Applied Intelligence

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-017-1125-7

A novel image retrieval scheme using gray level co-occurrence matrix

descriptors of discrete cosine transform based residual image
Naushad Varish1 · Arup Kumar Pal1

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

Abstract
Several CBIR schemes have been devised by the formation of the low dimensional image feature vector from the primitive
visual features such as color, texture and/or shape of the image to speed up the retrieval process. In this paper, the visual
contents of the images have been extracted using block level Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) and Gray Level
Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Since the DC coefficients based feature vector has retained the most significant visual
components of the image, so initially, we have computed DC coefficients based uniform quantized histogram and some
statistical parameters are derived from that histogram for the formation of the DC feature vector. Subsequently, other
significant visual features are computed from the residual image where the residual image is obtained by taking the difference
between the original image plane and the DC coefficients based reconstructed image plane. Thereafter, some statistical
parameters from GLCMs of the residual image are considered for the construction of the GLCM based feature vector. This
feature vector is suitable to identify the texture features of the residual image in a more effective way. The single feature
vector has been obtained by combining DC and GLCM feature vectors since the combined extracted features from the images
increase the accuracy of any image retrieval system. We have tested the scheme either in intensity image or on three color
planes of an RGB color image. The experimental results are evaluated on two standard image databases and demonstrate the
effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of average retrieval accuracy. In addition, the overall speed of the proposed
CBIR system is high due to the formation of the low dimensional significant feature vector. The comparative results also
show that the proposed scheme provides effective accuracy than some other state-of-the-art CBIR schemes.

Keywords CBIR · Discrete cosine transformation · Gray level co-occurrence matrix · Feature extraction · Statistical
parameters · Residual image

1 Introduction
With the rapid advancement of digital image capturing
devices and Internet technology, it has been found that the
volume of the digital image libraries or databases from
various areas such as education, journalism, advertising,
web, social media, medical imaging, entertainments, crime
prevention etc. are increasing continuously in the current
era. Therefore, an efficient and effective scheme for
 Naushad Varish
naushad.cs88@gmail.com
Arup Kumar Pal
arupkrpal@gmail.com
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines),
Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
searching the most relevant images from such large scale
image databases based on a given query image is essential.
Generally, two approaches like Text-Based Image Retrieval
(TBIR) and Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) are
adopted in the image retrieval process. In TBIR, the images
in the database are annotated or saved with the descriptive
keywords by the human visual perception. Therefore, TBIR
scheme fails for complex and large scale image databases
due to the involvement of the human being in the annotation
or tagging process. Hence, to overcome the problem, CBIR
has been adopted for searching and retrieving the top most
relevant images from digital image libraries or databases
based on the low-level or primitive visual features of a
given query image. In more detail, CBIR is the process
of retrieving relevant images from a large scale image
database by computing the similarity metric between the
given query image and database images based on the
extracted primitive visual features or low-level features