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1-D Magnetotelluric (MT)

Modelling

Apparent resistivity and phase sounding curves

RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)
1000
1 10 100 1000
APP. RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)

100

100

10

?
obs. data
calc. data
DEPTH (m)

1
1000

90
PHASE (deg.)

45

0
10000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
PERIOD (sec.)

1
Geophysics framework (1)

data processing interpretation

field data

measurement

observed parameters
(Earth’
(Earth’s response / signals)

Data presentation

„ Pseudo-
Pseudo-section
→ 2-D plot of apparent resistivity and phase data from
MT soundings on a profile
→ horizontal axis is distance or station position
→ vertical axis is frequency or period (increasing
periods downward ~ increasing depth)
→ Color contoured:
low resistivity (or high impedance phase) ~ red
high resistivity (or low impedance phase) ~ blue
→ Qualitative 2-
2-D resistivity distribution for preliminary
interpretation

2
Data presentation

„ Apparent resistivity and phase maps


→ Plot of data from MT soundings on a map (for
(for a
certain frequency or period)
→ Qualitative lateral parameter variation at a certain
depth (equivalent with frequency or period)

„ Maps of other parameters

Pseudo-section

3
Apparent
resistivity
map

ρaTE T = 1 sec.

Apparent
resistivity
map

ρaTE T = 10 sec.

4
Geophysics framework (2)

data processing modelling + interpretation

field data

measurement

observed parameters
(Earth’
(Earth’s response / signals)

Apparent resistivity and phase sounding curves

RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)
1000
1 10 100 1000
APP. RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)

100

100

10

?
obs. data
calc. data
DEPTH (m)

1
1000

90
PHASE (deg.)

45

0
10000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
PERIOD (sec.)

5
Geophysical
Modeling

Concept of MT forward modelling

Maxwell’
Maxwell’s equations (with constitutive equations)

EM wave (diffusion) equation

solution to diffusion equation boundary conditions

EM fields in the medium (MT response)

6
„ Elementary solution to Maxwell’
Maxwell’s equations in 1-
1-D

Ex = A exp (– k z) + B exp (+ k z)
k
________
Hy = (A exp (– k z) – B exp (+ k z))
i ω µ0

„ Impedance in 1-
1-D

Ex
_____
i ω µ0 _______________________________
_______
A exp (– k z) + B exp (+ k z)
Zxy = =
Hy k A exp (– k z) – B exp (+ k z)

→ A and B are constants to be determined from


boundary conditions

„ Consider N–layer medium with layer resistivity ρj and


layer thickness hj ; j = 1, 2, 3, … N

„ Impedance at each layer is defined at the top of the layer


then impedance at the surface is Z1

Z1 surface
z 1= 0
ρ1 h 1
z2
Zj ρ2 h 2
z3
.
j–th layer .
.
z N-1
ρ N -1 h N-1
zN

ρN

7
„ Applying boundary conditions for 1-1-D or layered medium
results in a recursive formula relating impedance of two
consecutive layers

1 – Rj exp (– 2 kj hj) Z0j – Zj+1


________________________ ____________
Zj = Z0j Rj =
1 + Rj exp (– 2 kj hj) Z0j + Zj+1

→ Z0j = (i ω µ0 ρj)1/2 = intrinsic impedance


kj = (i ω µ0 /ρj)1/2 = Z0j /ρj
→ impedance at j–th layer as function of the layer’
layer’s
parameters (ρj , hj ) and impedance at the subsequent
layer Zj+1
j+1

„ Algorithm for MT 1-
1-D forward modelling

→ calculate impedance at N–th (or last) layer


ZN = Z0N = (i ω µ0 ρN)1/2
→ calculate impedance at (N-1)–th layer using
recursive formula, Zj = ZN-1 ; Zj+1
j+1 = ZN

→ proceed upward to obtain impedance at the


surface of the N layered model, Z1

→ calculate apparent resistivity ρa and phase φ from


Z1
→ proceed for different frequencies f i or periods Ti

8
„ Algorithm for MT 1-
1-D forward modelling

Impedance at the surface of the Earth


Z1 surface
z 1= 0
... Z2 ρ1 h 1
z2
Z3 ρ2 h 2
z3
Impedance at the (N
(N-1)th layer .
.
ZN-1 .
z N-1
ZN ρ N -1 h N-1
impedance at the surface of zN
the last (N
(Nth) layer, intrinsic ρN
impedance

„ Algorithm for MT 1-
1-D
forward modelling

9
MTINV1D → MT 1-1-D modelling by Dr. Marku Pirttijärvi,
Department of Geosciences University of Oulu, Finland
(http://www.gf.oulu.fi/~mpi)

10
IP2WIN_MT
→ MT 1-
1-D modelling by Dr. Alexey Bobachev,
Bobachev, demo
version available on internet
→ http://geophys.geol.msu.ru
http://geophys.geol.msu.ru

11
__
√T

ρa

RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)
1000
1 10 100 1000
APP. RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)

100

100

10
obs. data
calc. data
DEPTH (m)

1
1000

90
PHASE (deg.)

45

0
10000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
PERIOD (sec.)

MT 1-
1-D smooth modelling
→ OCCAM inversion (Constable et al., 1987)
→ Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm (Grandis
(Grandis et al., 1999)

12
2-D resistivity section
from 1-
1-D models on
a profile

→ correlation of
resistivity units
from station to
station

→ correlation of
resistivity units with
geology and
lithology

13

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