing discovery.
It actually happened 13.8 billion years ago instead of 10 to 20 years ago. Moreover, the
oldest star was 13 billion years old and the universe is older than the stars. Furthermore, the
universe keeps changing, and we still need to understand how the Big Bang happened and
how the future developed.
39. Earth and Mars: Sample answer:
Mar is an interesting planet and Mas is not far away from the earth. The landscape of Mars is
similar to dry desert and is covered with rocks, and people found the icy form of water on
Mars. However, there is not much atmosphere, but they found rare gases. Overall, we can
make guesses that heavy gasses do not evaporate because of low gravity.
40. Australian housing:
Australian housing price has increased dramatically recently as Australia has been through a
long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15 years. At that time, the
mortgage rate was half. Therefore, everyone can afford to borrow money from banks to buy
a house. However, the house price has been soaring now because of the increase in
immigration and purchasing power.
41. Agriculture growing and urbanization: Sample answer:
This lecture talks about the development of urbanization and agriculture. Cities and rural
areas have a mutual trading relationship. The farmers should improve the efficiency so their
family members can go to cities to find jobs. Many people cannot live in countryside
anymore, so they are compelled to move to cities to making a living there.
42. Adam Smith V2:
Sample answer: People previously believed that a nation's wealth is how much money a
nation has, while the ability of nation is to raise output instead of input. Although agriculture
dominated in that era, Adam Smith believed that nation's wealth include not only agriculture
but also manufacture industry. Overall, the national wealth is equal to nations' income since
the national income equals to the national output.
43. Genes affect human behaviours: Sample answer:
This topic is described as gene study. Recent research has shown that genes can determine
not only humans’ physical features, such as height and hair color, but also psychological and
mental features, such as behaviours. The map of genome was completed in 2003 which
provides information for biology, psychology, sociology and neuroscience. It also provided
integrated information for study of genes.
44. Form of description: Sample answer:
The lecture talks about forms of description. We use different methods to describe a
situation, and sometimes we have to use visual description, particularly when we do not
witness the scenario. The speaker introduces his own experience that when he asked his
mother about the Second World War, he would like his mother to describe vividly.
45. Animal survives and reproduces: Sample answer:
There are many factors for animals to survive and reproduce, such as environment
conditions, temperature, tolerance range, body size, diet and so on. Animals migrate to new
habitats because the environment changes, and those who can tolerate in new places can
survive and reproduce. Overall, human beings are the only species who can use technology
to extend their natural tolerance range.
46. Urban Growth and Urbanization: Sample answer:
This lecture was about the influence of urbanization. It mentioned the relationship between
cities and countries is achieved through the trade of corporations, and more jobs are
available in cities as a result of urbanization. We need to improve the productivity of
agriculture in a way that one farm in rural area can support many families in cities so that
more people are free to go to cities to work.
47. Fast radio burst: Sample answer:
The lecture is about a fast radio burst which is a very fast burst of radio waves. It starts and
stops quickly, and these bursts are a real mystery because there are many questions about
them and we don’t have an answer for it. There are many theories on what makes them.
Finally, by using a fantastic telescope, we can find these bursts much more quickly.
48. Instinct: Sample answer:
Instinct is a set of behaviors that are both unlearned and set in motion as the result of some
environmental triggers. Firstly, instincts are in relation to motivation. Secondly, instincts are
present across species and consistent within individual species. In terms of instinct and a
reflex, both are types of unlearned behavior, but a reflex is a simple reaction while an instinct
is a complex set of behaviors.
49. How would you spend your life: Sample answer:
Crowds of students would say that they have the faintest idea what they want to do. In this
case, the lecturer would ask a series of questions about what do they want to do if money
were no object, so students finally got down to something, which the individual says their
ideal work. Finally, the lecturer suggested that if you will waste your time of the whole life.
50. Recycling water: Sample answer:
Recycle water is needed, as we don’t generate much new water, and it is not a process that
happens a lot anymore. So the total volume of water in the world is relative to the rate at
which we are using or demanding fresh water. However, there is little recycling at a local
level, for sophisticated process of reusing water is hard to become a close loop.
51. The history of laundry:
Sample answer: The evolution of the washing machine is a representative example of
changing domestic life. Previous washing process could take an entire day or more of back-
breaking labor, while a patented washing machine was invented by using a lever to rub the
clothes between two rib surfaces in 1846, and the first electric clothes washers were
introduced into America in 1900.

52. New Zealand: Sample answer:

The actual population is double the number of super-diversity number in academic definition,
including 50 percent of Maori, Pacifican and Asian and over two hundred ethnicities. The
megatrend is demography and ethnicity, and most of the benefits of super-diversity could
increase New Zealand’s financial capital. However, the most of the challenges adversely
affect the state’s social capital.
53.Children literature: Sample answer:
Although Britain has the longest and most distinguished traditions of creating children’s
literature, people often take it for granted and failed to realize that children’s literature is a
remarkable cultural resource for adults. For individual children, books are the first place
where children can learn vocabularies, get the vicarious experiences and see the images of
the world directly.
54. Shakespeare language: Sample answer:
When thinking about the top ten things people need to know, to understand Shakespeare’s
works, the first thing is he lived 400 years ago. That means he was writing in an out-of-date
language that needs some effort to understand. Moreover, he was a great poet. Thirdly, he
was a great theater poet who was writing dramatic poetry which consists of interaction
between the characters of the plays.
55. Cognitive Advantages of Bilingualism: Sample answer:
Two groups of seven-month-old babies who speak one language continue looking for the
previous position as if nothing had changed, while the other group of bilingual babies very
quickly notice that the puppet has changed its position. To sum up, people are really at an
advantage when they speak more than one language, especially if that happens from birth or
at least in the first five years of life.

56. Lawyers: Sample answer:

This lecture talks about the reason why students should study law, even if they don’t want to
become a lawyer. The study of law at university is not a vocational subject, while it is an
academic subject and intellectual discipline. To sum up, the answer is that studying law at
university trains the students to think and write logically and clearly.
57. Fusion of globalization and IT revolution: Sample answer:
People believe the most important thing to happen in the early 21st century was the merger
of globalization and the IT revolution. Moreover, the two fused in a way that took the world
from connected to hyper-connected and from interconnected to interdependent. Although
you are feeling it everywhere, no one’s explaining it to people, and everyone’s living it now,
which happened in the last ten years.
58. The role of women: Sample answer:
The role of women is constantly changing over the years. Historical aspect and classical
aspect are two main aspects to discuss the change of role. In the 19th century, women
played an important role in domesticity and motherhood. Nowadays, women play a special
role in the society, so the women's roles have been widely expanded and then they have
gained their social identity.
59. Design of building:
Design is relatively important to building because they may not only impact its appearance,
but also affect health conditions. For example, the design of ground floors must ensure that
the building is able to withstand the weight of the higher levels. There are poorly designed
building but also some great building works. In the 20th century, many building were
demolished, which should be decided based its nature and function.
60. Dress history: Sample answer:
Dress history is important to us, and the clothing industry has not been taken seriously until
recently. In the past, people made judgments about what others wear, but the warmth of
clothing and the culture of clothing industry have been ignored for a long period. Overall,
food, shelter and clothing can be considered as three basic necessities of human, but
clothing industry is the only one we ignored.
61. Geography:
The lecture talks about geography. Geography is a study of the surface of the earth including
atmosphere. And we don’t concentrate on the inside study of the earth. Moreover, it is a
subject including some disciplines and you can become a natural scientist or cultural
specialist by studying it. In conclusion, you can pursue arguments from geography.
62. Australian public transport:
Australian living patterns need cars as most Australians live in countryside and it will be
inconvenient for them to work without a car. Only 20% of people in Australia cannot drive,
mainly the elderly, young students or the disabled. Thus, Australian government should pay
more attention to those who do not drive. Australian public transportation system in rural
areas is not yet satisfactory, but it may lead to other problems.
63. Judgement: Sample answer:
Firstly, a company executive did not recruit the candidate who are highly recommended by
previous employer and with a good record of past performance. Furthermore, another
example is that a kid is unfit for pursuing a football coach, for he was hard to control football,
although there are positive impressions and comments on his abilities. In conclusion, it is
hard to judge people how good they are within 30 minutes.
64. Dogs: Sample answer:
The question of what makes a happy home for dogs is broad, and the answer to it depends
on individuals. Firstly, dog owners should provide dogs with some basic needs. Secondly,
dogs need communication and interactive stimulation as social animals, but we always leave
them alone at home. Therefore, a luxury penthouse is not what dogs need.
65. Analyzing walking data: Sample answer:
A phone application, combined with psychology, social science and geology department, is
designed for analyzing walking data of students on campus. It identified activities and
positions of different groups of students, and they were asked questions about space and
how space would affect learning quality and learning experiences. Although it took place on
campus, those data contributed to urban planning and improvement of campus.
66. Ocean environment: Sample answer:
Ocean environment is a problematic issue, and there are many evidences to show that
human behaviors damage ocean environment. Footprints have an impact on fish population
and coral system, and heat-storing material cause sea level change. Therefore, people
should provoke a critical way to think and find potential solutions to solve these problems,
and we have to reduce human footprints and restore the limited space for future use.
LISTENING FILL IN THE BLANKS:
1. A majority of U.S. high school students say they get bored in class every day, and more
than one out of five has considered dropping out, according to a survey released on
Wednesday. The survey of 81,000 students in 26 states found two-thirds of high school
students complain of boredom, usually because the subject matter was irrelevant or their
teachers didn’t seem to care about them.
2. Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today. The report
is the first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National Well-being
programme and will be updated and published annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of
the economy, people and the environment. Information such as the unemployment rate or
number of crimes against the person are presented alongside data on people’s thoughts
and feelings, for example, satisfaction with our jobs or leisure time and fear of crime.
Together, a richer picture on ‘how society is doing’ is provided.
3. Many different types of bar code scanning machines exist, but they all work on the same
fundamental principles. They all use the intensity of light reflected from a series of black and
white stripes to tell a computer what code it is seeing. White stripes reflect light very well,
while black stripes reflect hardly any light at all. The bar code scanner shines light
sequentially across a bar code, simultaneously detecting and recording the pattern of
reflected and non-reflected light. The scanner then translates this pattern into an electrical
signal that the computer can understand. All scanners must include computer software to
interpret the bar code once it's been entered. This simple principle has transformed the way
we are able to manipulate data and the way in which many businesses handle
recordkeeping.
4. That brings us to the CEO’s second duty: building everyone or more accurately, building
the senior team. All the executives report to the CEO, so it’s the CEO’s job to hire, fire, and
manage the executive team. From coaching CEOs, I actually think this is the most important
skill of all. Because when a CEO hires an excellent senior team, that team can keep the
company running. When a CEO hire a poor senior team, the CEO is up spending all of their
time trying to do with the team, and not nearly enough time trying to do with other elements
of their job. The senior team can and often does develop the strategy for the company, but
ultimately it’s always the CEO who has the final “go-no-go” decision on strategy.
5. The effect of the first difference is, on the one hand, to refine and enlarge the public
views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom
may best discern the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice
will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations.
6. A majority of U.S. high school students say they get bored in class every day, and more
than one out of five has considered dropping out, according to a survey released on
Wednesday. The survey of 81,000 students in 26 states found two-thirds of high school
students complain of boredom, usually because the subject matter was irrelevant or their
teachers didn’t seem to care about them.
7. Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we have introduced a
paper ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three modes in South East Queensland,
so bus, train and ferry, and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a
Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to store value so to put value on the
card, and then to use the card for traveling around the system.
8. Laurence Stephen Lowry RBS RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings and
paintings depict Pend lebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years,
and also Salford and its surrounding areas. Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the
industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th century. He developed a
distinctive style of painting and is best known for his urban landscapes peopled with human
figures often referred to as matchstick man. He painted mysterious unpopulated
landscapes, brooding portraits and the unpublished "marionette" works, which were only
found after his death.
9. Those of you who’ve never heard the term neo-latin, may be forgiven for thinking it’s a
new South American dance craze. If you’re puzzled when I tell you it has something to do
with the language of Romans, take heart, over the years many classes who have confessed
they are not really sure what it is either. Some have confessed that they are so-called 'Late-
Latin', written at the end of the Roman Empire. Others have supposed it must have
something to do with the middle ages. Or perhaps it’s that pseudo-latin which my five and
seven-year-old boys seem to have gleaned from the Harry Potter books, useful for spells
and curses that they zip one another with makeshift paper ash ones. No, in fact, neo-latin is
more or less the same as the Latin that was written in the ancient world, classical Latin. So,
what’s so new about it?
10. For the first time, Japanese researchers have conducted a real-life experiment that
shows how some traffic jams appear for no apparent reason. They placed the 22 vehicles on
a single track, and asked the drivers to cruise around at a constant speed of 30 kilometers
an hour. At first, traffic moves smoothly, but soon, the distance between cars started to vary,
and vehicles clumped together at one point on the track, but the jams spread backward
around the track, like a shockwave at a rate of about 20 kilometres an hour. Real-life jams
move backward at about the same speed.
11. Now that story's been scotched, as only part of contingency planning. But it was a
symptom of the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks
from water academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really much
worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier this year. So is Adelaide, let alone some
whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the vast amount of its
drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside the State
may not have quite realized. Is there something we have to face up to as a nation?
12. For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with
regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard:
his works, and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan
times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells us little about
Shakespeare the man.
WRITE FROM DICTATION:
1. This course involves a combination of pure and applied mathematics.
2. So let me know if anyone struggles in the lab/labs.
3. You will study three courses and four studying modules.
4. The summer course was cancelled due to insufficient enrolments.
5. Good research delivers practical benefits for real people.
6. Undergraduates may pursue their specific interests within certificate programs.
7. Computer system provides manufacturing a high level of accuracy.
Control systems in manufacturing require a high level of accuracy.
8. The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing.
9. We can't consider any increase in price at this stage.
10. Participants initially select from a range of foundation subjects.
11. The artists tied with the conservative politicians earned the roles of critics.
12. Mutually exclusive events are neither complementary nor opposing.
13. Mutually exclusive events can be described as either complementary or opposite.
14. The orchestra will be led by the visiting conductor.
15. The history course will be assessed via three written assignments.
16. The effective business management is always happened with new ideas.
17. The government is funding a research study about the consequences of unemployment.
18. The temperature is assigned to climate change.
19. The skills of great stage actors cannot be taught.
20. Linguists is the scientific study and analysis of the language.
21. The rest of the materials were deposited partway down the catchment.
22. It is hard to anticipate how all the different characters would react.
23. Students have the options to live in college residences or apartments.
24. The qualification will be assessed by using a criterion reference to approach.
25. She used to be an editor of the student newspaper.
26. The chemistry building is located near the entrance of the campus.
27. The paper challenged many previously accepted theories.
28. Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline.
29. Artists played their own roles as critics of culture.
Artists, other than politicians, played their own roles as critics of the culture.
30. One of the functions of the internal organ is to keep the body warm.
One function of the body fat is to keep (all) internal organs warm.
31. The railway makes long distance travel possible for everyone.
32. That means they have so many struggling overlaps.
33. A celebrated theory is still the source of a great controversy.
34. The teacher asks the group to commence the task.
35. The coffee machine on the third floor is not working today.
36. We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us.
37. All of the assignments should be submitted in person to the faculty office.
38. Radio is one of the most popular forms of entertainment throughout the world.
39. A laptop computer has been found in the computer labs.
A laptop computer has been found at biology labs.
40. The placement test of mathematics and science is opened to every semester.
41. Native speakers are exempt from the language tests in their own language.
42. While reconciliation is desirable, basic underlying issues must first be addressed.
43. Animals raised in captivity behave differently than their wild counterparts.
44. Resources and materials are on hold at the library’s front desk.
45. The students were instructed to submit their assignments before Friday.
46. The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
47. Our professor is hosting the business development conference.
48. You are required to complete your research paper by next Monday.
49. Observers waited nervously and with bated breath for the concert.
50. The chemical building is in the interior of the campus.
51. Traffic is the main cause of pollution in main cities.
52. Review all your sources before drawing any conclusions.
53. The nation achieved prosperity by opening its exports for trade/trading.
54. You will need to purchase an academic gown before the commencement.
55. Free campus tours run daily during the summer for prospective students.
56. Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among reputable scientists.
57. The transformation of media has changed the way information both used and studied.
58. Purity is one feature that makes gold expensive.
59. The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties.
60. His appointment as the Minister of Culture was seen as a demotion.
61. A series of lectures shown us in economics have been recorded.
62. A laptop computer has been found at biology labs.
A laptop computer has been found in the biology labs.
63. Fruits containing too much sugar have little or no value.
64. The research has produced some other unexpected results.
65. All medical students must clean their hands before entering the room.
66. Everyone must evacuate from the premises during the fire drill.
67. Most of students have not considered these issues before.
68. Students' concession cards can be obtained by completing an application form.
69. Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics.
70. The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation.
71. The following morning's economic lectures will be cancelled.
The following economic policy lecture has been cancelled.
72. This morning's lecture on economic policy has been cancelled.
73. Students are instructed to hand in their assignments by the end of this week.
74. Undergraduate students may participate in specific stages within the program.
75. The theme of the instrumental work exhibits more of a demure, composition style.
The theme of the work requires a demure composition style.
76. Synopsis contains the most important information.
77. You can contact all your tutors by email.
78. Those seeking a formal extension should contact their faculty for more information.
79. The teacher asked the group to commence the task.
80. The sociology department is highly regarded worldwide.
81. Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor must approve your application.
82. Clinical placement in nursing prepares students for professional practice.
Clinical placements of nursing prepare students for professional practice.
Clinical placement for nursing prepares students for professional practice/work.
83. Most of these features were part of the previous system.
84. The massive accumulation of data was converted into a communicable argument.
85. Many graduates studying journalism get jobs in communication field.
86. Teaching assistants will receive a monthly stipend for housing.
87. Tribes vied with each other to build up monolithic statues.
Please work with each other to build monolithic status.
88. The city’s founder created a set of rules that became to law.
89. The same issue featured both explanations of the problem.
90. The toughest part of public transport is funding.
The toughest part of research for postgraduate students is funding.
The toughest problem of research for postgraduate students is funding.
91. They have struggled since last year to make their services paid.
They were struggling last year to make their service pay.
92. University departments should carefully monitor articles and publications by faculty.
93. Your lowest quiz grade has been omitted from the calculations.
94. Many universities' lectures can now be reviewed on the Internet.
95. The university provides excellent facilities for the students and staffs.
96. Children start producing words before they are able to walk.
97. Psychologists say what we have experienced influences our behaviors.
98. This course aims to develop your knowledge of statistics.
99. Designers need to keep up with the social trend.
100. Eating fish twice a week is recommended for a healthy diet.
101. There are many different styles of business management.
102. In a written assignment/course, a detail review of literature is very important.
103. The qualification will be assessed with criterion to approach.
104. The article illustrates a large number of very interesting experiments.
The article reflects a number of very interesting experiments.
105. Our study program equips students with essential skills for university.
106. Salt is produced from the sea water or extracted from the ground.
107. You must hand in your essays by midday on Friday.
108. Food cannot be eaten in the main library.
109. The north campus car park could be closed on Sunday.
110. Students should leave their bags on the table by the door.
111. Scientists recognized the different ice types according to the water molecule content.
Scientists recognize differences among water molecule content.
112. Animals and plants have a number of cells in common.
Animals and plants have cells have a number of structures/cells in common.
113. The opening hours of the library are reduced during summer.
114. The researchers are disappointed that their materials are proved to be inconclusive.
115. Statistically speaking, the likelihood of result is extremely low.
116. Resources are hold on at the library desk.
117. International students come from all around the world.
118. Growing population has posed a challenge to many governments.
Dealing with the growing population is a challenge for many governments.
119. There is an important difference between mass production and batch production.
120. Scientists are always asking the government for money.
121. The library holds a substantial collection of materials on economic history.
122. The evaluation forms will be reviewed by university personnel.
123. Behind the garage is a secret storage room.
Behind the group, there is a flat cart drawn by mules.
124. I thought it was thrown in a small meeting room.
125. If finance is/finances are the cause of a concern, scholarships may be available.
126. It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources.
127. Resources of materials are on hold on the library reference desk.
128. The first assignment is due on the fourteenth of September.
129. When workers ask for higher wages, companies often raise their prices.
130. Extracurricular activities can help students to develop more talents.
131. The history of economics is a tricky subject to research.
132. Students must attend the safety course before enter the engineering workshop.
133. Field trips are essential parts of most geography courses.
134. A new collection of articles has just been published.
135. Physical health/strengths can be improved by regular training/exercise.
136. Students are required to have an undergraduate degree in Biology to be enrolled in this
course.
137. Philosophers need logical and rational to analyse human experience.
138. A good abstract shows the key points of a paper.
139. You will be tested via quiz and dissertation.
140. Since the problems we face are global, we need to find the relative global solutions.
141. Relying on natural abilities will not follow in natural science.
142. Students are encouraged to think carefully about their accommodation needs.
143. Babies can distinguish between what is language and what is not.
144. Undergraduates may pursue their specific interests within certificate programs.
145. You need finish your research paper by Monday.
146. Two sides have disagreed on how to solve the problem.