1.reproduction in Plant PDF

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REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

Reproduction is the process of formation of new individuals of a species from the pre-existing ones. Plants
show two types of reproduction.
(I) Asexual (II) Sexual.
(I) Asexual Reproduction :

Asexual reproduction is the mode of formation of new individuals by a parent, without the meiotic formation
of gametes and their fusion. It is also called apomixis. It gives rise to genetically similar plants. A population
of genetically similar plants which are obtained from the same individual is called clone. Each member of
clone is termed as ramet. Asexual reproduction involves three types.
(A) Agamospermy (B) Vegetative propagation
(C) Spore formation
(A) Agamospermy :
It is apomixis within the seed (formation of embryo through asexual means without the formation and fusion
of gametes and meiosis).
Types of agamospermy :
(i) Non-recurrent agamospermy or apomixis :
Embryo develops parthenogenetically from haploid egg. Ex: Banana.
(ii) Recurrent agamospermy or apomixis :

In this method, a diploid embryo sac is formed which has a diploid egg or oosphere. The diploid egg grows
parthenogenetically into diploid embryo Ex: Apple, pear, Allium.
Diploid embryo sac can develop directly from either the diploid megaspore mother cell (diplospory) or
diploid nucellar cell (apospory).
, (iii) Adventive embryony :

Embryo arises from diploid sporophytic cells such as nucellus or integuments (other than egg) Ex: Citrus,
Opuntia.
(B) Vegetative propagation :
In vegetative reproduction new plants or individuals are produced from vegetative parts of plants. It is common
in flowering plants. In lower plants it occurs through binary fission, budding, fragmentation, gammae, resting
buds, soredia (in lichens), etc. In higher plants, vegetative part (Root, stem, leaf) of the body can take part in
vegetative propagation. In higher plants vegetative propagation is classified in to two types.
(i) Natural Vegetative Propagation :

1. Roots :
Ordinary roots of Dalbergia sissoo (Indian red wood), Populus, Guava, Murraya sps,Albizia lebbek,
etc. bear adventitious buds on roots which grow to form new plants. Root tubers with adventititous buds
occur in Sweet Potato, Tapioca, Yam, Dahlia and Asparagus. When placed in the soil, the buds present on
the roots grow into leafy shoots called slips. They develop adventitious roots at their base. Slips are separated
and planted to form new plants.
NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 1
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2. Underground Stems :
(i) Suckers :
After growing for some distance the suckers grow out and produce new crowns. when suckers break due to
mechanical disturbance or decay, a number of independent plants are formed Ex :Mint and Chrysanthemum
(ii) Rhizomes :
It is thick underground stem grow horizontally in the soil which store food for perennation. They possess
buds for forming new shoots during favourable period. Ex: Zinger,Turmeric, banana.
(iii) Corms :
It is unbranched, swollen, underground stem grow vertically in the soil. Which bear many buds. Under
favourable conditions the buds sprout to form new plants Ex: Gladiolus, Colocasia, Freesia, Crocus, etc.
(iv) Bulb :
It is an underground condensed shoot. Bud is surrounded by many concentric scale leaves inner ones are
fleshy & edible & outer ones are dry. Ex: Garlic, Narcissus, Onion, etc.
(v) Tubers :
Stem tuber are found in Potato and Artichoke. They have buds (Axillary buds or eyes) in the region of
nodes for vegetative multiplication.
3. Creeping Stems :
Creeping stems like runners(e.g. Grass), Stolons (e.g. Strawberry,Vallisneria) and offsets (e.g.
Eichhornia) develop from the base of an old shoot or crown and after growing horizontally for some distance
give rise to new crowns. They may break and form independent plants.
4. Aerial shoots :
A stem segment of Opuntia and other cacti develops into a new plant after falling on the soil. A similar
segment of Sugarcane with at least one node is used in agriculture to produce new plant.
5. Leaves :
Leaves of a number of plants develop or possess adventitious buds for vegetative propagation Ex: leaf tips of
Walking Fern(Adiantum caudatum),marginal notches in Bryophyllum.In Bryophyllum
daigremontianum, the marginal buds sprout while the leaf is attached to plant.In some other plants,the
buds grow over a moist soil or filter paper Ex: Begonia,Streptocarpus,Saintpaulia.
6. Bulbils :
They are fleshy buds which develop into new plants after falling on the soil Ex: Agave, Oxalis, Pineapple
(Ananas comosus), Dioscorea, Lily, Chlorophytum etc., Some of them are modified floral buds,
Ex: Agave.
7. Turions :
They are fleshy buds that develop in aquatic plants for perennation and propagation Ex: Potamogeton,
Utricularia.

(ii) Artificial Methods of Vegetative Propagation :
They are techniques developed by human beings to propagate varieties. The most common seasons for
undertaking the artificial vegetative propagation are rainy season and spring.
1. Cuttings :
They are small pieces of stem, root or leaves which when placed in the soil can sprout to form new plants.
(a) Root cutting are employed in the propagation of Blackberry and Raspberry.
(b) Stem cutting are more common 20 - 30 cm piece of one year old stem is placed in the soil in its natural
position. The lower end develops adventitious roots while the buds present on the cutting sprout to form
new shoots. These days the lower ends of cuttings are dipped in root promoting chemicals (Ex: IAA, IBA,
NAA) prior to their sowing. Stem cutting are commonly used in Sugarcane, Tea, Coffee, Grape, Carnation,
Bougainvillea, Citrus, Duranta, Rose, Clerodendron etc.
(c) Leaf cutting are used in Senseviera.
2. Layering :
Soil Layering-It is of several types.
The common type is simple layering. A soft basal branch is defoliated partially. In the defoliated region an
injury is given in the form of oblique cut (tongueing), V-shaped cut (notching) or removal of a ring of bark
(ringing).The injured and defoliated part is pegged down in the ground or pot, covered with soil and watered.
The pegged down branch is called layer. After some time it develops roots in the region of injury and becomes
independent. It is cut off from the parent plant and removed to a new area for planting Ex: Grapevine,
Jasmine, Strawberry, Currant, Gooseberry, Cherry. In Cherry adventitious roots develop even in the
absence of injury.
In tip layering, the tip of the current season Shoot is bent into the soil by digging a sloping hole. Soon the
bent part develops roots. The tip also comes out as vertical shoot. The rooted shoot is separated.
Ex: Blackberry, Raspberry.
In mound layering the basal branch is bent down in the soil at several places to form a number of new
plants from a single branch Ex:Clematis, Jasmine, Grapes, Strawberry.
Trench Layering consists of pegging a branch or young plant (Ex: Walnut) in horizontal position in a
trench. The horizontal shoot begins to develop vertical shoots.
3. Air Layering :
Gootee - It is practised in Litchi, Pome-granate etc., Which do not possess branches near the ground. A
ring of bark is removed from the base of an aerial branch for a distance of 2 - 5 cm. It is covered with moist
grafting clay (2 parts clay, 1 part cowdung, some fine cut hay, moss or cotton) with small amount of
root promoting hormone. The area is then warpped in polythene paper to prevent desiccation. The injured
area develops roots after 1- 3 months.The branch is cut below it and planted.
4. Grafting :
It is the technique of joining parts of two plants so as to form a composite plant. Grafting was known to
ancient gardeners. It is carried out between two related plants having vascular cambium.
One plant has a strong root system (e.g., Desi Mango) while the other plant possess better flower or fruit
yield (e.g., Dussehri Mango). The former is called stock or stump while the latter is known as scion or
graft. The shoot of the stock is cut 20-30 cm above the ground. Leaves and buds are removed from the
stumps or stock.

There are four types of grafting. In tongue (slice or whip) and wedge grafting the stock and scion
have almost the same diameter. In crown and side grafting the stock has a diameter much larger than that
of scion. In tongue (whip of slice) grafting the stock and scion are given oblique or sloping cuts followed by an
appropriate notch so that the scion closely fits over that of the stock. In wedge grafting A V- shaped notch is
made in the stock while the scion is cut as wedge (pointed V-shaped) then two are tied firmly. In crown
grafting many wedge (Pointed V-shaped) scions can be grafted on a single stock.
The scions are fixed over the stock. The union is covered with grafting wax so as to avoid infection.The area
is then bandaged properly with tape, rubber or nails. Ex: Mango, Apple, Pine Nut (P.gerardiana or Pinus
wallichiana), Rubber, Guava, Citrus, Pear, Plum, Peach, etc.
5. Bud Grafting :
It is similar to the above but the scion consists of a single bud with a small piece of bark having intect
cambium. The bark to the stock is given an incision deep enough to reach the cambium. The sides of the
incised bark are lifted and the bud graft is inserted in the slit with the bud being left exposed. The joint is
sealed and bandaged Ex: Rose,Apple, Peach. Within 3 - 5 weeks, the bud graft develops an organic union
with stock and beings to develop. As soon as the grafted bud sprouts, the stock is cut above the graft.
Leaves and buds of the stock are also removed below the graft.
II. Sexual reproduction :

It is a type of reproduction including formation and fusion of gametes.
R. Camerarius described sexual reproduction for fist time in plants. He was first scientist to produce hybrid.
The study of life cycle of angiosperm has been performed in Shepherd purse or Capsella bursapestoris
plant. Flower is reproductive part of plant that is also considered as modified shoot.
Flower has usually four whorls. out of them calyx and corolla are non-essential whorls of flower whereas
Androecium and gynoecium are called Essential whorls of flower.

Stamen or microsporophyll :
Stamen is structural and functional part of Androecium. The fertile portion of stamen is called anther. Each
anther is usually made of two lobes connected by a connective. A typical anther consists of four
microsporangia (Tetrasporangiate) and such anther is called dithecous or bilobed Ex: most plants. In
members of Malvaceae, anthers are reniform or kidney shaped and consist of two microsporangia
(Bisporangiate). Such anthers are called as monothecous or monolobed. In Arceuthobium (smallest
parasite) anther consists of only one microsporangia (Monosporangiate).
Development of anther :
A young anther consists of homogenous
mass of meristematic cells surrounded
by epidermis, The pollen sacs develop
hypodermally at the four corners of the
anther from a strip of archesporial cells
(archesporium). Then archesporium
tissue divide periclinally to form primay
parietal cells (PPC) on outer side and
primary sporogenous tissue (PST) on
inner side. Then PPC (outer side) further
divides anticlinally and periclinally to form
3-5 layers of anther wall including tapetum.
while inner PST form pollen mother cells or
microspore mother cells (2n).
Structure of anther :
It involves anther wall and sporogenous tissues.
1. Anther wall : It consists of following parts
A. Epidermis :
It is first formed layer of anther wall. It is protective in function. outer most parietal single layer of thin walled
cells. The cells of epidermis may become binucleate in Zeuxine.
In Arceuthobium, they develop a fibrous thickening. Such a layer is designated as exothecium. In
Morus, the epidermis degenerates at maturity.
B. Endothecium :
It lies in side epidermis. The endothecial cells develop a fibrous thickening containing cellulose. It
appears in the form of radial bands arising from the inner tangential wall. Its stomium cells have hygroscopic
nature and help in the dehiscence of the anther. However, no fibrous thickening has been observed in
members of Hydrocharitaceae and in cIeistogamous flowers. Usually Endothecium is 1-cell thick but in
Chelone it is 2-cells thick.
C. Middle layers :
It is the third wall layer of the anther. The number of middle layers generally ranges from 1-4 but rarely there
are several middle layers. They are absent in the members of Lemnaceae and Najadaceae. The middle
layers degenerate at maturity of the anther. They are nutritive in function. Store food material is starch.
D. Tapetum :
It is the inner most wall layer of the anther surrounds sporogenous tissue.Its cells are large multinucleate &
polyploid. The tapetum developmentally has dual nature. The tapetum is of two types.

(i) Amoeboid or invasive or periplasmodial tapetum :
It is short lived. Radial walls of its cells are ruptured and protoplasm is spread between developing microspore
mother cells where it joins to form plasmodium or periplosmodial Ex: Lily, Typha, Alisma.
(ii) Secretory or glandular or parietal tapetum :

Here the tapetal cells remains in situ all through the development of microspores and finally they degenerate.
The tapetum prepares pro-ubisch bodies. They pass into the space between cell wall and plasma membrane.
Here they get surrounded by sporopollenin (Fatty substance) Now they are called as ubisch bodies or
orbicules. Due to destruction of tapetal cell wall, the ubisch bodies come to lie in the anther loculus. They are
involved in the formation of a part of exine.
The tapetal cells show increase in DNA contents by mitosis, restitution nucleus formation, endomitosis or
polyteny. The tapetum is concerned with transportation of nutrient, contribution of sporopollenin, transport
of pollenkitt substances and storage of reserve food which is used by the developing pollen grains.
2. Sporogenous tissues :
Primary sporogenous cells form microspore mother cells (2n) inside the microsporangium. The development
of microsporangium is eusporangiate.

Microsporogenesis :
The formation and differentiation of microspores (pollen grains) is called microsporogenesis.
In the cavity of microsporangium the microspore mother cells divide meiotically to produce pollen tetrads.
The tetrads are of 5 types i.e. tetrahedral Ex: Dicot (like Ex: Capsella), isobilateral (Ex: monocot)
T-shaped (Ex: Butomopsis), decussate (Ex: Magnolia) and linear (Ex: Halophila).
A B C D
A B C D E F
Cytokinesis may occur after each meiotic division (successive type) thus isobiateral tetrad of microspores
is formed Ex.monocots or it occurs after both meiotic (I and II) division (simultaneous type) thus tetrahedral
tetrad of microspores is formed Ex: dicots. Successive, type of cytokinesis is advanced type.
Now the microspores are separated from tetrad. But in Elodea, Drosera, Typha Juncus cryptostegia the
microspores do not separate from each other, thus compound pollen grains are formed.
In family Asclepiadaceae (e.g. Calotropis) and Orchidaceae (e.g. Coelogynae) all the microspores in
a sporangium adhere together in a single mass known as pollinium (massulae ). In Calotropis, the
pollinia of adjacent anthers of different stamens are attached by thread like caudicles to a sticky disc
called corpusculum. The whole structure is called translator appratus.
Structure of microspore or pollen grain :

Pollen grains are generally spherical measuring about 25-50 micrometers in diameter.
The cell wall of microspore consists of two layers, outer is exine and inner is intine.
The outer exine is made up of sporopollenin. Sporopollenin is resistant to physical and biological

decomposition. It is a fatty substance. So pollenwall is preserved for long periods in fossil deposits.
sporopollenin is one of the most resistant organic material known. It can withstand high temperatures
and strong acids and alkali. No enzyme that degrades sporopollenin is so far known.
(AIPMT Pre. 2012)
Exine is two layered - Ektexine (sexine) and endexine (Nexine). Ektexine is, distinguished into tectum,
baculum layer and Basal foot layer.
Sculpturing or design on the surface of pollen grain is developed by tectum & baculum layer.
Tectum has specific pattern of thickening which can be used for identifying the pollen grains to their
respective genus and family.
Exine is contributed by microspore cytoplasm. The Pollenkitt is a sticky layer composed of lipid and
carotenoids found on outside of mature pollen grains of many insect pollinated species. Pollenkitt material is
contributed by the tapetal cells. Pollenkitt acts as an insect attractant and protects the pollen against the
damaging effects of UV radiations. Intine is smooth it is made up of cellulose and pectin.
The three weak points are present upon the exine where exine is weak or absent. called germpores pollen
can be monocolpate (having one germ pore), bicolpate (two germ pore) and tricolpate (three germ
pore) In monocots, germ pores are absent and there is one germinal furrow.
The study of pollen grain is called palynology. Prof. P.K.K Nair is called father of indian palynology
Sometimes more than four pollen grains are produced from one microspore mother cell. It is called polyspory
Ex: Cuscuta reflexa.
Points of Remember:
(1) Pollen grains of many species (Castor, Prosopis, Chenopodium, Amaranthus, Sorghum–Hayfever)
cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some people often leading to chronic respiratory
disorders– asthma, bronchitis, etc. It may be mentioned that Parthenium or carrot grass that came
into India as a contaminant with imported wheat, has become ubiquitous in occurrence and causes
pollen allergy.
(2) Pollen grains are rich in nutrients. It has become a fashion in recent years to use pollen tablets
as food supplements. In western countries, a large number of pollen products in the form of
tablets and syrups are available in the market. Pollen consumption has been claimed to increase
the performance of athletes and race horses.
(3) In some cereals such as rice and wheat, pollen grains lose viability within 30 minutes of their
release, and in some members of Rosaceae, Leguminoseae and Solanaceae, they maintain viability
for months. You may have heard of storing semen/ sperms of many animals including humans for
artificial insemination. It is possible to store pollen grains of a large number of species for years in

liquid nitrogen (-196ºC). Such stored pollen can be used as pollen banks, similar to seed banks, in
crop breeding programmes.
Development of male gametophyte :

(i) Prepollination development :
Development of male gametophyte from pollen grain is called microgametogenesis, pollen grain develops
in anther so it is called precautious or insitu germination.
Cell of microspore divides mitotically to form large tube cell and small generative cell.
In most of the angiosperms pollination takes place in two celled stage (rarely three celled Ex : Cyperus).
Male gametophyte is partially developed pollen grain. It is haploid (n) structure
(ii) Post pollination development :

After falling of pollen grain on stigma, pollengrain absorbs water and nutrients of the stigamatic secretion
through its germ pores. The exine bursts and the tube cell comes out in the form of pollen tube and pollen
is surrounded by intine.
The pollen grains are either monosiphonous (with one pollen tube) most common or polysiphonous
(with more than one pollen tubes) Ex : Members of Cucurbitaceae and Malvaceae.
The pollen tube was first observed by G.B.Amici (1824) in Portulaca oleracea.

Growth of pollen tube is apical and regulated by carbohydrates, boron and calcium and stimulated by
gibberellins and auxins. Best temperature for growth of pollen tube is 20º-30°C.
The generative nucleus divides mitotically to form two male gametes.
The male gametes are non-motile and amoeboid. They are slightly unequal in size.
The function of pollen tube is to carry sperm. In the pollen tube, tube nucleus enters first which is vestigeal
and soon disintegrate.The tube nucleus guides the passage of the pollen tube.
Carpel or megasporophyll :
Carpel is a modified leaf.
Carpel is composed of ovary, style and stigma. Ovary contains ovules or megasporangia.
Structure of ovule or Megasporangium :

Ovule is an outgrowth of placenta. Each ovule is connected to its placenta by a stalk called funicle.
The point of association of the funicle with the main body of the ovule is called hilum.
Some times a longitudinal ridge formed by lengthwise fusion of funiculus with the body of ovule. It is called
Raphe.
Main body of a ovule is called nucellus which consists of a mass of parenchymatous tissue.
On the basis of development of nucellus, ovules are of two types-

(i) Tenuinucellate. The nucellus is poorly developed Ex : Gamopetalae.
(ii) Crassinucellate. The nucellus is well developed Ex : Polypetalae and monocots.
The nucellus is surrounded by one or two ring like coverings called integuments except at the apex where
a small passage is formed known as micropyle. The integuments originate from chalaza.
On the basis of number of integuments, ovules are of following types-

(i) Bitegmic : Ovules with two integuments Ex: members of Polypetalae (Papilionaceae) and monocots.
(ii) Unitegmic : Ovules are with one integument Ex: members of gamopetalae (Compositae) and
gymnosperms.

(iii) Ategmic : Ovules are without integument Ex: Santalum, Loranthus (parasites), olax and Liriosoma.
Third integument in the form of aril develops from base of ovule or funicle in many plants Ex : Asphodelus,
Trianthema, litchi, Inga dulci. In litchi and Inga dulci aril is fleshy and edible.
Types of Ovules :
(1) Orthotropous : The micropyle, chalaza and funicle are in straight line, This is most primitive type of
ovule
Ex: Polygonum, betel, Piper, cycas.
(2) Anatropous : The body of the ovule turns at 180º angle. Thus it is inverted ovule. Micropyle lies close to
hilum or at side of hilum Ex: 82% of angiosperm families.
(3) Campylotropous : Ovule is curved more or less at right angle to funicle. Micropylar end is bent down
slightly Ex: Mustard, Capsella, Caparis, Caryophyllum.
(4) Hemianatropous : Body of ovule is at right angle to the funicle Ex : Ranunculus.
(5) Amphitropous : Ovule as well as embryo sac each curved like horse shoe Ex : Lemna, Poppy,
Alisma.
(6) Circinotropous : The ovule turns at more than 360º angle, So funicle becomes coiled around the ovule
Ex: Opuntia (Cactaceae).
Point of Remember
(1) Endothelium : In some plants, Nucellus becomes degenerated now inner layer of integument becomes
radially elongated, polyploid, full of starch and fats that provides nutrition to the developing Embryo sac,
It is called Endothelium, It lies between Integument & Embryosac, Ex: Asteraceae (In which it has 10-
12 layers).
(2) Caruncle : It is an outgrowth on one end of the ovule and It acts as water absorbing pad. Thus it helps
in the seed germination. Ex: Ricinus communis (castorbean).

Megasporogenesis :
It is leptosporangiate type.
Any of the cell of nucellus, towards the micropylar end is differentiated from other cells. This cell is
archesporium.
In angiosperms archesporium is single celled and hypodermal in origin (below epidermis). In crassinucellate
ovule, it divides to produce Pr. parietal cell & pr. sporogenous cell. Pr. sporogenaous cell divides meiotically
to form magaspore tetrad. But in tenuinucellate ovule, this cell directly function as megaspore mother cell
(MMC). It divides meiotically to produce linear megaspore tetrad. In majority of Angiosperms, the chalazal
megaspore is functional and other three micropylar megaspores become degenerated.
Embryo sac (Female gametophyte or megagametophyte) :

P. Maheshwari classified it in following types.
(1) Monosporic embryo sac : Only one megaspore nucleus forms embryo sac Ex : Polygonum, Oenothera.
(2) Bisporic embryo sac : Two megaspores nuclei take part in development of embryo sac Ex : Allium,
Endymion.
(3) Tetrasporic embryo sac : All four megaspores nuclei take part in the development of embryo sac
Ex : Adoxa, Plumbago, Drusa, Fritillaria, Peperomea.
Development of monosporic embryo sac :
Development of Embryosac from one megaspore nucleus is known as megagametogenesis.
The normal type of embryo sac development studied in Polygonum by Strasburger. This embryosac
develops from one megaspore. It develops from chalazal megaspore(4th from micropyle). Nucleus
of functional megaspore divides by three mitotic divisions to form 8 nuclei. This embryo sac is 7 celled and
8 nucleated.
Structure of monosporic embryo sac :
(i) Three cells at chalazal end form antipodals (n) or vegetative cells of female gametophyte.
(ii) Three cells at micropylar end form egg apparatus. One is egg cell (n) and two are synergids (n) or
cooperative cells. Each synergid has filiform apparatus that secretes some chemical substance for
attracting pollen tube towards micropyle.
(iii) Two nuclei (one from each pole) in the centre are called polar nuclei (n) Which are fused to form
diploid secondary nucleus just before fertilization.

Pollination :
The transfer of pollen grains from anther of a flower to the stigma of the same or different flower of the same
species is called pollination. Pollination is of two types.
(A) Self pollination (B) Cross pollination or Allogamy
(A) Self pollination : It is of two types
(I) Autogamy (II) Geitonogamy
(I) Autogamy :
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same species is called self
pollination or autogamy.
Contrivances for autogamy :
(i) Bisexuality or hermaphrodite : When male and female both reproductive part present within flower.
(ii) Homogamy : Male and female reproductive parts in bisexual flowers mature at the same time
Flowers are open (chasmogamous). Ex : Convolvulus, Gardenia, Catharanthus, Mirabilis, sunflower
(Fail-safe device).
(iii) Cleistogamy : Sometimes bisexual flowers remain closed and never open, such flowers are knownas
cleistogamous Ex : Pisum, Lathyrus. Commelina benghalensis, Groundnut, viola, oxalis. Commelina
benghalensis bears two types of flowers.
(a) Chasmogamous - These are open aerial flowers.
(b) Cleistogamous - These are subterranean closed flowers.
Such flowers are called chasmocleistogamous flowers. This phenomenona is called amphicarpy.

(II) Geitonogamy : Pollination occurs between the two flowers of the same plant (genetically self pollination
and ecologically cross pollination).
Merits :
(i) Flowers do not possess showy petals, presence of scent and nectar to attract pollinators.
(ii) The purity of the generation is maintained.
(iii) Pollen grains are not wasted.
Demerits :
(i) New and healthier varieties are not formed,
(ii) It results in weaker progeny, producing weaker seeds and plants.
(B) Cross pollination or Allogamy :

It includes the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the flower of another plant of same or
different species, it is called as cross pollination or allogamy or Xenogamy-Pollination occurs between two
flowers of different plants (genetically & ecologically cross pollination).
Contrivances for cross pollination :

(i) Unisexuality or Dicliny :
If flower is unisexual then allogamy is obligatory it is of two types .
(a) Monoecious : When male and female flowers are produced on same plant Ex : Maize, castorbean
(b) Dioecious : When male and female flowers are produced on different plant Ex : Papaya, Date palm,
Asparagus.
(ii) Dichogamy or Hetrogamy :

Anther and stigma of bisexual fowers mature at different time. It is of two types
(a) Protandry : Anthers mature before stigma Ex : Sunflower, Cotton, Clerodendron, Salvia.
(b) Protogyny : Stigma matures before anther Ex : Aristolochia, Magnolia, Gloriosa.
(iii) Herkogamy :
It is the presence of natural and physical barriers between androecium and gynoecium which help in avoiding
self pollination Ex: Calotropis, orchids. In Calotropis stigma of gynoecium is fused with pollinium (anthers)
and forms Gynostegium disc.

(iv) Heterostyly :
Flowers are dimorphic. This facilitates cross pollination. Difference in length of filament and style then
heterostyly takes place. Ex : Primula (Primrose), Jasmine.
(v) Self sterility or incompatibility :

Due to physiological or genetical reasons, the pollen fails to germinate on its own stigma Ex : Tea, Malva,
Petunia, Solanum, Nicotiana.
A single species with flowers of different forms Ex : Primula.
Point of Remember:
If both male and female flowers are present on the same plant such as castor and maize (monoecious),
it prevents autogamy but not geitonogamy. In several species such as papaya, male and female
flowers are present on different plants, that is each plant is either male or female (dioecy). This
condition prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy
Agencies for cross pollination :

They are classsified into two categories
(i) Abiotic (ii) Biotic
(i) Abiotic : It includes wind, water, gravity.

(a) Anemophily :
Pollination by wind. It is a nondirectional. Pollen grains of animophilous plants are small, light, dry and
smooth. The female flowers have large feathery or brush like stigmas to catch the pollen grains.
Anemophilous flowers are small and inconspicuous with long and versatile stamens, Ex: Sugarcane,
maize, bamboo, Pinus, Papaya, grasses,Typha, datepalm,coconut, mulberry, Chenopodium etc.
(b) Hydrophily :
Pollination by water. It is of two types.
(1) Epihydrophily :

Pollination takes places outside the water Ex: Vallisneria. It is a Dioecious rooted submerged aquatic plant
in which male flowers are present in spadix inflorescence. Female flowers have very long coiled pedicels
which uncoil when they become mature. Female flowers float at the surface of water. Male flowers also float
at the surface of water. As soon as the male flowers touch the female flowers, anther lobes burst. Stigma
receives the pollen grains and pedicels of female flowers coil again.
(2) Hypohydrophily :
Pollination takes place inside the water Ex : Zostera and Ceratophyllum.
All aquatic plants are not hydrophilous. Some are anemophilous Ex : Potamogeton, Myriophyllum or
entomophilous Ex : Alisma, lotus.
(ii) Biotic :
Pollination by living beings. When pollination takes place through animals it is called Zoophily.
(1) Entomophily :
Pollination by insects. 80% pollination occurs by insects (chief pollinators).
Flowers pollinated by bees are brightly coloured, have a scent and produce nectar. Entomophilous flowers
produce a small amount of pollen which has a spinous and sticky exine due to presence of pollenkitt.
The stigmas of such flowers are long, rough and sticky.
Moth pollinated plants are white flowered and fragrant.
Ex: (1) Salvia - Lever mechanism or turn pipe mechanism,
Ex: (2) Calotropis - Translator mechanism,
Ex: (3) Yucca - Pronuba yuccasella
Ex: (4) Centuria - Piston mechanism
Ex: (5) Aristolochia - Pitfall mechanism
Ex: (6) Ficus sps - Blastophaga (Gall wasp)- Trapdoor mechanism.
Ex: (7) In Ophrys by colpa aurea - Female flower of orchid - ophrys resembles in colour, shapee
odour from female wasp colpa aurea, Male wasp pollinate the flower mistaking them as female. It
is called pseudocopulation.
When flowers themselves are not conspicuous, other parts may become coloured and showy to attractthe
insects bracts in Bougainvillea, leaves in Euphorbia pulcherrima, one sepal in Mussaenda, etc.
Edible pollen are found in clematis, Rose, magnolia.
(2) Ornithophily :
Pollination by birds is called ornithophily or Bird pollination. Flowers are tubular or cup shaped or urn shaped.
Petals of flowers are dark & bright coloured (specially Yellow colour) with edible nectar. Ex : (a)
Erythrina (By crow & squirrel) (b) Bignonia (By humming bird) (c) Strelitzia (By sunbird)
other ex : are - Bombax ceiba (silk cotton), Callistemon, Grevillea, Agave, Butea.
(3) Chiropterophily :
Pollination is performed by bat. Flowers are dull in colour with strong odour, abundant nectar
Ex: Anthocephalous, Kigelia pinnata (Saussage tree), Adansonia (Boabab tree).

(4) Malacophily :
Pollination by snail is called malacophily Ex : Lemna, Diptera, Chrysanthemum.
(5) Ophiophily :
Pollination by snake is called ophiophily Ex: Sandal, Michelia.
Merits :
(i) Seeds are more viable.
(ii) Progenies are healthier.
(iii) Adaptability is better.
(iv) New varieties can be produced.
Demerits :
(i) The process is not definite because plants depend on
agencies.
(ii) Large amount of pollen grains are wasted.
Fertilization :
Fusion of male & female gametes to form diploid Zygote
is called Fertillzation. Fertilization was discovered by
strasburger in Monotrapa. Normally one pollen tube
originates from pollen grain. It is called monosiphonous
condition. In the members of family Cucurbitaceae and
Malvaceae more than one (10–14) pollen tubes originate
from a pollen grain. It is called polysiphonous condition.
Entry of pollen tube in to ovule :

(i) Porogamy : It is the most common type In which pollen tube enters in ovule through micropyle.
(ii) Chalazogamy (or basigamy) : Pollen tube enters in ovule through chalaza end Ex : Casuarina,
Walnut (Juglans regea).
(iii) Mesogamy : Pollen tube enters in the ovule either through integuments Ex : Cucurbita & Populus or
through funicle Ex : Pistacia.
(iv) Acrogamy : In some plants embryo sac comes out from the micropyle of ovule for receiving pollen tube
Ex : Utricularia.
Mesogamy, chalazogamy & Acrogamy are collectively called Aparogamy.

Entry of pollen tube in embryo sac :
In most of the plants, pollen tube enters in the embryo sac through one degenerated synergid.
Double fertilization :
It was discovered by S.G. Nawaschin (1898) in Lilium & Fritillaria plants & supported by Guignard.
Pollen tube dicharges its two male gametes in embryo sac. One male gamete (n) is fused with egg cell (n)
to form diploid zygote (2n). It is called True fertilization or syngamy.
Second male gamete (n) is fused with diploid secondary nucleus (2n) to form Triploid primary endosperm
nucleus (3n). It is called triple fusion or vegetative fertilization.
Thus fertilization occurs two time so that it is called double fertilization. It is unique feature of angiospermic
plants that is absent in other groups of plants.
Five nuclei take part in double fertilization.
Significance of Double fertilization :

1. Viable seeds are formed due to it .
2. Embryo can not develop without endosperm that is formed by fertilization.
3. Ovary is converted in fruit after it.
4. It maintains the diploid number of Chromosomes in offsprings.
Endosperm :
It is post fertilization nutritive tissue formed by triple fusion in Angiosperms. It provides nutrition to developing
embryo and seedlings.
Types of endosperm :
On the basis of development, Endosperm is of three types.
(i) Nuclear endosperm : Primary endosperm nucleus divides without wall formation (free nuclear division).
It is most common type of endosperm Ex: cotton, maize, wheat, sunflower, Capsella, Coconut
(Milk). Haustoria are common in this endosperm.
(ii) Cellular endosperm : Primary endosperm nucleus divides and is accompanied by wall formation, thus
cellular structure is formed Ex:Petunia, Utricularia, Peperomia.
(iii) Helobial endosperm : It is intermediate between nuclear and cellular type Ex: Members of order
helobiales (Monocot).
Wellcome to AIIMS
(1) Double endosperm : The seeds with double endosperm is found in coconut (Cocos nucifera)
(i) liquid endosperm (ii) Cellular endosperm.
(2) Stony endosperm : It is present in betel nut (Areca nut) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera).
(3) Ruminate endosperm : Mature endosperm with irregularity and unevenness in its surface is called
Ruminate endosperm. Ex: Annona squamosa.
(4) Mosaic endosperm : Tissues of endosperm do not possess similarites. Ex: Maize (Zea mays).
(5) Xenia : The effect of pollen grain on colour of endosperm is called xenia. Ex : Maize.
(6) Metaxenia : The effect of pollen on somatic tissue lying outside the endosperm is called metaxenia.
Ex: Datepalm (phoenix).
(7) Coconut milk : The liquid endosperm of coconut is used in tissue culture The coconut milk from young
fruits is rich in auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins. The endosperm of maize in younger stages (corn milk)
has been also used for the same purpose. It is-rich in zeatin.
(8) Obturator : It is ballon like outgrowth which arise from funiculus or placenta it is responsible to direct
the growth of pollen tube towards micropyle of ovule in ovary. It also nourishes pollen tube. It provides
mechanical & Chemical guidance to pollen tube.
Embryo :
Zygote (2n) gives rise to embryo after a period of rest. Rest period varies from plant to plant. The shortest
rest period is in members of Compositae and Gramineae (4 to 10 hrs) and longest period is in Colchicum
autumnale (4 to 5 months).
The study of development of embryo is called embryogeny.
Development of embryo in Dicotyledons :
The normal type of dicot embryo development has been studied
in shepherd purse- Capsella bursapestoris family Cruciferae.
This is called as crucifer or onagrad type of embryo
deveIopment.
The development of embryo is endoscopic i.e., apex is
downward or towards inside.
Zygote divides by a unequal transverse division into a basal cell
and terminal cell. Basal cell further divides by a number of
transverse divisions and a filamentous 6 to 10 celled suspensor
is formed. The Top cell of the suspensor (towards micropyle) is
large and called haustorium or vesicular cell and last cell of
suspensor (towards chalaza) is called hypophysis that forms
radicle. Terminal cell divides by longitudinal division and globular
embryo is formed. In mature embryo, two lateral cotyledons,one
terminal plumule and one posterior radicle is present.

Development of embryo in monocotyledons :
Such Embryo development has been studied in Luzula forsteri and Sagittaria sagittifolia.
Zygote divided transversely to form two celled stage one is terminal and second is basal cell. Basal cell
becomes enlarged to form the suspensor and it does not take part in the develpment of embryo. While
terminal cell develops in to embryo. The former divides by transverse wall to form two cells. The terminal cell
of three celled proembryo develops into single cotyledon which is also known as scutellum. While middle
cell forms embryo axis through a series of divisions. Suspensor is single celled and vesicular. In grasses the
second cotyledon is reduced “ and called epiblast.
Seed :
The fertilized ovule forms seed. The study of seed is called spermology.
On the basis of absence or presence of endosperm, the seeds are of two types.
(1) Non endospermic or exalbuminous seeds :
Endosperm is completely consumed during development of the embryo, thus the seeds are called
nonendospermic or exalbuminous Ex : Dicots(gram, pea, groundnut). The seed coat is formed by integu-
ments. The outer seed coat forms testa and inner seed coat forms tegmen. The food is stored in the
cotyledons.
(2) Endospermic or albuminous seeds :
In monocots and castor bean, Sunflower (dicots) embryo does not consume all endosperm. So it
persists in the mature seed. Such seeds are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. In these seeds food
is stored in endosperm.
Perispermic seeds. Mostly nucellus is consumed after fertilization due to absorption of food by the
endosperm and embryo. The remains of nucellus in the seed is called perisperm. Such seeds are called
perispermic seeds Ex: Piper nigrum (Black pepper).
In monocot seeds, the membranous covering around radicle is called coleorrhiza and around plumule is
called coleoptile, Absent in dicot seeds.
Seed germination is of two types
(i) Epigeal germination : When cotyledons come out on soil due to elongation of hypocotyl, Ex: Castor,
cotton, etc.
(ii) Hypogeal germination : When epicotyl elongates and cotyledons are left in the soil, Ex: Pea, gram,
groundnut, mango, etc.
Vivipary : Sometimes seeds germinate within the fruit while attached to the plant. Such type of germination
is called vivipary Ex: Rhizophora, mucronata and Heritiera.
In most plants, by the time the fruit develops from the ovary, other floral parts degenerate and fall off. However,
in a few species such as apple, strawberry, cashew, etc., the thalamus also contributes to fruit
formation. Such fruits are called false fruits. Most fruits however develop only from the ovary and
are called true fruits. there are a few species in which fruits develop without fertilisation. Such
fruits are called parthenocarpic fruits. Banana is one such example. Parthenocarpy can be induced
through the application of growth hormones and such fruits are seedless.

The oldest is that of a lupine, Lupinus arcticus excavated from Arctic Tundra. The seed germinated
and flowered after an estimated record of 10,000 years of dormancy. A recent record of 2000 years
old viable seed is of the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera discovered during the archeological exca-
vation at King Herod’s palace near the Dead Sea.
Polyembryony :
Development of more than one embryo in the seed had been termed as polyembryony.
It was first observed by Leeuwenhoek, 1719 in Citrus seeds. It is of following types.
(a) Simple Polyembryony : Presence of more than one embryo sac and hence oosphere Ex: Brassica.
(b) Mixed Polyembryony : More than one pollen tube entering an ovule and fertilizing synergid or an
antipodal cell Ex: Ulmus.
(c) Cleavage Polyembryony : Cleavage or splitting of one embryo into two or more embryos Ex: Orchids,
Nymphaea, Nicotiana.
(d) Adventitive Polyembryony : Diploid nucellar or integument cells proliferate to form embryos
Ex: Citrus, Opuntia, Mangifera.
In Balanophora, an adventitive embryo can develop from endosperm.
Polyembryony is called true if extra embryos develop from the same embryo sac and false if they are formed
from two different embryosac it is rare in angiosperms.

Read & digest
1. Largest flower is Refflesia (1m) which is total root parasite.
2. Smallest flower is of Wolfia arrhiza.
3. National Flower of India - Lotus.
4. Anthology : Study of flowers.
5. Anthesis : Opening of floral bud
6. Father of Angiosperm embryology in India is P.Maheshwari.
7. Apogamy : It is the formation of sporophyte directly from a gametophyte without fertilization . Haploid
sporophytes do not survive.
8. Apospory : It is the formation of gametophyte directly from sporophyte without meiosis Apospory produces
diploid gametophytes.
9. Parthenogenesis : Development of new individual by any gamete without fertilization is called
parthenogenesis. It is diploid Ex: Apple, Rubus or haploid Ex: lower plants.
10. Longest pollen tube probably occurs in Zea mays (upto 450 mm).
11. Smallest pollen grain is of Myosotis (2.5-3.5 m) and largest of Mirabilis. (250 m).
12. The study of pollengrain is called palynology.
13. Erdtman is called father of palynology.
14. Longest pollen are found in Zostera (2500 m long).
15. In cyperus, out of four pollen in a tetrad, three degenerate and one remain alive thus one meiosis
produces one pollen in cyperus.
16. The study of pollen grains of honey is called as Melittopalynology.
17. Pollen grains of some plants like Chenopodium album, Caynodon dactylon, Amaranthus spinousus,
Sourghum vulgare, Ricinus communis etc. cause allergies. The common allergies are hay fever,
Bronchitis, Depression etc.
18. Nemac Phenomenon : Nemac (1898) observed eight nucleated embryo sac type in the pollen grain of
Hycinthus orientalis.
19. The function of pollen tube is to carry sperm. It is called siphonogamy.
20. G. B.Amici : Firstly observed pollen tube in Portualca.
21. Pomology : The science and practice of fruit culture.
22. Epizoochory : Forced zoochory where animals carry the fruits and seeds over their body due to their
attachment to feet, legs, fur, feathers, etc.
23. Caruncle : An out growth of integument near micropyle or hilum of seed Ex : Castor.
24. Slips : Small pieces or plantlets which can be removed and used for propagation.
25. Hypostase : Group of lignified cells below embryo sac in nucellus is called hypostase. Van Tiegham
coined this term. Hypostase prevents shrinking of embryo sac into the base and also maintains water
balance Ex : Liliaceae and Zingiberaceae.
26. Production of hybrid seeds is costly and hence the cost of hybrid seeds become too expensive
for the farmers. If these hybrids are made into apomicts, there is no segregation of characters in
the hybrid progeny. Then the farmers can keep on using the hybrid seeds to raise new crop year
after year and he does not have to buy hybrid seeds every year. Because of the importance of
apomixis in hybrid seed industry.

Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]
1. What is chalazogamy. Give its an example.

2. Who secrete sporopollenin. Wirte the function of sporopollenin.
3. Define Geitonogamy.
4. What is apomixis?
5. How many gametes take part in double fertilization in angiospermic plant
Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]

6. Describe air layering
7. Differentiates Homogamy and Dichogamy
8. Explain the role of tapetum as Antherwall.
OR
Explain types of grafting
9. Draw the labelled diagram of L.S. of anatropous ovule.
Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions : [03 Mark Each]

10. Differntiates
(a) Perisperm and Pericarp
(b) Coleorhiza and coleoptile
(c) Herkogamy and cleistogamy
(d) Porogamy and mesogamy
11. Explain the development structure of embryo sac with suitable diagram.
12. Explain double fertilization and give its significance.
13. Explain the different types of endosperm
14. Write the three adaptations which favour cross pollination in flowers.
15. Explain the pollination in the following plants
(i) Vallisneria (ii) Yucca (iii) Salvia
16. Describe the development of embryosac of angiospermic plant and draw labelled diagram of structure of
embryo sac.
Type (IV) : Very Long Answer Type Questions: [05 Mark Each]
17. Describe the mature anther with suitable diagram.
18. Describe the development of Dicot embryo in angiospermic plant with diagram
19. Explain the following terms.
(i) Polyembryony (ii) Scutellum (iii) Ornithophily & chiropterophily (iv) Parthenocarpy
(v) Parthenogenesis
20. If the male plant is Hexaploid and female plant is tetraploid. What will be the ploidy level in embryo and
endosperm respectively after fertilization

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. Which of the following regenerates with the help of layering

(1) Cactus (2) Rose (3) Mango (4) Jasmine
2. Stem cutting are commonly used for propagation of
(1) Banana (2) Rose (3) Mango (4) Cotton
3. Stem cutting is employed in the propagation of-
(1) Banana (2) Mango (3) Sugarcane (4) Cotton
4. Scion is the term used in relation to-
(1) Embryology (2) Grafting (3) Agamospermy (4) Emasculation
5. The most common method of Vegetative propagation described by ancient gardeners is-
(1) Layering (2) Gootee (3) Grafting (4) Ground layering
6. Clone is a group of individuals got through-
(1) Self pollination (2) Cross pollination
(3) Vegetative propagation (4) Hybridisation
7. Grafting is not possible in monocots as they-
(1) Lack cambium (2) Are herbaceous
(3) Have scattered vascular bundles (4) Have parallel venation
8. A piece of Potato tuber will form a new plant if it has-
(1) Branches (2) stored food (3) Roots (4) Scales / eyes
9. Girdling cannot be performed in Sugarcane because its-
(1) Vascular bundles are scattered (2) Phloem is internal to xylem
(3) Sugarcane plants are delicate (4) Inability to bear injury
10. Bulbils occur is-
(1) Cycas (2) Agave (3) Dioscorea (4) All the above
11. Mango and Guava are propagated through-
(1) Tissue culture (2) Grafting (3) stem' cuttings (4) Layering
12. In a grafted plant, stock has 48 chromosomes while scion has 24 chromosomes. The chromosome number
for root cells and eggs are-
(1) 48 and 24 (2) 24 and 24 (3) 24 and 12 (4) 48 and 12
13. In vegetative propagation by tubers, which of following remains constant through generations-
(1) Morphology (2) Vigour only
(3) Vigour and morphology only (4) Morphology, vigour and disease resistance
14. Pomegranate shows.
(1) Air layering (2) Budding (3) Ground layering (4) None

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION : INTRODUCTION
15. Ubish bodies found in tapetal cells help in formation of
(1) Pollenkit and pollinia (2) Exine (3) Sporopollenin (4) Intine and pollenkit
16. Anthesis is
(1) opening of flower bud (2) pollen mother cell under going meiosis
(3) Dehiscence of Anther (4) Stigma becomes receptive
17. The site of meiotic division in higher plants is
(1) Vegetative buds (2) Root tip cells (3) Stomatal cells (4) Spore mother cells
18. Embryology is -
(1) Development of embryo only (2) Mode of gametophyte formation
(3) Sporogenesis and fertilization (4) Sporogenesis, fertilization and embryogenesis
19. Chief function of the flower-
(1) Help in pollination (2) Made the beauty of plant
(3) Help in the reproduction (4) Secrete the enzyme
20. The main plant body of Capsella is -
(1) Gametophyte (2) Sporophyte (3) Both (4) None of the above
21. "Flower is a modified shoot" according to-
(1) Theophrastus (2) Pliny (3) Goethe (4) Dioscorides
22. The floral leaves in flower are generally arranged in-
(1) Three whorls (2) one whorl (3) Two whorls (4) Four whorls
23. Functions of sepals in a flower are -
(1) Photosynthesis (2) Protection (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) Sporogenesis
24. When calyx and corolla are undifferentiated then this structure is known as-
(1) Parianth (2) Calyptra (3) Both (4) None
25. The plants which flower only once in their life-
(1) Monocarpic (2) Polycarpic (3) Amphicarpic (4) None
26. Largest pollen grain is found in-
(1) Halophila (2) Myosotis (3) Mirabilis (4) Lodoicea
27. Capsella bursa-pestoris is an angiosperm because it possess-
(1) Seed (2) Pollen grain (3) Vascular tissues (4) Fruit
Male Reproductive Part

28. The total nuclei in mature male gametophyte of an angiosperm are
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5
29. Compound pollengrains are found in
(1) Calotropis (2) Cyperus (3) Typha (4) None
30. Which layer of anther has fibrous thickening.
(1) Tapetum (2) Middle layer (3) Epidermis (4) Endothecium
31. Pollinium can be seen in
(1) Calotropis (2) Coelogynae (3) Asclepias (4) All the above
32. Which of the following one protect the pollen grain from damaging effects of U.V. Radiations.
(1) Tapetum (2) Endothecium (3) Sporopollenin (4) Pollen kitt

33. The nourishment of developing pollen grains is performed by
(1) Endothecium (2) Microspore Mother cell
(3) Tapetum (4) Pollen tube
34. Sculpturing on the surface of pollen grain is due to the activity of
(1) Foot layer and tactum (2) Baculate layer and tactum
(3) Tactum and sporopollenin (4) Footlayer and Baculate layer.
35. Hay fever (Allergy) is caused due to pollen grains of
(1) Amaranthus (2) Sorghum (3) Ambrosia (4) All the above.
36. On culturing the young anther of a plant a botanist got a few diploid plants along with haploid plants which of
the following might have given the diploid plants :
(1) Exine of pollen grain (2) Vegetative cell of pollen grain
(3) Cells of anther wall (4) Generative cell of pollen grain.
37. Chromosome number in pollen grain is 6. What shall be it’s number in leaf tip cells.
(1) 6 (2) 12 (3) 24 (4) 3
38. Which of the following statement is true.
(1) Pollen tube shows thigmotropic movement before entry in embryo sac.
(2) Perispermic seed is found in castor.
(3) Sporopollein is proteinaceous substance.
(4) Development of Anther is leptosporangiate type.
39. Mature male gametophyte of Angiosperm is
(1) 13 celled (2) 4 celled (3) 5 celled (4) 3 celled
40. Polysiphonous pollen tube is a feature of
(1) Cruciferae (2) Asteraceae (3) Cucurbitaceae (4) Liliaceae
41. Male gametes are formed by
(1) Tube nucleus (2) Generative cell (3) Tapetum (4) None
42. There is an abundant occurrence of fossilised pollen grains since it is resistant due to-
(1) Lignocellulose (2) Sporopollenin (3) Pectocellulose (4) Pectolignin
43. The two major wall layers of pollen grains (Le., exine and intine) are collectively termed as
(1) Sporoderm (2) Sexine (3) Nexine (4) Tectum
44. Male gametophyte of angiosperms is shed at-
(1) Four celled pollen grain (2) Two celled pollen grain
(3) Microspore mother cell (4) Anther
45. How many pollen mother cells will form 1000 pollen grains-
(1) 200 (2) 250 (3) 300 (4) 100
46. Monothecous anthers present in-
(1) Malvaceae (2) Leguminosae (3) Solanaceae (4) Compositae
47. Dimorphic tapetum is present in-
(1) Typha (2) Portulaca (3) Alectra thomsonii (4) Poa
48. All types of pollen tetrads are found in plants of family-
(1) Malvaceae (2) Ranunculaceae (3) Aristolochiaceae (4) Poaceae
49. In a pollen grain, larger nucleus is-
(1) Generative nucleus (2) Vegetative nucleus
(3) Polar nucleus (4) None of these

50. Sculpturing of exine of pollen is of great importance in
(1) Mitotic study (2) Physiological study
(3) Taxonomic study (4) None of these
51. ‘Pollen kitt’ is chiefly made of-
(1) Chlorophylls (2) Lipids (3) Carotenoids (4) Both ‘2’ and ‘3’
52. If sporangia are developed from a single initial cell, the development of sporangia is designated as
(1) Eusporangiate (2) Leptosporangiate (3) Monosporangiate (4) Monocarpic
53. Endothecium, middle layer and tapetum in anther are derived from-
(1) Primary sporogenous layer (2) Primary parietal layer
(3) Both (4) None of the above
54. ‘Callase’ enzyme which dissolve callose of tetrad of microspores to separate 4 microspores is prodvided by -
(1) Pollen grains (2) Middle layer (3) Tapetum (4) Endothecium
55. All the cells of anther are diploid except
(1) Endothecial cells (3) Microspore mother cells
(2) Epidermal cells (4) Pollen grains
56. In angiosperms a mature male gametophyte is formed by-
(1) Only meiotic division (2) One meiotic and two mitotic division
(3) Two mitotic and two meiotic divisions (4) Two mitotic and one meiotic divisions
57. Anther of Arceuthobium plant is
(1) Tetra sporangiate (2) Bisporangiate (3) Monosporangiate (4) Above (1) and (2) both
58. Linear pollen tetrad is found in
(1) Butomopsis (2) Polygonum (3) Magnolia (4) Halophila
59. Which structure secretes sporopollenin
(1) Pollen kitt (2) Exine (3) Ubisch bodies (4) Endothecium
60. Sporopollenin provides resistance to the pollen grain it is chemically
(1) Protein (2) Fatty substance (3) Hetropolysaccharide (4) Homopolysaccharide

61.
In the above diagrams identify i, ii, iii & iv and select the suitable options.
(1) i - Vacuole; ii - symmetrical spindle, iii - Vegetative cell; iv - generative cell
(2) i - Cytoplasm; ii - Asymmetrical spindle, iii - Generative cell; iv - Vegetative cell
(3) i - Nuclei; ii - Symmetrical spindle, iii - Tube cell; iv - Vegetative cell
(4) i - Vacuole; ii -Asymmetrical spindle, iii - Vegetative cell; iv - generative cell
62. Choose incorrect statement.
(1) In western countries, a large number of pollen products in the form of tablets & syrups are available in
market.
(2) Some cereals such as rice and wheat, pollen grains lost viability within one year of their release.
(3) It is possible to store pollen grains of a large number of species for year in liquid nitrogen (–196°C).
(4) Store pollen grains can be used in crop breeding programme.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART

63. Which of the following is diploid
(1) Egg (2) Synergids (3) Antipodal cells (4) Secondary nucleus
64. Perisperm is
(1) Outer part of endosperm (2) Destroyed synergid
(3) Destroyed secondary nucleus (4) remain of nucellus
65. The point where funicle joint with ovule is known as
(1) Chalaza (2) Hilum (3) Microphyle (4) Integument
66. The resupinate ovule is
(1) Anatropous (2) Orthrotropous (3) Amphitropous (4) Circinotropous
67. An orthrotropous ovule is one, in which micropyle and chalaza are
(1) At right angles to funicle (2) Parallel to the funicle
(3) In straight line of funicle (4) Parallel along with ovule
68. The normal or polygonum type of embryo sac is
(1) Monosporic eight nucleate (2) Tetrasporic six nucleate
(3) Monosporic four nucleate (4) Bisporic eight nucleate
69. The function of endothelium is
(1) It protects ovule from toxic substances (2) It helps in fertilization
(3) It provides nutrition to embryosac (4) It takes part in deshiscence of Anther
70. Curvature of ovule is more and embryo sac becomes horse shoe shaped in
(1) Hemitropous ovule (2) Compylotropous ovule
(3) Anatropous ovule (4) Amphitropous ovule
71. The effect of pollen grain on the outside of endosperm is called.
(1) Xenia (2) Metaxenia (3) Nemac phenmenon (4) None
72. If the male plant is tetraploid and female plant is diploid. What will be the ploidy level of endosperm after
fertilization.
(1) 3n (2) 4n (3) 5n (4) 6n
73. Placental or funicular outgrowth present at the micropylar end that directs the passage of pollen tube in to
the ovule is.
(1) Aril (2) Caruncle (3) Obturator (4) Raphe
74. How many megaspore mother cells are required for formation of an egg
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
75. A root cell of an angiospermic plant has 2n = 24 chromosomes. What will no of chromosomes in nucellus cell
(1) 12 (2) 36 (3) 24 (4) 18

76. Ovule turns at more than 360º angle is due to excessive growth of funicle in
(1) Campylotropous ovule (2) Anatropous ovule
(3) Orthotropous ovule (4) Circinotropous ovule
77. Body of ovule is straight but at right angle to the funicle. It is called
(1) Anatropous ovule (2) Amphitropous ovule
(3) Campylotropous ovule (4) hemitropous ovule
78. Number of chromosomes in root cells is 14. What will be the number in synergids.
(1) 14 (2) 21 (3) 7 (4) 28
79. Female gametophyte (Embryo sac) of Angiosperm is
(1) 8 celled, 7 nucleated
80. In which of the following plant, the number of ovules in an ovary may be more than one in
(1) Wheat (2) Paddy (3) Papaya (4) Mango
81. Formation of megaspores from megaspore mother cell is called-
(1) Megagametogenesis (3) Microgametogenesis
(3) Megasporogenesis (4) Microsporogenesis
82. Point out the odd one-
(1) Archegonium (2) Oogonium (3) Ovule (4) Antheridium
83. Polar nuclei are located in-
(1) Pollen tube (2) Embryo sac (3) Ovule (4) Thalamus
84. The part of carpel which serves as a receptive structure for the pollen is called-
(1) Style (2) Stigma (3) Ovules (4) Endosperm
85. The ovule of capsella is-
(1) Bitegmic (2) Unitegmic (3) Ategmic (4) Polytegmic
86. Tenuinucellate ovule is present in members of group-
(1) Polypetalae (2) Monocots (3) Gamopetalae (4) Monochlamydae
87. In the embryo sac of oenothera no. of antipodal cells are-
(1) Three (2) One (3) Two (4) None
88. Caruncle is derived from-
(1) Peduncle (2) Cotyledon (3) Integument (4) none of these
89. Group of lingnified cells above the vascular supply of funiculus, which acts as barrier for the growing
embryo sac into the base is called-
(1) Nucellar beak (2) Epistase (3) Hypostase (4) Perisperm
90. Filiform apparatus is the feature of-
(1) Egg (2) Synergids (3) Antipodal (4) None of these
91. The 2 polar-nuclei of embryo sac are derived from-
(1) Both from mycropylar end
(2) Both from chalazal end
(3) One each from micropylar and chalazal end
(4) None of the above

92. The given figure shows a typical anatropous ovule. What do A, B, C & D represents.
(1) A Hilum, B Funicle, C Nucellus, D Micropyle

(2) A Hilum, B Outer integument, C Nucellus, D Micropyle
(3) A Hilum, B Outer integument, C Embryosac, D Micropyle
(4) None of these
93. Which structure develops into seed-
(1) Ovary (2) Ovule (3) Egg (4) Zygote
94. Ovule of angiosperm can be called as-
(1) megasporangium (2) Megagametangium
(3) Integumented megasporangium (4) Microgametangium
95. In Angiosperms, the functional megaspore of a linear tetrad is the -
(1) First nearest to the micropyle (2) Second from the micropyle
(3) Third from the micropyle (4) Fourth from the micropyle
96. The megasporangium of the angiosperms on maturation gives rise to-
(1) Fruit (2) Seed (3) Embryo (4) Cotyledon
97. Bisporic type of embryo sac is found in-
(1) Polygonum (2) Oenothera (3) Adoxa (4) Allium
98. The given figure shows a mature embryo sac. What do A, B, C & D represents.
(1) A Embryosac, B Synergids, C Central cell, D Micropylar end

(2) A Central cell, B Synergids, C Central cell, D Micropylar end
(3) A Central cell, B Polar nuclei, C Central cell, D Filiform apparatus
(4) A Central cell, B Synergids, C Polar nuclei, D Filiform apparatus

POLLINATION
99. What is studied under Palynology
(1) Morphology of pollen grain (2) Germination of pollen grain
(3) Development of pollen grain (4) Storage and arrangement of pollen grain
100. Match the column
Column I Columm II
(a) Chiropterophily (i) Bombax ceiba.
(b) Cleistogamy (ii) Calotropis procera
(c) Herkogamy (iii) Kigelia pinnata
(d) Ornithophily (iv) Triticum aestivum
(e) Anemophily (v) Commelina benghalensis
(1) (a) (V), (b) (iii), (c) (ii), (d) (i), (e) (iv) (2) (a) (iii), (b) (v), (c) (ii), (d) (i), (e) (iv)
(3) (a) (ii), (b) (v), (c) (iv), (d) (i), (e) (iii) (4) (a) (iii), (b) (v), (c) (ii), (d) (iv), (e) (i)
101. Flowers never open in
(1) Chasmogamy (2) Herkogamy (3) Cleistogamy (4) None of these
102. Number of prothalial cells in male gametophyte of Angiospermic plant is
(1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 1
103. If pollination takes place between the two flowers of same plant, It is known as
(1) Xenogamy (2) Cleistogamy (3) Geitanogamy (4) Herkogamy
104. Pollination by lever mechanism is found in
(1) Ficus (2) Calotropis (3) Salvia (4) Yucca
105. Presence of Natural or physical barriers between Gynoecium and Androecium to avoid self pollination is
called
(1) Self incompatibility (2) Herkogamy (3) Anemophily (4) Cleistogamy
106. Hypohydrophily occurs in
(1) Vallisneria (2) Elodea (3) Ceratophyllum (4) Hydrilla
107. When pollen of a flower is transferred to the stigma of another flower of different plant, the pollination is-
(1) Xenogamy (2) Geitonogamy (3) Homogamy (4) Cleistogamy
108. Translator mechanism occurs in
(1) Ocimum (2) Calotropis (3) Yucca (4) Datura
109. Fig is pollinated by-
(1) Water (2) Wind (3) Insects (4) Self
110. Cliestogamous flowers are present in-
(1) Salvia (2) Commelina (3) Viola (4) 2 & 3 both
111. Pollination by bats is called-
(1) Ornithophily (2) Anemophily (3) Malacophily (4) Chiropterophily
112. Dichogamy favouring cross pollination is type of floral mechanism where -
(1) Anthers and stigma are placed at different levels
(2) Stamens and stigma mature at different times
(3) Structure of anther and stigma” act as barrier
(4) Pollen is unable to germinate on its own stigma
113. Stigma is always rough and sticky in-
(1) Entomophilous flowers (2) Anemophilous flowers
(3) Hydrophilous flowers (4) All types of flowers

114. Fragrant flowers with well developed nectaries are an adaptation for-
(1) Zoophily (2) Anemophily (3) Entomophily (4) Hydrophily
115. Myrmacophily is pollination by-
(1) Ants (2) Moths (3) Birds (4) Bats
116. Pollination by snails and slugs is-
(1) Ornithophily (2) Chiropterophily (3) Entomophily (4) Malacophily
117. Some flowers possess pleasant odour and attractive colours for-
(1) Entomophily (2) Hydrophily (3) Anemophily (4) All of above
118. Contrivance for self pollination is -
(1) Cleistogamy (2) Bisexuality (3) Homogamy (4) All the above
119. Choose the correct statement from the following:
(1) Cleistogamous flowers always exhibit autogamy
(2) Chasmogamous flowers always exhibit geitonogamy
(3) Cleistogamous flowers exhibit both auotogamy and geitonogamy
(4) Chasmogamous flowers never exhibit autogamy
120. From among the situations given below, choose the one that prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy.
(1) Monoecious plant bearing unisexual flowers
(2) Dioecious plant bearing only male or female flowers
(3) Monoecious plant with bisexual flowers
(4) Dioecious plant with bisexual flowers
121. In bisexual flowers when the gynocium matures earliar than the androecium, it is called
(1) Protandry (2) Protogyny (3) Dichogamy (4) Autogamy
FERTILIZATION AND EMBRYOGENESIS

122. Double fertilization was discovered by
(1) Strasburger (2) Nawaschin (3) P. Maheshwari (4) Hofmeister
123. In angiosperms triple fusion is required for the formation of
(1) Embryo (2) Endosperm (3) Seed coat (4) Fruit wall
124. How many cells are present in the female gametophyte of capsella before fertilization
(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) Many
125. How many Nucleus participate in double fertilization of capsella
(1) 2 (2) 5 (3) 3 (4) 4
126. Who discovered syngamy in angiosperms
(1) Strasburger (2) Coulter and Chamberlen
(3) Nawaschin (4) None of these
127. Pollen tube discharges male gametes in
(1) Central cell (2) Digenerated Synergid
(3) Egg cell (4) Antipodel cell
128. A plant has 24 chromosomes in microspore mother cell. The number of chromosomes in its endosperm will be
(1) 36 (2) 24 (3) 12 (4) 48
129. Development of fruit with out fertilization is
(1) Parthenocarpy (2) Parthenogenesis (3) Sporogamy (4) Autogamy

130. Zygote of Capsella bursapastoris divides through
(1) Longitudinal division (2) Equal transverse division
(3) Unequal transverse division (4) Oblique division
131. The type of embryo development in capsella is
(1) Crucifer (2) Solanoid (3) Asteriod (4) Mixed or irregular
132. Pollen tube is formed by
(1) Intine (2) Generative cell (3) Tube cell (4) None
133. Entry of pollen tube in the ovule through integument is called
(1) Chalazogamy (2) Basigamy (3) Mesogamy (4) Porogamy
134. How many meiosis are required for the formation of 100 grains of wheat.
(1) 100 (2) 200 (3) 150 (4) 125
135. Double fertilization was discovered by nawaschin in
(1) Polygonum, magnolia (2) Lilium, Polygonum
(3) Fritillaria, Lilium (4) Fritillaria, Pepromea
136. In pinus, Leaf cell has 2n = 12 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in its endosperm cell will be
(1) 18 (2) 24 (3) 12 (4) 6
137. Helobial endosperm is feature of
(1) Cotton (2) Polygonum (3) Datura (4) Asphodelus
138. Endosperm is absent in
(1) Podostemonaceae (2) Orchidaceae (3) Trapaceae (4) All the above
139. Mature endosperm with irregularity and unvenness in its surface is called Ruminate endosperm. It is found
in
(1) Betalnut (2) Maize (3) Coconut (4) Date palm
140. Casuarina shows
(1) Porogamy (2) Mesogamy (3) Chalazogamy (4) Acarogamy
141. Which statement is true
(1) The formation of fruit without fertilization is called parthenocarpy
(2) The membranous coating of radicle in monocot seed is called coleorhiza
(3) The development of new individual plant without meiosis and gametic fusion is called Apomixis
(4) All the above.
142. Siphonogamy is feature of
(1) Bryophytes (2) pteridophyte
(3) Gymnosperm and Angiosperm (4) Algae
143. The phenomenon of pollen tube entering the ovule laterally through integuments is called
(1) Mesogamy (2) Porogamy (3) Chalazogamy (4) None of these
144. Pollen tube enters in embryo sac through
(1) egg cell (2) synergid (3) Antipodel cell (4) Degenerated synergid
145. The effcet of pollen grain on colour of endosperm is called
(1) Position effect (2) Warburg effect (3) Metaxenia (4) Xenia
146. The cells of endosperm have 24 chromosomes. What will be number of chromosomes in the gametes
(1) 8 (2) 16 (3) 72 (4) 24

147. Which of the following secrete chemical substances for attracting pollen tube twoards micropyle of ovule
(1) Obturator (2) Synergid (3) Filiform apparatus (4) Antipodel cells
148. Syngamy is
(1) Fusion of two cells (2) Fusion of two nuclei
(3) Fusion of two gametes (4) Fusion of two gametic nuclei
149. Which one of the following is essential for fertilization-
(1) Corolla (2) Mature ovule (3) Calyx (4) Fruit
150. The fusion product of polars and male gamete is-
(1) Secondary nucleus (2) Triple fusion
(3) Primary endosperm nucleus (4) Zygote
151. After fertilization the seed coat of seeds develop from-
(1) Ovule (2) Integuments (3) Embryosac (4) Funicle
152. How many meiotic divisions are essential for formation of 100 seeds in cyperaceae family-
(1) 100 (2) 125 (3) 150 (4) 200
153. In angiosperms normally after fertilization
(1) The zygote divides earlier than the primary endosperm nucleus
(2) The primary endosperm nucleus divides earlier than the zygote
(3) Both the zygote and primary endosperm nucleus divide simultaneously
(4) Both the zygote and primary endosperm nucleus undergo a resting period
154. Commonly in a mature fertilized ovule n, 2n, and 3n condition is respectively found in
(1) Antipodals, synergids and integuments (2) Egg, nucellus and endosperm
(3) Antipodals, zygote and endosperm (4) Endosperm, nucellus and egg
155. If a leaves of one plant has 50 chromosomes. What would be the number of chromosomes in the endosperm-
(1) 25 (2) 50 (3) 75 (4) None of these
156. If the number of haploid chromosomes in Gymnosperm is 12, then what will be the number of chromo
somes in root and endosperm -
(1) 12, 12 (2) 12, 24 (3) 24, 12 (4) 24, 36
157. In the embryo of a typical dicot and a grass, true homologous structures are:
(1) Coleorhiza and coleoptile (2) Coleoptile and scutellum
(3) Cotyledons and scutellum (4) Hypocotyl and radicle
158. In the flower, if the megaspores forms without meiosis and if one of the megaspores develops into an
embryosac,its nuclei would be :
(1) Haploid (2) Diploid
(3) A few haploid and a few diploid (4) With varying ploidy.
159. Which one of the following pairs of plant structure has haploid number of chromosomes.
(1) Nucellus and antipodal cells (2) Egg nucleus & secondary nucleus
(3) Megaspore mother cell & antipodal cell (4) Egg cell & antipodal cell
160. The nuclei of the sperm & egg fuses as a result of
(1) Base pair relation of DNA & RNA
(2) Formation of hydrogen bonds
(3) Mutual attraction caused by different in electrical charge.
(4) Attraction of protoplasts of egg & sperm.

SEED AND POLYEMBRYONY
161. Number of reduction divisions required to produce 100 seeds
(1) 100 (2) 125 (3) 200 (4) 250
162. In albuminous seeds the food is stored in
(1) Cotyledons (2) Endosperm (3) Plumule (4) Testa
163. Polyembryony was discovered in Citrus by
(1) strasburger (2) Leeuwenhock (3) P.maheshwari (4) Nawaschin
Column-I Column- II
(a) Prepotency (i) shield shaped cotyledon of monocots.
(b) Scutellum (ii) Pinus
(c) Translator mechanism (iii) opening of floral bud
(d) Cleavage polyembryony (iv) Calotropis
(e) Anthesis (v) Apple
(1) (a) ii, (b) i, (c) iv, (d) v, (e) iii
(2) (a) v, (b) i, (c) iv, (d) iii, (e) ii
(3) (a) iii, (b) v, (c) iv, (d) ii, (e) i
(4) (a) v, (b) i, (c) iv, (d) ii, (e) iii
165. Which of the following are fleshy fruits.
(1) guava, orange (2) Mango, Mustard (3) Ground nut, orange (4) All of the them
166. If Diploid embryo is directly formed by megaspore mother cell it is called.
(1) Non recurrent agamospermy (2) adventive embryony
(3) Diplospory (4) Parthenogenesis.
167. How many meiosis are required to produce 50 seeds of tobacco.
(1) 62 (2) 62.5 (3) 63 (4) 50
168. A true seed is
(1) Fertilized ovule (2) Fertilized ovule with embryo
(3) Unfertilized ovule (4) Fertilized ovary
169. In which of the following plants thalamus also contribute to fruit formation.
(1) Straw berry (2) Banana (3) Apple (4) (1) & (3) both
170. Choose correct statements
(a) Seed typically consists of seed coat(s), cotyledon(s) & and embryo axis.
(b) Cotyledons of embryo are simple strucures, generally thick and swollen due to storage of food reserve.
(c) Albuminous seeds have no residual endosperm e.g. pea, groundnut.
(d) Micropyle facilitates entry of O2 & water into the seed during germination.
(1) a, b (2) b, c (3) a, b, c (4) a, b, d
171. Choose correct statement
(a) Recent record of 2000 year old viable seed is of the date palm, phoenix dactylifera discovered during
the archelogical excavation of king herod’s palace near dead sea.
(b) Apomixis–special mechanism to produce seed with fertilization.
(c) Flower is modified leaf
(d) Seed have better adaptive strategies for dispersal to new habitats and help the species to colonise in
other area.
(1) a & b (2) a, b, c (3) only a (4) a & d

172. The position of embryonal axis between plumule and cotyledons is called
(1) Hypocotyl (2) Epicotyl (3) Coleorhiza (4) Coleoptile
173.
In the above diagram, Identify the correct Labelling & select the correct option
(1) a - Embryo axis, b - Endosperm, c - Coleorhiza, d - scutellum, e - coleoptile
(2) a - Radicle, b - Aleuron layer, c - Coleorhiza, d - Endosperm, e - Plumula
(3) a - Radicle, b - Endosperm, c - Coleorhiza, d - scutellum, e - Plumule
(4) a - Embryo axis, b - Aleuron layer, c - Root-cap, d - Endosperm, e - Coleoptile
Column-I Column-II
(a) Helobial endosperm (i) Cucurbita
(b) Hypophysis (ii) Areca
(c) Ruminate endosperm (iii) removal of anther from floral bud
(d) Emasculation (iv) Radicle
(e) Mesogamy (v) Asphodelus
(1) a - ii ; b - v ; c - i ; d - iii ; e - iv (2) a - v ; b - iv ; c - ii ; d - iii ; e - i
(3) a - i ; b - v ; c - iv ; d - ii ; e - iii (4) a - v ; b - iv ; c - ii ; d - i ; e - iii
175.
Identify the parts labelled A,B,C,D,E from the list (i- vii) and select the correct options.
Components
(i) Scutellum (ii) Shoot apex (iii) Coleoptile (iv) Radicle
(v) Epiblast (vi) Coleorhiza (vii) Root cap.
A B C D E
(1) iii v i vi vii
(2) iii vi vii ii iv
(3) ii vii vi i v
(4) iii vi vii i iv
176. The micropyle in a seed helps in the entry of-
(1) Water (2) Pollen tube (3) Male gamete (4) None
177. The tegmen of the seed develops from-
(1) Perisperm (2) Funicle (3) Inner integument (4) Outer integument
178. A dicotyledonous plant bears flowers but never produces fruits and seeds. The most probable cause for the
above situation is :
(1) Plant is dioecious and bears only pistillate flowers
(2) Plant is dioecious and bears both pistillate and staminate flowers
(3) Plant is monoecious
(4) Plant is dioecious and bears only staminate flowers.
179. The given figure shows false fruits of apple. What do A, B, C & D represents.
(1) A Endosperm, B Thalamus, C Seed, D Mesocarp

(2) A Thalamus, B Seed, C Endocarp , D Achene
(3) A Thalamus, B Seed, C Endocarp, D Mesocarp
(4) None of these
180. Match column I with column II
Column I Column II
(A) Albuminous seed (i) Pea, ground nut
(B) Non albuminous seed (ii) Wheat, barley
(C) Apomixis (iii) Banana
(D) Parthenocarpic fruit (iv) Asteraceae & grasses
(1) A (i), B (iv), C (iii), D (ii)
(2) A (ii), B (i), C (iv), D (iii)
(3) A (ii), B (iv), C (i), D (iii)
(4) A (ii), B (iv), C (iii), D (i)
181. Choose wrong pair

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
oLrqfu"B iz'u ¼OBJECTIVEQUESTIONS½
1. Which of the following characteristics of a flower would attract humming birds for pollination but not bees
(NSEB -2010)
(i) Fragrant flowers (ii) Great amount of nectar
(iii) Long tubular flowers (iv) Deep-seated nectary
(v) Petals forming a lip for resting (vi) Yellow petals
(1) (i), (ii) and (v) only (2) (i), (iii) and (iv) only (3) (ii), (iv) and (vi) only (4) (i) and (ii) only
2. Filiform apparatus found during development in angiosperms is a thickening on the (NSEB -2010)
(1) antipodals (2) polar nuclei (3) egg (4) synergids
3. Which of the following is the correct combination of merits of an inflorescence? (NSEB -2011)
i. Flowers can be unisexual
ii. Increased efficiency of polllination
iii. ensuring self pollination and fertility
iv. Attract pollinators easily
(1) i,ii and iv (2) ii,iii and iv (3) ii and iii (4) ii and iv
4. Arrange the embryo-sac development stages of angiosperms in correct order: (INBO- 2012)
(1) v i iv ii iii vii vi viii (2) viii v ii iv iii vii vi i

(3) i ii iv v viii iii vii vi (4) viii i v ii iv iii vi vii

AIIMS CORNER
1. The cotyledon in monocot plant is one and (AIIMS - 1999)
(1) Lateral (2) Terminal (3) Basal (4) Vertical
2. The root cell of wheat plant has 42 chromosomes. What would be the number of chromosomes in the
synergid cells (AIIMS - 1999)
(1) 7 (2) 14 (3) 21 (4) 28
3. Pollen grain are able to tolerate extremes of temperature and desiccation because their exine consists of
(AIIMS - 2003)
(1) Cutin (2) Suberin (3) Sporopollenin (4) Callose

4. Pollen tube usually enters the embryo sac through (AIIMS - 2004)
(1) one of the synergids (2) Directly penetrates the egg
(3) Between one synergid and central cell (4) By knocking of antipodal cells
5. Double fertilization involves (AllMS - 2005)
(1) Fertilization of egg by two male gametes
(2) Fertilization of two eggs in the same embryo sac by two sperms brought by one pollen tube
(3) Fertilization of the egg and the central cell by two sperms brought by the same pollen tube
(4) Fertilization of the egg and the central cell by two sperms brought by two different pollen tubes.
6. A scion is grafted on a stock.Quality of fruits produced will depend upon genotypes of (AIIMS - 2006)
(1) Scion (2) Stock (3) 1 & 2 both (4) None of these
7. Match the following ovular structure with post fertilization structure and select the correct alternative.
(a) Ovule 1. Endosperm (AIIMS - 2007)
(b) Funiculus 2. Aril
(c) Nucellus 3. Seed
(d) Polar nuclei 4. Perisperm
(1) a–3, b–2, c–4 , d–1 (2) a–3, b–2, c–1, d–4
(3) a–1, b–2, c–3, d–4 (4) a–2, b–3, c–1, d–4
8. The plant part which consists of two generations one within the other, is (AIIMS - 2008)
(1) Embryo (2) Germinated pollen grain
(3) Unfertilized ovule (4) Seed
9. Which one of the following pairs of plant structures has haploid number of chromosomes? (AIIMS 2008)
(1) nucellus and antipodal cells.
(3) egg nucleus and secondary nucleus.
(2) megaspore mother cell and antipodal cells.
(4) egg cell and antipodal cells.

10. The given figure shows L.S of the seed of maize. What do A, B, C and D represent? (AIIMS 2010)
(1) A : endosperm, B : scutellum, C: plumule, D : coleoptile

(2) A : scutellum, B : pericarp, C : radicle, D : coleoptile
(3) A: endosperm, B : scutellum, C : radicle, D : coleorrhiza
(4) A : scutellum, B : peri carp, C : plumule, D : coleorrhiza
11. The normal type of embryo sac is 8-nucleated and (AIIMS 2011)
(1) 8-celled (2) 7-celled (3) 6-celled (4) 5-celled
12. Embryo sac is (AIIMS 2011)
(1) megaspore (2) microgametophyte (3) female gametophyte (4) megasporangium
13. Feathery stigma belongs to
(1) wheat (2) pea (3) Datura (4) Caesalpinia
14. A fertilized egg of a plant has 40 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes present in the microspore
mother cell is
(1) 20 (2) 40 (3) 60 (4) 80
15. Chasmogamy refers to the condition where (AIIMS 2012)
(1) Flowers remains closed (2) Flowers are absent
(3) Flowers are open (4) Flower are gamopetalous
In each of the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by a corresponding
statement of Reason (R) just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as
(1) If both Assertion and Resaon are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
(2) If both Assertion and Reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
(3) If assertion is true but Reason is false
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
16. Assertion : Mostly in a tetrad, all microspores are free
Reason : Compound pollen grain and pollinium are formed by grouping of microspores
(1) (2) (3) (4)
17. Assertion : Pollen wall is made up of two walls the intine and the exine
Reason : Both has depositions of sporopollenin.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
18. Assertion : Most common type of ovule is anatropous
Reason : Anatropous ovule is horse -shoe shaped
(1) (2) (3) (4)

19. Assertion : Commelina benghalensis has both self and cross pollinated flowers.
Reason : One is chasmogamous type and the other is cleistogamous
(1) (2) (3) (4)
20. Assertion : Nuclear endosperm is formed by subsequent nuclear division without wall formation.
Reason : Coconut is an example of such endosperm, where the endosperm remains nuclear throughout
the development of the fruit.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
21. Assertion : Homogamy is not essential for self pollination.
Reason : Underdeveloped pollen grains can also complete pollination.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
22. Assertion : In angiosperm the ovule developed into a seed after fertilization.
Reason : Fertilization is not essential for the development of fruit.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
23. Assertion : A pollen grain of angiosperm is considered as the male gametophyte
Reason : All the nuclei of the pollen grain produce male gametes
(1) (2) (3) (4)
24. Assertion : Flowers are structures of sexual reproduction
Reason : Various embryological processes of plants occur in the flower
25. Assertion : Pollen grain is known as first cell of female gametophyte
Reason : Pollen grains are formed by microgametogenesis
(1) (2) (3) (4)
26. Assertion : Protandry and protogyny ensures cross fertilization. (AIIMS 2009)
Reason : Cross fertilization introduces variation in progeny.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
27. Assertion : Pollen mother cells (PMCs) are the first male gametophytic cells.
Reason : Each PMC gives rise to two pollens (AIIMS 2009)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
28. Assertion : Commelina shows cieistogamy. (AIIMS 2010)
Reason : This reduces chances of inbreeding.
(1) (2) (3) (4)

PART- 1
1. Which is the characteristics for Ornithophily (AIPMT - 1999)

(1) Scented flowers
(2) Bright red coloured flowers and inflorescence
(3) White coloured funnel shaped large corolla
(4) Yellow flower with nectaries at the base of the corolla tube
2. Double fertilization involves (AIPMT- 2000]
(1) Fusion of secondary nucleus with both male gametes.
(2) Fusion of secondary nucleus with one male gamete.
(3) Fusion of one nucleus withone male gamete.
(4) Any of the above
3. Anemophily occurs in (AIPMT - 2001)
(1) Salvia (2) Bottle brush (3) Date palm (4) Vallisneria
4. What is the direction of micropyle in anatropous ovule (AIPMT - 2002)
(1) Upward (2) Downward (3) Right (4) left
5. Which type of association is found in between entomophilous flower and pollinating agent (AIPMT - 2002)
(1) Mutualism (2) Commesnsalism (3) Co-operation (4) Co-evolution
6. In flowering plants Archesporium gives rise to (AIPMT - 2003)
(1) Wall of sporangium (2) Both wall and sporgenous cells
(3) Wall and tapetum (4) Tapetum and sporogenous cells
7. A diploid female plant is crossed with tetraploid male. The ploidy of endosperm will be (AIPMT - 2003)
(1) Tetraploidy (2) Pentaploidy (3) Triploidy (4) Diploidy
8. Secondary nucleus present in the middle of embryo sac is (AIPMT - 2003)
(1) Tetraploid (2) Triploid (3) Diploid (4) Haploid
9. In oogamy, fertilization occurs between (AIPMT - 2004)
(1) Small non-motile female gamete and large motile male gamete
(2) Large non-motile female gamete and small motile male gamete
(3) A large non-motile female gamete and a small non-motile male gamete
(4) A large motile female gamete and a small non-motile male gamete
10. In which one part both the plants can be vegetatively propagated by leaf segments (AIPMT - 2005)
(1) Agave and Kalanchoe (2) Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe
(3) Asparagus and Bryophyllum (4) Chrysanthemum and Agave
11. In a type of apomixis known as adventitive embryony, embryos develop directly from (AIPMT - 2005)
(1) Nucellus or integument (2) Zygote
(3) Synergids of antipodals of embryo sac (4) Accessory embryo sace in the ovule.
12. Arangement of nuclei in normal dicot embryo sac is (AIPMT - 2006)
(1) 3 + 3 +2 (2) 2 + 4 + 2 (3) 3 + 2 + 3 (4) 3 + 3 + 3

13. What would be number of chromosomes in the cells of aleurone layer in plant species have 8 chromo-
somes in its synergids (AIPMT - 2006)
(1) 8 (2) 16 (3) 24 (4) 32.
14. Parthenocarpic fruits are produced by (AIPMT - 2006)
(1) Treating plants with phenyl Mercuric acetate
(2) Treating plants with low concentrations of gibberellic acid and auxin
(3) Removing androecium of flowers before release of pollen grains
(4) Raising plants from vernalised seeds.
15. Which one is surrounded by callose wall (AIPMT - 2007)
(1) Male gamete (2) Pollen grain
(3) Egg (4) Microspore mother cell.
16. Endosperm is consumed by developing embryo in the seed of (AIPMT - 2008)
(1) Coconut (2) Pea (3) Maize (4) Castor
17. Unisexulity of flowers prevents (AIPMT - 2008)
(1) Getionogamy but not xenogamy (2) Autogamy and geitonogamy
(3) Autogamy but not geitonogamy (4) Bot getionogamy and xenogamy
18. Which one of the following is resistant to enzyme action (AIPMT - 2008)
(1) Pollen exine (2) Leaf cuticle (3) Cork (4) Wood fibre
19. An example of a seed with endosperm, perisperm, and caruncle is: (AIPMT - 2009)
(1) castor (2) cotton (3) coffee (4) lily
20. Apomictic embryos in citrus arise from (AIPMT - 2010)
(1) Maternal sporophytic tissue in ovule (2) Antipodal cells
(3) Diploid egg (4) Synergids
21. Wind pollinated flowers are (AIPMT - 2010)
(1) Small, producing large number of dry pollen grains
(2) large producing abundant nectar and pollen
(3) Small, producing nectar and dry pollen
(4) Small, brightly coloured, producing large number of pollen grains
22. Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant is called
(AIPMT - 2010)
(1) Geitonogamy (2) Karyogamy (3) Autogamy (4) Xenogamy
23. ‘ Filiform apparattus is a characteristic feature of: (AIPMT - 2011)
(1) Suspensor (2) Egg (3) Synergid (4) Zygote
24. Nucellar polyembryony is reported in species (AIPMT - 2011)
(1) Citrus (2) Gossypium (3) Triticum (4) Brassica
25. In which one of the following pollination is autogamous (AIPMT - 2011)
(1) Geitonogamy (2) Xenogamy (3) Chasmogamy (4) Cleistogamy
26. Wind pollination is common in : (AIPMT - 2011)
(1) Legumes (2) Lilies (3) Grasses (4) Orchids
27. Both, autogamy and geitonogamy are prevented in - (AIPMT pre. - 2012)
(1) Papaya (2) Cucumber (3) Castor (4) Maize

28. An organic substance that can withstand environmental extremes and cannot be degraded by any enzyme
is : (AIPMT pre. - 2012)
(1) Cuticle (2) Sporopollenin (3) Lignin (4) Cellulose
29. The gynoecium consists of many free pistils in flowers of (AIPMT pre. - 2012)
(1) Aloe (2) Tomato (3) Papaver (4) Michelia
30. Even in absence of pollinating agents seed setting is assured in (AIPMT pre. - 2012)
(1) Commellina (2) Zostera (3) Salvia (4) Fig
31. Which one of the following statements is wrong ? (AIPMT main - 2012)
(1) When pollen is shed at two-celled stage, double fertilization does not take place.
(2) Vegetative cell is larger than generative cell.
(3) Pollen grains in some plants remain viable for months.
(4) Intine is made up of cellulose and - pectin.
32. Plants with ovaries having only one or a few ovules, are generally pollinated by : (AIPMT main - 2012)
(1) Bees (2) Butterflies (3) Birds (4) Wind
33. What is the function of germ pore ? (AIPMT main - 2012)
(1) Emergence of radicle (2) Absorption of water for seed germination
(3) Initiation of pollen tube (4) Release of male gametes
34.. Anemophilous flowers have (AFMC - 1999)

(1) Sessile stigma (2) Small smooth stigma
(3) Coloured flower (4) Large feathery stigma
35. In monocot grafting is almost impossible because they lack (AFMC - 1999)
(1) Cambium (2) Ground tissue (3) Vascular bundle (4) Parenchymatous cells
36. The sausage tree (kigelia pinnate) is pollinated by (BHU - 2000)
(1) Bat (2) Bird (3) Wind (4) Water
37. Embryosac of Capsella is (RPMT - 2000)
(1) Diploid (2) Haploid (3) Both 1 & 2 (4) Polyploid
38. Tapetum is a part of (MPPMT - 2000)
(1) Male gametophyte (2) Female gametophyte
(3) Ovary wall (4) Anther wall
39. The arrangement of megaspores in a tetrad in an angiosperm is (CPMT - 2000)
(1) Decussate (2) Tetrahedral (3) Linear (4) Isobilateral
40. Egg apparatus consists of (AFMC - 2001)
(1) Egg (2) Egg & Polar nuclei (3) Egg & Synergids (4) Egg & Antipodal cells
41. What is the liquid part of green coconut (RPMT - 2001)
(1) Endosperm (2) Female gametophyte (3) Nucellus (4) Embryo
42. In Casuarina fertilization occurs by (BHU - 2002)
(1) Chalazogamy (2) Mesogamy (3) Porogamy (4) Apogamy
43. Pollen grains are (RPMT - 2002)
(1) Male gamete (2) Male gametopohyte
(3) Non-functional megaspore (4) Nucelus
44. Seed coat is formed by (RPMT - 2002)
(1) Integument (2) Nucellus (3) fruit wall (4) None
45. Wind pollinated flowers are (Manipal - 2003)
(1) Small, scented and colourless (2) Small, nonscented and colourless
(3) Big, scented and coloured (4) Big, nonscented and colourless
46. Plant propagated by leaves is (DPMT - 2003)
(1) Kalanchoe (2) Agave (3) Potato (4) Gladiolus.
47. Virus free culture is got from (HPMT - 2003)
(1) Primary root (2) Pith of stem (3) apical cells (4) Lamina cells.
48. Radicle end of embryo is towards (Wardha - 2003)
(1) Hilum (2) Chalaza (3) Funicle (4) Micropyle
49. In a moncot, endosperm cells have 24 chromosomes. What shall be the chromosome number in embryo
(B.V. - 2003)
(1) 24 (2) 16 (3) 12 (4) 8
50. Ovule integument gets transformed into (C.M.C. - 2003)
(1) Seed (2) Seed coat (3) Fruit wall (4) Cotyledons
51. Pollination between flowers of the same plant is (AMU - 2003)
(1) Autogamy (2) Chasmogamy (3) Geitonogamy (4) Cleistogamy
52. In 82% of angiosperm families, ovule is (AMU - 2003)
(1) Anatropous (2) Orthotropous (3) Amphitropous (4) Circinotropous
53. Tapetal cells of stamens are (AMU - 2003)
(1) Diploid uninucleate (2) Tetraploid binucleate
(3) Hexaploid tetranucleate (4) Polyploid multinucleate
54. Vegetative fertilization, which involves formation of endosperm, is fusion of (JKCMEE - 2003)
(1) One male gamete with diploid secondary nucleus
(2) Two vegetative cells
(3) Two male gametes
(4) Female gamete with secondary nucleus.
55. Largest cell of the ovule is (JKCMEE - 2003)
(1) megaspore mother cell (2) Antipodal cell
(3) Central cell (4) Size of cells variable
56. Entry of pollen tube through chalazal end is (Orissa - 2003)
(1) Syngamy (2) Porogamy (3) Mesogamy (4) Basigamy
57. Device for self pollination is (JKCMEE - 2004)
(1) Heterostyly (2) Dicliny (3) Unisexuality (4) None of the above
58. Rarely in angiosperms, the pollen tube develops further in embryo sac. The abnormality is called
(CPMT - 2004)
(1) Metaxenia (2) Nemec phenomenon
(3) Xenia (4) Mesogamy
59. In flowering plants, meiosis takes place during (J.K.C.M.E.R. - 2004)
(1) Pollen grain formation (2) Seed formation
(3) Gamete formation (4) Seed germination

60. The process by which haploid embryo is formed from haploid egg without fertilization is called
(Kerala - 2004)
(1) Apospory (2) Apogamy
(3) Agamospermy (4) Vegetative reproduction
61. Development of seedless fruit in an unfertlized flower is called
(J.K.C.M.E.E. - 2005, Har. P.M.T. - 2005, H.P.P. M.T. - 2007)
(1) Parthenocarpy (2) Sporophytic budding (3) Polyembryony (4) Micropropagation
62. Which of the following statements is true with reference to cross pollination (Karnataka - 2005)
(1) It most often results in higher yield of plants
(2) It occurs only in unisexual flowers
(3) It can fail to occur due to distance
(4) It requires production of large number of pollen grains
63. Pollen grains are produced in (H. PMT - 2005)
(1) Ovary (2) Pollen sac (3) Filament (4) Stigma
64. For self pollination, a flower should be (H. PMT - 2005)
(1) Asexual (2) Monosexual (3) Unisexual (4) Bisexual
65. part which is grafted on the stump of another plant is called (H. PMT - 2005)
(1) Graft (2) Bulbil (3) Scion (4) Stock
66. In Cucumber, pollen tube enters embryo sac through (Manipur - 2005)
(1) Integuments (2) Mcropyle (3) Endosperm (4) Chalaza
67. Cleistogamous flowers are (Karnataka - 2006)
(1) Wind pollinated (2) Insect pollinated (3) Bird pollinated (4) Self pollinated
68. Grafting is not successful in monocots but is successful in dicots because they have (Karnataka - 2006)
(1) Vascular bundles arranged in a ring (2) Cambium for secondary growth
(3) Vessels with elements arranged end to end (4) Cork cambium
69. Match the columns (Kerala - 2006)
I II
a. Zoophily 1. Pollination by birds
b. Ornithophily 2. Pollination by insects
c. Entomophily 3. Pollination by bats
d. Chiropterophily 4. Pollination by animals.
(1) (a) — (3), (b) — (2), (c) — (1), (d) — (4)
(2) (a) — (1), (b) — (2), (c) — (3), (d) — (4)
(3) (a) — (4), (b) — (1), (c) — (2), (d) — (3)
(4) (a) — (4), (b) — (2), (c) — (1), (d) — (3)
70. Angiospermic plant with 24 chromosomes in microspore mother cells will have chromosomes in its endosperm
(B.V. - 2006)
(1) 12 (2) 24 (3) 36 (4) 48
71. In angiosperms, endosperm is formed by (A.M.U.P.M.D.C. - 2006)
(1) Division of fused polar nuclei
(2) Free nuclear division of magespore
(3) Division of fused synergids and male gamete
(4) Division of fused polar nuclei and male gamete

72. Ruminate endosperm occurs in (BHU - 2006)
(1) Cruciferae (2) Euphorbiaceae (3) Asteraceae (4) Annonaceae.
73. What would be number of chromosomes in aleurone layer if megaspore mother cell contains 10 chromosomes
(Orissa - 2006)
(1) 10 (2) 20 (3) 15 (4) None of hte above
74. Fusion of a male gamete with egg in embryo sac is (HPPMT - 2007)
(1) Autogamy (2) Syngamy (3) Double fertlisation (4) Triple fusion
75. Duirng development of male gametophyte from pollen mother cell, there occurs (Gujarat - 2007)
(1) Two meiotic divisions and one mitotic division
(2) Two mitotic divisions
(3) One meiotic and two mitotic division
(4) One meiotic cell dvision and one mitotic cell division
76. Mele gametes are formed by [M.H. 2007, MPPMT 2007,AIPMT 2007]
(1) Pollen cell (2) Generative cell
(3) Pollen tube cell (4) Pollen mother cell
77. Embryo sac develops from megaspore mother cell through (M.H. - 2007)
(1) 1 meiosis and 2 mitosis
(2) 1 meiosis and 3 mitosis
(3) 1 meiosis and two mitosis
(4) 1 meiosis and 2 mitosis.
78. Versatile anthers are connected with (M.H. - 2007)
(1) Entomophily (2) Malacophily (3) Ornithophily (4) Anemophily
79. Eight nucleate embryosacs are (AFMC - 2007)
(1) Always monosporic
(2) Always bisporic
(3) Always tetrasporic
(4) Sometimes monosporic, sometimes, bisporic and sometimes tetrasporic.
80. Double fertilization leading to initiation of endosperm in angiosperms requires (AFMC - 2007)
(1) Fusion of one polar nucleus and second male gamete only
(2) Fusion of two polar nuclei and second male gamete only
(3) Fusion of 4 or more polar nuclei and second male gamete only
(4) All the above type of fusions in different types of angiosperms.
81. Anemophilous type of pollination is found in (AFMC - 2007)
(1) Coconut (2) Salvia (3) Bottle brush (4) Vallisneria
82. Entry of pollen tube through micropyle is (MHT. CET - 2008)
(1) Chalazogamy (2) mesogamy (3) Porogamy (4) Pseudogamy
83. Plants with poor root system are propagated through (MHT. CET - 2008)
(1) Layering (2) Leaf cutting (3) Stem cutting (4) Grafting
84. Nutritive layer of anther wall is (MHT. CET - 2008]
(1) Epidermis (2) Endothecium (3) tapetum (4) Archesporium
85. Suspensor of embryo is formed by (MHT. CET - 2008]
(1) Basal cell (2) Apical cell (3) Terminal cell (4) Hypophysis

86. Pollen grain of an angiosperm represents (MHT. CET - 2008)
(1) Microsporophyll (2) Megasporophyll (3) Female gametophyte (4) Male gametophyte
87. In the monocotyledonous seeds the endosperm is seperated from the embryo by a distinct layer known as
(K.PMT - 2008)
(1) Testa (2) Tegmen
(3) Aleurone layer (4) Scutellum
88. Choose the mismatched option (KPMT - 2008)
(1) Wind-cannabis-anemophily (2) Water-Zostera-hydrophily
(3) Insects–Salvia-entomophily (4) Birds-Adonsonia-ornithophily
89. A gymnospermic leaf carries 16 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in its endosperm is
(BHU - 2008)
(1) 8 (2) 12 (3) 16 (4) 24
90. The seed which have separate endosperm (BHU - 2008)
(1) maize (2) Onion (3) Rice (4) Bean
91. Micropyle occurs in (BHU - 2008)
(1) Seeds (2) Ovule (3) Ovary (4) Stigma
92. 'Ruminate endosperm' is found in (BCECE pre.- 2010)
(1) Cruciferae (2) Asteraceae (3) Euphorbiaceae (4) Annonaceae
93. For production of haploids, we culture (BCECE pre.- 2010)
(1) Shoot tip (2) anther (3) root tip (4) None of these
94. What does the filiform apparatus do at the entrance into ovule (BHU Pre.- 2010)
(1) It helps in the entry of pollen tube into a synergid
(2) It prevents entry of more than one pollen tube into the embryo sac
(3) It brings about opening of the pollen tube
(4) It guides pollen tube from a synergid to egg
95. A plant cell has potential to develop into a full plant. This is called (BHU Pre.- 2010)
(1) totipotency (2) gene cloning (3) tissue culture (4) regeneration
96. Xenia refers to effect of pollen on (BCECE Mains.- 2010)
(1) stem (2) taste of fruit (3) vascular tissue (4) endosperm
97. 200 seeds are produced from how many fruits of maize (BCECE pre.- 2011)
(1) 200 (2) 100 (3) 50 (4) 5
98. An orthotropous ovule has micropyle and chalaza (BHU Pre.- 2011)
(1) parallel to funicle (2) parellel alongwith ovule
(3) at right angle to funicle (4) in straight line with funicle
99. An angiosperm leaf has 120 chromosomes, its endosperm will have (BCECE Mains.- 2011)
(1) 120 (2) 240 (3) 180 (4) 360
100. Perisperm is (BCECE Mains.- 2011)
(1) outer part to embryo sac (2) degenerate synergid
(3) degenerate secondary nucleus (4) remains of nucellus

PART- 2
2008
1. Strawberry is sweet and eaten raw just like any other fruit. Why do botanists call it a false fruit?
(1 Marks)
2. (a) Draw a schematic labelled diagram of a fertilised embryo sac of an Angiosperm.
(b) Describe the stages in embryo development in a dicot plant. (5 Marks)
2009
3. Enumerate any six adaptive floral characteristics of a wind pollinated plant. (3 Marks)
4. (5 Marks)
(a) With the help of a labelled diagram depict the organization of a typical embryo just after double
fertilization.
(b) How are seeds advantageous to angiosperms?
2010
5. If you squeeze a seed of orange you might observe many embryos of different sizes. How is it possible?
Explain. (2 Marks)
6. (i) Write the characteristic features of anther, pollen and stigma of wind pollinated flowers.
(ii) How do flowers reward their insect pollinators ? Explain. (3 Marks)
7. Describe in sequence the events that lead to the development of a 3-celled pollen grain from microspore
mother cell in angiosperms. (5 Marks)
2011
8. Normally one embryo develops in one seed but when an orange seed is squeezed many embryos of
different shapes and sizes are seen. Mention how it has happened. (1 Marks)
9. Differentiate between albuminous and non-albuminous seeds, giving one example of each. (2 Marks)
10. Draw a diagram of a male gametophyte of an angiosperm. Label any four parts. (3 Marks)
11. Why is sporopollenin considered the most resistant organic material ? (3 Marks)
2012
12. Why is banana considered a good example of parthenocarpy ? (1 Marks)
13. State one advantage and one disadvantage of cleistogamy. (2 Marks)
14. Explain the function of each of the following : (3 Marks)

(a) Coleorhiza (b) Caruncle (c) Germpores
15. (5 Marks)
(a) Why is fertilisation in an angiosperm referred to as double fertilisation ? Mention the ploidy of the
cells involved.
(b) Draw a neat labelled sketch of L.S. of an endospermic monocot seed.

BOARD LEVEL EXERCISE : HINT & SOLUTIONS
1. Pollen tube enters in ovule through chalaza end Ex : Casuarina, Walnut (Juglans regea).
2. Ubisch body secrete sporopollenin.Sporopollenin is resistant to physical and biological decomposition. It is

a fatty substance. So pollenwall is preserved for long periods in fossil deposits. sporopollenin is one of the
most resistant organic material known. It can withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkali.
3. Pollination occurs between the two flowers of the same plant (genetically self pollination and ecologically
cross pollination).
4. Asexual reproduction is the mode of formation of new individuals by a parent, without the meiotic forma-
tion of gametes and their fusion. It is also called apomixis.
5. Five gametes (nuclei) take part in double fertilization in angiospermic plant.
6. Gootee(air layering) - It is practised in Litchi, Pome-granate etc., Which do not possess branches near the
ground. A ring of bark is removed from the base of an aerial branch for a distance of 2 - 5 cm. It is covered
with moist grafting clay (2 parts clay, 1 part cowdung, some fine cut hay, moss or cotton) with small amount
of root promoting hormone. The area is then wrapped in polythene paper to prevent desiccation. The
injured area develops roots after 1- 3 months.The branch is cut below it and planted.
7. In homogamy male and female reproductive parts in bisexual flowers mature at the same time but in Anther
and stigma of bisexual flowers mature at different time. Ex. of homogamy - Convolvulus, Gardenia,
Catharanthus, Mirabilis. Ex. of Dichogamy-Sunflower, Cotton, Aristolochia, Magnolia.
8. The tapetum is concerned with transportation of nutrient, contribution of sporopollenin, transport of pollenkitt
substances and storage of reserve food which is used by the developing pollen grains.
OR
See page no. 3, 4
9. See Page No. 10
10. (a)
(b)

(c)
Herkogamy : It is the presence of natural and physical barriers between androecium and gynoecium
which help in avoiding self pollination Ex: Calotropis, orchids.
Cleistogamy : Sometimes bisexual flowers remain closed and never open, such flowers are known as
cleistogamous Ex : Pisum, Lathyrus.
(d) Porogamy : It is the most common type In which pollen tube enters in ovule through micropyle.
Mesogamy : Pollen tube enters in the ovule either through integuments Ex : Cucurbita & Populus or
through funicle Ex : Pistacia.
11. See Pg. No. 13
12. See pg. no. 18
13. See pg. no. 18
14. (i) Unisexuality or Dicliny

(ii) Dichogamy or Hetrogamy
(iii) Herkogamy
15. See pg. no. 15-16
16. See pg. no. 12-13
17. See pg. no. 6
18. See pg. no. 19
19. (i) Polyembryony - see pg. no. 21

(ii) Scutellum - The terminal cell of three celled proembryo develops into single cotyledon which is also
known as scutellum.
(iii) Ornithophily - Pollination by birds is called ornithophily or Bird pollination. Flowers are tubular or cup
shaped or urn shaped.
Chiropterophily - Pollination is performed by bat. Flowers are dull in colour with strong odour, abundant
nectar
(iv) Parthenocarpy - It is an economically important process in which seedless fruit is formed without
fertilization, for example - banana.
(v) Parthenogenesis - Development of new individual by any gamete without fertilization is called partheno-
genesis. It is diploid Ex: Apple, Rubus or haploid Ex: lower plants.
20. 1st male gamete (3n) + egg (2n) = zygote (5n) - 1st cell of embryo
2nd male gamete (3n) + secondary nucleus (4n) = endosperm (7n)

EXERCISE - 1
1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (3) 7. (1)
8. (4) 9. (1) 10. (4) 11. (2) 12. (4) 13. (4) 14. (1)
15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (3) 20. (2) 21. (3)
22. (4) 23. (3) 24. (1) 25. (1) 26. (3) 27. (4) 28. (2)
29. (3) 30. (4) 31. (4) 32. (4) 33. (3) 34. (2) 35. (4)
36. (3) 37. (2) 38. (2) 39. (4) 40. (3) 41. (2) 42. (2)
43. (1) 44. (2) 45. (2) 46. (1) 47. (3) 48. (3) 49. (2)
50. (3) 51. (4) 52. (2) 53. (2) 54. (3) 55. (4) 56. (2)
57. (3) 58. (4) 59. (3) 60. (2) 61. (4) 62. (2) 63. (4)
64. (4) 65. (2) 66. (1) 67. (3) 68. (1) 69. (3) 70. (4)
71. (2) 72. (2) 73. (3) 74. (1) 75. (3) 76. (4) 77. (4)
78. (3) 79. (2) 80. (3) 81. (3) 82. (4) 83. (2) 84. (2)
85. (1) 86. (3) 87. (4) 88. (3) 89. (3) 90. (2) 91. (3)
92. (1) 93. (2) 94. (3) 95. (4) 96. (2) 97. (4) 98. (4)
99. (1) 100. (2) 101. (3) 102. (1) 103. (3) 104. (3) 105. (2)
106. (4) 107. (1) 108. (2) 109. (3) 110. (4) 111. (4) 112. (2)
113. (4) 114. (3) 115. (1) 116. (4) 117. (1) 118. (4) 119. (1)
120. (2) 121. (2) 122. (2) 123. (2) 124. (3) 125. (2) 126. (1)
127. (2) 128. (1) 129. (1) 130. (3) 131. (1) 132. (3) 133. (3)
134. (4) 135. (3) 136. (4) 137. (4) 138. (4) 139. (1) 140. (3)
141. (4) 142. (3) 143. (1) 144. (4) 145. (4) 146. (1) 147. (3)
148. (3) 149. (2) 150. (3) 151. (2) 152. (4) 153. (2) 154. (3)
155. (3) 156. (3) 157. (3) 158. (2) 159. (4) 160. (4) 161. (2)
162. (2) 163. (2) 164. (4) 165. (1) 166. (3) 167. (3) 168. (2)
169. (4) 170. (4) 171. (4) 172. (2) 173. (3) 174. (2) 175. (4)
176. (1) 177. (3) 178. (4) 179. (3) 180. (2) 181. (4)
EXERCISE - 2
1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (4)
EXERCISE - 3
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (1) 7. (1)
8. (4) 9. (4) 10. (3) 11. (2) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (2)
15. (3) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (1) 20. (3) 21. (4)
22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (3) 26. (2) 27. (4) 28. (3)

EXERCISE - 4
PART- 1
1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (2) 7. (1)

8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (2) 11. (1) 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (2)
15. (4) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (1) 21. (1)
22. (1) 23. (3) 24. (1) 25. (4) 26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (2)
29. (4) 30. (1) 31. (1) 32. (4) 33. (3) 34. (4) 35. (1)
36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (4) 39. (2) 40. (3) 41. (1) 42. (1)
43. (2) 44. (1) 45. (2) 46. (1) 47. (3) 48. (4) 49. (2)
50. (2) 51. (3) 52. (1) 53. (4) 54. (1) 55. (3) 56. (4)
57. (4) 58. (2) 59. (1) 60. (3) 61. (1) 62. (4) 63. (2)
64. (4) 65. (3) 66. (1) 67. (4) 68. (4) 69. (3) 70. (3)
71. (4) 72. (4) 73. (3) 74. (2) 75. (3) 76. (2) 77. (2)
78. (4) 79. (4) 80. (2) 81. (1) 82. (3) 83. (4) 84. (3)
85. (1) 86. (4) 87. (4) 88. (1) 89. (1) 90. (1) 91. (2)
92. (4) 93. (2) 94. (1) 95. (1) 96. (4) 97. (1) 98. (4)
99. (3) 100. (4)
PART- 2
1. Strawberry is sweet and eaten raw just like any other fruit it is called false fruit because in its
development accessory floral parts take part other than ovary.
2. (a) See pg. no. 17

(b) See pg. no. 17
3. Adaptive floral characteristics of a wind pollinated plant -

(i) The flowers are small and inconspicuous
(ii) The pollen grains are light and non-sticky so that they can be easily transported by wind.
(iii) They have well-exposed stamens so that pollens get easily dispersed.
(iv) The pollen grains are dry and unwettable to prevent pollens from gaining moisture from air.
(v) They often have feathery stigma to catch the pollens grains.
(vi) The pistil usually has single ovule in each ovary.
4. (a) See pg. no. 19-20

(b)
(i) Seeds posses better adaptive strategies for dispersal to form a new colony.
(ii) The reserve food of seed support the growth of seedling till they become nutritionally independent.
(iii) The hard seed coats (testa + tegmen) provide protection against injury.
(iv) They provide genetic recombination and variation as they are the product of sexual reproduction.
(v) Seeds are stored to be consumed throughout the year, to overcome drought and natural calamities.
5. If we squeeze a seed of orange, we observe many embryos of different size it occurs because an
orange contain seeds with more than one embryo so that it shows polyembryony.
6. (i) characteristic features of wind pollinated flowers.

Anther - Stamens are well exposed for easy dispersal of pollen grain in wind.
Pollen - Pollen grains are non sticky, light in weight, dry and winged.
Stigma - The stigma is sticky large and feathery to trep pollen grains floating in air.

(ii) Insect pollinators are rewarded in flowering, in following ways -
(a) The flowers offer floral reward like nectar and pollen grain.
(b) In some species floral reward provides safe place to lay eggs.
7. See pg. no. 9
8. If we squeeze a seed of orange, we observe many embryos of different size it occurs because an
orange contain seeds with more than one embryo so that it shows polyembryony.
9. See pg. no. 20
10. See pg. no. 8-9
11. See pg. no. 8
12. Banana is a good example of parthenocarpy because it develops only from the ovary without the
fertilisation, so called parthenocarpic and seedless.
13. Advantage -
(i) The purity of the generation is maintained.
(ii) Pollen grains are not wasted.
Disadvantage -
(i) New and healthier varieties are not formed,
(ii) It results in weaker progeny, producing weaker seeds and plants.
14. (a) See pg. no. 20

(b) See pg. no. 11
(c) Germpores - The exine has aperture where sporopollenin is absent called germpore.
15. (a) Fertilisation is called double fertilisation in angiosperm because first gamete fertilise a egg cell and
form diploid zygote & second male gamete fuses with diploid secondary nucleus & form triploid en-
dosperm.
(b) See pg. no. 21

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REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

(I) Asexual (II) Sexual.

(I) Asexual Reproduction :

(ii) Recurrent agamospermy or apomixis :

, (iii) Adventive embryony :

(i) Natural Vegetative Propagation :

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 2

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 3

II. Sexual reproduction :

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 4

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 5

(ii) Secretory or glandular or parietal tapetum :

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 6

Structure of microspore or pollen grain :

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 7

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 8

Development of male gametophyte :

Male gametophyte is partially developed pollen grain. It is haploid (n) structure

(ii) Post pollination development :

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 9

Structure of ovule or Megasporangium :

On the basis of development of nucellus, ovules are of two types-

On the basis of number of integuments, ovules are of following types-

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 10

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 11

Embryo sac (Female gametophyte or megagametophyte) :

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 12

(A) Self pollination (B) Cross pollination or Allogamy

(A) Self pollination : It is of two types

(I) Autogamy (II) Geitonogamy

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 13

(B) Cross pollination or Allogamy :

Contrivances for cross pollination :

(ii) Dichogamy or Hetrogamy :

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 14

(v) Self sterility or incompatibility :

Agencies for cross pollination :

(i) Abiotic : It includes wind, water, gravity.

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 15

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 16

Entry of pollen tube in to ovule :

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 17

Significance of Double fertilization :

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 19

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 20

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 21

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 22

1. What is chalazogamy. Give its an example.

Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]

Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions : [03 Mark Each]

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 23

1. Which of the following regenerates with the help of layering

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 24

Male Reproductive Part

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 25

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 26

(1) Protein (2) Fatty substance (3) Hetropolysaccharide (4) Homopolysaccharide

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 28

NEET_REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS - 29

(1) A Hilum, B Funicle, C Nucellus, D Micropyle