ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

Assignment No: 1* (Last Date of Submission: 15/02/2018)

POBABILITY THEORY AND RANDOM VARIABLE

1. A coin is tossed four times in succession. Determine the probability of obtaining exactly
two heads.
2. Particular electronic equipment becomes inoperative if two components X and Y both
fail. The probability that X fails is 0.01 and the probability that Y fails is 0.005. However,
the probability that Y fails increases by 5, if X has failed. Calculate the probability that
the equipment becomes inoperable. Also find the probability that X will fail if Y has
failed. Comment on the result of conditional probability.
3. Each letter of the word ATTRACT is written on a separate card. The cards are thoroughly
shuffled and 4 cards are drawn without replacement. Find the probability that the cards
drawn form the word TACT.
4. Urn A contains 2 white balls and 3 black balls. Urn B contains 3 white balls and 4 black
balls. Assume your eyes are closed and you pick up a ball. What is the probability that
the ball is white?
5. A certain computer becomes inoperative, if two compo nents A and B both fail. The
probability that A fails is 0.01 and the probability that B fails is 0.005. However the
probability that B fails increases by a factor of 4, if A has failed. Calculate the probability
that the computer becomes inoperable. Also find the probability that A will fail if B has
failed. Comment on the result of conditional probability.
6. A biased coin is loaded such that P (H) = (1 + ) / 2 with 0 < |  | < 1. Show that
probability of a match in two independent tosses will be greater than 1 / 2.
7. A student arrives late for a class 30% of the times. Class meets 5 times a week. Then
find:
a. Probability of student being late for at least three classes in a given week
b. Probability of student being late for two classes in a given week.
c. Probability of student will not be late at all during a given week.
8. An information source produces 0 and 1 with probabilities 0.3 and 0.7, respectively. The
output of the source is transmitted via a channel that has a probability of error (turning a
1 into 0 or a 0 into 1) is equal to 0.2.
a. What is the probability that at output 1 is observed?
b. What is probability that a 1 was the output of source if at the output of channel a 1
is observed ?
9. A box contains red and blue balls. When two balls are drawn without rep lacement, the
probability that both are red is 1 / 3. Find the smallest number of balls in the box.
10. Consider the experiment that consists in the tossing of three honest coins. The random
variable chosen is defined as assigning 0 to a tail and 1 to a head a nd then adding the
numbers. Determine and plot the cumulative distribution function.
11. Suppose that a random variable X =  which is an angle measured in radians.  has
values between 0 and 2  radians and has a constant value C for 0  x  2. Assuming all
these angles to be equally likely write down the expression for its PDF and also derive
the CDF for the same.

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SUBJECT CODE: 2161001

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

12. Probability density function (PDF) of a random variable X is given by :

 k (1 – x2 ) 0  x 1
fX (x) = 
 0 otherwise
Then find: 1. k 2. CDF 3. P (0  x < 2)
13. A random variable X has PDF :
0  x 1
2
 6x – 6x
fX (x) = 
 0 otherwise
Find constant b such that : P (X  b) = P (X > b), where b is constant 0  b  1.
14. Suppose that a certain random variable has a CDF
0 ….x  0
 2
….0  x  10
FX (x) = k x
50 k ….x > 10
Determine the value of K; P (X  4) and P (4  X  7). Also plot corresponding PDF.
2
15. A random variable X has a variance  and a mean m. The random variable Y is related
to X by the relation Y = aX + b where a and b are arbitrary constants. Find the mean and
variance of Y.
16. The random variable X have uniform distribution as,
1
fX (x) = ;0  x 2 
(2 )
=0 ; Otherwise
Calculate mean and variance.
1
17. Show that the energy of a Gaussian pulse is given by where  is the standard
2 
deviation of the pulse. Use the fact that
 2
 e – x dx =  .
–
18. A binary source generates digits 1 and 0 randomly with probabilities 0.6 and 0.4
respectively.
a. What is the probability that two 1's and three 0's occur in a five digit sequence ?
b. What is the probability that atleast three 1's will occur in five digit sequence ?
19. Define the mean, the mean square and variance of the random variable X whose PDF is
given by,
1 – (x – 4) 2 /18
fX (x) = e
3 2
20. The Rayleigh density function is given by
–x 2 /2
xe x 0
f (x) =
0 x< 0
a. Prove that f (x) satisfies the fundamental properties of a probability density
function.
b. Find the Cumulative distribution function F (x).
*Applicable to Both Sem-6 Div-A and Div-B Students
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SUBJECT CODE: 2161001