See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/331470867

HARDY-COPSON TYPE INEQUALITIES ON TIME SCALES FOR THE FUNCTIONS

OF "n" INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Article  in  International Journal of Analysis and Applications · March 2019

DOI: 10.28924/2291-8639-17-2019-244

CITATION READS
1 24

3 authors:

M Shahzad Ashraf Ammara Nosheen

Punjab Group of Colleges University of Lahore
3 PUBLICATIONS   1 CITATION    22 PUBLICATIONS   52 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Khuram Khan
University of Sargodha
37 PUBLICATIONS   101 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Jensen Inequalities on time scales View project

Analysis View project

All content following this page was uploaded by M Shahzad Ashraf on 02 March 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

International Journal of Analysis and Applications
Volume 17, Number 2 (2019), 244-259
URL: https://doi.org/10.28924/2291-8639

DOI: 10.28924/2291-8639-17-2019-244

HARDY-COPSON TYPE INEQUALITIES ON TIME SCALES FOR THE FUNCTIONS

OF “n” INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

M. SHAHZAD ASHRAF1,∗ , KHURAM ALI KHAN2 AND AMMARA NOSHEEN1

1
Department of Mathematics, The University of Lahore (Sargodha Campus), Pakistan

2
Department of Mathematics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

∗
Corresponding author: shahzadashraf30@icloud.com

Abstract. The paper consists of some extensions in Hardy and Copson type inequalities on time scales.
The main results are proved by using induction principle, Rules to find derivatives for composition of two
functions, Hölder’s inequality and Fubini’s theorem in time scales settings. The related results and examples
are also investigated in seek of applications.

1. Introduction

Advancements in inequalities had started since the end of 19th century, which laid the theocratical foun-
dations of approximation methods. Generally it is accepted that the classic work “Inequalities [7]”, which
appeared in 1934, gave a systematic discipline to a collection of isolated formulas. This work had played a
role of a strong stem in continuous growth to modern field of Inequalities.
Many researchers had paid attention to these inequalities since invention of these inequalities. A large num-
ber of papers related with extensions, new results, and generalizations can be seen on the topic [5, 8, 10].
Copson in [6] extend weighted Hardy inequality in the following result:

Received 2018-08-04; accepted 2018-10-24; published 2019-03-01.

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 26D15, 39A13, 34N05.
Key words and phrases. time Scales; Hardy-Copson inequality; Keller’s chain rule.
2019
c Authors retain the copyrights
of their papers, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

244
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 245

l
X a(i)ω(i)
If % > 1, A(l) = , then
i=1
Ω(i)
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
ω(l)(A(l))% 6 p% ω(l)a(l)(A(l))%−1 6 p% ω(l)a% (l). (1.1)
l=1 l=1 l=1

In [12] R. P. Agarwal et al., proved some dynamic Hardy inequalities via time scales calculus. Those
inequalities as special cases contain some integral and discrete inequalities due to Hardy and Copson. One
of their results is stated as:
“Consider T is a time scale with a ∈ [0, ∞)T , % >1, ω and g be non-negative functions.
Further assume that
Z ς Z ς
Ω(ς) = ω(r)∆r, Ω(∞) = ∞, ψ(ς) := ω(r)g(r)∆r, ∀ ς ∈ [a, ∞)T
a a

∞ %(%−1)
Ωσ (ς)
Z
and ω(ς)g % (ς)∆ς exists. Then
a Ω(ς)
Z ∞ Z ∞
ω(ς) % ω(ς)g(ς) %−1
(ψ σ (ς))% ∆ς 6 ψ (ς)∆ς
a (Ωσ (ς))% %−1 a Ω%−1 (ς)

and
∞ % Z ∞ p(p−1)
Ωσ (ς)
Z 
ω(ς) %
(ψ σ (ς))% ∆ς 6 ω(ς)g % (ς)∆ς.”
a (Ωσ (ς))% %−1 a Ω(ς)
Taking into account the worth of inequalities, we are motivated to extend the results of [12] for functions of
several variables.

2. Preliminaries

A closed non-empty subset of real numbers is called a time scale. Notation to be used for a time scale
is T. R, Z, N, N0 , [a,b] are examples of time scales whereas rationals, irrationals and (a,b) are not closed,
therefore not time scales. Few basic concepts related to time scales theory, are as under (see [2–4]):

Definition 2.1. Let T denotes a time scale. For ς ∈ T, the forward jump operator σ : T → T is defined as

σ(ς) := inf {z ∈ T; z > ς} ,

and the backward jump operator ρ : T → T is defined as

ρ(ς) := sup {z ∈ T; z < ς} .

The point ς ∈ T satisfying σ(ς) > ς is right-scattered whereas the point ς satisfying ρ(ς) < ς is left-
scattered. Points which are simultaneously left and right scattered are isolated. Also, the point ς is called
right-dense if ς < sup T and σ(ς) = ς and is called left-dense if ς > inf T and ρ(ς) = ς. The points that are
left and right dense simultaneously are dense points.
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 246

Definition 2.2. The Graininess function µ : T → [0, ∞) is defined by,

µ(ς) := σ(ς) − ς.

Definition 2.3. Suppose a function g : T → R is satisfying:

(a) g is continuous at all right dense ς ∈ T,

(b) the left hand limits exist and finite at all left dense ς ∈ T

then, g is called right-dense continuous (rd-continuous) in T. The set denoted by Crd (T) contains all rd-
continuous functions.

Remark 2.1. If we exchange the role of left dense points and right dense points in definition of rd-continuous
function, we get left dense continuous functions. If function is continuous with respect to both sided dense
points, it is continuous function ∀t ∈ T.

Definition 2.4. Let g : T → R and ς ∈ T, if g∆ (ς) exists with the condition that, for  > 0, there exists a
neighborhood O of ς such that

|[g(σ(ς)) − g(s)] − g∆ (ς)(σ(ς) − s)| ≤ |σ(ς) − s|,

for all s ∈ O, then g is differentiable at ς and is denoted by g∆ (ς).

Theorem 2.1. Assume delta derivatives of g1 , g2 : T → R exist at ς ∈ T. Then derivative of the product
g1 g2 : T → R exists at ς ∈ T and satisfies

(g1 g2 )∆ (ς) = g∆ σ ∆ ∆ ∆ σ
1 (ς)g2 (ς) + g1 (ς)g2 (ς) = g1 (ς)g2 (ς) + g1 (ς)g2 (ς). (2.1)

Definition 2.5. Consider g is rd-continuous function. Then for ς0 ∈ T, the function G defined by
Z ς
G := g(ς)∆ς, f or ς ∈ T
ς0

is called the antiderivative of g.

Definition 2.6. If α ∈ T, sup T = ∞, and g1 is rd-continuous on the interval [α, ∞), then
Z ∞ Z β
g1 (ς)∆ς = lim g1 (ς)∆ς.
α β→∞ α

Existence of limit gives convergence of the integral elsewise it diverges.

Theorem 2.2. If α, β, γ ∈ T, c ∈ R and u1 , u2 ∈ Crd , then

Rβ Rβ ∆
(i) α uσ1 (ς)u∆ β
2 (ς)∆ς = |u1 u2 (ς)|α − α u1 (ς)u2 (ς)∆ς,
Rβ Rβ ∆
(ii) α u1 (ς)u∆ β σ
2 (ς)∆ς = |u1 u2 (ς)|α − α u1 (ς)u2 (ς)∆ς.

These are known as integration by parts formulae.

Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 247

Theorem 2.3 (Chain rule 1). Let u2 : R → R be continuous, u2 : T → R is delta differentiable on Tκ and
suppose that u1 : R → R is continuously differentiable. Then there exists c ∈ [ς, σ(ς)] with

(u1 ◦ u2 )∆ (ς) = u01 (u2 (c))u∆

2 (ς). (2.2)

Theorem 2.4 (Chain rule 2). Assume u1 : R → R is continuously differentiable and suppose u2 : T → R is
delta differentiable. Then u1 ◦ u2 : T → R is delta differentiable and
Z 1 
∆
(u1 ◦ u2 ) (ς) = u01 (u2 (ς) + hµ(ς)g∆
2 (ς))dh u∆
2 (ς) (2.3)
0

holds.

Chain rule 2 is given by C. Pötzsche [11], likewise it also appeared in S. Keller’s paper [9].
A simple consequence of Theorem 2.4 is given below:
Z 1
ω−1
(uω ∆
1 (ς)) (ς) = ω {huσ1 + (1 − h)u1 (ς)} dhu∆
1 (ς). (2.4)
0

Theorem 2.5. (Hölder’s inequality) Let α, β ∈ T, for rd-continuous functions g1 , g2 : [α, β] → R, we have
"Z # q1 "Z # p1
Z β β β
|g1 (ς)g2 (ς)|∆ς ≤ |g1 (ς)|q ∆ς |g2 (ς)|p ∆ς , (2.5)
α α α

where p > 1 and q = p/(p − 1).

Next, we present Fubini’s Theorem on time scales [1].

Theorem 2.6. Let T1 , T2 be two time scales. Suppose S : T1 × T2 → R is integrable with respect to both
R R
time scales. Define Φ(y2 ) = T1 S(y1 , y2 )∆y1 for a.e y2 ∈ Λ and Ψ(y1 ) = T2 S(y1 , y2 )∆y2 for a.e y1 ∈ T1 .
Then Φ and Ψ are both differentiable in time scales settings and
Z Z Z Z
∆y1 S(y1 , y2 )∆y2 = ∆y2 S(y1 , y2 )∆y1 . (2.6)
T1 T2 T2 T1

In the sequel, we denote [a, b)T = [a, b) ∩ T, where T be any time scale. Also partial derivatives for
∂
i ∈ {1, . . . , n} are denoted by ∆ςi g(ς1 , . . . , ςn ) = g∆i (ς1 , . . . , ςn ). We also assume that the functions are
nonnegative, rd-continuous and the integrals considered are assumed to exist.

3. Dynamic Hardy & Copson-Type Inequalities via Time Scales for Functions of n
Independent Variables

Theorem 3.1. Let T1 , . . . , Tn denote time scales. For p > 1 and i ∈ {1, . . . , n}, consider ai ∈ [0, ∞)Ti
Rς
and g : T1 × . . . × Tn → R+ . Let λi : Ti → R+ be such that Λi (ςi ) := aii λi (si )∆si and ψ(ς1 , . . . , ςn ) =
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 248

R ς1 R ςn Qn
a1
... an i=1 λi (si )g(s1 , . . . , sn )∆s1 . . . ∆sn .
Assume Λi (∞) = 0 and the delta integrals

∞ n
∞Y
Λσi i (ςi )
Z Z
... λ (ς )[g(ς1 , . . . , ςn )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn exist.
p i i
(3.1)
a1 an i=1
[Λ i (ς i )]

Then

Z ∞ Z n
∞Y
λi (ςi )
... σi p
[ψ(σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σn (ςn ))]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn
a1 an i=1
[Λ i (ς i )]
 np Z ∞ Z ∞Y n  σi p(p−1)
p Λi (ςi )
≤ ... λi (ςi )g p (ς1 , . . . , ςn )∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn , (3.2)
p−1 a1 an i=1 Λi (ςi )

where n is any positive integer.

Proof. We prove the result by using Principle of mathematical induction.

For n = 1, statement is true by [12, Theorem 2.1]. Assume for 1 ≤ n ≤ k (3.2) holds. To prove the result
for n = k + 1, Take left hand side of (3.2) in the following form

k
(Z )
Z ∞ Z ∞Y ∞
λi (ςi ) λk+1 (ςk+1 )
... σi p σk+1 [ψ(σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk+1 (ςk+1 ))]p ∆ςk+1 ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk . (3.3)
a1 ak i=1
[Λ i (ςi )] ak+1 [Λk+1 (ςk+1 )]p

Consider
Z ∞
λk+1 (ςk+1 )
Ik+1 = σk+1 [ψ(σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk+1 (ςk+1 ))]p ∆ςk+1 . (3.4)
ak+1 [Λk+1 (ςk+1 )]p

Apply integration by parts (Theorem 2.2 (i)) on Ik+1 w.r.t ςk+1 ∈ [ak+1 , ∞) to get

Ik+1 = |uk+1 (ςk+1 )ψ p (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )|∞

ak+1
Z ∞
+ −uk+1 (ςk+1 )[ψ p (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )]∆k+1 ∆ςk+1 , (3.5)
ak+1

where
∞  Z ∞
−1
Z
λk+1 (sk+1 )
−uk+1 (ςk+1 ) = σk+1 ∆sk+1 ≤ [Λ1−p
k+1 (sk+1 )]
∆k+1
∆sk+1 .
ςk+1 [Λk+1 (sk+1 )]p p−1 ςk+1

  !
1 1
∴ −uk+1 (ςk+1 ) ≤ p−1 . (3.6)
1−p Λk+1 (ςk+1 )

By chain rule (2.4) and for dk+1 ∈ [ςk+1 , σk+1 (ςk+1 )],

[ψ p (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )]∆k+1

= pψ p−1 (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), dk+1 )ψ ∆k+1 (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 ). (3.7)
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 249

Since

∂
ψ ∆k+1 (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 ) = ψ(σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )
∆ςk+1
Z σ1 (ς1 ) Z k
σk (ςk ) Y
= ... λi (si )×
a1 ak i=1
( )
Z ςk+1
∂
λk+1 (sk+1 )g(s1 , . . . , sk , sk+1 )∆sk+1 ∆s1 . . . ∆sk , (3.8)
∆ςk+1 ak+1

also
Z ςk+1
∂
λk+1 (sk+1 )g(σ1 (s1 ), . . . , σk (sk ), sk+1 )∆sk+1 ≥ 0
∆ςk+1 ak+1

and σk+1 (ςk+1 ) ≥ dk+1 . Therefore (3.7) implies

ψ ∆k+1 (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )

Z σ1 (ς1 ) Z k
σk (ςk ) Y
= λk+1 (ςk+1 ) ... λi (si )g(s1 , . . . , sk , ςk+1 )∆s1 . . . ∆sk .
a1 ak i=1

Thus

ψ ∆k+1 (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 ) = λk+1 (ςk+1 )ψk (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 ), (3.9)

where
Z σ1 (ς1 ) Z k
σk (ςk ) Y
ψk (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 ) = ... λi (si )g(s1 , . . . , sk , ςk+1 )∆s1 . . . ∆sk .
a1 ak i=1

Use (3.9) in (3.7) to get,

[ψ p (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )]∆k+1

= pψ p−1 (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), dk+1 )λk+1 (ςk+1 )ψk (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )

≤ pψ p−1 (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )λk+1 (ςk+1 )ψk (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 ). (3.10)

∵ ψ(ς1 , ς2 , . . . , ak+1 ) = 0 and uk+1 (∞) = 0, (3.5) becomes

Z ∞
Ik+1 = −uk+1 (ςk+1 )[ψ p (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )]∆k+1 ∆ςk+1 . (3.11)
ak+1

Use (3.6) and (3.10) in (3.11) to get

 Z ∞
p λk+1 (ςk+1 )ψk (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )
Ik+1 ≤ [ψ(σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk+1 (ςk+1 ))]p−1 ∆ςk+1 . (3.12)
p−1 ak+1 Λp−1 (ς
k+1 k+1 )
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 250

! p−1
p
λk+1 (ςk+1 )
Multiply and divide by σk+1 on right hand side of (3.12) and then apply Hölder’s inequality
[Λk+1 (ςk+1 )]p
to get

  p  p1
∞ 1−p
λk+1 (ςk+1 )Λk+1 (ςk+1 )ψk (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )
  Z
p
Ik+1 ≤  
 p−1
 ∆ςk+1 
p−1 ak+1
 σk+1
−p
[Λk+1 (ςk+1 )] λk+1 ςk+1 p

! p−1
Z ∞ p
λk+1 (ςk+1 )
× σk+1 [ψ(σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk+1 (ςk+1 ))]p ∆ςk+1 . (3.13)
ak+1 [Λk+1 (ςk+1 )]p

Divide both sides by right most term and take power p on both sides. After simplification, we get

Ik+1
p Z σ
!p(p−1)
 ∞ k+1
Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
p
≤ λk+1 (ςk+1 ) ψkp (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )∆ςk+1 . (3.14)
p−1 ak+1 Λk+1 (ςk+1 )

Substitute (3.14) in (3.3) to get

Z ∞ Z ∞ k+1
Y λi (ςi )
... [ψ(σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), σk+1 (ςk+1 ))]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk ∆ςk+1
a1 ak+1 i=1 [Λσi i (ςi )]p
 p Z ∞ Z k
∞Y
p λi (ςi )
≤ ... σi p
p−1 a1 ak i=1
[Λ i (ςi )]
 !p(p−1) 
∞ σk+1
Z Λk+1 (ςk+1 ) 
× λk+1 (ςk+1 )ψkp (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )∆ςk+1 ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk . (3.15)
 ak+1 Λk+1 (ςk+1 ) 

Use Theorem 2.6 “k times” on right hand side of (3.15) to get

σ
!p(p−1)
Z ∞ k+1
Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
λk+1 (ςk+1 )
ak+1 Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
(Z k
)
∞ Z ∞Y
λi (ςi )
× ... σi ψ p (σ (ς ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 )∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk
p k 1 1
∆ςk+1 . (3.16)
a1 ak i=1
[Λ i (ςi )]

By using induction hypothesis for ψk σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk ), ςk+1 ) (instead for ψk (σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk (ςk )), ) with fix
tk+1 ∈ Tk+1 , in (3.16) and use Fubini’s Theorem (Theorem 2.6) “k times” to get

Z ∞ Z ∞ k+1
Y λi (ςi )
... [ψ(σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σk+1 (ςk+1 ))]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk+1
a1 ak+1 i=1 [Λσi i (ςi )]p
(k+1)p Z ∞ ∞ k+1 p(p−1)
Λσi i (ςi )
 Z Y
p
≤ ... λi (ςi )g p (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk+1 .
p−1 a1 ak+1 i=1 Λi (ςi )

Thus by principle of mathematical induction, inequality (3.2) holds for all n ∈ Z+ , which completes the
proof. 
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 251

If we assume
Λi (ςi )
inf = Li > 0 ∀ i ∈ {1, . . . , n}, (3.17)
ςi ∈[ai ,∞)Ti Λσi i (ςi )
in Theorem 3.1 (in particular in (3.2)), we obtain the following result.

Corollary 3.1. For p > 1 and i ∈ {1, . . . , n}, consider Ti be time scales, ai ∈ [0, ∞)Ti , λi : Ti → R+ and
g : T1 × . . . × Tn → R+ . Let Λi (ςi ) and ψ(ς1 , . . . , ςn ) be defined as in Theorem 3.1 such that (3.17) holds and
the delta integrals
∞ n
∞Y
Λσi i (ςi )
Z Z
... λ (ς )[g(ς1 , ς2 , . . . , ςn )]p ∆ς1 ∆ς2 . . . ∆ςn
p i i
exist.
a1 an i=1
[Λ i (ς i )]

Then (3.2) takes the form

Z ∞ Z n
∞Y
λi (ςi )
... σi p
[ψ(σ1 (ς1 ), . . . , σn (ςn ))]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn
a1 an i=1
[Λ i (ς i )]
 np Y n Z ∞ Z ∞
p p(1−p)
≤ (Li ) ... λi (ςi )g p (ς1 , . . . , ςn )∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn , (3.18)
p−1 i=1 a 1 a n

where “n” is any positive integer.

Remark 3.1. As a special case of Corollary 3.1 when Ti = R, ∀ i ∈ {1, . . . , n}, generalization of integral
Hardy inequality for the functions of n independent variables (note that when Ti = R, we have σi (ςi ) = ςi
and Li = 1) takes the form:

n n
!
Z ∞ Z ∞Y Z ς1 Z ςn
λi (ςi ) Y
p
... p
... [ λi (si )g(s1 , . . . , sn )dsn . . . ds1 ] dςn . . . dς1
a1 an i=1
[Λ i (ςi )] a1 an i=1
 np Z ∞ Z n
∞Y
p
≤ ... λi (ςi )g p (ς1 , . . . , ςn )dtn . . . dς1 . (3.19)
p−1 a1 an i=1

As a special case of this inequality when λi (ςi ) = 1, ∀ i = {1, . . . , n}, we have

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ς1 Z ςn 
1 p
... Qn ... [g(s1 , . . . , sn )dsn . . . ds1 ] dςn . . . dς1
a1 an [ i=1 (ςi − ai )]p a1 an
 np Z ∞ Z ∞
p
≤ ... g p (ς1 , . . . , ςn )dςn . . . dς1 , (3.20)
p−1 a1 an

where p > 1.

Remark 3.2. For p > 1 and ∀ i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}, assume that Ti = N with ai = 1 in Corollary 3.1.
Furthermore assume that
∞
X ∞
X
... λ1 (l1 ) . . . λn (ln )g p (l1 , . . . , ln )
l1 =1 ln =1
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 252

is convergent. In this case (3.18) becomes the following discrete Copson type inequality for the functions of
“n” independent parameters:

∞ ∞ l1 ln
!p
X X λ1 (l1 ) . . . λn (ln ) X X
... P p ... λ1 (s1 ) . . . λn (sn )g(s1 , . . . , sn )
l1 Pln
l1 =1 ln =1 λ (s
s1 =1 1 1 ) . . . λ
sn =1 n n (s ) s1 =1 sn =1

 n
kp Y ∞ ∞
p X X
≤ (Li )p(1−p) ... λ1 (l1 ) . . . λn (ln )g p (l1 , . . . , ln ). (3.21)
p−1 i=1 l1 =1 ln =1

Theorem 3.2. Let T1 , . . . , Tn denote time scales. For p > 1 and i ∈ {1, . . . , n}, consider ai ∈ [0, ∞)Ti and
Rς
g : T1 × . . . × Tn → R+ . Let λi : Ti → R+ , Λi (ςi ) := aii λi (si )∆si , Λi (∞) = 0 and the delta integrals
Z ∞ Z n
∞Y
... λi (ςi )[g(ς1 , . . . , ςn )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn exist. (3.22)
a1 an i=1

Assume for any ςi ∈ [ai , ∞)Ti ,

Z ∞ Z n 
∞Y 
λi (si )
φ(ς1 , . . . , ςn ) := ... g(s1 , . . . , sn )∆s1 . . . ∆sn . (3.23)
ς1 ςn i=1
Λσi i (si )

Then
Z ∞ Z n
∞Y
... λi (ςi )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςn )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn
a1 an i=1
Z ∞ Z n
∞Y
np
≤ (p) ... λi (ςi )g p (ς1 , . . . , ςn )∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn , (3.24)
a1 an i=1

where n is any positive integer.

Proof. We prove the result by using Principle of mathematical induction.

For n = 1, statement is true by [12, Theorem 2.5]. Assume for 1 ≤ n ≤ k (3.24) holds. To prove result for
n = k + 1, Take left hand side of (3.24) int the following form

k
(Z )
Z ∞ Z ∞Y ∞
p
... λi (ςi ) λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk , ςk+1 )] ∆ςk+1 ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk . (3.25)
a1 ak i=1 ak+1

Consider
Z ∞
Ik+1 = λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p ∆ςk+1 . (3.26)
ak+1

Apply integration by parts (Theorem 2.2 (i)) on Ik+1 w.r.t ςk+1 ∈ [ak+1 , ∞) to get
Z ∞
∂ σk+1
Ik+1 = |φp (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )Λk+1 (ςk+1 )|∞
ak+1 + [− [φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p Λk+1 (ςk+1 )]∆ςk+1 . (3.27)
ak+1 ∆ςk+1

Since φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk , ∞) = 0 and Λk+1 (ak+1 ) = 0, (3.27) becomes

Z ∞
∂ σk+1
Ik+1 = [− [φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p Λk+1 (ςk+1 )]∆ςk+1 . (3.28)
ak+1 ∆ς k+1
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 253

∂
Apply chain rule (2.2) to find upper bound of − [φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p , for dk+1 ∈
∆ςk+1
[ςk+1 , σk+1 (ςk+1 )], we get

∂ ∂
− [φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p = −pφp−1 (ς1 , . . . , ςk , dk+1 ) φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk , ςk+1 ). (3.29)
∆ςk+1 ∆ςk+1

Also

Z ∞ Z ∞ k+1Y  λi (si ) 
∂ ∂
φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 ) = ... g(s1 , . . . , sk+1 )∆s1 . . . ∆sk+1
∆ςk+1 ∆ςk+1 ς1 ςk+1 i=1 Λσi i (si )
Z ς1 Z ςk Y k  ( Z ∞ )
λi (si ) ∂ λk+1 (sk+1 )
= ... g(s1 , . . . , sk+1 )∆sk+1 ∆s1 . . . ∆sk
a1 ak i=1 Λi (si )
σi
∆ςk+1 ςk+1 Λσk+1 k+1
(sk+1 )
Z ς1 Z ςk Y k  ( )
λi (si ) −λk+1 (ςk+1 )
= ... σi σk+1 g(s1 , . . . , sk , ςk+1 ) ∆s1 . . . ∆sk
a1 ak i=1 Λi (si ) Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
!Z k 
ς1 Z ςk Y 
−λk+1 (ςk+1 ) λi (si )
= σk+1 . . . σi g(s1 , . . . , sk , ςk+1 )∆s1 . . . ∆sk . (3.30)
Λk+1 (ςk+1 ) a1 ak i=1 Λi (si )

Since dk+1 ≥ ςk+1 , use (3.30) in (3.29) to get,

∂ σk+1
− [φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p Λk+1 (ςk+1 ) ≤ pλk+1 (ςk+1 )φp−1 (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk ), (3.31)
∆ςk+1

where
Z ς1 Z ςk k  
Y λi (si )
φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk ) = ... g(s1 , . . . , sk , ςk+1 )∆s1 . . . ∆sk .
a1 ak i=1
Λσi i (si )

Then (3.28) becomes,

Z ∞
Ik+1 ≤ p λk+1 (ςk+1 )φp−1 (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk ). (3.32)
ak+1

p−1
Multiply and divide by [λk+1 (ςk+1 )] p on R.H.S of (3.32) then apply Hölder’s inequality on R.H.S, we get

! p1
Z ∞
Ik+1 ≤ p λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk , ςk+1 )]p ∆ςk+1
ak+1
! p−1
Z ∞ p
p
× λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )] ∆ςk+1 . (3.33)
ak+1

Divide both sides by right most term then take power p on both sides and after simplification, we get

Z ∞ Z ∞
p p
λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )] ∆ςk+1 ≤ p λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk , ςk+1 )]p ∆ςk+1 . (3.34)
ak+1 ak+1
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 254

Substitute (3.34) in (3.25), we get

Z ∞ Z ∞ k+1
Y
... λi (ςi )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk+1
a1 ak+1 i=1

k
(Z )
Z ∞ Z ∞Y ∞
p p
≤p ... λi (ςi ) λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )] ∆ςk+1 ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk . (3.35)
a1 ak i=1 ak+1

Use Fubini’s Theorem (Theorem 2.6) “k times” on right hand side of (3.35), we get

Z ∞ Z ∞ k+1
Y
... λi (ςi )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk+1
a1 ak+1 i=1
(Z k
)
Z ∞ ∞ Z ∞Y
≤ pp λk+1 (ςk+1 ) ... λi (ςi )φpk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk ∆ςk+1 . (3.36)
ak+1 a1 ak i=1

By using induction hypothesis for φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 ) (instead φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 ), with fix tk+1 ∈ Tk+1 , in (3.16)
and again apply Theorem 2.6 “k times” on right hand side to get

Z ∞ Z ∞ k+1
Y
... λi (ςi )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk+1
a1 ak+1 i=1

Z ∞ Z ∞ k+1
Y
≤ p(k+1)p ... λi (ςi )g p (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk+1 . (3.37)
a1 ak+1 i=1

Thus by principle of mathematical induction (3.24) holds for all positive integers n, which completes the
proof. 

Remark 3.3. As a special case of Theorem 3.2 when Ti = R, ∀ i ∈ {1, . . . , n}, we have following general-
ization of integral inequality of Copson-type for the functions of “n” independent variables (note that when
Ti = R, we have φ(σ(ς1 ), . . . , σ(ςn )) = φ(ς1 , . . . , ςn ), Λσi i (ςi ) = Λi (ςi ) and µ(ςi ) = 0) and (3.24) takes the
form

n n
!p
Z ∞ Z ∞Y Z ∞ Z ∞Y
λi (si )
... λi (ςi ) ... g(s1 , . . . , sn )dsn . . . ds1 dςn . . . dς1
a1 an i=1 ς1 ςn Λ (s )
i=1 i i
Z ∞ Z ∞Y n
≤ pnp ... λi (ςi )g p (ς1 , . . . , ςn )dςn . . . dς1 . (3.38)
a1 an i=1

As a special case of (3.38) when λi (ςi ) = 1, ∀ i ∈ {1, . . . , n}, we have

n
!p
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞Y
λi (si )
... ... g(s1 , . . . , sn )dsn . . . ds1 dςn . . . dς1
a1 an ς1 ςn i=1
si
Z ∞ Z ∞
np
≤p ... g p (ς1 , . . . , ςn )dςn . . . dς1 , (3.39)
a1 an

where p > 1.
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 255

Remark 3.4. For p > 1 and ∀ i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}, assume that Ti = N with ai = 1 in Theorem 3.2.
Furthermore assume that
∞
X ∞
X
... λ1 (l1 ) . . . λn (ln )g p (l1 , . . . ln )
l1 =1 ln =1

is convergent. In this case (3.24) becomes the following discrete Copson type inequality for the functions of
“n” independent parameters:

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
!p
X X X X λ1 (s1 ) . . . λn (sn )
... λ1 (l1 ) . . . λn (ln ) ... Pl1 Pln g(s1 , . . . , sn )
l1 =1 ln =1 s1 =l1 sn =ln s1 =1 λ1 (s1 ) . . . sn =1 λn (sn )
∞
X ∞
X
≤ pkp ... λ1 (l1 ) . . . λn (ln )g p (l1 , . . . , ln ). (3.40)
l1 =1 ln =1

Theorem 3.3. Let T1 , . . . , Tn denote time scales. For p > 1 and i ∈ {1, . . . , n}, consider ai ∈ [0, ∞)Ti and
Rς
g : T1 × . . . × Tn → R+ . Let λi : Ti → R+ , Λi (ςi ) := aii λi (si )∆si , Λi (∞) = 0 and the delta integrals
Z ∞ Z ∞Y n  
λi (ςi )
... [g(ς1 , . . . , ςn )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn exist. (3.41)
a1 an i=1 Λi (ςi )

Assume for any ςi ∈ [ai , ∞)Ti

Z ∞ Z n
∞Y
λi (si )
φ(ς1 , . . . , ςn ) := ... g(s1 , . . . , sn )∆s1 . . . ∆sn . (3.42)
ς1 ςn Λ (s )
i=1 i i

Then
Z ∞ Z n
∞Y
... λi (ςi )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςn )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn
a1 an i=1

∞ n
∞Y p
Λσi i (si )
Z Z 
≤ (p)np ... λi (ςi ) g p (ς1 , . . . , ςn )∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn , (3.43)
a1 an i=1 Λi (si )

where n is any positive integer.

Proof. This result is proved by using Principle of mathematical induction. For n = 1, statement is true
by [12, Theorem 2.8]. Assume for 1 ≤ n ≤ k (3.43) holds. To prove the result for n = k + 1, Take left hand
side of (3.43) in the following form

k
(Z )
Z ∞ Z ∞Y ∞
p
... λi (ςi ) λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )] ∆ςk+1 ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk . (3.44)
a1 ak i=1 ak+1

Consider
Z ∞
Ik+1 = λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p ∆ςk+1 . (3.45)
ak+1

Use integration by parts Theorem 2.2 (i) with φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk , ∞) = 0 and Λk+1 (ςk+1 ) = 0 to get
Z ∞ Z ∞
p ∂ σk+1
λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )] ∆ςk+1 = − [φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p Λk+1 (ςk+1 )∆ςk+1 . (3.46)
ak+1 ak+1 ∆ςk+1
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 256

By chain rule (2.4) for dk+1 ∈ [ςk+1 , ςk+1 ],

∂ ∂
− [φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p = −pφp−1 (ς1 , . . . , ςk , dk+1 ) φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 ), (3.47)
∆ςk+1 ∆ςk+1

and

∂
φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )
∆ςk+1
Z ∞ k
( )
Z ∞Y Z ∞
λi (si ) ∂ λk+1 (sk+1 )
= ... g(s1 , . . . , sk+1 )∆sk+1 ∆s1 . . . ∆sk . (3.48)
ς1 ςk Λ (s )
i=1 i i
∆ςk+1 ak+1 Λk+1 (sk+1 )

Also
Z ∞
∂ λk+1 (sk+1 ) λk+1 (ςk+1 )
g(s1 , . . . , sk+1 )∆sk+1 = − g(s1 , . . . , ςk+1 ) ≤ 0
∆ςk+1 ak+1 Λk+1 (sk+1 ) Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
and dk+1 ≥ ςk+1 . So after simplifications (3.48) implies
Z ∞ Z k
∞Y
∂ λk+1 (ςk+1 ) λi (si )
φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 ) = − ... g(s1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆s1 . . . ∆sk . (3.49)
∆ςk+1 Λk+1 (ςk+1 ) ς1 ςk Λ (s )
i=1 i i

Substitute (3.49) in (3.47),

∂
− [φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p
∆ςk+1
Z ∞ Z k
∞Y
λk+1 (ςk+1 ) λi (si )
= pφp−1 (ς1 , . . . , ςk , dk+1 ) ... g(s1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆s1 . . . ∆sk
Λk+1 (ςk+1 ) ς1 ςk Λ (s )
i=1 i i

λk+1 (ςk+1 )
≤ pφp−1 (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 ) φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 ) , (3.50)
Λk+1 (ςk+1 )

where
Z ∞ Z k
∞Y
λi (si )
φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 ) = ... g(s1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆s1 . . . ∆sk .
ς1 ςk Λ (s )
i=1 i i

Put (3.49) in (3.46),

Z ∞
λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p ∆ςk+1
ak+1
∞ k+1σ
Λk+1 (ςk+1 ) p−1
Z
≤p λk+1 (ςk+1 ) φ (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆ςk+1 . (3.51)
ak+1 Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
p−1
Multiply and divide by [λk+1 (ςk+1 )] p
on right hand side of (3.51) and apply Hölder’s inequality to get

σ
!p ! p1
Z ∞ k+1
Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
Ik+1 ≤ p λk+1 (ςk+1 ) φpk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆ςk+1 ×
ak+1 Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
! p−1
Z ∞ p
p
λk+1 (ςk+1 )φ (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆ςk+1 . (3.52)
ak+1
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 257

Divide both sides by right most term then take power p on both sides and after simplifying, we get

Z ∞
λk+1 (ςk+1 )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p ∆ςk+1
ak+1
σ
!p
Z ∞ k+1
Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
p
≤ (p) λk+1 (ςk+1 ) φpk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆ςk+1 . (3.53)
ak+1 Λk+1 (ςk+1 )

Substitute (3.53) in (3.52),

Z ∞ Z ∞ k+1
Y
... λi (ςi )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk+1
a1 ak+1 i=1

k
(Z σ
!p )
Z ∞ Z ∞Y ∞ k+1
Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
p
≤ (p) ... λi (ςi ) λk+1 (ςk+1 ) φpk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆ςk+1 ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk .
a1 ak i=1 ak+1 Λk+1 (ςk+1 )
(3.54)

Use Theorem 2.6 “k times” on right hand side of (3.54), to get

σ
!p Z k
Z ∞ k+1
Λk+1 (ςk+1 ) ∞ Z ∞Y
p
= (p) λk+1 (ςk+1 ) { ... λi (ςi )φpk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk }∆ςk+1 . (3.55)
ak+1 Λk+1 (ςk+1 ) a1 ak i=1

By using induction hypothesis for φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 ) (instead φk (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 ), with fix tk+1 ∈ Tk+1 , in (3.55)
and again by applying Theorem 2.6 on right hand side, we get

Z ∞ Z ∞ k+1
Y
... λi (ςi )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk+1
a1 ak+1 i=1

∞ ∞ k+1 p
Λσi i (ςi )
Z Z Y 
(k+1)p
≤ (p) ... λi (ςi ) g p (ς1 , . . . , ςk+1 )∆ς1 . . . ∆ςk+1 . (3.56)
a1 ak+1 i=1 Λi (ςi )

Thus by principle of mathematical induction (3.43) holds for all n ∈ Z+ , which completes the proof. 

From Theorem 3.3 with condition (3.17), we obtain following result.

Corollary 3.2. For p > 1 and i ∈ {1, . . . , n}, consider Ti be time scales, ai ∈ [0, ∞)Ti , λi : Ti → R+ and
g : T1 × . . . × Tn → R+ . Let Λi (ςi ) and ψ(ς1 , . . . , ςn ) be defined as in Theorem 3.1 such that (3.17) holds and
the delta integrals
Z ∞ Z n 
∞Y 
λi (ςi )
... [g(ς1 , . . . , ςn )]p ∆ς1 . . . ∆ςn exists.
a1 an i=1 Λi (ςi )
Then

Z ∞ Z n
∞Y
... λi (ςi )[φ(ς1 , . . . , ςn )]p ∆ςn . . . ∆ς1
a1 an i=1
n  p Z ∞ Z ∞Y n
Y 1
≤ pnp ... λi (ςi )g p (ς1 , . . . , ςn )∆ςn . . . ∆ς1 . (3.57)
i=1
Li a1 an i=1
Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 258

Remark 3.5. As a special case of Corollary 3.2 when Ti = R, integral inequality of Copson-type for the
functions of “n” independent variables is

n n
!p
Z ∞ Z ∞Y Z ∞ Z ∞Y
λi (si )
... λi (ςi ) ... g(s1 , . . . , sn )dsn . . . ds1 dςn . . . dς1
a1 an i=1 ς1 ςn Λ (s )
i=1 i i
Z ∞ Z ∞Y n
np
≤p ... λi (ςi )g p (ς1 , . . . , ςn )dςn . . . dς1 , (3.58)
a1 an i=1

where p > 1.

Remark 3.6. Assume that Ti = N in Theorem 3.3, p > 1, ai = 1, ∀ i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}. Furthermore assume
P∞ P∞
that s1 =1 . . . sn =1 λ1 (s1 ) . . . λn (sn ) ΛΛ
1 (s1 +1)
1 (s1 )
. . . ΛΛ
n (sn +1) p
n (sn )
g (s1 , . . . , sn ) is convergent. Then (3.43) becomes
the following discrete inequality of Copson’s type for the functions of “n” independent variables:

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
!p
X X X X λ1 (s1 ) . . . λn (sn )
... λ1 (l1 ) . . . λn (ln ) ... g(s1 , . . . , sn )
Λ1 (s1 ) . . . Λn (sn )
l1 =1 ln =1 s1 =l1 s2 =ln
∞ ∞
X X Λ1 (l1 + 1) . . . Λn (ln + 1)
≤ pkp ... λ1 (l1 ) . . . λn (ln )g p (l1 , . . . , ln ),
Λ1 (l1 ) . . . Λn (ln )
l1 =1 ln =1

i −1
sX
where Λi (si ) = λi (si ), ∀i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
ai =1

References

[1] M. Bohner, A. Nosheen, J. Peĉarić, A. Younus, Some dynamic Hardy-type inequalities with general kernel, J. Math.

Inequal. 8 (2014), 185-199.

[2] M. Bohner and S. G. Georgiev, Multivariable Dynamic calculus on time scales, Springer Intl. Publishing, Switzerland,

2017.

[3] M. Bohner and A. Peterson, Dynamic Equations on time scales: an introduction with Applications, Birkhauser, Boston,

MA, 2001.

[4] M. Bohner and A. Peterson, Advances in Dynamic Equations on time scales: an introduction with Applications, Birkhauser,

Boston, MA, 2003.

[5] L. Y. Chan, Some extensions of Hardy’s inequality, Canad. Math. Bull. 22 (1979), 165-169.

[6] E. T. Copson, Note on series of positive terms, J. London. Math. Soc. 2 (1927), 9-12.

[7] G. H. Hardy, J. E. Littlewood and G. Pólya, Inequalities, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1952.

[8] S. Kaijser, L. Nikolova, L. E. Persson and A. Wedestig, Hardy-type inequalities via convexity, Math. Inequal. Appl. 8

(2005), 403-417.

[9] S. Keller, Asymotitishces Verhalten invarianter Faserbündel bei Diskretisierung und Mittelwertbildung im Rahmen der

Analysis auf Zeitskalen, PhD thesis, Universität Augsburg (1999).

[10] J. Pan, Geometric character of domain and the Harnack inequality of solution of a singular parabolic equation, Math.

Slovaca, 62 (2012), 721-734.

[11] C. Pötzsche, Chain rule and invariance principle on measure chains, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 141 (1-2) (2002), 249-254.
 Int. J. Anal. Appl. 17 (2) (2019) 259

[12] S. H. Saker, D. O’Regan and R. P. Agarwal, Dynamic inequalities of Hardy and Copson type on time scales, Analysis, 34

(4) (2014), 391-402.

View publication stats