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Modelling
RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)
1000
1 10 100 1000
APP. RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)
100
100
10
?
obs. data
calc. data
DEPTH (m)
1
1000
90
PHASE (deg.)
45
0
10000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
PERIOD (sec.)
1
Geophysics framework (1)
field data
measurement
observed parameters
(Earth’
(Earth’s response / signals)
Data presentation
Pseudo-
Pseudo-section
→ 2-D plot of apparent resistivity and phase data from
MT soundings on a profile
→ horizontal axis is distance or station position
→ vertical axis is frequency or period (increasing
periods downward ~ increasing depth)
→ Color contoured:
low resistivity (or high impedance phase) ~ red
high resistivity (or low impedance phase) ~ blue
→ Qualitative 2-
2-D resistivity distribution for preliminary
interpretation
2
Data presentation
Pseudo-section
3
Apparent
resistivity
map
ρaTE T = 1 sec.
Apparent
resistivity
map
ρaTE T = 10 sec.
4
Geophysics framework (2)
field data
measurement
observed parameters
(Earth’
(Earth’s response / signals)
RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)
1000
1 10 100 1000
APP. RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)
100
100
10
?
obs. data
calc. data
DEPTH (m)
1
1000
90
PHASE (deg.)
45
0
10000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
PERIOD (sec.)
5
Geophysical
Modeling
Maxwell’
Maxwell’s equations (with constitutive equations)
6
Elementary solution to Maxwell’
Maxwell’s equations in 1-
1-D
Ex = A exp (– k z) + B exp (+ k z)
k
________
Hy = (A exp (– k z) – B exp (+ k z))
i ω µ0
Impedance in 1-
1-D
Ex
_____
i ω µ0 _______________________________
_______
A exp (– k z) + B exp (+ k z)
Zxy = =
Hy k A exp (– k z) – B exp (+ k z)
Z1 surface
z 1= 0
ρ1 h 1
z2
Zj ρ2 h 2
z3
.
j–th layer .
.
z N-1
ρ N -1 h N-1
zN
ρN
7
Applying boundary conditions for 1-1-D or layered medium
results in a recursive formula relating impedance of two
consecutive layers
Algorithm for MT 1-
1-D forward modelling
8
Algorithm for MT 1-
1-D forward modelling
Algorithm for MT 1-
1-D
forward modelling
9
MTINV1D → MT 1-1-D modelling by Dr. Marku Pirttijärvi,
Department of Geosciences University of Oulu, Finland
(http://www.gf.oulu.fi/~mpi)
10
IP2WIN_MT
→ MT 1-
1-D modelling by Dr. Alexey Bobachev,
Bobachev, demo
version available on internet
→ http://geophys.geol.msu.ru
http://geophys.geol.msu.ru
11
__
√T
ρa
RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)
1000
1 10 100 1000
APP. RESISTIVITY (Ohm.m)
100
100
10
obs. data
calc. data
DEPTH (m)
1
1000
90
PHASE (deg.)
45
0
10000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
PERIOD (sec.)
MT 1-
1-D smooth modelling
→ OCCAM inversion (Constable et al., 1987)
→ Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm (Grandis
(Grandis et al., 1999)
12
2-D resistivity section
from 1-
1-D models on
a profile
→ correlation of
resistivity units
from station to
station
→ correlation of
resistivity units with
geology and
lithology
13