Kinds of Text

Narrative
Purpose : To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story.
Generic Structure
1. Orientation : berisi pengenalan cerita yang akan diangkat biasanya terdapat pengelan tokoh dan latar
belakang lainnya.
2. Complication : berisi inti cerita dari kisah tersebut yang ditandai dengan adanya konflik yang terjadi
terhadap tokoh cerita.
3. Resolution : bagian akhir dari sebuah cerita yang ditandai dengan penyelesaian konflik.
4. Reorientation./Coda: berisi kesimpulan dari cerita.
LanguageFeature
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using Action Verb
3. Chronologically Arranged
Example:
The Mouse And The Frog
Once, there was a mouse which made of close f riendshipwith a frog. One day, the frog said to the mouse; “Let’s bind
ourselves together with a string so that we may never get separated”. The mouse agreed. Both tied themselves together
leg to leg. It went quite well on land. When they came to a small pool, it was a tragic for the mouse.

In the end, the frog kept swimming across the small pool dragging the mouse with him. Soon, the mouse drowned and
floated on the surface of the pool.

Recount
A recountis a piece of writing that tells event in a chronological sequence. Recounts tell the reader what happened.
They retell a past event.
Purpose : To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of pas tevent.
Generic Structure
1. Orientation : paragraf pembuka yang berisi pengenalan dan latar belakang kejadian.
2. Events : paragraph berisi kejadian yang pernah dialami oleh subyek.
3. Reorientation : berisi kesimpulan dari kejadian yang dialami.
Language Feature
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using Action Verb
3. Using Adjectives
Type of recount text: Article, Police report, News paper reports, Historical accounts, Letters, Journals, Incident
reports and Diary entries.
Example:
School Holiday
On my fantastic school holidays I had a lot of things todo. First, I went to my best friend’s house for a sleep over
because my whole family went out. I also went to the cinema with my lover to see movie. It was a very funny movie.
The next morning I went to my grand parent’s house with my dad and my brother. My mother did not join us because
she had to to do with her job activities. On the second Monday I went to the cinemas again to see Monsters University.
It was really funny movie. My favorite character was Mike Wazowski. I went to see that movie with my mom and my
brother. When it came to Wednesday, Taylor came for a play and we had a picnic at the park but after a whileTay had
togo home earlier. That was a great holiday.
Orientation pada kalimat yang menceritakan kegiatan yang dilakukan saat liburan. Kemudian event pada paragraf
tersebut ada pada saat menceritakan pengalamannya tidur dirumah teman dan menonton sebuah film bersama
keluarga. Kemudian reorientation terdapat pada kalimat terakhir saat Angelina dating untuk bermain dan subyek
merasa liburannya sangat menyenangkan.

Narrative and Recount in some ways are similiar. Both are telling something in the past, so narrative and recount
usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Past Tense, Simple Past Continues Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways
narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story
book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
 The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative using
conflicts among the participants whether natural conflicts, social conflict, or psychological conflict. In some ways
narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not found these conflicts inside recount text. Recount
applies series of event as the basic structure.
Descriptive
A description is a pieceof writing that lists the characteristics of a person, place, or thing. It describes living and non
living things such as animal, towns, buildings, volcanoes, cars etc.
Purpose : To describe a particular person, place, or thing in detail.
Generic Structure
1. Identification : berisi penggambaran umum obyek yang akan dideskripsikan.
2. Description : berisi penggambaran secara detail mengenai obyek yang dideskripsikan.
LanguageFeatures
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Action Verb
3. Using Adverb
4. Using Special Technical Terms
Types of description text: Auto biographies, Magazine (car magazine, fashion magazine, travel magazine, etc),
Specifications (state what kind and characteristic of materials be used, etc).
Example
My Garden
I love gardening. I have a small garden in my back yard. In the garden, there are some flowers. There are daffodils,
Cambodian flowers, orchids, red roses and white lilies. My oldest daughter, Annisa, is crazy about red roses. She
always helps me watering the flowers in the afternoon. I love all the flowers in my garden.

Report
 Purpose : To presents information about something, as it is.
 Generic Structure
1. General classification : berisi gambaran umum mengenai suatu kejadian.
2. Description : berisi deskripsi dari kejadian yang ingin disampaikan.
 Language Features
1. Introducing Group or General Aspect
2. Using Conditional Logical Connection
3. Using Simple Past Tense
Thunder Lightning
Thunder Lightning is a sudden, shocked, and very fast electric force between the cloud and ground, or between clouds.
The speed of thunder can be several miles long. It is so hot, with average temperatures of 34,000 ° Celsius, that cause
surrounding air suddenly expanding with a loud explosion and sounds. This is why sometimes we can heart hunder.
The most dangerous type of cloud caused by lightening is called cumulonimbus. (reporttext)
When the cloud rises high enough, the moisture freezes and creates crystalices and snowflakes. It began to fall,
pushing the rain on the way down. This is more humid, rainy air, and it is the friction between those who generate
static electricity. When the cloud is fully charged with electricity, it will burst as a flash of lightning. So lightning
suddenly appears be fore the rain and the sounds are very loud.

Explanation
An explanationis a piece of writing that gives straight forward information. It explains the processes relate to the
formation of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomenon. Ex. How volcano eruption occurs, or how to prevent
bone fracture at a old age.
Purpose : To explain the processes involved in the information or working of natural or socio-cultural
phenomena.
Generic Structure
1. General Statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
 Language Features
1. Using Simple Past Tense
2. Using Action Verb
3. Using Passive Voice
4. Using Noun Phrase
5. Using Adverbial Phrase
6. Using Technical Terms
7. Using General and Abstract Noun
8. Using Conjuction of Time and Cause-effect.
Types of explanation text: Reports of natural phenomenon, Articles on scientific inventions, Documentary films.
Example:
Oil deposit slie hidden deep beneath the surface of the earth. They have to be searched for. The oil production
process involves several steps.
First, exploration teams are sent by the oil companies to several regions to search for oil depos its. If the exploration
shows good results, thecompanydecides to drill a well. Thus, the production phase begins.
At the beginning of the production phase, gas pressure causes the crude oil gush out with great force. After
sometime, the gas pressure is less than a pumping station must be built to bring up the oil.
Then, crude oil has to be transported to a refinery where the crude oil is processed and refined intomoreuse ful
petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricants and asphalt. Further processing gives aviation
fuel, greases, fertilizers, insecticides, man-made fibers, and many other things.
The rising demand for oil products keeps the oil companies busy exploring new oil fields and drilling new wells.

Analytical Exposition
An important part of analytical exposition is the analysis of the text or issue. In this type of text, the writer tries to
convince the readers to agree with the writer’s point of view.
Purpose : To reveal the readers that some thing is the important case. To put forward a poin of view or argument.
Generic Structure
1. Thesis : introduces topic and indicates writer’s position. The writer also out lines the main argument to be
presented.
2. Argument: shows a series of arguments that support the thesis.
3. Reiterationin this stage, the writer restates his/her point o fview.
LanguageFeatures :
1. Using Modals 6. Using Technical Terms
2. Using Action Verbs 7. Using General and Abstract Noun
3. Using Thinking Verbs 8. Using Connectives/ Transition
4. Using Adverbs 9. Simple present tense
5. Using Adjective 10. Passive voice
Type of analytical exposition texts: News paper editorials, Debate speech.
Example:
SMOKING SHOULD BE BANNED IN PUBLIC AREA
As we all know smoking should be banned in public areas. It creates pollution and causes many kinds of
disease. These are among others, lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic bronchitis emphysema and breast cancer
for women.
There are many side effects of smoking cigarettes. Firstly, smoking presents a hazard to health. Smoke from
the average cigarette contains around 4000 chemicals, some of which are highly toxic and at least 43 which cause
cancer. Secondly, nicotine, a major constituent of tobacco smoke, is both poisonous and highly additive. It contains
noxious chemical substances, which can damage our health. Thirdly, smoking makes the environment dirty, especially
because of its ash. If in haled, we will suffer from coughs, difficult breathing, or asthmatic diseases. In conclusion,
smoking should be banned in public areas.

Hortatory Exposition
A hortatory exposition is a piece of writing that persuades the readers to accept the writer’s point of view. The writer
has to lead the readers to agree with his views by showing the information in a logical way. The writer focuses on own
constructive response to the issue and draws the readers to agree with his argument.
 Purpose : To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done.
To persuade the readers to agree with the writer.
Generic Structure
1. Thesis : present an introduction of the issue concerned in an opening statement.
2. Arguments : presents the reasonable argumentsof the issue to convince and lead the readers to believe
writer’s point of view
3. Recommendation : reinforces the writer’s point of view by evoking feeling in the reader’s and directs readers to
follow or agree with the writer’s recommendation.
Language Features
1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using Adjective
3. Using Modals 4. Using Technical Terms
5. Using ActionVerbs 6. Using General and Abstract Noun
7. Using Thinking Verbs 8. Using Connectives/ Transition
9. Using Adverbs 10. Passive voice
Types of hortatory text: Political speech, Advertisements, Newspaper editorials

Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the
answer of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How should". Analytical exposition will be best to describe
"How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question " How should
student do for his exam? " will be good to be answered with hortatory. It's to convice that the thing should be done.

Example:
Integrated pest management
There is no one best way to deal with pests in agriculture. Pesticides are commonly used, but this may cause
many problems.
First, the chemicals in pesticides may build up as residues in the environment. This reduces the quality of
farm’s products. As well, pests can gradually become resistant to pesticides. This means what newer and stronger ones
have to be developed. Some pesticides also affect non target animals such as fish and bees. This affects natural
balance.
Two wipe out agricultural pests completely may be very expensive. Sometimes, pest damage costs less than
the method of control. Finally, understanding the ecology of the area will help a lot in a pest control. Natural enemies
can be used to control pests. In other words, it can be said that an integrated pest management is safer and more
effective to be used as a solution to deal with pests in agriculture.

Procedure
Purpose : To help readers how to do or make something completely.
Generic Structure
1. Goal/Aim : berisi pemaparan tujuan dari proses pembuatan sesuatu.
2. Materials/Equipments : berisi barang dan benda yang digunakan dalam proses pembuatan.
3. Steps/Methods : berisi proses dan langkah-langkah pembuatan sesuatu.
Language Features :
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperative Sentence
3. Using Adverb
4. Using Technical Terms
Example
How to Operate Computer
Aim:
To share how to operate computer correctly.
Materials:
A computerand a set of computer devices.
Steps:
How to Operate Computer itself consists of three stages, they are :
1. How to Turn On The Computer
2. How to Operate The Computer itself
3. How to Turn Off The Computer.
Discussion
Discussion is a place of writing that explores both sides of an issue. In discussion text the writer tries to present the
pros and cons or advantages of an issue to allow the readers to reach a logical conclusion. The writer should always
try to give an impersonal and balanced view.
Purpose : To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue ('For/Pros' and
'Against/Cons')
Generic Structure
1. Issue : this part introduces the topic and previews the arguments that the rest of paragraphs expand upon.
2. Arguments for : arguments for is positive argument or agreement with the issue.
3. Arguments againts : arguments againts is negative or in disagreement with the issue.
4. Conclusion or recommendation : the closing is a brief summming up of the issuee xplored or the writer’s own
opinion
Language Features
1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using Conjunction/ Transition
3. Use of Relating Verb/To be 4. Using Modality
5. Using Thinking Verb 6. Using Adverb of Manner
7. Using General and Abstract Noun
Types of discussion text: Newspaper editorial, Debates, Journals, Thesis, etc.
Example
Nowadays, the police have been applying the new regulation concerning the use of seat belts. In European countries,
this regulation has been applied for a long time. However, this new regulation has become controversial and is an
interesting topic to discuss. Here are some of the arguments.
The use of seat belts has been proven to reduce the risk of injury or death in an accident. Seat belts have become a
standard component in cars.
The research shows that most car accidents will cause an injury to the head. Frequently, drivers or the passangers
driving without seat belts die because of this. By wearing seat belts, the injury will not happen since the seat belts rest
rain our body on the car seat when an accident happens.
Unfortunately, many cars, especially the old ones, don’t have seat belts. This is because the traffic conditions in the
past were unlike the recent traffic conditions. The designer of old cars didn’t consider a seat belt as an important part.
Besides, the drivers wearing the seat belts will think that they are completely safe, so they may drive careslessly. They
are safe, indeed, but how about the safety of others?
The seat belt is only one of the ways to reduce the risks of car accidents. It doesn’t mean that we are completely safe.
In short, our safety depends on ourselves.

Review
A review is a piece of writing that critiques or critically analyzes art work for public audience.
Purpose : To critiqueorevaluateanartworkoreventfor a publicaudience
Generic Structure :
1. Orientation : berisi pengenalan mengenai barang atau produk tersebut,
2. Evaluation :berisi evaluasi dan komentar penulis terhadan barang atau produk tersebut
3. Interpretative Recount : berisi penilaian dari barang atau produk yang dibahas.
4. Evaluative Summation :
Language Features :
1. Focus on Spesific Partisipants
2. Using Adjectives
3. Using Long and Complex Clauses
4. Using Metaphor
Example
Norwegian Wood by Haruki Murakami
Orientation
I undoubtedly love the this novel Norwegian wood and it will always hold a special place in my heart forever.
Evaluation 1
I have to say that I have been reading many novels, however, this was my favorite.
Evaluation 2
On thevery first chapter, the story begun so playful, fresh, and desperately romantic. By the chapters, the story
narrated so great and made me feel so in love.
Interpretation
The novel entitled Norwegian Wood but it’s not about the real wood in some where of Norwegian. However, the
setting of placeis in Japan, far away from Norwegian places. Indeed, it’s something absurd to guess where the
Norwegian woodis.
However, the novel must inspired by Rolling Stone masterpiece’s in the same title Norwegian Wood. The song is the
same absurd as the Norwegian Wood. Thus, it implies some thing deep, dramatic, and touching sense that I can say it
in words.
Summary
The “real” story about Norwegian Wood is because the first female character love that Rolling Stone’s masterpiece. In
the end of the novel, the Norwegian Wood novel being played by the first male character.

Anecdote
Purpose : To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident.
Generic Structure
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda
 Language Features
1. Using Exclamations, Rhetorical Question or Intensifiers
2. Using Material Process
3. Using Temporal Conjuctions

Spoof
Purpose : To tellaneventwith a humoroustwistandentertainthereaders.
Generic Structure
1. Orientation: berisi pengenalan dan pembukaan cerita.
2. Event: berisi penjabaran dari kisah yang dialami.
3. Twist: berisi akhir dari cerita tersebut.
Language Features :
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using Action Verb
3. Using Adverb
4. Chronologically Arranged
Example
Jacky Wong got married with Lia Wong. Both of them had a white skin and straight hair. They are really a well-
matched couple. One year later, Wong family got a new baby. A nurse brought them a son with curly hair and a black
skin. The nurse congratulated and said, “What name will you give to this son?” With a confused face, Jacky Wong
grumbled, “Sum Ting Wong!”
News Item
Purpose : To inform readers about events of the day which are considered news worthy or important.
Generic Structure :
1. Newsworthy Event(s)
2. Background Event(s)
3. Sources
Language Features :
1. Short, Telegraphic Information About Story Captured in Headline
2. Using Action Verbs
3. Using Saying Verbs
4. Using Adverbs : Time, Place, and Manner.