Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
September 2013
Landfill
Rellenos Sanitarios
BOKU-
BOKU-University / Vienna
1 Institute
© Erwin Binner of Waste Management LIMA 2013
Outlook
bulky wastes
electronic wastes
recycling
glass plastics metals
biowaste paper
treatment
landfill co
residual waste mp
os recycling banks
ti ng
Separate Collection
Recycling Bank
paper
glass
white colour
plastics textiles
metals
biowaste glass
other colours
4 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
energy
incineration
residual landfill
waste
MBT
clasificaton recycling
organic
composting
wastes
compost agricultur
5 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
recycling
separate composting
biogenous con-
soil
sumption collected
resources productio anaerobic treatment
biowaste
n
recycling
SS anaerobic treatment composting
construction and
6demolition
© Erwin Binner
waste recycling landfill 2 LIMA 2013
~ 90 % of carbon
greenhousegas
CH4 = 21- 35 x CO2
Leachate
~ 10% of carbon
-- -
SO4 H S, HS 2
anaerob abbaubarer org. Stoff
-
NO N
many other pollutants 3 2
Fe
++
Fe
+++
(fällt aus)
(heavy metals, chemicals, HS SO4 - --
Rautenweg landfill
7 © Erwin Binner
Vienna,LIMA
2002
2013
million t CH4 / a
Austria 0.18
EU (15) 4.3
USA 11.8
World 40 - 60
60
50
Mio. t CH4/a
1995
40
2010
30 2025
20
10
0%
+5
2000 2025
methanogenic phase
energy is released
12 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
acetic acid
propionic acid
butyric acid
valeric acid
time
sum methane
COD
BOD5
time
Legal Situation
Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)
concept of 3 barriers
Legal Situation
Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)
concept of 3 barriers
reducesst
1 barrier =
internal safety =
waste quality
emissions
nd
2 barrier = exterior safety
= location
Quality of Wastes
1st Barrier
... ...
Analysis of Wastes
(Heavy) Metal Analysis / Digestion
26 © Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner, 2006
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Wastes
(Heavy) Metal Analysis / Digestion
27photo: Erwin
© Erwin Binner
Binner, 2006
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Wastes
Pretreatment of Samples - Elution
+ 1,000 ml
100 g solid
deionized
sample
water
29 © Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner, 2006
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Wastes
Pretreatment of Samples - Elution
Centrifugation
31 © Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner, 2006
LIMA 2013
on site verification
(Kontrolle auf der Deponie)
visual check, quick tests, main parameters
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type “Bodenaushubdeponie”
Landfill-type 1: “Bodenaushubdeponie”
total amount in solids amount in eluate (1:10, 24 hours)
Zink
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type 2b: “Bauschuttdeponie”
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type 3: “Reststoffdeponie”
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type 4: “Massenabfalldeponie”
6 bis 13 1) 6 bis 12 1) 2)
deponie”
6 bis 13
totalcompounds)
amounts are Cyanide, easy
purgeable (als CN)
Fluoride (als F)
0.2
20
0.2
10 50
1
150
1 20
500
more important Nitrate (als N)
Nitrite (als N)
100
2
100
2
500
10 15 1 000
Phosphate (als P) 5 5 50 50
(wastes like MBT, with Sulfate (als SO4) 1,000 4)5) 6,000 25,000 1)
Organic Parameters
low concentrations of TOC (als C) 200 500 500 500 2.500
hazardous compounds) Hydrocarbon-Index 5 5 50 100 200
EOX (als Cl) 0.3 4) 0.3 6) 3 5) 30 5) 30
Disposal of
Incineration Residues
and Hazardous
Wastes
46 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
K2 O
N a2 O Cl SO 3
0 ,8%
MgO 3% 0,5% 3%
3% SiO 2
32 %
Ca O
19%
Fe 2 O 3 Al2 O 3
21% 12%
APC
sieve > 50 mm fly ashes
landfill
underground
< 50 mm landfill
cement, water
separation
of iron and Al mixer
compaction in landfill
49 © Erwin Binner
source: MA48, 2009
LIMA 2013
Pretreatment of Ashes
Slag Consolidation in Vienna
bottom ash
Schlacken: ashes
Aschen:
EBS ca. 15.000 t/a storage
Lagerung storage
Lagerung EBS 42.600 t/a
MVA 1 ca. 80.000 t/a in hall
in der Halle in in silo
Silos MVA 1 8.000 t/a
MVA 2 ca. 80.000 t/a MVA 2 8.000 t/a
screen,
Siebung,
> 50 mm magnetic
Magnet-
landfill
Deponie separation
abscheidung
0 - 50 mm
Scrap
Schrott
7.000 t/a
Mixer
Mischer Water
Wasser 15.000 t/a
Zement
Cement 21000 t/a
262.600 t/a
disposal onverdichteter
Lagenweise landfill in layers of in
Einbau consolidated material
Deponie (Randwall)
(edge wall)
50 © Erwin Binner
source: MA48, 2009
LIMA 2013
Disposal of Hazardous
Wastes
mine shaft
salt dome
• waste is permanently
excluded
• during operating phase:
accessible, waste can be
retrieved
overlying rock
• separate storage of waste
as well as storage in
containers is possible
evaporite • particular sections can be
sealed
• pits in the aquifer overlying
rock can be sealed
Location of Landfills
2nd Barrier
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Location of Landfills
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Location of Landfills
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Location of Landfills
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Location of Landfills
positive criteria:
• low permeability of rock
• high potential to absorb toxic substances
• good thickness and spatial extension of rock
• no usage of ground water
restricting criteria:
• site in the wider catchment area of used ground water
• limited effectiveness of geological barrier
• major groundwater bodies beneath the site
• jointed or karst formation under a sufficient thick layer of
low permeability
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Location of Landfills
restricted areas
karst
65
clefty
© Erwin Binner
lime stone photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Location of Landfills
proper area
clay
66 © Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Location of Landfills
excludet locations
water-protection areas
general
spas areas
flood-water areas
erosion areas and areas where slops are not stable
demolition waste
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Location of Landfills
“dump”-landfill
(not allowed in Austria)
„Freie Sickerwasservorflut“ !
= free leachate run off
(no accumulation of leachate)
“slope”-landfill
“heap”-landfill
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements - Geo-technical Issues
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements - Subsidence and Deformations
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements - Stability
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Construction of Landfills
requirements at construction of
landfills (3rd barrier)
assessment and examination of landfill emissions
Construction of Landfills
Base Liner System
Construction of Landfills
Base Liner System
consists of: - leachate collection
- drainage
- bottom liner
• leachate collection:
HDPE pipe, diameter 200-250 mm,
perforated or slotted, slope about 2 %
• mineral drainage:
min. thickness 0,5 m,
leachate resistant,
slope about 3 %
• mineral base liner:
(several layers)
- plastic layer (if necessary)
- 3 mineral layers
• stabile underground
source: ABF-BOKU
Construction of Landfills
Bottom Liner
• low permeability
prevents convective flows
Construction of Landfills
Mineral Liner Materials
• clay
• sand-gravel mixtures improved with clay
Construction of Landfills
Mineral Liner Materials
hydraulic conductivity (permeability): kf < 10-9 m/s
by mixed grain size distribution
problem:
- formation of cracks by shrinkage
- loss in ductility which causes cracks
- loss of absorption potential for toxic substances
setting free of before bound toxic substances
Construction of Landfills
Plastic Liner
from HDPE (produced in sheets in an extrusion process)
sheets are welded on landfill construction site
advantages:
- only a few mm thin
- chemical resistant
- constant properties by industrial manufacture
- hydraulic leak prove due to no pores
substance transfer solely by diffusion
permeation of hydrocarbon occurs
disadvantages:
- easily perforated
78 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
Construction of Landfills
Asphalt Liner
consists of:
- base- and even-up layer (sand and rubble)
- bottom liner from mineral components, bitumen,
additives
- seal layer (closure of pores) with matrix
(= Bitumen + stone flour)
properties:
- mechanical flexibility
- high chemical resistance
(can be dissolved on the surface)
- low pore volume => low permeability
Construction of Landfills
Combination of Liners
Construction of Landfills
Bottom Liner System
mineral layer plastic liner
81 © Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Construction of Landfills
requirements at construction of
landfills (3rd barrier)
assessment and examination of landfill emissions
Construction of Landfills
Drainage System
drainage system
– “Freie Sickerwasservorflut” = free leachate run off
Construction of Landfills
Drainage System
Construction of Landfills
Drainage System – Leachate Collection
requirements:
- monitoring
- flushing
- static resist strains from landfill
- chemical
- physical
Construction of Landfills
Drainage System – Shaft and Collector
purpose: - control
- revision of leachate pipe line system
have to be easily accessible on the long term
Construction of Landfills
Drainage System – Leachate Gallery
waste
50 cm drainage layer, 16/32 mm grain
geotextile
foil
min. 75 cm liner, min. 3 layers à 20 cm
compressed concrete
mater
electricity
supply
supply
Construction of Landfills
Drainage System
geotextile (protection)
3 mineral layers
plastic layer
gravel layer
(drainage)
Construction of Landfills
Drainage System - Leachate Collection
Construction of Landfills
Drainage System – Leachate Well
Construction of Landfills
Drainage System – Leachate Gallery
leachate collector
landfill Cröbern (D)
91 © Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner, 2006
LIMA 2013
Construction of Landfills
Basis Liner System / San Ramon 2010
Construction of Landfills
Basis Liner System / San Ramon 2010
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Construction of Landfills
requirements at construction of
landfills (3rd barrier)
assessment and examination of landfill emissions
Construction of Landfills
Leachate Disposal – Legal Requirements
directly discharged
limit values for leachate when into a water system
indirectly discharged
Austria: - Ordinance on the Limitation of Leachate from
Landfills
- General Ordinance on Waste Water
Emissions
Germany: - Frame Ordinance on Waste Water
management (= Rahmen-Abwasser-
Verwaltungsverordnung)
- Ordinance on Waste Water (since 2004)
95 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
Construction of Landfills
Leachate Treatment – Legal Requirements
EU Austria Germany
treatment often on
landfill site
NH4-N 10 200 - -
P-total - - 3 -
Construction of Landfills
Leachate Disposal – Legal Requirements
parameter unit Germany (since 2004) Austria (since 2003)
direct indirect direct indirect
pH-Value --- --- --- 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 9.5
Filterable mat. mg/l --- --- 20 ---
BOD5 mg/l 20 10 65 %
COD mg/l 200 50 degradable
Output-COD % 5 of Input > 4,000/--- --- ---
Total P mg/l 3 --- --- ---
Total N mg/l 70 --- 50 ---
NH4-N mg/l --- --- 10 ---
NH3-N mg/l --- --- 0.5 20
NO3-N mg/l 2 (NO2-N) --- 35 ---
S- mg/l 1 (H2S) 1 (H2S) 0.5 2
98 © Erwin Binner
HydroCarb tot. mg/l 10 --- --- LIMA
- - -2013
Construction of Landfills
Leachate Disposal – Legal Requirements
parameter unit Germany (since 2004) Austria (since 2003)
direct indirect direct indirect
AOX g/l 500 500 500 500
CFC mg/l --- --- 5 15
BTX mg/l --- --- 0.1 0.5
Pb mg/l 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Cd mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Cr / Cr VI mg/l 0.5 / 0.1 0.5 / 0.1 0.5 0.5
Cu mg/l 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Ni mg/l 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5
Hg mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.01
Zn mg/l 2 2 0.5 0.5
As mg/l 0.1 0.1 --- ---
99 © Erwin Binner
GF (tox. fish-eggs) --- 2 2 3
LIMA 2013
---
Construction of Landfills
Leachate Treatment
biological treatment
reduction of degradable organic compounds by
biocenosis
problem: changes in biodegradability (BOD5) with time =>
high age of sludge => poor flocculation and precipitation
properties, high salt content & AOX => blocks biology
in general: clearing pool necessary (N, waste water
treatment plant burden)
low COD-value limit requires chemical-physical aftercare
N-Elimination requires a source of C during
methanongenic phase (methanol)
Construction of Landfills
Leachate Treatment
Construction of Landfills
Leachate Treatment
• quantity?
• quality?
• usability?
• disposal properties?
solubility (salts!)
criteria of organic substance for landfills
Construction of Landfills
Leachate Treatment
does leachate recirculation make sense??
depending on climate situation!
low rainfall: evaporation helps to minimise leachate
high rainfall: low evaporation leachate runs through
amount gets bigger and bigger
Construction of Landfills
Leachate Treatment
does leachate recirculation make sense??
leachate recirculation - yes or no?
depends on local situation
• rainy season just for few months
storage during rainy season,
recirculation during dry season
surplus has to be treated
• low annual rainfall (costal area)
recirculation whole over the year possible
• high rainfall whole over the year
recirculation does not make sense
Construction of Landfills
Leachate Management
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Construction of Landfills
requirements at construction of
landfills (3rd barrier)
assessment and examination of landfill emissions
Construction of Landfills
Gas Management
EU Austria Germany
like in EU, A
collection collection
+ + for MBT landfill
use or treatment use or treatment passive exhaust
with methane
oxidation layer
possible
Construction of Landfills
Gas Management - Exhaust System
Construction of Landfills
Gas Management - Exhaust System
active passive
exhaust (sucking) convective (low resistance)
bio-filter
methane oxidation
110 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
Construction of Landfills
Gas Management - Active Exhaust
exhaust systems
fan
low pressure horizontal
compressor
removes gas vertical
ventilation
combined
40 % 60
CO2 % CH
4
< 1% (odorous)
trace gases
source: ABF-BOKU
produced methane
amount of methane
recovered methane
end of waste input
-10 0 10 40 years
operation phase landfill closure and active aftercare phase „passive“ aftercare phase (monitoring phase)
40 – 60 %
emissions
40 % 60
CO2 % CH
4
< 1% (odorous)
trace gases 40 – 60 %
source: ABF-BOKU
40 % 60
CO2 % CH
4
< 1% (odorous)
trace gases 40 – 60 %
source: ABF-BOKU
Construction of Landfills
Methane Emissions
CO2 Emission
source: ABF-BOKU
biocover
biofilter
4 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 % CH4
economic
CHP
muffle/steam engine
high temperature combustion/flare
technical limit for high temp. combustion
upper explosion limit at 15 Vol %
fluidized bubbling bed combustion
lower explosion limit at 4,4 Vol % (acc. IEC 60079-20)
Construction of Landfills
Gas Management
well for gas collection
energy win from landfill gas
and flare
Fluidisation air
blower
Landfill gas
blower
Condensate trap
121 © Erwin
Landfill Gas SFBCBinner
plant at Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Steinbrecht (2007) LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Construction of Landfills
requirements at construction of
landfills (3rd barrier)
assessment and examination of landfill emissions
Construction of Landfills
Recultivation
surface cover
(recultivation)
Construction of Landfills
Landfill Cover
surface cover surface liner
sometimes part of cover
surface liner
the landfill ordinance requires
- surface drainage
- surface liner
surface drainage
surface liner
leaching prevented or
reduces leachate
microbial degradation reduced
conversion processes
source: ABF-BOKU
124 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
Construction of Landfills
Landfill Cover - Components
components design alternative
re-cultivating layer with or without root barrier
drainage layer sand, gravel resp. with soil filter
with geo-textile filter
geo-textile drainage- and filter layer
plastic drainage components with geo-textile filter
liner layer mineral liner
plastic sheet liner (PL)
PL+ mineral liner (+ KDB)
PL+ geo-synthetic-mineral liner (+ PL)
exhaust and even- sand, gravel resp. with soil filter
up layer geo textile drainage and filter layer
plastic drainage components with geo-textile filter
Construction of Landfills
Landfill Cover - Impacts on Cover
Construction of Landfills
Landfill Cover – Landfill Ordinance
uncontrolled emissions
photo: ABF-BOKU
high
transpiration
performance
re-cultivating layer
high water storage capacity
gas distribution layer
reduced leachate
microbial
production
degradation
source: ABF-BOKU
Construction of Landfills
Landfill Cover – Landfill Ordinance
recultivation-layer
= landfill ordinance
alternative
drainage layer
permeable cover-layers
> 50 cm
-2
kf > 10 m/s
for “Reststoff-” and
(without sealing)
protection
plastic liner d>2,5mm “Massenabfall”
„layer ofmineral
water balance“ in adequate thickness;
landfills
> 50 cm
layer
material with high water holding capacity
mind. 2-layers, kf < 10 m/s-9
compensation layer
> 50 cm
waste
132 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
50
45
leachate amount (%prec.)
40
35 influence
influenceof of
70cm cover
70 cm layer
cover layer
30
onon
leachate amount
leachate amount
25
20 (precipitation 740
(precipitation mm)
740 mm)
15
10
5
0
substrate: SSC 60 % SSC 40 % BIO 40 % BIO 60 % soil
source: Gomiscek, 1997
SSC = sewage sludge compost
133 © Erwin Binner
BIO = bio waste compost
LIMA 2013
Management of
Landfills
Management of Landfills
Landfill Ordinance / Input Control
Management of Landfills
Landfill Ordinance / Waste Placement
compaction according to geotechnical
properties of waste
avoidance of emissions (dust, aerosols, odour,
noise, movement of waste by wind, insects,
birds and animals) by proper placement
technique (intermediate cover)
data about water management
data about control of emission resp. immission
(control system around the landfill, collected
leachate, collected gas)
data about landfill stability
138 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
Management of Landfills
Landfill Ordinance / Waste Placement
compactor
humus
soil embankment
dam
horizontal gas drainage
soil
2nd layer of waste (~50cm)
Management of Landfills
Landfill Ordinance / Landfill Inspection
local public authority authorises a person for landfill
inspection
control intervals:
• once a year for types “Bodenaushub” and “Inert”
• every 3 months for other types
control of:
• recorded data inclusive leachate management
• sampling for identity control
• sampling from landfill body if there is a
reasonable suspicion for wrong declaration
Management of Landfills
Landfill Ordinance / Financial Save Guarding
Landfill Aftercare
Landfill in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Landfill Aftercare
How Long is the Rattail?
Emissions:
Simulation and lab-data, modelling:
30 – 50 years for gas
150 – 200/300 years for leachate (N, COD)
Landfill Aftercare
Strategies for Landfill Gas Aftercare
extension of forced degradation of simple, robust, low-
(profitable) gas landfilled waste => maintenance gas
utilization phase to shorten aftercare disposal
Further Possibilities
for Reduction of
Emissions from
Landfills
• degradation is dominated by
anaerobic processes (‘digestion’):
organic C-compounds are converted
into CH4 and CO2 under absence of
air
146 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
Siggerwiesen 3 weeks
250
Gas Generation [Nl/kg DM]
GS21 = 54 Nl/kg DS
Allerheiligen 5 weeks
200 GS21 = 35 Nl/kg DS
Allerheiligen 5 weeks
150 GS21 = 25 Nl/kg DS
Liezen 16 weeks
100 GS21 = 4 Nl/kg DS
Oberpullendorf 20 weeks
50 GS21 = 9 Nl/kg DS
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480
Test Duration [days]
source: Binner, 1999
Allerheiligen
250 dried during treatment
Aich Assach
Oberpullendorf
200
Oberpullendorf
dried during treatment (oxigen starvation)
Liezen
50 Lüneburg
Bassum
(anaerobic treatment)
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68Darmstadt"Ringtest"
72 76 80
others
Duration of Pretreatment [weeks]
source: Binner, 1999
Methane Oxidation
Layers
temperature
te e of
tra nc
bs sta
moisture
content
su sub
depth [cm
Biomass+
CH4 + 2 O 2 => CO2 + 2 H2O nutrients
nic
(N, P)
ga
CO22
even supply
or
of O2and CH4
source: Huber-Humer
depth [cm]
30 30 CO2
depth [cm]
40 O2 40
O2
50 50
60 60
70 70
80 80
90 90
Methane Oxidation
Field Tests / Experimental Set-up
Field 2 Field 4
0.8 - 0.9 m waste compost 0.3 m sewage sludge compost
0.2 - 0.3 m gravel 0.3 m clayey soil
Methane Oxidation
Field Tests / FID-Measurement
10 °C
in 10 cm: 45 - 50 °C 5 - 10km/h
0.9 m waste compost 1019 mbar
0.3 m gravel > 5,000 ppmv CH4
wind
Field 2 ~ 800Field
l CH 4 / m2.d
4
gas well 0.3 m sewage sludge compost
0.3 m clayey soil
< 0.1 ppm
0.1-10 ppm
11-100 ppm
101-500 ppm gas well
501-1,000 ppm without cover
1,000-5,000 ppm
> 5,000 ppm
Field 1 Field 3
0.9 m sewage sludge compost
0.3 m gravel F5 5
Field
c ku ng
Er d a b d e
Methane Oxidation
Field Tests / FID-Measurement
10 °C
0 - 3 l CH4 / m² .d 0 - 220 l CH4 / m2.d 5 - 10km/h
15 - 80 l CO2 / m². d 10 - 510 l CO2 / m2.d 1019 mbar
wind
Field 2 Field 4
gas well
Field 1 Field 3
F5 5
Field
c ku ng
0 – 0.1 l CH4 / Er d a b d e
m–2.d
10 240 l CO2 / m2.d
measuring point gas 0 - 990 l CH4 / m².d
measuring point temperature
5 – 1,500 l C02 / m².d source: Huber-Humer
Methane Oxidation
Field Tests / FID-Measurement
Methane Oxidation
Field Tests / FID-Measurement
gas distribution
field 1: 0.9 m SS-compost layer
(0 – 0.14) 0,1 l/m²d 99 – 100%
0.3 m gas distribution
is essential
field 2: 0.9 m MSW-compost (0 – 3.0) 3,0 l/m²d 97 – 98%
for function
0.3 m gas distribution
field 3: 0.4 m SS-compost (0 – 900) 350 l/m²d 60 - 65%
field 4: 0.3 m SS-compost (0 – 220) 150 l/m²d 70 - 80%
0.3 m clayey soil
source: Huber-Humer
50 - 60 cm
Gas – Distribution - Layer
(gravel, poor of lime)
(e.g. Ø 16 /32 mm)
source: Huber-Humer
photo: ABF-BOKU
emissions of CH4
g/m²d
landfill
(with collection and incineration of gases)
35 - 40
In Situ Aeration
Landfill Remediation
In-situ Aeration ↓ methane-emissions
↑ TOC-loss (CO2)
gas
treatment
water Infiltration
forced gas (diffusiv) exhaust
aeration gas
solid waste
Landfill Remediation
In-situ Aeration / Investigations
lab-scale (LSR) pilot-scale
Landfill Remediation
In-situ Aeration / Investigations
Landfill Remediation
In-situ Aeration / Results and Conclusions
Landfill Remediation
In-situ Aeration / Results and Conclusions
gas phase: increased C- discharge
mainly CO2
strongly decreased CH4
16
methane C (anaerobic)
14
total C (anaerobic)
total C
carbon discharge [g C / kg DM]
2 methane
emissions:
0 - 485%
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
time [d]
176 © Erwin Binner
source: Prantl et al., 2005
LIMA 2013
Solarpark Leipziger
Land, Germany
source: Tintner et al., 2009
e.binner@boku.ac.at
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at
“Sustainable MBT-Landfill”
Muchas Miscantus
Gracias por
1-2 m mature compost
mechanical-biological
pretreated waste