Carbohydrates Metabolism

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 Contents of this Lecture Series
1. Chemistry of Carbohydrates
2. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
3. Glycolysis
1. Rapoprt Lubering cycle
2. Metabolic fate of pyruvate
3. Metabolic fate of acetyl CoA
4. Citric acid cycle
5. Gluconeogenesis & Metabolism of galactose and fructose
6. Glycogen Metabolism (Glycogenesis & Glycogenolysis)
7. Pentose phosphate pathway & Uronic acid pathway
8. Homeostasis of blood sugar & Diabetes mellitus

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 Lecture Content for Chemistry of Carbohydrates

• Definition
• Functions
• Classification
• Structure of Glucose
• Glycosidic bond
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• Properties
– Physical properties
– Chemical properties
• Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

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 Introduction
• They are polyhydorxy aldehyde or ketone
• Or those compounds that yeild
polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketones on
hydrolysis
• -CHO (Aldehyde)
• -C=O (Ketone)
• -OH (Hydroxy)

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 Functions
• Energy (4Cal/gm)
– As a first choice
– As a storage form
• Precursors for other organic compounds
• Structural importance
– Cell membrane
– Fiber, exoskeleton

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 Classification
• Saccharide refere’s to one sugar unit
• Classified based on no of saccharide units
– Mono-saccharide
– Oligosaccharides (2-10)
• Disaccharides, tri-saccharides etc
– Poly-saccharides (>10)
• Homopolysacharides (polymer of same sugar units)
• Hetrosaccharides (polymer of different sugar units)
• Classification based on the functional group
– Aldehydes
– Ketones
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 Monosaccharides
• Glyceraldehyde is the reference molecule
– Asymmentric carbon
– D and L forms

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 Monosaccharides
• Glucose a hexose sugar
• Exists as an open chain or a ring

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 Monosaccharides

• C6H12O6
• Isomers
Same
composition
but different
structure
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 Monosaccharides
• Glucose exist in L and D forms (Sterio-
isomers)

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 Monosaccharides
• Optical activity
• Epimers
• Anomers

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 Properties
• Reducing property
• Ester formation

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 Glycoside formation
• Formed between one sugar and another
carbohydrate or a non-carbohydrate
molecule

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 Disaccharides
• Two sugar molecules held by a glycosidic
bond
• Example:
– Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)
– Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
– Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)
• Types
– Reducing
– Non reducing
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 Polysaccharides
• More than 10 sugar units
• Types
– Homopolysaccharides
• One kind of sugar
• Amylose and amylopectin
• Eg. Starch, cellulose, inulin, glycogen
– Heteropolysaccharides
• Different kinds of sugar
• Eg. Mucopolysaccharides
– Hyaluronic acid, chondritin sulphate, Heparin, Dermatan
sulphate
• Glycoprotein

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