GRADED EXAMPLES IN

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

W.P.S. Dias
BSc(Eng), PhD(Lond), DIe CEng, MIStructE, FIE(SL)
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Moratuwa
Moratuwa
Sri Lanka
 FOREWORD TO FIRST EDITION
'\.,i~

TheSociety of Structural Engineers->Sri Lanka was Incorporated in July 1993. Our membership~S/
very smaff and our financial rescsrces are absolutely minimal, Nevertheless. the members of o~"'"'
Committee have contributed Q great deal of their time and effort to cosect funds from VQriO~S
sources to help advance the krJo'Wfedge and practice of structural engineering In Sn' Lank~
through, Inter alia, the publication of books on related topics.
•

As the majority of structures in this country are constructed of reinforced concrete, th~
selection of GRADED EXAMPLES IN REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN as the object of the Society's
firstbook publishif*!Q effort constitutes an ideaf beginning.

Dr Priyan Di05 is a brilliant young academic and is hIghly motivated towards training enginee~
to use a ''thinking'' approach to solve technical problems. Whilst this book itself is of 00
immediately' practical nature, Dr Dias and others will, no doubt follow up "With mor~
publications which will help our eng~neers to think laterally so as to come up with innovativ~
solutions to any structural problems they encounter.

A.C. Vlsvolingam
First published in 1995 by Society ot Structural Engineers, Sri Lanka OSBN 955-9347-00-4) MA, PhD, DIC, MICE, MISlructE, MIE(SL), CEng
PRESIDENT, Society of Structural Engineers - Srilanka
© 1995 W.P.S. Dias

2 March 1995
This, version puonshed, after some amendments and updatlng, by ACECOMS, Asian
Institute of Technology, Bangkok, 1998.

© 1998 ACECOMS, AlT

ISBN 974-8208-13-3

,r
"'
~

iii
,
1
ACKl"lOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS
This book has evolved into Its present form over Q period of around 70 years, during which I
taught Reinforced Concrete Design to Civil Engineering undergraduates at the University of
Moratuwc, Sri Lanka. I would therefore first like to thank those successIve generations of
undergraduates for their cont~ibution to my learning process (I continue to be pfeasantly
surprised by the questions asked by bright young minds when introduced to new concepts), CHAPTER 1, Introduction
and for weeding out errors in my book! In this latter regard, Mr. MN.M. Nazir, Q former student
and SUbsequent colleague of mine, deserves special mention for carefully perusing on early A Case for Worked Examples . 1
draft of the book.
A Casefor Using Lower Grades a/Concrete ... . 2
I would also like to thank Prof. P.C. Varghese, Chief Tecnnccu Adviser to the UNESCO Project at
the Moratuwa University in the fate seventies, who taught me Reinforced Concrete Design as CHAPTER 2, Analysis of Beam Sections In Flexure
an undergraduate, and Prof, SR..de S. Chandrakeerthy, who has been Head of the Building
and Structural Engineen'ng Division.in the Department, and given me the encouragement and Analysis of Under -Reinforced Section . ... 5
freedom to develop my own teaching styie. The books that helped me most, both as a student
and a teacher- are the well movavtexts on reinforced concrete by AH. Allen and by F.K. Kong Analysis of Over-Reinforced Section, . 6
and RH Evans.
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Section . . 8
I am also grateful to The Society of Structural Engineers, Sri Lanka. which initially published this Analysis of Non-Rectangular Section . . 10
book for the Sri Lankan market, and to Mr. Naveed Anwar of ACECOMS, AIT, Bangkok, for
encouraging me to seek a wider readership through this present publication. CHAPTER 3, Design of Beam Sections In Flexure
Finally I wish to thank my wife Shanthi and boys Ashwin and Sanjit, for aI/owing me time away
Design of Rectangular Section ..... 13
from "family time" in order to complete this endeavour.
Design of Section with Redistribution .. . 15
Priyan Dias Structural Analysis oj Beam ........... 17
March 1997.
Design of Beam for Flexure .. .. 20
Design of Flanged Section .. ......22

CHAPTER 4, Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Section for Shear .. . 25

Design of Beam for Shear .. . 26
CHAPTER 5, Serviceability Checks and I)etailing in Beams

Serviceability Checks and Detailing. . 30

CHAPTER 6, Design of Slabs

One Way Slab (Continuous) .....37

One Way Slab (Simply Supported) .......... 40
Two WC/}' Slab .. . 44
Flat Slab ...................... 48
Ribbed Slab .. . 53
 CHAPTER 7, Design of Columns
CHAPTER J
Column Classification ~ , " ; , 56
Symmetrically.Loaded Short Column , ~~, 57
Short Column with Axial Load and Moment 59 Introduction ..
Slender Column 6]
CHAPTER 8, Design of Foundations

Pad Footing 63
A Case for Worked Examples
Combined Footing ,., " ,., 65
Educational purists may argue that Worked Examples are detrimental to student learning
Pile Cap '; 69 because there is an element of "spoonfeeding" involved. While acknowledging that there is
some truth in this argument, the author would like to contend that Worked Examples have an
CHAPTER 9, Design of Staircases important place in the educational process.
Staircase (b~tween Beams) 73
Knowledge can be acquired using two broad approaches ~ i.e. the deductive approach, having its
Staircase (between Landings) 76 roots in Greek rationality, and the inductive approach, having its roots in Renaissance
empiricism. Learning through worked examples is an inductive approachand both the format
CHAPTER 10, Design of Wall and Corbel and content of this book reflect that approach.
Plain Concrete Wall 80 The book has been developed through the author's teaching of a course in,Reinforced Concrete
Corbel 83 Design at the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka The examples are graded, leading from an
appreciation of reinforced concrete behaviour, through the design of structural elements, to the
CHAPTER 11, Design of Beam for Torsion analysis of a reinforced concrete structure, The student's understanding of the calculations is
deepened by the "Notes on Calculations" while the Introductory and Concluding Notes set each
Design for Torsion . ...87 example in a wider context. Hence, in this book, design principles are reinforced through
practice, with guidance from notes.
CHAPTER 12, Frame Analysis and Moment Redistribution
However, this book cannot and should not be used as a "stand alone" text. It must essentially be
Frame Analysis for Vertical Loads............................................................... 91 complementary to another text or series of lectures that teaches design from a deductive
Frame Analysis for Horizontal Loads 95 approach - i.e. one which moves students from principles to practice. It can, of course, be used
by practising engineers, who already have a grasp of reinforced concrete fundamentals,
Redistribution ofMoments , "., .., , 98

CHAPTER 13, Design for Stability
Design for Stability
CHAPTER 14, Serviceability Limit State Calculations
Crack Width Calculation
Deflection Calculation
In order to equip students for real design practice, the book is very much code based, with
extensive references given in the calculations to clauses in BS 8110 (1985) - "Structural use of
100 concrete". This is another reason for the book's usefulness'Tor practising engineers. The
examples cover most of the reinforced concrete elements and stress states dealt with by Part 1 of
BS 8110. In addition, examples are also given for the design for torsion and the calculation of
deflection and cracking, dealt with in Part 2 of BS 8110,
,." : 103
Amendments to BS 8110 up to September 1993 have been incorporated in these examples,
, " .., , ".,.,., ,., , " .., 105
including the deletion of Table 3.19 for flat slabs and the modification to Table 3.13 for one way
slabs and flat slabs in Part 1 of the code. The wind loading calculations in Example 31 however
have been carried out to the older CP3: Ch.5: Part 2, rather than the new BS 6399: Part 2, There
may be some difficulties in using the newer code outside the U.K. because it is based on the
mean hourly wind speed as opposed to the familiar 3 second gust speed; in addition, it does not
contain the convenient overall force coefficient method, In any' case, CP3: Ch.5: Part 2 has not
been withdrawn as yet, and can hence be used.

vi
 Sections of code are referred to by indicating the relevant clause. table or equation of BS 8110:
Part 1. Where clauses, tables, charts or equations from Parts 2 and 3 of BS 8110 are referenced,
the relevant Part is also indicated. One very useful feature ofBS 8110 is that each table also
gives the equation from which its values are derived. This is a clear advantage for computerised
design, and even hand calculations. Therefore, although the tables have in fact been referred to
in the following calculations, very often it is the corresponding equations that have been used.
A Case for Using lower Grades of Concrete
Table 3.4 in Part 1 of BS 8110 (1985) specifies durability by cover and grade, but also indicates
cement contents and water/cement ratios corresponding to the grade specified. The background
to this table is given in the paper by Deacon and Dewar ("Concrete durability ~ specifying more
simply and surely bystrength. Concrete, February 1982, pp.l9~21 "), which describes how u.K.
concrete strengths vary for given cement contents and water/cement ratios and shows how the
grade specified covers the cement content and water/cement ratio requirements 96% of the time.
deviated too much from the provisions of BS 8110, where grade 25 is specified as th~ lowest
grade to be used with normal weight aggregate concrete (Clause 3.1.7.2) and where all tables
andcharts have grade35 as the lowest grade. As such.It is grade 25 concrere that is used for all
the following examples; except in Examples 28 and 29, where the 'use of grade 30 concrete is
illustrated.
It should be noted that the latest version of BS 8110, i.e. BS 8110 (1997) is not used In this
book, ?ecause its reduced partial safe:y. factor for steel of l.05 is unsafe for use in developing
countries. However, all the other provrsrons of the new code had previously been introduced as
amendments to BS 8110 (1985), and are hence reflected in this book.
f

It must be emphasised here that the index of durability used in BS 8110 is mix proportions.
However, it has related these mix proportions to strength, which is a much easier parameter to
measure and control. This is clearly evident in the provisions made in the code for reducing the
grade if a checking regime establishes that a lower grade of concrete complies with the cement
content and water/cement ratio limits (Clauses 3.3.5.2 and 3.3.5.3 of Part 1). Such a relaxation of
grade is not allowed, however for concretes using blended cements.

Even a cursory glance at Table 3.4 in BS 8110: Part I will indicate that at least grade 40
concrete will have to be used for all but mild and moderate exposure conditions, although the
• corresponding minimum cement content and maximum water/cement ratio are only 325 kg/rrr'
and 0.55 respectively. This seems to be a very stringent condition to be imposed on concreting
practice in developing countries, where most concrete specified is still grade 20 to 25. In fact,
even in the U.K., the most commonly used grades were grades 20 to 30, even up to the early
1980s.

Toe question arises as to whether Table 3.4 in BS 8110: Part I, developed for the U.K. is
applicable in other (especially developing) countries, where materials and practices may be very
different. This problem was studied by the author using Sri Lanka as a case in point. The
strengths that could be achieved for various cement content and water/cement ratio values were
obtained on the basis of a batching plant survey.

Specifications based on the above survey are given in TABLE 1. This table is taken from the
author's publication "Specifying for Concrete Durability: Part Il - The Sri Lankan Context,
Engineer, Vol. XX, Nos 1-4, 1992, pp. 4~14". The Notes in TABLE 1 -indicate the scope of the
specifications, and also conditions under which deviations from the tabulated values can be
allowed. In particular, Notes 5 and 6 allow reductions in grade and cover values that bring these
recommendations in line with current Sri Lankan practice.

In short, these recommendations rationalise satisfactory Sri Lankan practice (especially under
mild exposure conditions) with respect to BS 8110, while suggesting improvements to Sri
Lankan practice where problem areas (such as concrete exposed to sea spray) are concerned.

Although the recommendations in TABLE 1 make it possible to use grade 20 concrete for mild
exposure conditions, it was ~elt that basing the examples on such a low grade would have
Introductfon
IntroduetiOr:l 2 3
 CHAPTER 2

TABLE 1: Nominal cover to all Reinforcement (Including links) to meet durability

requirements-Adapted from BS 8110: 1985 for Sri Lankan Practice
Analysis of Beam Sections in Flexure
Exposure Examples of Nominal Cover
Classification Exposure
mm mm mm mm mm
Mild Indoor 25 20 20' 20' 20'
Example 1 - Analysis of Under-Reinforced Section
Determine the lever arm 'for the beam section shown in the figure; find also its moment of
Moderate Outdoor - 35 30 25 20 resistance.
,
Severe Wet and Dry - - 40 30 25
1--225-.1
Very Severe Sea Spray - 50 40 30
T
~

f," = 25 N/mm'
Extreme , Abrasive - - - 60 50
d=375 fy = 460 N/mm'
Maximum free water/cement ratio
Minimum cement content (kg/rn'')
0.65
275
0.60
300
0.55
325
0.50
350
0.45
400 L
(300) (325) (350) (400) (450)
Lowest grade of concrete 25 30 35 40 45 (All dimensions in mm)

Note 1 This table applies to normal-weight aggregate ope concrete of 20 mm nominal Introductory Note
maximum aggregate size and river sand fine aggregate, In no case should the cover be
less than the maximum aggregate size or diameter of main reinforcement. 1. This example is regarding the analysis of an existing beam. The first step in finding the
moment of resistance is to find the lever arm.
Note 2 A minimum of 25 mm cover to all reinforcement should be maintained in beams and
columns.
Rererence .' ,··,i:r 'i< ,,." ..,'.; ',,;,i": I:" ·'ii.'';:':::; <.;L
Note 3 Cover values marked with asterisks (*) can be reduced to 15 rom, provided the nominal
maximum aggregate size does not exceed 15 mm, subject to the conditions in Notes 1 2
Area of steel = 942.5 mm
and 2.
Note 4 The minimum cement content values in parentheses should be maintained if no water- Note 2 Assuming that the steel has yielded, T=377189N
reducing admixtures are used. T = (0.87)fyA = (0.87)(460)(942.5) = 377189 N
Hence, balancing compressive force = 377189.N
Note 5 The grade requirement can be reduced by 5 if a checking regime establishes that the (0.45)f,".b(0.9)x = 377189
maximum free water/cement ratio and minimum cement content requirements are met. (0.45)(25)(225)(0.9x) = 377189
x= 166mm x= 166mm
Note 6 The above cover values can'be reduced by 5 mrn, subject to the conditions in Notes I
and 2 and a minimum of 15 mm, provided a 1:3 cement sand rendering of 10 mm, 15
Note 3 Since xld = 166/375 = 0.44 <= 0.64, z;:;300mm
mm or 20 mm or equivalent is applied to concrete made to water/cement ratios of 0.65,
steel has yielded and original assumption is correct.
0.6 and 0.55 respectively.
z = d - (0.45)x = 375 - (0.45)(166) = 300 mm
3.4.4.1(e) Note :- z/d = 300/375 = 0.8 < 0.95, Hence O.K.
M= 113kNm
Moment of resistance = (377189)(300)
, = 113.16xlO'Nmm =l13kNm

Introduction 4
Notes on Calculations
.,',/ r
,>~\FJ'i1
2. Most singly reinforced sections will be under-reinforced in practice. Hence, assuming 2
Areaofsteel- 981.7 mm
that the steel has yielded is the most convenient way of starting. (This assumption should
be checked later on, of course, using the x1d value.) Assuming that the steel has yielded,
3. The condition that tensile reinforcement has yielded whe~ th~:,concrete s~ain is 0.0035,
is x1d <= 0.64 (for f,= 460 N/rrlli\') and x1d <= 0.76 (for'f, =250 N/mnt'). This can be
shown by assuming a linear strain distribution, However the code recommends that x/d
T = (0.87)f,.A, = (0.87)(460)(981.7) = 392876 N
Hence, C = (0.45)f".b(0.9)x = 392876
(0.45)(25)(l50)(0.9)x = 392876 .
1/
Ed60\"~' <,

rl'rfr1~
x=259mm
<= 0.50, in order to accommodate redistribution up to 10% (Clause 3.4.4.4).
But, x1d = 259/300 = 0.86'> 0.64
I"
Note 2 Hence, steel has not yielded.
Concluding Nole
4. The lever ann is the distance between the centroids of the tensile and compressive We shall try to find a value for x, by trial and error, such
forces. This separatiqn between two opposite forces is what creates the moment of that T and C are approximately equal.
resistance in a flexural element. Because this distance has to be accomodated within the
depth of the section, flexural elements tend to have larger cross sections than Try x = 200mm
compressive elements. C = (0.45)f".b(0.9)x = (0.45)(25)(150)(0.9)(200) 0'0035
= 303750N
c.)

=f
WO ~
(0.0035)(300-200)/200 = 1.75 x 10.3
~'OO
Example 2 - Analysis of Over-Reinforced Section Note 3 E, =
Hence, f, = (1.75 x 10.3)(200 X 103) = 350 N/mm 2,
and T = (350)(981.7) =343595 N' - - t=
Determine the moment of resistance of the section shown.
For a better approximation, try x = 205 mm.
•
"- 0:0
r-'50-1 Then C = 311344N and T= 318454N. 0-0 035 z - -
~.
,00
(8CO-'
T
d=300
feu = 25 N/mm
2

f y = 460 N/mm
2 For a still better approximation, try x = 206 nun.
Then C = 312863 Nand T= 313572 N.
This approximation is sufficient
1- Note:- x1d =206/300 =0.69 (> 0.64) x=206mm

z = d - (0.45)x = 300 - (0.45)(206) = 207 mm

(Alf dimensions in mm) M = C.Z = (312863)(207) = 64.763 x 10' Nmm
=64.8 kNm , M=64.8kNm

Introduc-tory Note Note 4 Note:- Alternative method of finding x.

Once it is established that the steel has not reached yield
1. This section is different from that in Example 1, in that it is over-reinforced. point, for any given value of x,
The calculation procedure is more complicated here. E, = (0.0035)(300-x)/x
f, = [(0.0035)(300-x)/x](200 xl03) N/mm'
T = [(0.0035)(300-x)/x](200 x103)(981.7) N
C = (0.45)(25)(l50)(0.9x) N
Putting T = C, we have the quadratic equation
x' + (452.47)x - 135741 =0,
giving x = 206 or -659 mm x -206mm

6 Analysis of Beam sections in Rexure 7

A('a!y.~i~ of Beam sections in Rexure
Noles on Cjllculalions Introductory Notes
2. In some rare cases, as in this one, a beam may be over-reinforced, meaning that the 1. If it is found that a singly reinforced beam is over-reinforced and it is desired to make it
yielding of steer will not take place before the crushing of concrete. If such a beam fails, under-reinforced or balanced, this may be achieved by
it will do so suddenly, without warning, and hence over-reinforced beams are
discouraged in practice. (i) increasing the depth of the section,
(ii) increasing the breadth of the section
3. Since the steel has not yielded, the stress can no longer be assumed to be O.87fy. or (iii) introducing compression steel.
Rather. the stress is the steel is obtained by
2. Increasing the breadth of the section will generally be uneconomical. Therefore, if the.
(i) determining the strain in the steel, assuming a linear.strain distribution across the depth of the section cannot be increased due to non-structural reasons, option (iii) above
section and is used.
(ii) using the stress-strain curve in Figure 2.2 of the code to arrive at the stress.
.. . 'Output
Reference
Note 3 Assume a suitable value for d', say 50 mm. d'=50mm

eou=O.OD35 O,B7x460=400 Nimm Z For equilibrium of the section, the compression in the top

TT d
steel plus the concretemustequal the tension in the
bottom steel.

=
1 Setting x = (0.5)d 150 mm (which automatically
ensures the yielding of tension steel), we have
d'/x = 50/150 = 0.33 <= 0.43, which means that.the
compression stebl will yield as well:'
Strain diagram Stress-Strain diagram
3.4.4.4 (0.87)fy.A; + (0.45)f".b(0.9)x = (O.87)fy.A,
(0.87)(460)A; + (0.45)(25)(150)(0.9)(150) =
4. It is possible to use this method because the stress-strain curve for steelbelow the yield (0.87)(460)(981.7) A s'= 412 mnr'
point is a single straight line. Hence, As' = 412 mm" Use 4T12 (452.4
Note 4 Use 4T12 (A; = 452.4 mrrr'). rnm'')
Concluding Note Table 3.27 Note:- 100A;IJ\o = (100)(452.4) I (150)(350)
Note 5 = 0.86 (> 0.2), Hence O.K.
5. One way of ensuring that the beam failure is ductile is to introduce some compression
steel, so that x/d will be reduced to 0.5 (See Example 3). =
Lever ann for balanced section d - (0.45)(d/2)
= (O.775)d = (0.775)(300) = 232.5 mm
Distance between top and bottom steel = 250 mm ~
Example 3 - Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Section
Determine the amount of compression steel required, in order to make x/d = 0.5 in Example 2. Note 6 Hence, taking moments about level of tension steel,
Find also the moment of resistance of the resulting beam. moment of resistance =
(0.45)(25)(150)(0.9)(150)(232.5) +
1--150 --.I-L- =
T ,-
d' fro = 25 Nlmm'
(0.87)(460)(412)(250) 94187006 Nmm
=94.2 kNm M=94.2kNm

d=30 f y = 460 Nimm 2 Notes on Calculations

1 2·25 3. The value of d' will depend on the cover, and other requirements (See Example 8).

(All dimensions in mm)

An01ysfs of Beam sections in Rexur~ 8 Analysis of Beam sections in Hexure 9

 4. If the compression steel provided is greater than that required, the neutral axis depth will
be reduced slightly; this is desirable, as it will increase the ductility of the section. When
providing four bars within a width of 150 mm, it may be necessary to use the bars as two
pairs of bars.
Assume values for the neutral axis, x until the .
5. When compression steel is provided, a minimum percentage is required. The area of compression in concrete is equal to the tension in steel.
concrete is based on the gross section, and the overall depth is taken as (300 + 50) :::350
nun. The area of the section under compression =
(0.5)(0.9)x(600 - «300·150)/450J (0.9)x]
6. In general, the most convenient way of finding the moment of resistance for a doubly Area of steel = 981.7 mm2
reinforced section, is to take moments about the level of tension steel. The amount of Assume also that the steel has yielded.
compression steel to be used in the calculation is the amount required (412 mm 2), and
not the amount provided (452.4 mm2) . Try x = 100 mrn
Area in compression, A:.
= (0.5)(90){ 600 - (0.33)(0.9)( 1(0)) =
25650 nun'
Concluding Note = =
C (0.45)f=Ao (0.45)(25)(25650) =288563 N
= =
T (0.87)(460)(981.7) 392876 N -.-r,~
7. The moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced section can be considered to be the
sum of the moments of resistance of (0 a balanced section and (ii) a "steel section", Tryx= 139mm I II _-r
consisting of equal amounts of tensiop and compression steel, separated by (d-d'). Then, C 392868 Nand T 392876 N.l"",
= =
This approximation is satisfactory. ._'..
~lS0~
1.-150-.1 .-L-

ddOO
T ..-
d':=SO
T
Note also that x/d = 139/400 = 0.35 < 0.5; hence
assumption that steel has yielded is O.K.
= =
Depth in compression (0.9)(139) 125 mm.
x= 139mm

232.5 +
-l L 570 mm
iIIIIIIIIIII
Hence k = 258 rom and the centroid of the compression
zone from the top of the section is
y = {(258)(125)(125/2) + (0.5)(42)(125)(125/3») I
(258)(125) + (05)(42)(125)} = 60.9 rnm
Note 2 Hence, lever arm = 400 ~ 60.9 = 339 mm z=339 mm
Example 4 - Analysis of Non-Rectangular Section
M = Cz =(392868)(339) = 133.2 xIO' Nrnm
Determine the moment carrying capacity of the trapezoidal beam section shown below. = 133 kNm M= 133 kNm

Note:- Alternative method of finding x.

~3OQ-.I
Assuming that steel has yielded,
feu = 25 N/mm2 = =
T (0.87)(460)(981.7) 392876 N

I1 I I
25
l
fy = 460 N/mm' For any x, the area under compression is
A., = (05)(0.9)x[600 - {(300-150)/450} (0.9)x]
C = (0.45)(25)A.,
..j ts I-- ' Putting T = C, we have the quadratic equation,
x' -(2000)x + 258684 = 0, x= 139mm
giving x = 139 or 1861 mm
(All dimensions in mm) = =
Since x1d 139/400 0.35 < 0.5, steel has in fact
Note 3 yielded, as assumed.

Introductory Note Notes on Calculations

1. As in previous examples, the moment carrying capacity has to be found by working 2. The lever arm cannot be taken as d ~ (0.45)x in this case, because the area in
from first principles. The additional complication in this example is that the section is compression is non-rectangular,
non-rectangular.

Analysis of Beam sections in Rexufs 10

Analysis of Beam sectfonsin Rexure /I
\ i'
t c-
 CHAIYfER s
3. ThiS. .calculation will become a little more complicated if the section is not under-
reinforced (see Example 2).

Conoludlng Noles @
4. This approach from first principles, using the ideaof strain compatibility, will have to be
employed even in the design of beams such as these, which are non-rectangular, since
the design f~,:mulae and charts apply only to rectangular sections. When designing, the
amount of steel has to be assumed, and the moment carrying capacity checked to ensure
that it is greater than the design moment
5. It should be noted that the form of the formulae given in the code is such that, although
they can be used to design rectangular sections, they are not meant to find the moment of
resistance of a given section. This has to be done using strain compatibility concepts
from first principles, as illustrated in. Examples 1 to 4, or by suitably rearranging the
form of the equations.
Design of Beam Sections in Flexure
Example 5 - Design of Rectangular Section
Design a rectangular beam to take an ultimate load moment of 150 kNm,
(a) as a singly reinforced beam and
(b) as a beam whose overall depth is limited to 400 mm.
Use design formulae. Assume that feu;;:: 25 N/mm 2, fy ;;:: 460 N/nun 2, and that the difference
between effective depth and overall depth is 50 mm. Assume also that no redistribution of
moments has been carried out.

Introductory Note
I. This is the first example on the design, as opposed to the analysis of a section. Where
beams (as opposed to slabs) are concerned, it will be often found that the moment
carrying capacity is more critical than the deflection criterion; and that the fanner will
govern the selection of cross sectional dimensions.

Reference
(a) Singly reinforced section

Note 2 Let us assume that d!b ;;:: 2.0

In order to find the minimum depth for a singly
reinforced section, we should assume that x1d = 0,5 and
3.4.4.4 K=K'=0.156
Then K;;::M I (b.d 2.fcu)
0.156 = <150 x I 0') / (dl2)(d')(25) I
d' = (2)(150 xIO')} / (0.156)(25))
d=425 mm dmin= 425. nun
Note 3 Choose d =475 mm, h = 525 mm, b = 225 mm d =475 mm
h = 525 mm
Now K = M / (b.d'.f,,) b = 225 mm
= 150 x10'/ {(225)(475)'(25) = 0.118 < 0.156

TIT
z = d[0.5 + (0.25 - KI(0.9))0.5]
= (475)[0.5 + {0.25 - (0.118)/(0.9))°.5] 1--'''-1
= 401 mm < (0.95)(475) = 451 mm; hence O.K.
525 (75
3.4.4.I(e)
A, = M / (0.87)f,.z 1,,1
= (150 x 10')/ (0.87)(460)(401) = 935 mm''
Hence, use 21'25 (A, = 98 J.7 mm')
100A,IA., = (982)(100) / (525)(225) = 0.83 As=935 mm"
Table 3.27 > 0.13; hence O.K. Use 21'25 (98L7
2
Note 4 mm )

AnalySis of Beam sectionsin ttexue 12


(b) Overall depth restricted
Note 5 If the overall depth is restrictedto 400 rnm,
h = 400 rnrn, d = 400 - 50 = 350 mm,
b;:: 225 mm (assuming thesame breadth as before)
Now K = M / (b.d'.fru)
= (150 x 10') / {(225)(350)'(25)}
= 0.218 > 0.156 (i:e. K')
Hence, compression reinforcement is required.
Note 6 Let us assume that d' = 50 mm.
marginal amount of compression steel, because longitudinal steel on the compression
face will be required anyway,in order to support the shear links. .
This is keeping with the idea that the difference between overall and effective depths
isSOmm. . .
d=350mm
b=225mm 7. When calculating the area of tension steel, it is sufficient to use the value of compression
steel required (as opposed to that provided), in this equation.
8. When providing reinforcement, a combination of bar sizes should be adopted, such that
the maximum and minimum spacing between bars is kept within specified limits (see
Exannple 12).

A; = (K-K')fru.b.d'/ {(0.87)f,(d-d')}
Concluding Notes
= {(0.21 8-0. I56)(25)(225)(350)'} / 9. Design charts (in Part 3 of the code) could also have been used to design the steel
{(0:87)(460)(350-50) } required for these sections. The relevant charts are Chart No.2 for the singly reinforced
2
=356mm' As';::356 mm section and Chart No.4 for the doubly reinforced section, since d'/d =50/350 =0.143.
Use 2TI6 (A,' = 402.1 mm') Use 2TI6
IOOA;/A, = (100)(402.1) / (400)(225) (402.1 mm') 10. The design charts are given for d'/d values ranging from 0.10 to 0.20, in steps of 0.05.
Table 3.27 = 0.45 > 0.2; hence OK The chart with d'/d value closest to the actual value should be used far design. If the
actual d'/d value lies exactly between the chart values, the chart with the higher d'/d
z = d(O.5 + {0.25 - K'/(0.9)}o"j 1-
22'-1
value should be used in the design, as this is more conservative.
"
3.4.4.I(e)
= (350)(0.5 + {0.25 - (0.156)1(0.9)}0.5]
= 272 mm < (0.95)(350)= 333 mm; hence OK T
52'
Example 6 - Design of Section with Redistribution
Note 7
A, = {(K'.fru.b.d') / (0.87)f,.z) + A,'
={ (0.156)(25)(225)(350)' / (0.87)(460)(272)} + 356
1
;:: 1344mm2 As = 1344 mm 2 =
If the beam section in part (a) of Example 5 (i.e, h 525 mm, d = 475 mm and b = 225 mm) was
Use 3T25 (A, = 1473 mm') Use 3T25 carrying an ultimate moment of 150 k<""l'm after a 30% downward redistribution of moment,
IOOAJAo = (100)(1473) / (400)(225) (1473 mm') design the steel reinforcement required. Assume that d'= 50'mm, feu = 25 N/mm 2 and f y = 460
2
Table 3.27 = 1.64> 0.13; hence OK N/mrn • Use the methods of formulae and design charts.

Note 8 Hence, use 3T25 (bottom) and 2TI6 (top). Introductory Note

Notes on Calculations l. If the moment at a section has been reduced by downward redistribution, that section
must have adequate rotational capacity at ultimate limit state, in oder for plastic hinge
2. In practice; the ratio of depthto breadth for a.beam wtjj have a value between 1.5 and, action to take place. This capacity is ensured by restricting the xfd ratio to a specified value.
2.5.

3. Many designers still choose dimensions for beams and columns in steps of 25 mm, Output
because 1 inch is approximately 25 mm. Furthermore, depths considerably in excess of (a) Using formulae
the minimum depth for a singly reinforced section may be chosen, in order to reduce the
steel requirement. ~b = (1-0.3) /I = 0.7
3.2.2.1(b)
K' = (OA02)(~b'0.4) - (O.18)(~b-0.4)'
4. The check for minimum reinforcement is almost always satisfied for tension steel in 3.4.4.4 = (0.402)(0.7-0.4) - (0.18)(0.7-0.4)' = 0.104
beams. A little care should be excercised~or compression steel.
Now, K = M / (b.d'.f,,)
= (150 x 10') / {(225)(475)'(25)} = 0.118 > 0.104
5. The overall depth of the beam may have to be restricted, due to architectural
Hence, com ression steel is re uired.
requirements. On the other hand, there may be some economy in designing beams with a

Design of Beam sections in Flexure 14 Design of Beam sections in Flexure IS

Reference- Calculations Output The differences between the solutions by formulae and charts are very small indeed,
despite the fact that the design charts are based on the parabolic stress block for concrete
z = d[0.5 + (0.25 _ K'/(0.9) lo.5] stress, while the formulae are based on the simplified rectangular one. It is the design
= (475)[0.5 + {0.25 - (0.104)/(0.9»)°5] charts that are used for everyday designs.
3.4.4.1(e) = 412 mm < (0.95)(475) = 451 mm; hence OK
C,mc!udllng Notes
. A; = (K -K')f".b.d' 1 (0.87)fy(d-d'))
= {(0.118-0.lO4)(25)(225)(475)') 1 Although the applied moment for this section was the same as that in Example 5,
{(0.87)(460)(475-50) } because of the restriction on the neutral axis depth for the purpose of ensuring plastic
2 2
= 104mm As =104mm hinge rotation, this section had to be doubly reinforced.
Note 2 Use 2T12 (A; = 226.2 mm'') Use 2T12
Table 3.27 1ooA,'/A, = 0.19 « 0.2, but acc"ptable) (226.2 mm') Hence, doubly reinforced sections may be required when
(i) architectural requirements place limits on the beam depth and/or
A,.= [(K'J".b.d') 1 (0.87)fy.zJJ + A,' (ii) when a significant degree of redistribution of elastic moments has been
=(0.104)(25)(225)(475)' / (0.87)(460)(412») + 104 carried out at that section.
=905 mm 2 As =905 mm 2
Use 2,T25(A, = 981.7 mrrr') Use2T25
(981.7mm') Example 7 - Structural Analysis of Beam
Hence, use 2T25 (bottom) and 2T12 (top).

Cbl Using charts Determine the design ultimate load moments for the beam shown in the figure, using also the
following information.
Chart 3
2
Appropriate chart for feu = 25 N/mm , fy= 460 Nimnl (i) Dead load from the parapet wall can be taken as a line load of 2.0 kN/m.
(Part 3) and d'/d = 50/475 = O. I05 is Chart No.3.
1-'''-1 (ii) Allowance for finishes on the slab can be taken as 1.0 kN/m 2 •
T~"T
I ",,,J
(iii)
(iv)
Imposed load on slab should be taken as 4.0 kN/m 2.
Density of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m 3•
Mlbd' = (150 X 106) / (225)(475)' = 2.95
3.2.2.1(b) xid has to be restricted to (~b-O.4), i.e. 0.3 1 1~~'ii::1
,::;. 2.,,1
525 os

Hence, the values for lOOA,/bd and lOOAs'Jbd must be

read off the point at which the horizontal line
100"1 I.--
--
...L-r -.-
Note 3 Mlbd' = 2.95 cuts the x/d = 0.3 line.
Thus, looAJbd = 0.85 and lOOA;fod = 0.1 =
As 908 mm"
A, = (0.85)(475)(225)1(100) = 908 mm'; Use 2T25 Use 2T25
T 450

Note 4
A; = (0.1)(475)(225)1(100) = 107 rnm'': Use 2TI2
to.satisfv minimum steel reouirement.

Notes on Calculations
As' =107 mm"
Use2TI2
~2000
-Jl 6000
125

--I +-
30
-*-

Secljooal E!€iyatjov Beam Sscljon

100
,j't :c ' ...!'-
2. Although smaller diameter bars would have satisfied the compression steel requirement, 300 300
in general bars' smaller than 12 mm dia. are not used for main reinforcement in beams :c ' !'-...
and columns, as they will not be stiff enough during fabrication. Also, in this example.
smaller diameter bars would not have satisfied the minimum steel requirement.
jBUm T
3500
Any combination to the left of the line corresponding to the xJd = 0.3 line will give a
feasible combination of lOOA./bdand lOOAs'/bd. If a point on the line itself is chosen.
the solution will generally be the most economical one, in terms of the total amount of
steel required.
L _
+
3500
J...
- L.. - L.

Oeiign of Beam sections in Flexure /6

Design of Beam sections in Aexure /7

•
Introductory Note R~(~t"'lCe Calculations ,
.\ .. ;ceo......;,; .,.'
1. This example involves load evaluation and a simple structural analysis on appropriate Sagging moment in BC:~ .
loading patterns, in order to find the design ultimate moments.
7.0 kN 16.34 kN 1m £45.28 kN 1m

••••<;tlllttlill
A B O
~t*t*lltl~
Note 2 The beam can be idealised as follows. , ,
Note 3
3.4.1.2
3.4.1.3 •AI--2000:t~B 60001
.0
~'l
M B = (7.0)(1.95) + (16.34)(20)212 = 46.33 kNm
Taking moments about Bfor BC,
3.4.1.4 RcC6.0) +46.33 = (45.28)(6.0)212
Rc= 128.1 kN
M, = (128.I)x - (45.28)x212
The critical moments for design will be dM,idx = 0 when (45.28}x = 128.1
(i) Hogging moment at B x=2.83m
(ii) Sagging moment in span Be Mm~ = (128.1)(2.83) - (45.28)(2.83)2 /2 M Bc=181 IeNm
= 181.2kNm (sagging)
Loading on beam (per ill length):-

Note 4 From slab = (0.125)(24)(3.5) = 1O.5kN/m Notes on Calculations

From finishes = (1.0)(3.5) = 3.5 kN/m
From beam = (0.45-0.125)(0.3)(24) = 2.34 kN/m 2. Idealization is the first step in analysis. Since it is not possible to model the actual
Total dead load udl • = 16.34kN/m structure with complete accuracy, idealization should be performed such that the results
Dead load point ioad at A = (2.0)(3.5) = 7.0kN obtained are conservative. For example, although point c has a certain degree of
Live load udl = (4.0)(3.5) = i4.0kN/m restraint, it is impossible to quantify it. However assuming the end C to be simply
supported will give a higher (and hence conservative) moment in the span Be. The
3.2.1.2.2 The hogging moment at B will be maximum :,",hen the restraint moment at C can be subseqently' accounted for by providing a nominal amount
cantilever portion AB is loaded with the maximum of hogging steel there.
design ultimate load, irrespective of the load on the span
Be. 3. The point load will act at 1950 mm to the left ofB. At support C, half the support width
The sagging moment in BC will be a maximum when the (i.e. 300/2 mrn) is less than half the effective depth (around 400/2 mm); hence, the
cantilever portion AB has the minimum design ultimate effective span is based on the fanner '(see Clause 3.4.1.2)
load, while the span Be has the maximum design
ultimate load. 4. Since the beam spacing is 3.5 m, each beam carries the loads, acting on a strip 3.5 m
wide.
Maximum design ultimate load (udl) =
(16.34)(1.4) + (14.0)(1.6) = 45.28 kN/m
Minimum design ultimate load (udl) = 16.34 kN/m Concluding Note

5. Where dead and imposed loads are combined, as in the case of this example, the design
Hogging moment at B:- moments at critical sections have to be arrived at by a proper combination of loading
patterns.

to
M B = (7.0)( 1.4)( 1.95) + (45.28)(2.0)212 MB= llOkNm
= 109.7 kNm (hoO'cin cr)

Design of Beam secscos in Flexure 18 DeSign of Beam sections in Aexure

19
Example 8 - Design of Beam for Flexu_re Output
Design the reinforcement for hogging and sagging moments in the beam in Example 7. Use feu = = d[0.5 + {0.25 - (0.O4)1(0.9)} . J
25 N/nun 2 and f y = 460 N/mrn 2 . = (0.95)d = (0.95)(397.5) = 377.6 mm
x = (d-z)/(0.45) = (397.5-377.6) 1 (0.45)
= 44.2 mm < 125 mm.
Introductory.Notes Hence, neutral axis is in fact within the flange, and the N.A. is in flange
beam can be designed as a rectangular beam with b =
1. In this example, only the reinforcement for the maximum sagging and hogging moments 1140mm.
needs to be calculated, since the beam section is alreadyspecified in Example 7. Chart 2 Mlbd' = (181 X 106) 1 (I 140)(397.5)' = 1.00
(part 3) JooA,lbd = 0.27 A,= 1224mm'
2. Furthermore, as the bending moment diagram for the beam has not been drawn A, = (0.27)(1 140)(397.5) 1100 = 1224 mm'
(although it could be), the curtailment of reinforcement is not considered. This aspect Use2T25 &
Use 2T25 & lT20 (A, = 1295 mm') IT20
is considered in Example 12. Table 3.27 bwlb= 300/1140 = 0.26 < 0.40 (1295 mm')
Note 6 looA,lbwh = (100)(1295) 1(300)(450) (sagging)
= 0.96 > 0.18; hence OK

Effective depth Tranverse steel

Table 3.2 Assume moderate exposure conditions, for outdoor In order that flanged beam action is ensured, the
Note 3 exposure. minimum amount of transverse steel (to be provided in
Note 4 Making use of Notes 5 and 6 of Table 1, we can use a the top of the slab) is given by
TABLE I cover of 30 mm. cover e 30mm Table 3.27 looA"ihrl=0.15 Transverse steel
Table 3.5 This will also give afire resistance of 2 hours. A" = (0.15)(125)(1000) 1100 = 187.5 mm'lm R6@150 (min)
Assuming a link diameter of 10 mm and a reinforcement Note 7 UseR6@ 150 (min.)(A,,= 190mm'lm) (190 mm'lm)
size of 25 nun, the effect; ve depth will be
NoteS d = 450 - 30 -10 - 25/2 = 397.5 mm d =397.5 mm Slenderness check

Design for hogging moment 3.4.1.6 Continuous portion - clear distance between restraints is
5700mm
The beam behaves a a rectangular beam. (6O)b, = (60)(1140) = 68400 mm
b = 3OOmm, d = 397.5 mm.Me 110kNm (250)bo'/d = (250)(1140)'; (397.5) = 817358 mm
Chart 2 MIbd' = (110 xlO') 1(300)(397.5)' = 2.32 Since these values are > 5700 nun, check is O.K.
(Part 3) looA,lbd = 0.67
A, = (0.67)(300)(397.5) 1100 = 799 mm' A,= 799 mm' Cantilever portion - clear distance between restraints is
Use2T20& ITI6 (A, = 829mm') Use 2T20 & 1850mm
Table 3.27 looA,lbwh = (100)(829) 1 (300)(450) ITl6(829 mm') (25)b, = (25)(300) = 7500 mm
= 0.61 > 0.26; henceO.K. (hogging) (Ioo)bo'/d = (100)(300)'1 (397.5) = 22642 mm
Note 8 Since these values are > 1850 mm, check is O.K. Slenderness O.K.
Design for sagging moment
Notes on Calculations
The beam behaves as a flanged beam,
3. It is sufficient to assume a "moderate" exposure condition for the exteriors of most
3.4.1.5 b = lesser of 3500 mm ill
1,/5 + b; = {(0.7)(6ooo»)/5 + 300 = 1140 mm structures, which are not subjected to freezing and sheltered from driving rain.
Hence, b = 1140 m b,= 1140m 4. The cover values are obtained from TABLE 1 in the Introduction to this text: this Table
3.4.4.4 Assume that the neutral axis is within the flange. is relevant for Sri Lankan concreting practice. The figures in the table can' be further
K= M 1 (b.d'.f,,) modified by Notes 5 and 6 of the table, as has been done here. It is assumed in this
= (181 xlO')/{(1140)(397.5)'(25)}= 0.040 <0.156 example therefore, that the. mix proportions correspond to a grade 30 mix (although the
z = d{0.5 + (0.25 - K/(0.9)} 0.5J strength achieved is only grade 25) and also that a 15 mm (min) cement.sand rendering
protects the concrete surface.

Design of Beam sectionsin Rexure 20 DesignofBeam sections In Rexure

2'
 5. The calculation of effective depth from the overall" depth is illustrated by the figure
below. Assume that b; = 225 rrun

3.4.1.5 b =: lesser of 2000 mm

Shear link
or 1,110+ b; = (0.7)(6000))/10 + 225 = 645 rrun
bars
Hence, b = 645-rom b=645mm
d
h If the be;"" is to be singly reinforced, K=K'= 0.156
M 1 (b.d J ru ) = 0.156
(215 x10') 1 {(645)(d)'(25)} = 0.156 dmin = 292 rnm
6. Although the actual steel requirement is calculated using the value of flange width, the
d=292 rrun d=325mm
minimum steel requirement is based on the web width.
Note 3 Hence, choose d = 325 mm and h = 375 mm h = 375 rrun
< 7. This transverse steel will also have to resist the hogging moment in the slab, and a H.4.4 Then, K = (215 xlO') 1 {(645)(325)'(25)) = 0.126
greater amount than this will need to be provided in most cases. z = d[0.5 + {0.25 _ K/(0.9)) 0.5]
= d[O.5 + {<J.25 - (0.126)/(0.9)) O'j
8. This slenderness check is almost always non-critical, except perhaps in the case of long, = (0.832)d = 270 mm
deep cantilevers. x = (325-270) 1 (0.45) = 122 mm
(0.9)x = (0.9)(122) = 110 mm
Note 4 Since this is greater than hf = 100 mm, the neutral axis N.A. is out of
Concluding Notes lies outside the flange, flange
9. When designing beam-slab systems, care must be taken to note where flanged beam b/b., = 645/225 = 2.87
action takes place and where it does not. Furthermore, such locations will be reversed in dlb r = 325/100 = 3.25
systems where upstand beams are used. equation 2 Pr=0.129
Note 5
10. If the neutral axis of a flanged beam falls within the flange, the design is identical to a 3.4.4.5 Pr.f~.b.d' = (0.129)(25)(645)(325)' = 219.7 x10'
rectangular beam, as seen here. Note 6 = 220 kNm > 215 kNm
Also, h,ld = 100/375 = 0.308 < 0.45
11. When designing for hogging and sagging moments at support and span respectively, Hence, section can be singly reinforced, singly reinforced
care must be taken to remember what steel has to be placed at the top of the beam
equation 1 A, = [M + (O.I)f, u-bw.d{ (0.45)d-h rll 1
section, and what steel at the bottom. Note 7 [(0.87)fy { d-(0.5)hrl j
=[(2 i 5x 10')+(0.1 )(25)(225)(325) {(0.45)(325)-1 00) )I
[(0.87)(460){325-(0.5)(l00))j = 2030 mm' A, = 2030 mrrr'
Example 9 - Design of Flanged Section Use 2T32 & lT25 (A, = 2099 mm') . Use2T32&
3.12.6.i looA,lbwh = (100)(2099) 1(225)(375) lT25.
Design an edge beam of a beam-slab system to take an ultimate moment of 215 kNm at 'mid Note 8 = 2.49 < 4.0; hence O.K. (2099 mm'')
span.
Notes on Calculations
Spacing of beams = 4,0 m; Span of beams = 6.0 m;
Thickness of slabe 100 mm; f~ = 25 N/mm'; f y = 460 N/rrun'.
2. A web width of 225 mrn is around the minimum that is practically desirable, in order to
ac~~mmodate the reinforcement. A width of 200 mm can be considered as the absolute
nurumum for all beams save those which carry very nominal loads.
Introductory Note
3. The difference between d and h has been taken as 50 mm, although the actual calculation
1, An edge beam will have a transverse slab only on one side; hence it is called an Lbeam.
of cover should be carried out as in Example 8. .
The beam in the earlier example is called a. T-beam, since the slab extended over both
sides of the beam. If the beam is below the slab (as is the.case most of the time), the slab
4. This trial-~d-error approach has to be adopted to find out whether Clause 3.4.4.5 has to
will act as a flange only in the span, when the top of the section is in compression, and
be used (singly reinforced flanged beam design) or whether it is sufficient to use Clause
not at the supports. 3.4.4.4. (rectangular beam design, since the neutral axis is within the flange).
,\
!"

l, 22 Design of Beam sections In Aexure 23

Design of Beam sections in Rexure
5. It is easier and more accurate to use equation2 to obtain the value of ~f, rather than to
resort to double' interpolation in Table 3.7.

6. ~rJcu.b.d2 is the greatest moment capacity for a singly rei~rorced section when x is esign of Beams for Shear
restricted to (O.5)d.

7. This equation for ~ is slightly conservative. as it assumes that x = (O.5?d • altho~gh the
actual neutral axis may be somewhere between x = h f and x ;:0 (O.5)d. Since the width of
the web is relatively small, compared to the flange, this discrepency is negligible and
conservative.
xomple 10 - Design of Section for Shear
8. This check for maximum percentage of reinforcement is also almost always satisfied, simply supported beam of cross section b = 225 mrn and d = 400 mm carries an ultimate load
except for very heavily reinforced sections. Although the check is satisfied here, care f60 leN/m over its clear span of 5.0 m. Design the shear reinforcement required near the
will have to be exercised if lapping is done. Spacingbetween bars may also be small. assuming that the percenta~e of tension reinforcement at the support is 0.8%. Assume
N/mm 2 and fyv = 250 N/mm .

Concluding Noles mtrocuctory Noles

9. This example Illustrated the situation where the neutral axis fell below the flange of a The two main effects caused by flexure are bending moment and shear. The bending
flanged beam. Design charts cannot be used in such a situation, and the equations in moment in a concrete beam is carried by steel reinforcement parallel to the beam axis.
Clause 3.4.4.5 have to be employed. The shear force is carried by steel reinforcement in a transverse direction, generally in
the form of links.
10. In addition, if the moment is greater than ~f.fcu.b.d2 (i.e. compression steel is required),
or if more than 10% redistribution has been carried out, the beam has to be designed ~erence Calculations Output
from strain compatibility first principles as given in Clause 3.4.4.1.

, Note 3
3.4.5.10
Although the shear force will be maximum at the face of
the support, the design shear force for uniformly
distributed loading is at a section "d" from the face.

Vmax
~
~d~ . ~
1--2500--.1
Vm~ = (60)(5)/2 = 150 kN
v_ = (150 x10') 1 (225)(400) = 1.67 N/mm' Ymex =1.67
(0.8)(f,,)0.5 = (0.8)(25)0.s N/mm2
; 3.4.5.2
Note 4
= 4 N/mm2 > 1.67 N/mm2 < 5 N/mm 2 ;
hence O.K.
Vd~i," = (150)(2500-400) 1 (2500) '= 126 kN
equation 3 v = VI(b,.d) = (126 x 10') 1 (225)(400)
2
Note 5 =·1.4 N/mm' v = 1.4N/mm
lOOA,Ib,d = 0.8, d = 400 rnm, f" = 25 N/mm';
Hence, vc = 0.58 N/mm 2 . vc = 0.58
~. Table 3.9
Table 3.8 Since v > Vc + 0.4 N/nun 2 , links have to be designed. N/mrn 2
Note 6 A sv >= bv.sv(v-vc) / (0.87)fyv
Note 7 Assuming 10mm Jinks, A sv = 157.1 mm'
Hence, s, <= (157.1)(0.87)(250) 1 (1.4-0.58)(225)
X 3.4.5.5 = 185 mm < (0.75)d = 300 mm; hence O.K. Links
Note 8 Use RIO links @ 175 mm. RIO @ 175

Design of Beam sections In Flexure

24
2. If possible, mild steel of fyv = 250 N/mm 2 is preferred for links, as it is easier to bend into The ~ost reasonable :vay to provide shear reinforcement for the entire sp~ would be t
considerthree areas_I.e. ' - .',' .0
shape, compared to high yield steel;Links generally have diameters varying from 6 to 12
(~? the SU?port area where bent up bars are also effective in addition to Jinks
rom, in steps of 2 rom. ' (~~? the rruddle of the beam, where only nominal links would suffice and - ,
(iii) the portion in between the above. '
Notes on Calculations

3.
This is the simplified method to account for the enhanced shear resistance near supports, Reterenee .. ;
The section considered should be an effective depth away from the face of the support.
Where support details are not available, it will be conservative to measure ltd" from the SupPOrt area
centre-line of support. '
V_= 400 kN
4. This is the rnaximutn shear check. If this fails, there is no alternative but to change the Vmax = (400 X 103) 1 (350)(550) = 2.08 N1mm'
beam dimensions. It is prudent therefore, to make this check fairly early in the design 3.4.5.2 (0,8)(f,,)0.5 = (0.8)(25)°.5
procedure. =-4 N/mm2 > 2,08' N/mm 2 < 5 N/mm 2 •
hence O.K.
b, for a flanged beam should be taken as the average width of the web below the flange.
5.
Shear resistance of1 inclined bars,
6. 0.4 N/mm2 is the shear resistance that can be carried by nominal shear links. equation 4 v, = A;,(0.87)f)t(cosex + sin".cot~)(d-d') 1 Sb
304.5.6 Assume that ~ = 67.50 and d' = 50 mm:
7. When using this inequality for providing links, either the A sy value or s, value must be Note 3 hence s, = (JAl)(d-d') = (1.41)(500) ~ 705 rom
chosen. In general, the Asy value is assumed and the s, value calculated. The Asy value Vb=(982)(0.87)(460) [0.71 +(0.71 )(0041) 1(500)/(705)
refers to the total cross section of links at the neutral axis of a section. Generally, it is = 279027 N .
twice the area of the chosen bar, since in most cases it is links with 2 vertical legs that vs = (279027) 1 (350)(550) = 1045 N/mm 2
are used. The resulting s, value should not exceed (0.?5)d, to ensure that at least one link
crosses a potential shear crack. The transverse spacing between the legs of a link should Since 2 bars continue into support,
be such that it does not exceed ltd" and that no longitudinal 'tension bar is greater than 100AJM = (100)(981.7) 1 (350)(550) = 0.51;
150 mm from a vertical leg. Table 3.9 hence, v, = 0.50 N/mm2 v, = 0.5
3.4.5.10 2
Shear force at section "d' from support = N/mm
8. The link spacing is also often specified in steps of 25 nun, because of the tendency to Note 4 (3000-550) 1 (3000))(400) = 327 kN
think in hnperial units. (1 inch is.approximately 25 mm.) V = (327 xla') 1 (550)(350) = 1.70 N/mm'
V·V c =
1.70 - 0.50 = 1.20 N/mm 2
Concluding Note 3.4.5.6 Although this can be resisted by the bent up bars alone
haIf of this must be resisted by links. '
9 In this example, only the shear reinforcement requirement near the support has been
calculated. The requirement close to mid-span will be much less. This aspect will be A" >= b,.s,{ (1.20)/2) 1 (0.87)f
considered in the next example. Putti
ttmg ASI' = 157,1 mm,for ' 10
"mm links,
s, <= (157.1)(0.87)(250) 1 (350)(0.6)
= 163 mm < (0.75)d; hence OK
Example 11 - Design of Beam for Shear Use RIO links @ 150 mm; this can be used over the RIO@ J50mm
entire area-ever which the bent up bars are effective - i.e. (support area)
A simply supported beam, with d = 550 mm and b = 350 mm and clear span 6.0 m is subject to a forO.?l rn from the face of support.
triangularly varying shear force diagram, with a value of 400 kN at the face of the supports. The
mid span- steel consists of 4 Nos. 25 nun bars. Design the shear reinforcement required over2the Middle area
entire span, if two of the main bars are bent up at 45 near the supports. Take feu = 25 Nlrntn , fy
0
looAJb"d = (100)(1963) 1 (350)(550) = 1.02;
= 460 N/mm' and f,., = 250 N/rom'. Table 3.9 hence Ve = 0.63 N/mnl ve = 0.63
2
Table 3.8 Shear stress taken by nominal links = 0.63 + 0.4 N/mm
Introductory Notes
= 1.03N/mm'
1. In this example, two bent up bars are also used to provide shear reinforcement near the Shear force taken by nominal links =
beam supports. (1.03)(350)(550)110-3) 198 kN

26 DesignofBeams for Shear 27

Design of Beams for Shear
 ... .
~7 .... If ~e link spacing is less, than around 150 mm, it will be difficult for concreting to be
earned ?ut. Hence, as in this case, 2 links can be placed together, spaced wider apart. An
~~mative would ha~e been to use 12 rom dia. links; however fabrication will be easier
Hence, extent of area covered by nominal links = If links of the same diameter are used throughout the beam.
{(198)/(400) )(6.0) = 2.97 m
neluding Nole
Steel for nomlnal llnks is given by
A.., >= (0.4)b".s, 1 (0.87)f"
It is not ~ery c~mmon practice now to use bent up bars as described in this exam I
Putting A.., = 157.i rom' for 10 mm links, although It was ill the past P e,
s, <= (157.1)(0.87)(250) 1 (0.4)(350)
= 244 mm < (0.75)d; hence OX RlO@225mm
Use RIO links @ 225 mm (middle area)

Area in-between

Extent of this area = 3.0 - (2.97)/2 - 0.71 =0.81 m

Shear force at distance 0.71 m from support face =
{(3.Q-O.71)/(3.0) )(400) = 305 kN
v = 1.58 N/rom' v = 1.58
Note 5 v, = 0.63 N/mm 2 N/mm'
Table 3.8 Since v > Vc + 0.4 N/rnm2 , design shear links. Vc = 0.63
2
Asv >= bv.svCv-vc} l (O.87)fy v N/mm
Putting A sv = 157.1 mm 2 for 10 nun links,
s, <= (157.1)(0.87)(250) 1 (350)(1.58-0.63)
= 103 mm 2 RIO @
Note 6 Use 2RlO links @ 200 mm < (0.75)d; hence O.K. 200mm
(area in-between)

110R0150 12/10R@200
4 ! I I )
I
, I

1~25 4T25 I
1--0.71m+0.81 m---..J.---,-I.48m--f

Notes on Calculallons

3. Since ~ should be taken as > 45' and Sb is restricted to 1.5(d-d'), this assumed value of
67.5° for ~ is reasonable and easy for calculation purposes. Since a is 45° (crank angle
for bent up bars), '" ee (cota+ cct~)(d-d') = 1.41 (d-d'). See also Fig. 3.4 in BS 8110: Part
1.

4. This is the same approach described in Note 3 of Example 10. The links designed can be
used from thesupport upto the point where the main bars are cranked up.

5. Although 2 bars are bent up. they also continue for at least a distance "d" from any point
in this section of the beam. Hence, the value of v" will be the same as in the middle area.
Design of BeamstorShear
Design of Beams for Shear 28 29
CHAPTER 5
< .' ' Curtailment of reinforcement-·-
.

Serviceability Checks and Detailing in The bending moment diagram envelope must first be
drawn
Beams Note 5 For span Be, the controlling load case is when AB has
the minimum design ultimate load and Be has the
maximum design ultimate load. This case has already
been considered in Example 7.

Example 12· Serviceability Checks and D~tailing

{O kNr16.34 kN 1m r45,28 kN 1m
Carry out serviceability checks on the beam analysed in Example 7 and designed in Example 8.
Also carry out detailing of reinforcement, including curtailment and lapping. Assume that type 2 U II
c
deformed bars are used as reinforcement.

Introductory Note
1. The serviceability checks consist of span/depth ratio calculations for deflection and bar
spacing rule checks for cracking. If these simplified checks are satisfied, the beam is A
"deemed to satisfy' the serviceability limit state requirements. = M. '0. A

Calculations
Output
Reference
Example 7 For span BC, M, = (l28.I)x - (45.28)x 2/2
Check for deflection (Span/depth rules) Mx=Oatx=O.
Note 2 M, is max. at x = 2.83 and equal to 181.2 kNm
3.4.1.3 Consider the span Be; effective span =. 6000 mm M x = 0 acm a. x = 3.66 m
bwlb = 0.26 < 0.3
Hence, basic span/depth = 20.8 for continuous, flanged
Table 3.10 Example 8 Steel at span Be is 2T25 & IT20. We can consider
bearn. curtailing the IT20 bar.
Example 8 M/bd' = 1.00 and 2
f, = (5/8)( 460){(l224)1I295)} = 272 N/mm Note 6 M.o.R. of continuing bars (A~ ~ 981.7 mm'') can be .
Table3.l1 Hence, FI = 1.45 (for tension reinforcement) shown to be 148.4 kNm.
Notes F2:: 1,0 (as there is no compression reinforcement)
All. span/ Putting (128.I)x - (22.64)x' = 148.4
3&4 Hence, allowable span/depth ratio = (20.8)(1.45)
depth = 30.2 we can obtainx ;;: l..63 m and 4,03 m.
= 30.16
Act. span/ These are the theoretical cut-offpoints,
Actual spanldepth = (6000)/(397.5) = 15.09.
< 30.16; hence O.K. depth = 15.1
HenceO.K. Note? Keep the practical cut-off points an anchorage length
3.12.9.1(c) away from the theoretical ones.
3.4.1.4 Consider span AB; effective span = 2000 tnm Table 3.29 Anchorage length = (40)(20) = 800 rom
Table 3.10 Basic span/depth = 7 for cantilever with rectangular
beam action. This anchorage length is greater than
Example 8 M/bd' = 2.32 and (12)$ {= (12)(20)= 240 rom} or "d" (397.5 rom).
r, = (5/8)(460){ (799)1(829)} = 277 N/rom' Hence, practical cut-offpointsare at Curtail IT20
Table 3.11 Hence PI = 1.07 (for tension reinforcement)
F2:: 1.0 (as there is'nocompression reinforcement) All. spanl x = 1.63 - 0.8 = 0.83 m and bottom bar at 1.13
Notes depth = 7.5 x = 4.03 + 0.8 =4.83 m m and 5.13 m
3&4 Hence, allowable span/depth ratio = (7)(1.07) = 7.5
Act. span/ Length of 20 rom bar required = 4.83 - 0.83 fromB.
Actual span/depth = (2000)/(397.5) = 5.03
< 7.5; hence O.K. depth = 5.03 . =4.0m Length of bar
HenceO.K. Distances" to ends from Bare 5.17 m and 1.17m. is 4.0 m.

SetviceObl1fty Checks and DetaiUng fn Beams 31

Note 8 The difference between the smaller y values is (1.80 _
1.22) = 0.58 m or 580 mm. This is greater than (12)$
(192 mm) or."d" (397.5 mm). The difference between the
larger y values is (3.10-2.30) = 0.80 m or 8oomm, which
is also greater than (12)$ or "d".
Hence, the practical cut-offpointsare
y = 1.22m and y=3:lO m.
Length of 16 mm bar required = 3.10 - 1.22 CurtaillT16 top
= 1.88 m bar 0.78 m (left)
Taking moments about C for AC Distances to B are (2.0 - 1.22) = 0.78 m (span AB) and
RB(6.0) = (7.0)(1.4)(7.95) + (45.28)(2.0)(7.0) and (3.10 - 2.0) = 1.10 m (span BC) 1.10 m (Fight) of
+ (16.34)(6)'/2 Since the distances to either side of B >= (40)$ {i.e. B.
RB= 167.7 kN (40)(16)= 640 mm), anchorage is satisfied. Length of baris
My= (7)(1.4)[y-0.05j + (45.28»)"/2 1.88 m.
-D67.7)[y-2.0j - (45.28-16.34)[y-2.0j'/2
My= (9.8)[y-0.05j + (22.64»)"- (I67.7)[y-2.0j Lapping of bars
- (~4~4;)[Y-20]'
The continuing 2T20 top bars at B can be curtailed atthe

/ \ MoM
pointof contraflexure closer to B in span Be and lapped
with 2T12 bars (which will anchorthe shear links).
2_;:;-~S:-'>.__--.. c Similarly, the continuing 2T25 bottom bars in span Be

A
;
B
My=0 at y e Oand My= 109.7 at B.
t can be curtailed at the pointof contraflexure closerto B
in span BC and lapped with 2T12 bars.

My = 0 again at y = 4.23 m. Fortop bars, distance of pointof contraflexure from A is

4.23 m. This would be the theoretical cut-offpoint. To
Steel at support is 2T20 & IT16. We canconsider '3.12.9.1 findthe practical cut-offpoint,continue the bars for an
curtailing the ITI6 bar. effective depth [i.e. 397.5 mm (> 12$»). Hence, cut-off
.Nore 13 point is 4.23 + 0.4 = 4.63 m from A, i.e. 4.63 - 2.0 = 2.63 Curtail 2T20 top
Note 6 M.o.R. of the continuing bars (As = 628.3 mm 2) can be m to the right of B. bars 2.63 m to
shown to be 90.5 kNm. 3.12.8.13 The lapped 2TI2 bars will start (40)(12) = 480 mm right ofB.
Putting (9.8)(y-0.05) + (22.64»)"= 90.5, Note 14 before the, curtailment of the 2T2D bars, i.e. 2.63 - 0.48 =
we can obtain y = 1.80 m for span AB, 2.15 m to the right ofB. Start 2T12 top
and from (9.8)(y-0.05) + (22.64»)"- (I67.7)(y-2.0) 3.12.8.11 Note:- Min. lap length = greater of (15)$ (= 180 mm) or bars 2.15 m to
- (I4.47)(y-2.0)' = 90.5, 300 rnm is satisfied; also distance betweenlapswill be right ofB.
We can'obtain y = 2.30 m for span Be. 3.12.8.13 greater than 75 mm and (6)$ (=72 mm).
3.12.9.1 These are the theoretical cut-offpoints.
Forbottombars, distance of pointof contraflexure from Curtail 2T25
Note 9 To find where the M.o.R. of continuing bars is twice the Cis 5.66 m, i.e. 6.00 - 5.66 = 0.34 m to the right of B. As bottom bars 0.06
3.12.9.1(e) applied moment, we can put before,the practical cut-offpoint would be 397.5 mm m to left of B.
(9.8)(y-0.05) + (22.64»)"= (90.5)12 for span AB, beyond this. Hence, it would be 0.4 - 0.34 ; 0.06 m to the Start 2Tl2 bottom
and (9.8)(y-0.05) + (22.64»)"- (167.7)(y-2.0) left ofB. The 2TI2 bars will start 0,48 - 0.06 = 0.42 m to bars 0,42 m to
C (14.47)(y-2.0)1 = (90.5)/2 for span BC, Note 15 the right of B. right ofB.
giving y = 1.22 m and 3.10 m

serviceability Ch13ckt; and Detailingin Beams 32

 .- -_.~

.. I ;" r- : . '',:' Output Notes on Calculalions

... .
2. The-span is taken from Example 7. More guidance regarding the calculation of effective
1T16 spans is given in clauses 3.4.1.2to 3.4.1.4.
2T20 2T20 2T20 2T12
3. The use of equation 7 will be more' convenient than obtaining Ft from double
> < > <
I > t , <
interpolation in Table 3.11.

A 2T12 18 2T25 2T25 2T25 C

4. In a practical beam, there will be some bars on the compression face, in order to anchor
H2O
the shear links. These may be considered as compression reinforcement; neglecting them
is conservative,
Crack width check (Bar spacing rules)
5.
Example 8 =
Cover required 30 mrn If the structure is simple, instead of drawing the entire bending moment envelope, the
. Assume link diameter of 10 nun, controlling loading cases for each situation can be considered. Where the span BC is
concerned, the controlling case Will be that which causes the points of contraflexure to
Con;idering the support section (tension on top), be as close as possible to the supports B and C.
Example 8
Clear spacing between top bars (2T20 & ITl6) = , I 6. This calculation is done as in Example 1. The beam is under-reinforced.

"1
:P"....,;.;.' H
(300 - (2)(30) - (2)(10) - (20+20+16) )/2 = 82 rom
If middle (16 rom) bar is curtailed, clear spacing = 180 .'
'."/'))" 7 Since the curtailed bar will be anchored in the tension zone, one of the conditions (c) to
mm. ';:;',;:
Table 3.30 The top spacing at the support < 160 rom; hence O.r:c. (e) in Clause 3.12.9.1 must be satisfied. In general (c) can be used in sagging moment
Note 16 =
(Note:- Since 16120 0,8 > 0,45, the 16mm bar satisfies f=' regions and (e) in hogging moment ones.
3.12.11.2.2 the "0.45 rule'")
!o-300-o!
8. The controlling loading case for the hogging moment steel at support B is that which
However, the spacing role is marginally violated when
the middle bar is curtailed; this can be tolerated, since the produces the maximum moment at B, while causing the point of contraflexure closer to
Note 17 service stress in the continuing bars wiIl be small, B in the span BC to be as far as possible from B.
'. Corner distance = [{(30+10+2012)2)(2)]°·5 - 2012 Crack Width O.K.
9. For sagging moment curtailment, generally condition (e) is the controlling one, over (a)
3.12.11.2.5 = 60,7 mm < 16012 = 80 mm; hence O.K. at support
and (b) in Clause 3.12.9.1, in order to determine the distance between the theoretical and
Example 8 Considering the span section (tension on bottom), practical cut-off points. For hogging moment situations, however, since the moment
Clear spacing between bottom bars (2T25 & IT20)= I values drop sharply from the point of maximum moment, conditions (a) and (b) may
1<;-' govern over (e).
{300 - (2)(30) - (2)(10) - (25+25+20) l/2 = 75 rom ~.;;;<
If middle (20 mm) bar is curtailed, clear spacing = 170

Table 3.30
mm,
The bottom spacing near midspan is < 160 mm, hence
[i~f~ll 10.
For the same reason given in Note 9 - i.e. the bending moment diagram being convex to
the baseline - the lengths of curtailed bars at supports are much smaller than those in
spans.
Note 16 O.K. (Note: - Since 20/25 = 0.8 > 0.45. the 20 mm bar
!-300-o!

I 3.12.11.2.2 satisfies the "0.45 rule" ,) I!.

However, the spacing rule is marginally violated when The anchorage length has to be provided on either side of the critical section for design,

,,
the middle bar is curtailed; as before, this can be so that the full strength of the steel can be utilized, Thy anchorage lengths vary
Note \7 tolerated 2 05
depending on the surface characteristics of the reinforcement as well as its yield strength.
Comer distance = [( (30+ 10+25/2) }(2)] . - 25/2 Crack width OK The anchorage length check may become critical when curtaili~g support steel.
3.12.11.2.5 I' =61.7mm < 160/2=80mm; hence OK in span 12. The continuing bars at the top (2T20) and the bottom (2T25) can be lapped with smaller
3.12.11.1 Note also that all the above spacings are greater than bars, when the former are no longer required tocarry tensile stresses, At least two bars
Note 18 h'agg + 5 mm'if.we assume that hagg •= 20 mm. Hence, Minimum spacing are required at any section for anchoring the shear links. The minimum diameter for such
minimum spacing rules are also satisfied. O.K bars will be around 12 mm. so that the reinforcement cage will have adequate stiffness
during erection. '

13.
III this instance, it is sufficient to satisfy conditions (a) and (b) alone in Clause 3.12.9.1,
as the bars will not be anchored in the tension zone.

SeNlceobility Checksand Detailing in Beams 34 ServlceObifity Checks and Detailingin Beams

35
 ·_---
14. All the references in Clause 3.12.8.13 are to the smaller of the wo lapped bars. Although
the basic lap length does not need to be increased in this example, it may need to- be in
some cases. sign of Slabs
15. In general, lapping should not be done at supports, since column or wall reinforcement
will add, to reinforcement congestion. In this example however, the bottom lap extends
into the support.

16. No d~wnward redistribution of moments has been carried out at this support section. If
such 'redistribution had been performed at a support section, the maximum spacing
allowed becomes fair! y small.
17. The continuing bars are able to carry twice the moment actually applied. as curtailment
has been done according to condition (e) in Clause 3.12.9.1. As the service stress will
then be quite' small, marginal violations of the bar spacing rules can be allowed. In any
case, see Note 19.
18. Both maximum and minimum spacings have to be satisfied. The maximum spacings
apply to the tension face and are "deemed to satisfy" rules for crack control. The
minimum spacing rules apply to both faces and ensure that concreting can be carried out
satisfactorily. The most commonly used aggregate size in practice is 20 nun (maximum
size).
Concluding Nole
19. If the "deemed to satisfy" serviceability checks are not satisfied, the more accurate
ample 13 - One Way Slab (Continuous)
slab which has several continuous spans of 5 m is to carry an imposed load of 3 kN/m 2 as a
ne way spanning slab. The loading from finishes and light partitions can each b;e considered
ulvalent to a uniformly distributed load of 1 kN/m 2• Taking the density of reinforced concrete
be 24 kN/m3, feu ;:; 25 N/rnm2• arid fy ;:;460 N/mm2, design a typical interior panel.
troductory Notes
<1. A slab is similar to a beam in that it is a flexural member. It is different to a beam in that
it is a two dimensional element, as opposed to being one dimensional.
Where the loadings from light partitions is not accurately known, it is reasonable to
assume a udl value of 1 kN/m 2• Furthermore, partitions whose positions are not known
should be treated as additional imposed load. The imposed load value specified in this
example corresponds to that for a school building. Imposed loads assumed for office
1'( buildings and domestic buildings are 2.5 kN/n? and 15 kN/m 2 respectively. Further

~1
calculations for deflection and crack width in Section 3 .of BS 8110: Pan 2 can be "! guidance can be obtained from "BS 6399: Part 1 (1984) - Design loading for buildings:
resorted to, in order to find out whether the requirements of Clause 2.2.3 are met. Code of practice for dead and imposed loads".

Reference Calculations Output

Slab thickness

Note 3 In order to choose a slab thickness, assume span/depth of

34 (for a continuous 1 way slab).
Hence, effective depth '" (5.0 <10 3)1(34) '" 147 mm
TABLE 1 We can use a cover of 20 mm (mild exposure conditions;
concrete protectedQY 10 mm 1:3 cement.sand
.
rendering).
Assuming bar diameter to be 10 mm, choose h'" 175mm
,'( Note 4 h e 175 mm and d = 175 - 20 - 10/2 = 150 mm d= 150mm

NOle5 Loading (for 1 m wide strip)

Self load = (0.175)(1)(24) = 4.2kN/m
,
Finishes = (1.0)(1) = 1.0kN/m
Tola! dead load - 5.2 kN/m (g0
Imposedload = (3.0)(1) =3.0kN/m
W Partitions = (1.0)(1) -l.OkN/m
Total imposed load - 4.0 kN/m ('10 design udl = 13.7
j" kN/m·!cngth/m-
Wi Design load = (1.4)(5.2) + (1.6)(4.0)= 13.7 kN/m wi~th

ii, .'
SefllioeCJbililyChiiJck:s and DetolJing in Beams 36

"
 R;,reren~'
.
'Vi ..CaloUJations
Ultimatebending moments and shearforces
Output .. . --- m{':'-J;:',:
Refe. .!l"., ;,,-,
:..:......:. '0
::,. ,. ..
I OUtput
.

Check for shear

3.5.2.3 Now L25gk > qk and qk <= 5.0 kN/m 2, and if we assume
that bay size> 30 m 2 , for an interior panel, . 2 v = (34.3 xlo') 1 (1000)(150) = 0.23 N/mw'
Note II v.=0.23
Table 3.13 Span moment = (0.063)F.I = (0.063)(13.7)(5.0) M.p., = 21.6 For looAJh,d = (100)(448) 1 (1000)(150) = 0.30,
kNm/m~wjdth
N/mm 2
. =21.6kNm/m 2 d = 150 mm and feu = 25 N/nm:?,
Support moment = (-0.063)F.I = (-0.063)(13.7)(5) = 21.6
M,l1ppcrt Table 3.9 v, =0.54 N/mm2 > 0.23 N/mm2
= -21.6 kNmhn kNm/m-width Table 3.17 vc =0.54
Hence, no shear reinforcement required.
Shear at support = (O.5)F = (0.5)(13.7)(5.0) V = 34.3 kN/m- Note 12 Nimm 2
=34.3 kN/m width
Secondary reinforcement

Design for bending at span Table 3.27 tooA..'!\, = 0.13

Chart 2 A, = (0.13)(1000)(175)1 (100) = 227.5 mm'/m
Mlbd' = (21.6 x 10'11 (1000)(150)' = 0.96 Span steel Secondary
(Part 3) Use no @ 350 mm (A, = 224 mm'/m)
no@ 175mm 3.12.11.2.7 steel
Note 6 looA,Ibd =0.26 (> 0.13); hence min. steel OK Max. spacing = (3)(150) = 450 mm > 350 mrn.
A, = (0.26)(1000)(150) 1 (100) = 3~ mm'zm TlO@350mm
Note 7
Fig. 3.25
Use no @ 175 mm (I\, = 448 mm 1m)
Half these bars can be curtailed at (0.2)1- i.e (0.2)(5) =
1.0 m from the centre-line of support. Then rlf will be
-1 075mr075m~
T10@175 T10@$50
ro 75e10 75m r-
Note 8 T10@350 T10@175
3.12.11.2.7 no @ 350 mm «(3)(150) = 450)
Note 9 looAJ!\, = (100)(44812) 1 (1000)(175) = 0.13 Note 13 , -'no@3so J
.J>
,,
Hence crack control and minimum steel O.K. : T10@350 T10@175 T10@350: ,,,
i ~1.0m-1 5.0m
r-'om+ :
,
Note 10 Check for deflection

2
Mlbd = 0.96 and 2
f, = (5/8)(460){(390)/(448») = 250 N/mm
Table 3.11 Hence F] = 1.57 (for tension steel)
Table 3.10 Allowable span/depth = (26)( 1.57) = 40.8
Actual span/depth = (5000)/(150)
= 33.3 <40.8; hence OK
Design for bending at surmort
Sincethe moment is identical to that in the span, steel
provided also can be identic.al. _ need be made for link diameter.
Fig. 3.25 Half these bars can be curtailed at (0.15)1 = (0.15)(5) -
0.75 m from the face of support (Note: 45 $ = 450 mm <
750 mm) and all the steel curtailed at (0.3)1 = (0.3)(5) =
1.5 m from the face of support
Notes on Calculations
Deflection O.K. 3. Although the bending moment is the controlling factor in the choice of depth for beams,
Where slabs are concerned, the controlling factor is the span/depth ratio, representing the
check for deflection. A trial value has to be used initially; a value of around 34 is a
reasonable estimate for lightly loaded one way continuous slabs.rthls should be reduced
to around 30 for heavily
2, loaded slabs. A lightly loaded slab would have an imposed load
Support steel of around 4 kN/m while a heavily loaded slab would have one of around lO kN/m2.
TIO@ 175 mm
4. Slabs are generally designed such that shear links are not required; hence, no allowance
5. One way and two way slabs are generally designed _ i.e. loads evaluated and
reinforcement calculated - on the basis of a strip of unit width (e.g. 1 m wide). Hence the
udls calculated here strictly have units of kN/m-lengthlm-width. The Bending Moments
and Shear Forces calculated subsequently are "per m-width'',

6. The minimum steel requirement is in fact based on lOOA/A::. However, since the
lOOA./bd is obtained from the design charts, it provides an approximate check on the
minimum steel requirement,

II .' Design of SlobS 38 -Design of Slobs

39
 2
· 7. Althoughwe.can use the slightly larger spaciI1~ of 200 ~ (giving As : : 3?2.5 mrn /I?)' The imposed load could be taken as 1.5 kN/m 2 , since it is a domestic building. The
we adopt this smaller spacing, as it results In the mtnrmum steel requirement being finishes (on both top surface and soffit) call be assumed to be a uniformly distributed
satisfied even after half the steel is curtailed. load of 1 kN/m'.

8. Although 60% of the steel can be, curtailed, in practical slabs: curtailing 50% is easier,
because every other bar can ~ curtailed.
The "3d" rule in Clause 3.12.11.2.7 refers in fact to the allowable maximu.m clear
9.
spacing between bars, However, here and in other examples on ~labs, the check 15 made,
rather loosely but conservatively, with respect to bar centre spacings.
10. The assumption regarding span/depth ratio must be checked as early as, possible in the
design. Hence span moments should be designed for first and the deflection check made
soon after.
The parapet wall which is constructed on the slab perpendicular to its span will give a
degree of fixity to the slab. However, the most conservative approach is to idealize this
slab as a one way simply supported slab. Any fixing moments caused by the above
partial fixity can be acccmcdated by taking 50% of the mid span steel into the top face of
the slab at the support.
The parapet wall parallel to the span will have to be carried by the slab. It can be
assumed that the wall is 1.0 m high and 120 mrn thick and that the density of the (brick)
2
wall is 23 kN/m • The load from this wall will be distributed only over a limitedwidth of
the slab (Clause 3.5.2.2).

IJ. The area of steel used here is that of the top (tension) steel at the support, Calculations Output

12. In general, apart from some cases in flat slabs, it is sought to' avoid she~ reinforcement Slab thickiless
in slabs, Hence, if v is greater U1aJ1 vc, the slab thickness is increased. This s:lOuld alw.ays
be borne in mind, and perhaps an approximate check for shear made early In the design, Approximate span = 3500 mm
especially if the slab is heavily loaded (c.g. with a water load). Assuming span/depth ratio of 28 (for a simply supported
I way slab),
13. Where the curtailment of steel is concerned, the distances corresponding to top steel are effective depth; (3500Y(28); 125 mm
given from the face of the support and those corresponding to bottom steel from the If we take cover = 30 mm (moderate exposure conditions
centre-line of support. and TABLE 1 values modified by Notes 5 and 6), and
bar diameter = 10 mm, we can choose h; 160mm
Concluding Noles h; 160 mm and d; 160 -30 -1012; 125 mm. d=125mm
14. Although it is quite easy to satisfy minimum steel requirements and maximum bar Hence, effective span = lesser of
spacing ruleS at critical sections (such as midspan and ~upport), ~e should be taken to (3500+225) ; 3725 mm eff. span;
ensure that the above checks are not violated after curtailment of reinforcement. or (3500H25); 3625 mm 3.625m
Loading (for 1 m wide strip)
15. The simplified approach to the design of slabs, using Table 3.13 can ,be used in most
practical situations. Such an approach is glven for the design of conunuous beams as Selfload ;(0.16)(1)(24) ; 3.84kN/m
well, in Table 3.6. The coefficients ill this larter table are higher than those for slabs, Finishes ; (1.0)(1) ; 1.00 kN/m
because the slab coefficients are based on the less stringent single load case of all spans Total dead load ; 4,84 Id'llm
loaded. with support moments redistributed downwards by 20%. Imposed load ; (1.5)(1) ; 1.50 kN/m
Design load; (1.4)(4.84) + (1.6)(1.5); 9.2 kN/m design udl ; 9.2
kN/m
Example 14 - One Way Slab (Simply Supported) Strip carrying parapet wall; (0.3)(3.625) + O. I2
A garage roof in a domestic building is to function asan access,ible platform, surroun?cd by ; 1.21 m
a parapet wall; the slab is supported on two parallel 225 mm bnck walls, the clear dlstan~e Additional dead load in that area =
2 2 (1.0)(0.12)(23) I (1.21) ; 2.28 kN/m
,between walls being 3.5 m. Desi§11 the slab.taking fCll = 25 N/nU11 , f)' = 460 N/rnm and density
of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m .

Inlroduclory Noles
1. This-example has more unknowns than the previous one. It describes a "real"l Sadituafrtion,
where design assumptions win have to be made. The imposed load and. 0 . om
finishes and parapet wall have to be assumed and a decision taken regarding the end
fixity of the slab.

40
Design of Slabs
 CalculatIons
Output Reference Caleulefions , ';',',,; "
. ""''''1''\'
Reference Check for shear .
., Ultimate bendi.n r!" moment and shear force

Since we assume the slab tobe simply su~ported,

v ~ (16.7 x 10') I (1000)(125) ~ 0.13 N/rom'
looAJb,d ~ 0.131
Note 3 Table 3.9 Hence, V c = 0.45 N/mm 2 > 0.13 N/mm2 ;
Mid span moment ~ w.I'/8 ~ (9.2)(3.625) 18 , Mspan = 15.1 Table 3.17 hence shear rlf is not required, Shear OK
~ 15.1 ~'1m1m kNmlm
Shear force at support ~ w.V2 ~ (9.2)(3.625) 12 V~ 16.7kN/m
~ 16.7 kN/m Secondarv reinforcement

lOOAJAo ~ 0.13
Design for bending A, ~ (0.13)(1000)(160) 1(100) ~ 208 mmvm secondary steel
3.12.1 1.2.7 Use TI0 @ 375 mm (i.e. rna", spacing allowed- 3d) TlO@375rom
Mlbd' ~ (15.1 I (1000)(125)' ~ 0.97
x 106) (As ~ 209 mmvm)
Chart 2
looAJbd ~ 0.26 (> 0.13); hence min. steeJ OK
(Part 3)
A, ~ (0.26)(1000)(125) I (100) ~ 32{ rom 1m
Use TlO @ 225 mm (A, ~ 349 mm 1m) Note 12 Notes- It can be shown that the spacing of the under parapets
3. \2.11.2.7 Max spacing allowed ~ (3)(125) reinforcement in the edge strips of 1.21 m should be T 10 TlO@ 175mm
~ 375 'm~ > 225 mrn; hence crack width O.K. @ 175 rom at midspan (and hence TI0 @ 350 mm at (span)
supports). TIO@350
However, bar spacing as well as minimum s~eel
requirement will be violated if bars are curt~led.
Hence, use TlO @ 1875 rom (A, ~ 419 rom 1m)
span steel IT~10@375
f-+ 0 .s s m
Tl0@37~
o.s5m+-1
T (support)

Note 9 Tl0@ 1875 rom

Spacing after curtail:nent = 375 mm.
100AJA:. after curtailment =
(100 1(419/2) I (1000)(160) ~ OJ 31 > 0.13
C T10@3?5
•

T10@187.5
e . --:J
Hence: min. steel and bar spacing are O.K. after Ho.25m o.25m'...,
curtailment. I,
~ , 3.5m~ ,fo-
The steel should be curtailed at (0.1)1~ (0.1)(3625) ~ O.225m a.225m
Fig. 3.25
362.5 mm from the point of support, t.e. 362.5 - (225/2)
:::250 mm from the face of support,
support steel
The-rest of the steel could be taken into the SUPP?rt and Tl0@375mm
Notes on Calculations
Note 10 bent back into the span as top steel to extend a distance 5. In order to use Clause 13.4.1.2 to find the effective span, the clear distance between
from support face of (0.15)1, ~ (0.15)(3625) ~ 544 mm {> supports is taken as a first approximation of the span.
3.12.10.3.2
(45)$ ~ (45)(10) ~ 450 mm}, say 055 m
6. For a lightly loaded one-waysimply supported slabs, a span/depth-ratio of around 26-28
may be assumed. This should be reduced to around 24 for a heavily loaded slab.
Check for deflection
7. In this instance, we have taken a value for h, such that Slab thicknesses. are assumed to
Mlbd' ~ 0.97 . , vary in steps of 10 mm. Touse steps of25 mm (corresponding to 1 inch) would be too
f ~ (5/8)(460)(325/419)';' 223 Nlmm' conservative for slabs. Hence either 10 mm steps or 12.5 rom steps (corresponding to 0.5
Note 11
Table 3.1 \ Hence, F I = 1.68 (for tension steel) inches) should be adopted.
Allowable span/depth ~ (20)(1.68) ~ 33.6
Table 3.10
Actual spanJdepth ~ 3625/125 ~ 29 < 33.6; 8. The edge areas of the slab, i.e. the 1.21 m strips carrying the parapet loads, will be more
Deflection O.K.
hence O.K. heavily reinforced than the rest of the slab. However, only the central part of the slab is
actually designed in this example.

Design of Slabs 43
Design of Slabs
9. There may be other altemarives to increasing the mid-span steel, but this approach
makes the detailing for curtailment very simple and also helps to satisfy the deflection Slab thickness
check, which is very critical in slabs. This approach also facilitates the detailing of steel
for support restraint, as shown in the figure. One possible alternative is to use smaller Assume a span/depth ratio of 40 (for a continuous 2 way
diameter bars, but bars smaller than 10 mill, if used as main steel, will not be very stiff slab)
and may deflect significantly during concreting, thus losing their cover. effective depth ~ (5000)1(40) ~ 125 mm
If we take cover> 20 mm (mild exposure conditions and
As shown in the figure, this is a very neat method of providing top steel at partially concrete protected by 10 rom 1:3 cement.sand rendering)

I
10.
restrained ends of slabs and beams. and bar diameter as 10 mm, then we can choose h = 150 h~ 150mm
mm and dm", ~ 150 - 20 - 10/2 ~ 125 mm and dl" , ~ 125 =
dshon
Since we have provided more steel than required at mid-span (see Note 9), advantage -1O~115mm 125mm
II.
should be taken of this by generally calculating the service stress, which will be lower d]ong =
t
than (5/2)fy and lead to a greater allowable span/depth ratio. 115mm
Loading (udl)
,I
12. It may be convenient to reinforce [he entire slab with TIO @' 175 mm at mid span and
TIO @ 350 mm at support, since the central part of the sla~ already has TIO @ 187.5 Self load ~ (0.15)(24) ~ 3.6 kNlm'
II, •
mm and TIO @ 375 mrn at span and support respectively. The small penalty in cost will Finishes =(1.0) = 1.0 L'1\/11122
probably be woith the simpler detailing arrangement. Total dead load = 4.6 L'\i/m
Imposed load ~ (3.0) ~ 3.0 kNlm'
2
Concluding Note Partitions ::; (J .0) - 1.0 kN/m
13. It is. important t.o. keep i~ mind c~najlment, bar spacing rules ~? mini~um ~teel Total imposed load - 4.0 kN/m 2
requirements while designing the reinforcement, because these detailing considerations Design Ioade (1.4)(4.6) + (1.6)(4.0) ~ 12.8 kNlm' n =. 12.8 kN/m
2

may lead to the design being altered, as was the case here. I'
J
Bending moments
i'

This interior panel has lyIlx·::; 6/5 ::: J.2

'I
:,
Example 15 - Two Way Slab I
Short way, edge ~(0.042)(12.8)(5)'~ 13.44 k,'imlm ;1
3.15 Short way, span ~(0.032)(12.8)(5)'~ 10.24 kl'Im/m
A tWO way spanning slab which has several panels in each direction has a panel size of 5 m x 6
Long way, edge ~(0.032)( 12.8)(5)'~ 10.24 kNmlm
m. The imposed load on..,thesl.ab is 3 k!'1/rr( The loading fr.om finishes and Ji~ht partitions ca~
Long way, span ~(0.024)(12.8)(5)2~ 7.68 kNmlm
each be taken as 1 kN/m-. Design a typical mtenor panel, usmg feu = 25 Nzmm", fy= 460 Nzmm"
3
and density of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m :
Design of reinforcement
Shan way, mid-span:-
Chan 2 M/bd' ~ (10.24 x 10') I (1000)(125)' ~ 0.66
Introductory Notes (Pa113) looAJbd~0.17
1. The short span length and loading for this example have been made identical to those in A, ~ (0.17)(1000)(125) I 100 ~ 213 mm'lm
Example 13 for a one-way spanning slab. Hence, results call be compared. Use T J0 @ 350 mm (As ~ 224 rnmvm)
1.2.7 Max. spacing ~ (3)(125) ~ 375 rnm > 350 mm
2. It will be assumed that the corners of this slab are prevented from lifting and that· 3.27 100AjA, ~ (100)(224) I (JOOO)(l50) ~ 0.15 >0.13
adequate provision is made for torsion. . Hence, bar spacing and min. steel are O.K. but if steel is Short way, span
curtailed, they will be violated. TIO@350mm

(Check for deflectionu-

Mlbd' ~0.66
r, ~ (5/8)(460)(2131224) ~ 273 Nlmm'
Table 3.11 F]::; 1.64 (for tension steel)
Table 3.10 Allowable span/depth ~ (26)(1.64) ~ 42.6
Actual span/depth ~ (5OO0)1( 125) ~ 40 < 42.6;
hence O.K. Deflection O.K

44
Design ofSlam
 ... . Onlou!

Short way. cts. edge:- 2 Fig. 3.25 I'

Mlbd' ~ 0.86, l00A,lbd ~ 0.23, A, ~?88 mrn 1m I
---~-I--·-·-·-·--·-·--r-·-·
Short way,edge

Chart 2
(Part 3)
Use no @ 250 mm (A, ~ 314 mm 1m)
Bar spacing and min. steel are O.K.

Long way, cts. edge:~

l00A,lbd~0.21 .
2
Mlbct' ~ (10.24 xlO') I (1000)(115) ~ 0.77

A, ~ (0.21)(1000)(115) I (100) ~ 24l mm

2
TI0@250mm ,!
[

1~1800-1 -l
i 16Tl0@325T
T .
1500

if
1--18002-j i
500016TlO@325Ti
Use Tl0 @ 325 mm (A, ~ 242 mm 1m) 15TtO@350B i
Max. spacing ~ (3)(115) ~ 345 mm > 325 mm Long way, edge
3.12.11.2.7
l00A,lA.,~ (100)(242) I (1000)(150) ~ 0.16 >0.13 TIO@325mm
Table 3.27
Hence, bar spacing and min. steel are O.K., but steel
cannot be curtailed.

I pog way. mid-span:- . 2

Mlbd' _ 0.58. l00A,lbd ~ 0.15. A, ~2173 mm 1m Long way, span
Use TI0 @ 350 mm (A, ~ 224 mm 1m), smce max. TIO@350mm
clear spacing (345 rom) governs.
Edge strips:-
3.5.3.5 (4) l00AJA., - 0.13 ,
A, ~ (0.13)(150)(1000) I (100) ~ 195 mmvm .
Use TIO @ 375 rnm (governed by max. spacmg rule III
Edge strip Notes on Calculations
;! short way direction) . nO@375mm
! Use only in short way cts. edge; at other locatlODS, use (only for short 3. A trial value for span/depth ratio of 40 is reasonable for a lightly loaded, continuous
Note 7
I middle strip steel for edge steel. way, cts. edge) square 2-way slab; a ratio of 38 would be appropriate for heavily loaded slabs. This will
of course reduce with the ratio of long to short span, reaching the value for l-way slabs
when the latter ratio becomes 2. The span/depth ratio is calculated with respect to the
Check for shear shorter span, as it is this that controls deflection.
Short way support:-
I' V ~ (0.39)(12.8)(5) ~ 25.0 kN/m a 4. It should be noted that the slab thickness required for a two-way slab is less than-that
I Table3.16
v ~ (25.0 x 103) I (1000)( 125) ~ 0.2 N/mm required for a one-way slab of similar span and loading - cr. 175 rnm required for the
IOOA,lbd ~ (100)(314) I (1000)(125) ~ 0.25 slab in Example 13.
2
V = 0.53 N/mm2 > 0.2 N/mm ; hence O.K.
r.
,
Table 3.9 c
5. In arranging the reinforcement in the slab, the short way reinforcement should be placed
Long way SUPDort:- outermost, in order to have the greatest "effective depth, since the shorter span controls
V ~ (0.33)(12.8)(5) ~ 21.1 kN/m 2 deflection and since the bending moments and shear forces are 'greater in the short way
Table 3.16
v ~ (21.1 X 103) I (1000)(115) ~0.18 N/mm No shear r/f direction as well.
100A,lbd ~ (100)(242) I (1000),015) ~ 0.21 required
ve = 0.50 N/mm 2 > 0.18 N/mm ; hence O.K. 6. Two way spanning slabs are, in general, very lightly reinforced, so that curtailing is often
Table 3.9
not possible because of the minimum steel requirement or the maximum spacing
requirement, or both.
r
7. Since the main steel requirements are also fairly small, for practical detailing it may be it
may be convenient to use the same reinforcement as the middle strip for the edge strips,
except in the case of the short way continuous edge.

Design of Slobs
4'
Design of Slabs
: Concluding Noles
8. Where an edge or comer panel is concerned, in addition to the main and edge steel, Loading (for entire panel)
the requirements of torsional steel reinforcement have to be met a~ the top and bottom of
the slab according to Clause 3.5.3.5; in many cases, the main and edge steel provided Panel area = (5)(6) = 30 m'
would meet those requirements. Self load = (0.2125)(30)(24) = 153 kN
Finishes = (1.0)(30) = 30 kN
9. Although the loads on a beam supporting a two-way slab will be either triangular or . Total dead load = 183 kN
trapezoidal, the code gives coefficients for an equivalent uniformly distributed load over Imposed load = (3.0)(30) = 90 kN
three quarters of its span (see Figure 3.10 and Table 3. J6 in BS 8110' Part 1). Partitions = (1.0)(30) = 30 kN
Total imposed load = 120 kN
10. In the calculation of moment coefficients from Table 3.15, if there are significantly
differing ccefftcients on either side of a common edge, the code suggests a method of Desigu load = (1.4)(183) + (1.6)(120) = 448 kN F=448 kN
moment distribution to rectify the situation, in Clause 35.3.6.
Bending moments
Long way:-
Example 16 • Flat Slab
Span moment = (0.063)(448)(6) = 169 kNm
Col. strip (2.5 m) = (0.55)(169) = 93 kNm
A flat slab, which has several ba1's in each direction, has a panel size of 5 m x 6 m. The design
Mid. strip (2.5 m) = (0.45)(169) = 76 kNm
imposed on the .slab is 3 leN/m . The loading from finishes and light partitions 2
can each be2
Support moment = (0.063)(448)(6)
considered to be I kN/m 2 . Design a typical interior panel, using feu = 25 N/nun , f y = 460 N/mm
and density of reinforced concrete = 24 ki\J/m 3. It may be assumed that the columns supporting - (0.15)(448)(1.25) = 85 kNm
Col. strip (2.5 m) = (0.75)(85) = 64 kNm
the slab are braced. Mid. strip (2.5 m) = (0.25)(85) = 21 kNm
lntroductory Noles
I'
I. This example, too, can be compared with Examples 13 and 15.
Short way:-
Span moment = (0.063)(448)(5) = 141 kNm
II
2. As the columns are braced, and as the slab has several bays in each direction, the
simplified method of analysis described in (the amended) Clause 3.7.2.7 and (the
Col. strip (2.5 m) = (0.55)(141) = 78 kNm
Mid. strip (3.5 m) = (0.45)(141) = 63 kNm I
amended) Table 3.13 will be employed.
Support moment = (0.063)(448)(5)
- (0.15)(448)(1.25) = 57 kNm
I
[,
Col. strip (2.5 m) = (0.75)(57) =43 kNm :1
3. It will be assumed that the slab is without drops, and the maximum value of effective Mid. strip (3.5 m) = (0.25)(57) = 14 kNm I'
diameter will be employed for column heads.
i
Calculations Output Design of reinforcement
Reference
Long way, span:-
Slab thickness (Check for deflection)
Total span moment e 169 kNm
Max. value of n, = (1/4)(5.0) = 1.25 m h, = 1.25 m
3.7.1.4 MJbd' = (169 x 10') / (5000)(187.5)' = 0.96
Note 4 Assuming a trial span/depth of 32, If AU eqd = A,proy, f s = 288 N/mm 2
'3.7.8 effective depth = (6000)/(32) = 187.5 mrn and P j ;:;; lAO (for tension steel)
TABLE I If we take cover =20 mm (mild exposure conditions and Allowable span/depth = (26)(1.40)(0.9) = 32.8
concrete protected by 10 rnrn 1:3 ct.sand render) and bar Actual span/depth = (6000)/(i 87.5) = 32
diameter = 10 mrn, we can choose h = 212.5 mm
< 32.8; hence O.K. Deflection O.K.
h = 212.5 mm, d,,,t" 212.5-20-10/2 =·i87.5 mm, d y= 187.5 mm
NoteS
dshol1 ;: 187.5~ 10 = 177.5 mm, dilyg = 182.5 mm d, = 177.5 mm
day? 182.5 mm

DeSignof Slabs
 .,""""",',','0 :".:;·.~{';;i,{;:{t·,JiJj~~t

, -:
.YiiA&-tZ·· .. ..
.
b. ,Qutput ,
" ,
~
Check for shear
(Column strip' 2.5 rrrwide)
Chart 2 Mlbd' = (93 xlO') I (2500)(187.5)' = 1.06 If square columns are used, size of column head =
(Part 3) 100A,lbd = 0.28 «m'4)(!.25)'}o.s = 1.1 m
•• A, = (0.28)(2500)(1875) I (100) = 1313 mm' Perimeter of column head = (1.1)(4) = 4.4 m
Note 9 Use 17T10@ 147 mm (A, = 1335mm') Long way, span 3.7.7.4 Ist critical perimeter ~ (2)(1.5)(0.1825) + 1.1)(4)
3.12.11.2.7 Allowable spacing = (3)(1875) = 5625 mm (Col. strip) = (1.648)(4) = 659 m
Table 3.27 I OOAj."-c = (I (0)(1335) I (2125)(2500) = 0.25 17 TlO Area within this perimeter = (1.648)2 =2.716 m 2
Note 10 Hence bar spacing and min. steel are O.K @ 147mm
V,=448kN
3.7.6.2 V"" = (1.I5)V, = ~1.15)(448) = 515.2 kN
(Middle strip> 25 m wide) Long way, span
Mlbd' = (76 x 10') 1(2500)(1875)' = 0.86 (Mid. strip) Vm~ = (515.2 x 10 ) I (4.4 x10')(182.5)
Chart 2
(Part 3) lOOA,lbd = 0.23; A, = 1078 mrrr' 14TIO = 0.64 N/mm' < (0.8)(25)0.s = 4 N/mm';
Use 14 TlO @ 179 mm (A, = 1100 mm') @ 179mm Load on 1st crit. perimeter = (448/30)(30-2.716)
= 407 kN
Long\vay support:- v = (407 x10')(1.15) I (659 x 10')(1825)
3.7.7.4
(Column strip> 2.5 m wide) Long way, sup = 0.39 N/mm'
Mlbd' = 0.73, 100A,lbd = 0.20, A, = 938 mm' (Col. strip) Note 12 (I OOA,lbd)"g=(1I2)(100/1825) (942+785)/2500)
3.7.3.1 Use 12 TI0 (As = 942 mm 2) - 8 TID centred on column 8 TlO@ 156
=0.19
! @ 156 nun; 4 TlO@ 313 nun. 4T10@313 Table 3.9 V c =0.44 N/mm > 0.39 N/m.rn
2 2
Shear r/f

!
! Table 3.27
(Middle strip' 25 m wide)
Mlbd' = 0.24; 100A,lbd = 0.06
Use nominal steellOOAjA, = 0.13; A, = 691 mm' Use 9
Long way, sup
(Mid. strip)
T
1-1250+-250.0-----+-1250+1250-1

"'-'-'-'-,'- -.-_._.--.-.-.~.-.--.
, ·...-·_·_·_·1
not required.

T 10 @ 278 mm (A, = 707 mm') 9T10@278 !

!
: , I, Ii
_.), .... -1.---__ -1
1250
• ' ,

I t
! :
i-------i- ........
Short way, span:-
(Column strip - 2.5 m wide)
, : i' I
,, 13T1O@2698
:
,
k Chart 2
(Part 3)
Mlhd' = (78 x10') I (2500)(177.5)' = 0.99
lOOA,lbd = 0.27
A, = (0.27)(2500)(1775) I (100) = 1198 nun' Short way, span
35M I
I,
,
,,
,
~1500
r! 13Tl0@2S9T
I Use 16 TlO @ 156 mm (A, = 1257 mm') (Col. strip) i

l...
: , I
----~- ----' ~- ----{. ~--
: .,I -
3.12.11.2.7 Allowable spacing = (3)(177.5) = 5325 mm 16 TIO @ 156
+
1250
!
!,
'
,:
,
,
,
IT
--~

2T104313T

. r..! -
(Middle strip> 3.5 m wide)
-t
16TlO@1568
1iI---i- . _J, .-+ -
Note 11 Mlhd' = (63 x 10') I (3500)(177.5)' = 0.57 !. : 6Tl0,@20BT
Table 3.27 lOOA,lbd = 0.15; use lOOAjA, = 0.13 Short way, span 1250
i i ,,
A, = (0.13)(3500)(212.5) I (100) = 967 mm' (Mid. strip)
13 TlO @ 269
1 !L. _____._ ......_.
,
._._._._. _._._...... -'-' ... .._._.
2T10@313T ~

Use 13 TlO @ 269 mm (A, = 1021 mm'')

Short wav. support:-

(Column strip - 2.5 m wide) Short way, sup
Table 3.27 Mlbd' = 0.55; use lOOAjA.= 0.13; A,=690 mm'; Use 10 (Col. strip)
3.7.3.1 TIO'(As =785 mm2) - 6 T10 centred on column @ 208 6TIO@208
mm;4TlO@313mm. 4TIO@313

(Middle strip - 3.5 m wide)

Mlbd' = 0.13, 100A,lbd = 0.03; hence use Short way. sup
Table 3.27 100AjA" = 0.13, A, = 967 mrrr' (Mid. strip)
Use 13 TIO @269mm As = 1021 mm 2) 13 TIO@269

Design of Slobs
Design of Slabs 5'
Noles on Calculalions Edge and ~o~er ~olu~s of flat slabs will have column strips considerably narrower
than those In mtenor panels (see Clause 3.7.4.2). Furthermore, the enhancement factors
4. The trial span/depth ratio should be around 0.9 times that used for continuous one-way for shear due to moment transfer will be greater at these columns (see Clause 3.7.6.3).
slabs (See Example 13, Note 3); hence a value of around 32 is reasonable.The deflection
is governed by the longer SP4i1, unlike in two-way slabs; therefore the slab thicknesses
will be greater for flat slabs than for two-way slabs of similar d,imensions and loading.

5. Compare this much greater overall depth with that of 150 mm obtained for the two way
slab in Example 15; of course, there is the considerable advantage here of not requiring ed slab whic~ has several continuous spans of 5 m is to carry an imposed load of 3 kl"'-;/m2
beams. The slab thickness has been chosen in steps of 12.5 rom (corresponding to 1/2 one-way spanmng slab. Taking the load from light partitions and finishes as 1 k.,.}.,J/m 2 each
inch). The greater effective depth should, be used for the long way span - i.e. the long en~itY?f reinforced concrete as 24 k..1-.J/m 3 , feu;;: 25 N/n1ITJ. 2 and f y = 460 N/mm 2 , design a
way reinforcement should be on the outside - because deflection is governed by the al Interior panel. Note that a 1 hour fire resistance is required.
longer span and the moments ill the long way direction are greater than those in the short
way direction; this too is the opposite of two way slab action. The average value of
effective depth is used for punching shear checks.
This exarnpJ~ can. be compared directly with Example 13, where the only difference is
6. It is more convenient to determine the loading on an entire panel for flat slabs, as that the slab IS solid.
opposed to that on a strip of unit width.
Altf:ough this. sla? is continuous, bec~use of ~he difficulty of reinforcing the topping over
7. The flat slab has to be analysed in two mutually perpendicular directions, with the total the supports, It will be treated as a senes of simply supported slabs (see Clause 3.6.2).
load being taken in each direction. This is because there are no peripheral beams around
the slab, the flat-slab acting as both slab and beam.
Calculations Output
8. The deflection check is done early here, even before the steel is designed. This is a Choice of fann
conservative approach, but has the advantage that it can detect early any changes that
may be required in slab thickness. If this check is made after the steel has been designed, Assuming a trial span/depth ratio of 26,
the average of column and middle strip steel can be taken for the As values. effective depth = (5000)/(26) = 192 mm
Assuming cover of 20 mm (mild exposure conditions J./"1d
9. The reinforcement in 'a flat slab is generally specified in tenus of the number of bars in a concrete protected by 10 mm 1:3 cement.sand rendering)
given strip. As such, the spacing may not be in preferred dimensions. and bar size of 20 rnm, we can choose h=225mm
h =225 mm andd = 225 - 20 - 2012= 195 mm d= 195mm
10. Curtailment, in this and other instances will not be carried out in this example. In most
cases, the minimum steel requirement will preclude such curtailment, although the Min. rib width for 1 hr. fire resistance e 125 rnm and
maximum spacing requirement can easily be satisfied. min. cover e 20 mm; hence cover O.K.
Choose min. rib width of 125 mm, widening to 250 nun
11. Note that the effective depth in the short way direction is 177.5 nun (as opposed to 187.5 and rib spacing of 500 mm
mm) and that the width of the middle strip is 3.5 m (as opposed to 2.5 m), « 1.5 m; hence O.K.)
Also u?e thickness of topplng e 50 nun; then rib height ;;:
12. Just as the average effective depth is used for punching shear calculations, the 100As/bd 225 - 50= 175 mm
value should also be averaged. This is because the square shear perimeters cross both the {< (4)(125) = 500 mm; hence O.K.)
long way and short way steel. Now, effective thickness = (225)~
~= {(50)(5OO) + (112)(125+250)(175») / (500)(225)
Concluding Noles =0.51 l,=1l5mm
13. Unlike in the two-way slab, Where the middle strips carry most of the moment and are t, = (225)(0.51) = 115 mm
hence more heavily reinforced, in the flat slab, it is the column strips that carry most of (> 95 mm for I hr. fire resistance; hence O.K.)
the moment and are more heavily reinforced.
T-i;::=it---
14. Where the simplified method used here is not applicable, a frame analysis will have to be 225
carried out according to Clause 3.7.2. .L

Design of Slabs 52
 I,~
"y F\0:::;r;/j Calclli,lt!iP~
. ,>: .........;.+ ;..:.;t
I .......

Note 5 Loading (for 0.5 m strip)

Top steel over support
3.6.2 .-
Self load = (0.115)(0.5)(24) = 1.38 kN/m
Flnisbes = (1.0)(0.5) = 0.50 kN/m
This is to control cracking and should be 25 % of
midspan steel.
Total dead load - 1.88 kN/m
A. = (1/4)(246) = 61.5 mm"
Imposed load = (3.0)(0.5) = 1.5 kN/m over support
Use I TIO bar (As = 78.6 mrn'), extending (0.15)1 =
Partitions = (1.0)(0.5) - 0.5 kN/m
(0.15)(5.00) - 0.75 m into soan on each side. 1 TIO per rib
Total imposed load - 2.0 kN/m
Design load =(1.4)(1.88) + (1.6)(2.0) = 5.83 kN/m design udl = 5.83
kN/m Notes on Calculations
Design for bending 3. This trial ratio is reasonable for simply supported one-way slabs - see Note 6 in Example
14.
Assuming slab is simply SURPorted, .
moment in s~an = (5.83)(5) 1 (8) = 18.2 kNm 4. It should be noted that the.effective thickness 9.£ this slab (reflecting the volume of
3.4.4.4 K = M 1 (b.d .f,,) concrete that will be used) is much lower than the one-way solid slab of similar span and
= (18.2 x 10') 1 (500)(195)'(25) = 0.038 loading in Example 13.
z = d[O.5 + {0.25 - (0.038)/(0.9))°·,] = (0.96)d
Hence use z = (0.95)d = (0.95)(195) = 185 mm 5. It is convenient to calculate the loading for a strip of width equal to a repeating cross
x = (195-185) 10.45 = 22.2 mm « 50 mm) sectional unit.
Hence, neutral axis is in flange.
A, = (18.2 X 106) 1 (0.87)(460)(185) = 246 mm' , main rlf 6. Since support details are not given, the shear force is calculated at a distance "d" from
Use I T20 (A, = 314 mm') I T20per rib the centre-line of support (and not from the face of the support - Clause 3.4.5.10). The
Table 3.27 lOOAJbwh = (100)(314) 1 {(1I2)(l25+250)(225)} approach here is conservative,
= 0.74 > 0.18; hence min. steel OX
7. The average width of web below the flange is used for shear stress calculations,

Check for deflection Concluding Notes

bw/b = (187.5)/(500) = 0.375
Table 3.10 Hence, basic span/depth ratio = 16.4
f, = (5/8)(460)(2461314) = 225 N/mm'
Mlbd' = (18.2 x106 ) 1 (500)(195)' = 0.96
Table 3.11 Hence, F 1 = 1.68 (for tension reinforcement)
Allowable span/depth = (16.4)(1.68) = 27.6
Actual span/depth = (5000)/(195) = 25.6
< 27.6; hence OX
8. Fire resistance considerations will, to a large extent, govern the choice of form of ribbed
slabs,
9. The design of these slabs is essentially the same as .the design of flanged beams.
Generally the neutral axis will lie within the flange.
10. Although the code suggests a single layer mesh reinforcement for the topping, it does not
demand it (Clause 3.6.6.2). It will be quite difficult to place such a mesh in a 50 nun
Deflection OX topping while maintaining the top and bottom cover requirements.

IL These ribbed slabs probably have a lower material cost than solid slabs, but their
Check for shear construction costs would be greater, because of non-planar formwork requirements.

Note 6 Shear force at ltd" from support

= (5.83)(5)12){ 1 - (0.195)/(2.5)) = 13.4 kN

Note? v = (13.4 x 10') 1 (187.5)(195) = 0.37 N/mm'

lOOA,lbd = (I 00)(314) 1 (187.5)(195) = 0.86
v; = 0.72 N/mm 2 > 0.37 N/mm 2; shear f/f not
Table 3.9
3.6.4.7 hence shear rlf not required. . required

54 Design ofSlabs 55
Design of Slobs
CHAfYfER7

The values of f3 in Tables 3.21 and 3.22 have been obtained from the more rigorous
Design of Columns method for calculating effective column lengths in framed structures, given in equations
3 to 6 in section 2,5 of Part 2 of the code. The ratios o:c (i.e. sum of column stiffnessesl
sum of beam stiffnesses) have been assumed to be 0.5, 1.5,3.0, and 7.0 for conditions 1,
2,3 and 4 in Clause 3.8.1.6.2 (Part I) respectively.

Example 18 • Column Classification . . . Where edge columns are concerned, they will not have beams "on either side as
, .d of 5 0 m x 5.0 m, supporting beams of dimension specified in the provisions of Clause 3.8.1.6.2. In this case. an approximate value for ~
A four storey building has colu~ms on a gn
, . ..
.: ,." l' b of 175 mm thickness. The roof also
5?5 nun x 300 nun in one direction only and a one-way s a n s are of dimension 300 nun x can be interpolated, based on the actual a<: value and the values used in Tables 3.21 and
h;;' a beam-slab arrangement identic~ ~~er
to ;n~c~~~n;,eight
fl07;s:i from the top of the pad
3.22 (see Note 3 above); otherwise the method in Section 2.5 of Pan 2 can be adopted.

300 nun. and the soffit

ed to to ~offit heig t 0 h .o~r;~: o['thI first floor beams is 5.0 m. If the frame For a column to be considered short, both Iexlh and le/b have to be less than 15 (for
foundation esrgne ~.'"
(desi resist moment) to t e 50,11.
1 f different storeys as short or slender. braced columns) and less than 10 (for unbraced columns), as specified in Clause 3.8.1.3.
is braced, classify a typical internal co umn or 1.
The ratio a<: in section 2.5 of Pan 2 or the value ~ in Clause 3.8.1.6 has to be obtained
for beams in one plane at a time.
introductory Notes di on whether
1. Columns are classified as un) ~radce~ ~J:bdra~~~ ~~o~~no~~e ~:~r ~~e=~~~ on whether •
h take lateral loads or not an as s ....n c ion or not)
they should be designed to carry additional moments due LO deflection or not. 19 - Symmetrically Loaded Short Column
:A,ssull1illg that the density of reinforced concrete is 24 kN/m 3, f = 25 Nlmm2, f = 460 N/mm 2,
2. The effective length 0 f a co umn wrTj depend on the degree of fixity at its ends. cu y
that imposed loads on the roof and the floors are 1.0 kN/m 2 and 2.5 kN/m2 respectively
Reference Calculations Output that the allowance for partitions and finishes are J.O kN/m2 each, design the ground floor
internal column of the framed structure described in Example 18.
Clear height between end restraints...
(for ground floor columns) !ljlt'Od1uc!,ory NOles
I - 5 Om,oy
O~-· I = 5.0+ (0.525-0.175) =5.35 m
(for other floor columns) Since the ground floor part of an internal column has been found to be Short, and since
10 , = 3.5-0.525 = 2.975 m, the arrangement of loads symmetrical, this design can be carried out according to the
provisions of Clause 3.8.4.3, using equation 38.
loy = 3.5-0.175 = 3.325 m

3.8.1.6.2 The end conditions for the columns i,n.~e direction of The major part of this exercise consists of a load evaluation, taking into aCCOUnt the
appropriate reduction factors for imposed loads specified in "BS 6399: Part 1 (1984.):
beams are all condition 1. Hence, p=O~7S:;-,-:, -.
Design loading for bUildings: Code of practice for dead and imposed loads". The
In the other direction the end conditionis·2, .except at the
partition loads are taken as imposed loads, since their positions are' not fixed.
footing where it is 1. Hence,
Tahle 3.21 ~ = 0.80 (ground floor columns)
Note 3 ~ = 0.85 (other columns) .
I" = (0.75)(5000) = 3750 mm (ground floor) , Calculations
Output
= (0.75)(2975) = 2231 mm (other floors) -, Column grid dimensions are 5.0 x 5.0 m.
I", = (0.80)(5350) = 4280 rom (ground floor) ._ Hence, area corresponding to cclumne (5/= 25 m2
= (0.85)(3325) = 2826 rom (other floors) .
Dead loads
Hence, for ground floor columns, From 4 slabs = (4)(24)(0.175)(25) =420kN
1,,1h = (3750)/(300) = 12.5 < 15, . From beamseq4)(0.525-0.175)(0.3)(24)(5) =50.4kN
3.8.1.3 1,,Ib = (4280)/(300) = 14.3 < 15; hence short. From columnse] (3)(2.975)+5 )(0.3)'(24) =30.1 kN
for other columns, From finishes = (4)(1.0)(25)
=IOOkN
1,,1h = (2231)/(300) = 7.44 < 15, All columns are Total dead load
3.8.1.3 ~= (2826)/(300) 9.42 < 15; hence short, short. = 600.5 kN 0.=601 kN
 -' 7. In addition to ~e n:ain reinforcement, columns should be reinforced by links which
surround the ruarnreinforcement as well. This will beshown in the next example.

Imposed loads
From roof = (\.0)(25) = 25kN Example 20 - Short Column with Axial Load and Moment
= 187.5 kN
From 3 floors = (3)(2.5)(25)
A she.rt column of 300 mrn x 400 mm cross section carries an 't;ltimate a:dall~ad of 800 k.N" If
From partitions» (3)(\.0)(25) =~
an ultimate moment of 80 kNm is applied "
Total imposed load =287.5 kN
(a) about the major axis,
(b) about the minor axis,
Note 3 lL. reductiondue to 4 floors (c) about both axes
= (0.3)(287.5) = 86.25 kN
=
Hence,imposed load 287.5 ~ 86.25 = 201.25 leN Q,=201kN =
determine the column reinforcementrequired. Note that feu 25 N/mm 2 and f y= 460 N/mm 2'.

N=1163kN
Introductory Note
N = (\.4)(601) + (\.6)(201) = 1163 kN
1. This column ~arries a sUbst~tia1 moment as well as an axial load. Hence, we shall have
Design of main steel to use the design charts, which will give us a symmetricallyreinforced section,

3.8.4.3 For short columns resisting axial load Reference Output

equation 38 N = (0.4)f~.~ + (0.75)A~.fy
=
Assuming we use 4 T16, A« 804 mrrr' N= 8ookN. M = 80 kNm
Note 4 ~ = (300)' - 804 = 89196 mm' Nlbh = (800 xla') 1(400)(300) = 6.67
(1163 xla') = (0.4)(25)(89196) + (0.75)A.(460) (for all cases)
Note 5 Asc = 786 mm' < 804 mm2; hence O.K.
Hence. use 4 Tl6 (A. = 804 mm') Use4Tl6 (a) Major axis bending
Notec- looA.I~ = (100)(804) 1 (300)' (at column Note 2 b= 300 mm, h;400 mm
comers)
• Table 3.27 =: 0.89> 0.4; hence min. steel O.K. Chart 23
(Part 3)
Mlbh' = (80 x J06)1 (300)(400)' = 1.67
lOOA,Jbh = 0.4
A~ = (0.4)(300)(400) I (100) = 480 mm" major axis
Notes on Calculations
3. The total imposed load can be reduced either on the basis of the area supported by the
Use 4 T16 (Ase =804 mm2) 4T16
column or the, number of floors supported by the column. In this case, the reduction (b) Minor axis bending
allowed as a result of the latter is greater and is hence applied - see BS 6399: Part 1 b e aoo mrn.b e Soo mm
(1984}, referred to in Note 2 above. Reductions on the basis of the area supported by Chart 23 Mlbh' = (80 x l 0') 1(400)(300)' = 2.22
beams and hence columns can be made only after the area at each floor level exceeds 40 (Part 3) looA,Jbh = 0.8
m', A~ = (0.8)(300)(400) I (100) = 960 rnm"
Use 4 T20 (Ae = 1256mm 2) minor axis
4. The term ~ is the net area of concrete. A trial value of Asc can be obtained from
4T20
equation 38 assuming the gross area of concrete for A;. as a first approximation; this area (c) Biaxial bending
of Asc can then be deducted from the gross area to obtain ~. The value of Asc obtained 3.8.4.5 M,Ih' = (80 x10') 1(400-50)
from the formula should be less than the original trial value of Asc. Note 3 M,Ib' = (80 x10') I (300-50)
hence M,lh' < M,Ib'
5. In some cases, a negative value may be obtained for Asc; this indicates that nominal steel equation 41 My = My + (~)(b'Ih')M6
will be sufficient. In any case, bar diameters under 12 rom are generally not used for
N 1 (b.h.f~) = (800 xla') 1 (300)(400)(25) = 0.267
columns, because they will not be stiff enough for the erection of the reinforcementcage. Table3:24 hence ~ = 0.690
My = 80 + (0.69)(2501350)(80) = 119 kNm
Concluding Notes Chart 23 Mlbh' = (1l9 xlO') 1 (400)(300)' = 3.3
6. This method of design is applicable for short braced columns, where moments are (Part 3) lOOA,Jbh = 1.6
negligible, due to a symmetrical arrangement of loads. Even if this symmetry is only A. = (1.6)(300)(400) 1(100) = 1920 mm'
approximate, provided the columns are short and braced, equation 39 can be used in Note4 Use 4 T25 (Ar 1964 mm') biaxial
placeof equation 38: 4T25
I

l~
58 Design of CoIr.JfTlf'IS S9
De$Jgn of Columns
 ......... ;.......; .... .: , i'··:··..· .... .......•..•.... .y ..
-------------_.- ..
xample 21 • Slender Column
b aced slender column of 300 nun x 400 nun cross secrlon carries an ultimate axial load of
I

0(/kN.. It is bent in double curvature about the major axis, carrying u]ti~ate moment~ of 8,0
m and 40 kNm at its ends. The eff~tive length ?f the column cOfespon~ng to the m~Jor axis
Design of links links is 7200 mrn. Determine the column reinforcement if feu = 25 N/nun and f y - 460 N/mm .
3.12.7.1 For major axis bending, use R6 {> (16/4) = 4 mm} @ major axis-
175rmn (< (12)(16) = 192mm). R6@ 175mm.
Introduclory Note
For minor axis bending, use R6 {> (20/4) = 5 mm} @ minor axis-
This example can be compared with Example 20, where the short column was of the
225 mm {< (12)(20) = 240 mm). R6@225mm.
For biaxial bending, use R 8 {» (25/4) = 6.25 mm} @ biaxial- same dimensions and carried similar loads.
Note 5 175 mm {c (12)(16) = 192 mm). R8@175mm. ".

?it CalcWatj,OJ!,> ()Illpul

,
Check for shear
3.8.4.6 MIN = (119)/(800) = 0.149 Type of column
« (0.60)(0.3) = 0.18 m); Shear check .
3.8.1.3 1.,1h _ (7200)/(400) = 18> 15; hence slender.
<20, slender column
Note 6 hence, shear is not critical. not required 3.8.3.3
Also hIb = (400)/(300) = 1.33 < 3; bent about major
Crack control axis.
Note 2 hence, single axis bending.
3.8.6 (O.2lfo".A,,-(0.2)(25) {(300)(400)·804) = 595980 N Crack width
Axial load = 800 kN > 596 kN. check not
Design moments
Hence, no check is reouired required.
3.8.3.2 M j _ -40 kNm; M, = +80 kNm
equation 36 M, = (0.4)(-40) + (0.6)(~0) = 32 kNm.
Noles on Calculations {= (0.4)(80) = 32 kNm} Mj:::;32kNm
2. If we assume a cover of around 30 mm (moderate exposure conditions and TABLE 1 3.8.2.4 emill = (0.05)(400) = 20 mm
values modified by Notes 5 and 6), links of 8 mm and a bar diameter of 2S mm, then dIh N.e.ru, = (800)(0.020) = 16 kNm
will be (400 - 50.5) / (400) = 0.87 for major axis bending and (300 - 50.5)/ (300) = 0.83 equation 34- ~. = (1/2000)(l.,Ih,)2= (1/2000)(7200/300)'= 0.288
for 'minor axis bending. Hence, Chart 23 (Part 3) - which corresponds to a dJh value of equation 32 a, = ~ e.K.h = (0.288)(1)(0.4) = 0.115
0.85 - can be used. If there is a doubt, the lower d/h value should be used, as this is more equation 35 M", = N .a, = (800)(0.115) = 92 kNm M"" = 92
conservative. It should be noted that the column design charts have a lower limit of Hence, critical moment is Mj+Madd = 32 + 92 = 124 kNm
lOOAsclbh = 0.4, thus ensuring that the minimum steel requirement of Table 3.27 is met. kNm. However, as K is reduced, if M, -:+- Madd becomes <
80 kNm, M 2 will become critical.
3. In this case too, the difference between h and h' and b and b'is taken as 50 mm, by a
similar argument as in Note 2 above. Design of reinforcement

4. If the steel requirement for bi-axial bending is greater than that which can be provided as TABLE 1 Assuming cover = 30 mm (moderate exposure conditions
comer steel, the additional amount required has to be provided in each of the two and TABLE 1 values modified by Notes 5 & 6), link
mutually perpendicular directions, distributed along the faces of the section. Other
approaches, which are less conservative and more accurate, perhaps, are given in "Allen,
diameter of 8 mm and main bar size of 25 mm, .
Chart 23 dIh = (400-50.5)1(400) = 0.87.
A.H., Reinforced concrete design to BS 8110 simply explained, E. & EN. Spon, (Part 3) Nlbh = (800 x 10') / (300)(400) = 6.67
London, 1988" and in "Rowe, R.E. et al., Handbook to British Standard BS 8110: 1985- Mlbh' = (124 X 106) / (300)(400)' = 2.58
Structural use of concrete, Palladian, London, 1987". K 0.9

5. Generally plain mild steel is used for links as it is easier to bend into shape.
Furthermore, where bars other than corner bars are used, multiple links may have to be
used if (i) there is more than one Intermediate bar or (ii) the intermediate bar is greater
than 150 mm away from a restrained bar (see Clause 3.12.7.2)

6. Strictly speaking, however, the shear stress should be found in order to check for the
limits on Ymax-

Concluding Note
61
7. In general, shear and crack control are not very critical for columns. Designof Columns

Design of Columns 60
 .

CHAPTERS
;R~fere,",~~ , . "; . qdc$~~",' , ... . .. ..
9!1relit ••
•
M odd = (0.9)(92) = 83 kNm
M =32 + 83 = 115 kNm (> 80 kNm) Design of Foundations
Chart 23 Mlbh' = (115 x 10') 1(300)(400)' = 2.40
(Part 3) K=0.85
Mod, = (0.85)(92) = 78 kNm
M = 32 +78 = 110kNm
Note 3 Mlbh' = 2.29; K = 0.85 (again). K=0.85
Chart 23 Hence, lOOA,Jbh = 0.8 main steel-
(Part 3) A" = (0.8)(300)(400) 1(100) = 960 mm' 4T20 Example 22 - Pad Footing
Use 4 T20 (A" = 1256 mm') '" ;;,rfiii? Design a square pad footing for a 300 mm x 300 mm internal column, which carries an ultimate

,~;jj,~,~
load of 1100 kN (service load of 760 kN), if the allowable bearing pressure of the soil is 150
2 2
kN/m • 'Use feu = 25 N/mm , fy = 460 N/mm 2 (deformed type 2) and density of reinforced
(Links) 3
concrete = 24 kN/m •
3.12.7.1 Use R 6j> (20/4) = 5rnmJ @ 225 mm links -
{< (12)(20) = 240 rnm} R6@225rnm Introductory Notes
1. Square pad footings are the most common foundation type for columns of framed
Notes on Calculations structures. Pad footings are essentially inverted cantilever flat slab elements. .
2. When major axis bending takes place, if either the IJh value is greater than 20 or the h/b
value is not less than 3, in order to account for the deflection due to slenderness about the 2. The design of pad footings involves the choice of
minor axis, the column has to be designed as "biaxially bent, with zero initial moments (i) footing area (which' is based on soil bearing pressure),
I.
about the minor axis (see Clauses 3.8.3.4 and 3.8.3.5). (ii) footing depth (which is based on shear resistance) and
I (iii) reinforcement to resist bending moment. I

3. In general, around 2 iterations are sufficient to arrive at a value of K that is virtually

constant. It should be noted that the factor K should be applied to the original value of Reference Calculations Output
M[l)jd alone.
Dimensions of base
Concluding Notes
4. The reinforcement required for this column is the same as for minor axis bending of the Note 3 Service load = 760 kN
short column in Example 20.
Note 4 Expected total load = (1.08)(760) = 821 kN
Required area for base = (821) 1 (150) = 5.47 m'
In braced slender columns such as this one, the additional moments are higher near mid Try a base of 2.4 m x 2.4 m x '0.4 m
5.
height, whereas the initial moments are higher at the ends. Hence, some care has to be Weight of base = (2.4)\0.4)(24) = 55 kN
exercised to ensure that the critical moment is chosen for design (Clause 3.8.3.2 in BS Actual total load = 760 + 55 = 815 kN
8110: 'Part 1). In unbraced slender columns however, both the initial and additional Bearing pressure = (815) 1 (2.4)' = 141 kN/m'
< 150 kN/m 2; hence O.K.
moments are higher near the ends.
Note5 Preliminary check on effective depth>
d » 1O(N)O.5 ~ 10(1100)" = 332 mm; footing size
hence overall depth of 400 mm is a.K. 2.4mx2.4mx
O.4m

B
Design for bending
.

Note 6 =
Ultimate bearing pressure (! 100) I (2.4i
= 191 kN/m'
Critical bending moment (at face of column) = ,
=
(l91)(2.4){ (2.4·0.3)/2) '(12) 253 kNm M=253kNm
TABLE 1 Assume a cover of, 40 mm, for moderate exposure
conditions. If bar size of 16 mm is assumed, dmin = 400~ dmin=336mm
Note 7
40-16-1612 = 336 mm and d", = 344 mm. 4a:vg-344mm
Design of Columns 62
 Calculations
Chart 2 Mlbd' = (253 x 10') I (2400)(336)' = 0.93
(Part 3) lOONbd = 0.25
A, = (0.25)(2400)(336) I (100) = 2016 mOl'
3.11.3.2 (3/4)c + (9/4)d = (3/4)(300) + (9/4)(336)
:::: 981 mm < 1, = 1200 mm;
hence reinforcement should be banded.
Use 7 T16 @ 200 rom in band of 1200 mm
{< (3)(336) + 300 = 1308}; Use (3+3) TI2 @ 200 mm in
two outer bands.
(A, = 1407 + 678 = 2085 mrrr'; 1407/2085 > 2/3)
3.12.11.2.7 Max. spacing = 750 mm; hence O.K.
lOOAJA, = (100)(2085) I (2400)(400) = 0.22
> 0.13: hence OK
Note 8 Anchorage length = (40)(16) = 640 mm
< (2400-300)/2 = 1050 mm: hence O.K.
Output estimate a depth (in this case 0.4 m) and reduce the allowable bearing pressure by the
2
corresponding weight per unit area (i.e. 0.4 X24 = 9.6 kN/m ) " before finding the footing
area.
5. This formula is not dimensionally homogeneous and can be used only if N is in kN and d
in mm. It is based on a punching shear considerations for commonl)' used pad focungs.
If there is moment transfer to the footing as well, use d > (11.5)(N)o.~
bottom rlf 6. As the weight of the footing is considered to be a uniformly distributed load which is
3 TI2 @ 200 taken directly by the soil reaction, it should not be considered when designing for the
7TI6@200 ultimate limit states of flexure and shear.
3TI2@200
(both ways) 7. If the values of TABLE 1 are modified by Note 5, a cover of 35 mm will suffice for
moderate exposure conditions. However, the cover is increased by a further 5 mm. in
case the footing comes into contact with any contaminated ground water. The minimum
value of "d'' should be used in the design for flexure and vertical line shear, while the
average value of "d" can be used in checking for punching shear.

8. If the distance between the column face and the end of the footing is smaller than the
Check for vertical line shear anchorage length. the bars will have to be bent up near the end of the footing; otherwise,
they can be straight
3.4.5.10 Consider a section at "d" from the column face, and
assume no enhancement to V e. 9. In most cases. punching shear is more critical than vertical line shear. Furthermore, if a
V = (191 )(2.4){ (2.4-0.3)12 - 0.336) = 327 kN distance "d" i~ not available from the critical perimeter to the end of the footing, the
v = (327 X 103) I (2400)(336) = 0.41 Nlmm' value of v, should correspond to lOOAJbvd <= 0.15 in Table 3.9.
I OOAJh,d = (100)(2085) I (2400)(336) = 0.26
2 2 Concluding Notes
Table 3.9 v, == 0042 N/mm > OA1 Nimm ; hence O.K
10. If the footing carries a bending moment in addition to the axial load, the maximum and
minimum pressures under the footing will be given by (l/BL)(N ± 6MIL), with symbols
Check for punching shear having usual meanings. The maximum pressure should be kept below the allowable
3
bearing pressure.
3.7.7.2 v~ = (1100 X 10 ) I (4)(300)(344) = 2.66 Nlmm'
< (0.8)(25)°,5= 4 N/mm 2-< 5 N/mm2; hence O.K. 11. If the difference between maximum and minimum pressures is small (say upto 20% of
3.7.7.6 I st critical perimeter = (4){(1.5)(0.344)(2) + O.3) the maximum pressure) it may be convenient to design for bending and vertical shear by
= (4)(1.332) = 5.328 m assuming that the pressure distribution is uniform and equal to the maximum pressure.
Area outside perimeter: (2.4)' - (1.332)'= 3.99 m'
V = (191)(3.99) = 762 kN 12. Where the design for punching shear is concerned, the average pressure can be taken for
Note 9 v = (762 x I0 3) I (5328)(344) = 0.42 Nlmm' Shear T/f not calculations, but a factor.of 1.15 applied to the shear force, according to the provisions of
:::v, (0,42 N/mm1 ) ; hence O.K. required. Clause 3.7.6.2.

Notes on Calculations
3. Soil bearing pressures are given in tenus of service loads. Hence, service loads have to
be used to determine the footing area. Service loads can be approximately obtained from
ultimateloads by dividing the latter by 1.45 in reinforced concrete structures, In order to
estimate ultimate loads fromservice loads however, it is saferto factor thelatter by 1.5.
The weight of the footing itself cannot be known until it is sized. An allowance of 8% of
4.
the column load is generally satisfactory for obtaining a first estimate of footing weight,
which should subsequently be calculated accurately. Another approach is to first
Example 23 - Combined Footing
Let us assume that an external column is flush with the property line and that the footings for the
external and first internal columns have to be combined, as shown. While the internal column
carries an ultimate axial load of 1100kN, the external column carries an ultimate moment of 60
kNm in addition to an ultimate axial load of 600 kN. The allowable bearing pressure of the soil
2
is 150 kN/m 2• Use feu = 25 N/mrn 2 and f y:: 460 N/mm •

Design of Foundations
Design of Foundations
Introductory Notes
1. The situation described above is often found in crowded urban.areas where buildings are
constructed on very small plots of land. Note 7 ~---5.0ml----

,100kN
2.
x

Max. moment at C = (250)(1.65)' 12 = 340 kNm

To find max. momentin AC,
M, = -(250)x'/2 + I lOO(x-1.65)
= -(l25)x' + (I lOO)x - 1815
putting dMJdx = -(250)x + I 100 = 0,
, 1"60kNm
we have x =4.4m .
A B ! M_ = -(125)(4.4)' + (1100)(4.4) - 1815
! =605 kNm
Max. shear force at C = 1100 - (250)(1.65)
=688 kN
Reference . :. ..Calculations ../. Output
Shear force at A = 600 ki"l
Service loads
Note 3
External column load = (600)/(1.45) = 414 kN Design for bending
External column moment = (60)/(1.45) = 41.4 kNm TABLE I
Internal column load = (1100)/(1.45) = 759 kN Note 8 Assume cover of 40 "mm, bar size (longitudinal) of 25
mm; hence, d = 800 - 40 - 25/2 = 747.5 rom

Dimensions of footing (Section AC)

Chart 2 Mlbd' = (605 xlO') 1(2000)(747.5)2 = 0.54
Distance of C.of G. from A is given by x, where (Part 3) looA,lbd=0.15
(759+414)x = (414)(0.15) + 41.4 + (759)(5.15) A, = (0.15)(2000)(747.5) 1 (100) = 2243 mm'
Hence, x = 3.4 m; therefore. for uniform pressure under Use 5 T25 (As = 2455 mm') - on top surface; longitudinal top
base, use a base oflength"(2)(3.4) = 6.8 m these can be curtailed if required. steel- 5 T25
Note 4
If we assume a thickness of 0.8 m for the base, the CAt C)
Note 5
allowable bearing pressure is Mlbd' = (340 X 106) I (2000)(747.5)' = 0.30
2 Tahle 3.27 lOOA,lbd = 0.08; hence usc looAJA" = 0.13
150 - (0.8)(24) = 131 kNlm footing size
Width of base required = (759+414) 1 (6.8)(131) A, = (0.13)(800)(2000) 1 (100) = 2080 mm' longitudinal
6.8 m x 2.0 mx Use 5 T25 (As = 2455 mm2) - on bottom surface; bottom steel
= 1.32 m 0.8m
Use base of 6.8 m x 2.0 m x 0.8 m these could be curtailed as well. 5T25
Note 6
3.11.3.2 Note» (3/4)c + (9/4)d = (3/4)(300) + (9/4)(747.5)
:;;: 1907> Ie::::: 1000 mm; longitudinal. r/f to
hence, longituninal steel can be evenly distributed. ' be evenly spaced
Analysis of footing

Assuming that the C.of G. for ultimate loads is the same

as that for service loads, the footing can be idealised as
follows>
udl = (1100+600) I (6.8) = 250 kN/m

66 De$iQnof ~oundot!on$ 61
Design of Foundations
 c 4. If the footing dimensions are given, as opposed to being designed, the pressure
Reference' Calculations Output distribution under the base may not be uniform.

(Transverse direction) 5. This base thickness is fairly high, and is governed primarily by shear considerations. If
M = (250){ (2.0-0.3)/2) '(112) = 90 kNm/m the distance between columns is large, bending moment considerations will also require
d = 747.5 ., 25/2 ~ 20/2 = 725 mm (assuming bar size of a fair!y deep base.
20mm)
Mlbd' = (90 X 106) I (1000)(725)' = 0.17 6. This fairly large width has been chosen to reduce the pressure under the footing and
5
Table 3.27 Use lOOA/A.=0.13 satisfy the shear criteria. Although increasing the depth is generally more efficient than
A, = (0.13)(1000)(800) I (100) = 1040 mmvm transverse bottom increasing the width. having a large depth may also cause excessive build up of heat of
Use T20 @ 300 mm (A = 1047 mm 2/m) steel - T20 @ 300 hydration temperatures, leading to thermal cracking.
Table 3.29 Anchorage length = (20)(40) = 800 mm mm, to be evenly
< (2000-300)/2 - 40(cover) = 810 nun: hence OX spaced. 7. Assuming the column loads to-be point loads is conservative. In reality, the load will be
This steel too can be evenly distributed, as it is nominal spread over a finite area and the resulting bending moments and shear forces at the
reinforcement; the same nomina] steel can also be used column faces will be somewhat smaller than those obtained from this analysis.
as distribution steel for the top longitudinal bars.
8. The argument used to choose the cover is the same as that in Note 7 of Example 22.
4.7m
ii Concluding Notes
ST2S\ ,! 9. If the perimeter or section at which shear should be checked falls outside the footing, the
rT200300, ! footing can be considered safe for shear.
. 10. The analysis of the above footing has been performed assuming that both footing and
I- i, 6,8m
'fm subgrade are rigid. If elastic foundation assumptions had been used. the soil pressure
near the columns (i.e. loaded areas) would increase, but the midspan bending moment
Check for vertical line shear would decrease.

In the longitudinal direction, check at a distance "d" from

3.4.5.10 the internal column face. Example 24 - Pile Cap
Y = 688 - (688+600)/(5.0)) (0.15+0.7475) A two-pile group of pile diameter 500 mm and spacing 1250 mm centres supports a 450 mm
=457 kN square column carrying an ultimate load of 2500 k."J. Design the pile cap, using concrete of
3
v = (457 X 10 ) I (2000)(747.5) = 0.31 Nlmm' grade 25 and type 2 deformed reinforcement of'f, = 460 N/mm2 •
Since nominal steel is used, ve = 0,34 N/rnm 2
> 0.31 N/mn?; hence O.K. Introductory Notes
In transverse direction, a distance "d'' from column face 1. The minimum centre-to-centre distance for piles is twice the least width of piles for end
is virtually at edge of footing; hence O.K. bearing piles and thrice the least width of piles for friction piles,
Check for punching shear
2. A pile cap can be considered as a deep beam, and the most appropriate way to analyse
3.7.7.2 Vm~ (internal column) = (1100 X 10') I (4)(300)(735) forces is to consider truss action in the pile cap.
= 1.25N/mm2
< (0.8)(25)°·5= 4 N/mm 2 < 5 N/uHn2 ; hence O.K. Reference Calculations Output
As the critical perimeter, (1.5)d from column face, is outside Shear rlf is not
the footing, only vertical line shear need bechecked. required Pile cap dimensions

Notes on Calculations Use an outstand beyond the piles of half the pile
diameter. Hence, pile cap dimensions are:
3. where service loads are not specified or .known, they can be estimated by dividing length = 1250 + 500 + 500 = 2250 mm dimensions
ultimate loads by 1.45 for reinforced concrete structures. When converting service to
ultimate loads, it is safer to multiply the former by 1,5,
= =
width 500 + 500 1000 mm 2250 rnrn x
Try overall depth of 700 mm; hence, lOOOrnm x
Note 3 effective depth = 700 - 40 - 25/2 = 647.5 rnrn 700mm
> (1250)12; hence O.K.
Design ofFoundations . 69
Design of Foundations 68
 - ,

Truss action
Check for vertical line shear
Note 4 The force T is given by
T = N.1I(2)d 3.11.4.4 a" = 625-150-225 = 250 mm .
"
',~'
, dJ: . .
"
-.
T
1000
= (2500)(625) I (2)(647.5) 3.11.4.3 V (at critical section) e
2500 12 = 1250 kN
I .i,
= 1207kN
A, = (1207 x103) I (0.87)(460) v = (1250 X103) I (1000)(647.5)
= 3016 mm' = 1.93N/mm'
Use 7 T25 (A, = 3437 mrn') . main steel 2d/a, = (2)(647.5) I (250) = 5.18
Banding is not required, as pile spacing < (3)$ 7T25 l00Ajbd = (100)(3437) I (1000)(647.5) = 0.53
3.11.4.2
spacing of r/f = (1000-80-32-25) 16 = 144 mm Table 3.9 v, = (0,51)(5.18) = 2.64 Nlmm' Shear . r/f not
Note 5
3.4.5.8 > 1.93 N/mm 2 ; hence O.K. required.
Distribution steel
Anchorage
2/m
Table 3.27 lOONA" =0.13; A, =91Omm
Anchorage length required beyond centre-line of pile is Use T16 @ 200 mm (A, = 1005 mmvm) distribution steel
given by (40)(25)(3016/3437) = 878 mm This steelcan alsobe bent up Ekethe mainsteel. T16 @200mm
Stress in r/f = (0.87)(460)(3016/3437)= 351 N/mm'
7T25 4T16
When turning bars upwards, assume that bend starts at Horizontal binders binders
main
edge of pile.
Stress at start of bend = (351)(878-250)/(878) Note? Use 25% of.main steeL
2
=251 N/mm A, = (0.25)(3016)
=754mm2 horizontal binders
Bend radius. r, should be s.t. Use 4 TI6 (A, = 804 mm'') 4TI6
equation SO Fb!(r.$) <= (2)f,./{ 1+ 2W",,)) These binders will tie the
Critical value for ag e 40 + 16 (hor.loops) + 25 main and distribution steel.
=81 mm< 144mni
(25 1)(491) I r(25) <= (2)(25) I (I + 2(25/81) ) Noles on Calculalions
r>; 159; Use r e 160mm r= 160mm
3. The criterion used is that the effective depth is equal to at least half the distance between
pile centres. When using truss theory, this will result 'in a compressive strut of 450
Note 6 If we start the bend as close as possible to the edge of
minimum inclination. The cover value has been chosen as per Note 7 of Example 22.
pile cap, length from elL of pile to start of bend = 500 -
40-16-160=284mm 4. If the width of the column is accounted for, the value of tensile force will be a little less.
3.12.8.23 eff. anchorage of bend = (12)(25) = 300 mm This is given some treatment in "Allen, AH., Reinforced concrete design to BS 8110
{< (4)r = (4)(160) = 640 mm)
simply explained, E. & F.N. Spon, London, 1 9 8 8 " . .
vertical length available; 647.5 - 40 - 160 - (4)(25)
; 347.5 mm
5. Allowance is made here for side cover of 40 mm and a horizontal binder of 16 mm
total anchorage available = 284 + 300 + 347.5 diameter.
; 931.5 rnm > 878 mm required; hence O.K. Anchorage O.K.

6. We start the bend closer to the edge of the pile cap than assumed in the bend radius
Check for punching shear calculation - this is to achieve as great a length for anchorage as possible within the
geometry of the pile cap.
3.11.4.5 v m,,= (2500 xl03) I (4)(450)(647.5); 2.15 N/mm'
< (0.8)(25)°.5; 4 N/mm 2 < 5 N/mm'; hence O.K.
7. This provision is also given by Allen, referred to in Note 4 above. The main steel
Since spacing of piles < (3)$, no further check is
required (as opposed to provided) can be used in the calculation.
required.

70 Design of ~oundotion$ 71
• DeSign of FOlJndations
 Conoluding Notes
8. It can be shown that. less steel is required if Beam Theory is used. Furthermore, the
anchorage requirement beyond the centre line of pile is much 'less. However. Truss
Theory probably describes more accurately the actual behaviour of the pile cap. esign of Staircases
9. If the spacing of piles exceeds 3 times the pile diameter, an additional check for
punching shear has to be made, and the pile cap has to be considered as being "banded"
for the distribution of tension steel and check for vertical line shear.

A staircase has to span between two beams, which are 3.0 TIl apart in plan. The difference
between the two levels is 2.0 m. Assuming that the staircase is sheltered and that it is subject
2
to crowd loading, design the staircase. using feu = 25 N/mm , f y = 460 N/mm (deformed type 2)
2
2
= 3
or 250 N/mm (plain) and density of reinforced concrete 24 kN/m . Assume top finishes (on
tread only) as 0.5 kN/m' and the soffit plaster as 0.25 kN/m 2

Introductory Notes
1. Staircases are essentially inclined slabs. The major difference in design approach is
that the loading has to be obtained as the loading in plan.

2. In this particular example, the layout of the staircase has to be designed as well.

Reference Calculations Output

Choice of layout

Let us choose 12 stairs.

Then, rise (R); 2000/12; ]67 mm rise = 167 mm
going (0) ; 3000/12; 250 mm going =
Note 3 Also 2R + 0; (2)(167) + 250; 584 mm 250mm
(approx. 600 mm; hence OK) tread =
Use nosing of25 mm, so that tread = 275 mm 275mm

Waist thickness

Note 4 Assume trial span/depth of (30)(1.15); 34.5, for a I-way

3.10.2.2 heavily loaded continuous slab, stiffened by stairs.
effective depth; (3000)/(34.5); 87 mm
If we assume cover = 20 mm (mild exposure conditions
TABLE I and concrete protected by 10 mm 1:3 ct: sand rendering)
and bar diameter = 12 mm, we can choose h = 120 mm
and d; 120-20-1212; 94 mm h; 120mm
Tab]e3.5 Note> 1.5 hr. fire resistance available d;94mm

DeSl~n of Foundations 72
 Output . . .... ,

Re~eren~,
Calculations R~fw~4e
Loading (for 1 m wide strip)
Distribution steel
2 Q2)O.S/ G
Factor for slope = (R +
Note 5 Table 3.27 lOOA/A" = 0.24 (for mild steel)
= {(167)' + (250)') 0.5 I (250) = 1.20 Note 10 A, '" (0.24)(1000)(120) I ([00) = 288 mm'/m distribution, steel
Factor for overlap = T/G = 275/250 = 1.1 Use R8 @ 175 mm (As = 287 mm 1/m) RS@!75mm

Waist = (0.12)(1)(24)(1.2) = 3.46kN/m

Steps = (l/2)(OJ67)(I)(24)(1.1) = 2.20 kN/m l--o.9m-.l T12@250 (31
Top finishes = (0.5)(1)(1.1) = 0.55 kN/m
Soffit plaster = (0.25)(1)( 1.20) - 0.30 kN/m
Total dead load - 6.51 kNlm [41
design ~dl = 17.1
Note 6 Imposed load = (5.0)(1) = 5.0 kNlm kN/m
Design lo,!'d= (1.4)(6.51) + (1.6)(5.0) = 17.1 kN/m Note 11

Design for bending T12@250 {1}

Note 7 M (span and support) = F.I 110

= {(l7.l)(3.0»)(3.0) 110 = 15.4 kNmlm
Chart 2 Mlbd' = (15.4 xIO') I (1000)(94)' = 1.74
(Part 3) lOOA,/bd = 0.48 2
A, =(0.48)(1000)(94) I (100) = 451,mm 1m
Use T12 @ 250 mm (A, = 452 mm 1m) main steel
3.12.11.2.7 Allowable spacing = (3)(94) = 282 mm > 250 mm TI2@250mm Notes on Calculations
Table 3.27 l00A/A,,=(100)(452) I (1000)(120) =0.38 > 0.13
3. In general the rise should vary from around ISO mm for public stairways to around 175
Note 8 Hence, max. spacing and min, steel are O.K.
mm for private stairways. The going should vary from 300 mm for public stairways to
250 nun for private stairways. (2R + G) should be kept as dose as possible t0600 rnm.
A nosing can be provided so that the tread is greater than the going, thus making for
Check for deflection greater user comfort.
2
Mlbd = 1.74 z 4. Although the value used in Example 13 for a continuous one way slab was 34, a ratio of
f = (5/8)(460)(451/452) = 287 N/mm
30 is used here, because the loading is much heavier - the waist carries the load of the
Table 3.11 Hence. F 1 = 1.15 (for tension reinforcement)
steps, in addition to its own weight on an incline, and also ahigh imposed load. The
3.10.2.2 Allowable span/depth = (26)(1.15)(1.15) = 34.4
above ratio is increased by 15% because of the stiffness contributed by the stairs.
Actual span/depth = (3000)1(94) = 31.9 < 34.4; Deflection O.K.
hence deflection O,K.
5. The waist and soffit plaster have thickness that are measured- pe:rgndicular to the
incline. Hence their load in plan will be greater by a factor of (R2 + G )05/ G. The steps
and tread finishes have 25 mm overlaps for each 250 mm length in plan, because of the
Check for shear
provision of a nosing. Hence their load will have to be factored by T/G. This factor can
be ignored for the imposed toad, because it can be argued that the entire tread will not be
Note 9 V = (0.6)F = (0.6){(l7.1)(3)) = 30.78 kN/~
available for standing.
v = (30.78 xlO') 1(1000)(94) = 0.33 N/mm
l00A,/bd = (100)(452) I (1000)(94) = 0.48 shear r/f not
2 2 6. The imposed load corresponding to crowd loading is 5,0 kN/m2 - see "BS 6399: Part I
Table 3.9 V e = 0.66 N/mm > 0.33 N/mrn ; required. (1984): Design loading for buildings: Code of practice for dead and imposed loads".
Hence, shear f/f not required.
7. For a staircase having continuity, we can assume that both the span and support
moments are approximately F.!lIO.

74 DeSign of Staircases 75
Design ofStaircases
8. Staircases are generally heavily loaded (see -Note 4 above), unlike horizontal slabs.
Hence, the check for minimum steel is not very critical.
8 x 0,25 '" 2.0m,---.l.---2.0m,---~
9. Taking Shear Force as (O.6)F is conservative for staircases such as this. In any case, as
formost slabs, staircases will not require shear reinforcement. .

10. Mild steel reinforcement is often used for distribution bars, as in this case, since the use
T i
1.2m
of high yield reinforcement may result in more steel than that specified by the minimum
steel requirement, in order to meet the maximum bar spacing rule.
2.5m
1
1L When detailing reinforcement, care should be taken not .to bend tension steel in a way
T
that an inside corner can get pulled out. Hence bar type (2) should be continued from the
bottom face of the lower slab to the top face of the waist. Bar types (2) and (3) can be
taken horizontal distances of (0.3)1 (see Clause 3.12.10.3) into the waist from the faces
of the beams. Bar types (l), (2) and (3) can be continued into the lower and upper slabs
as slab reinforcement, if required. Bar type (4) shows how the upper slab reinforcement
can be taken into the beam support.
1 T
Concluding Note
12. If the supporting beam for the flight of stairs is at the ends of the landings, the entire Introductory Notes
system of staircase and two landings can be taken as spanning between the supporting J. In this example of a staircase, the landings span perpendicular to the stairs and suppott
beams (see figure below). In this case, the slab system could be considered as simply the staircase, unlike in the case described in Note ]2 of Example 25, where the landings
supported if there is no continuity beyond the landings. The loading on the landing and also span in the direction of the staircase.
staircase section would be different in a case such as this.
2. In analysing the above system, the staircase is assumed to be supported along two edges
within the landings. Continuity over the supports can be assumed for the purpose of
span/depth ratio calculations.

Reference Calculations Output

Stair span and waist thickness

equation 47 Effective span = I, + (0.5)(1b.l + Ib»)

Note 3 = 2.0 + (0.5)(1.2 + 1.8) eff. span =
=3.5m 3.5 m
length of stairs (%) = {(2.0)/(3.5) )(100) % = 57% <
3.10.2.2 60%; hence span/depth enhancement not possible.

Note 4 Assume a trial span/depth ratio of 32, for a continuous 1-

way spanning staircase.
Effective depth = (3500)/(32) = 109 mm
Assuming a cover of 20 nun (mild exposure conditions
and concrete protected by 10 mm ]:3 ct: sand rendering),
Example 26 - Staircase (between landings) and bar diameter of 12 mm, we can choose h= 140 rom h = 140 nun
A typical plan area of a stair well is shown in the figure, where the landings span in a direction and d= 140-20-1212 = 114 rom d= 114mm
perpendicular to the flight and span of the stairs. The dimensions of a single stair are as
fellows> rise = 175 mm; going = 250 mm; tread = 275 mm. The top finishes (on tread only) are
2
equivalent to a distributed load of 0.5 kN/m 2 and the soffit plaster one of 0.25 kN/m • The
2
imposed load can be taken as 3 kN/n/. Using feu -= 25 N/nun , f y = 460 N/mnl (deformed type
2) or 250 N/mm 2 (plain) and density of reinforced concrete = 24 lu."\/m3, design the staircase
component of J1e system. 77
Design ofStallcoses
Design of Staircases 76
 " ..~... ., Notes on Calculations
·!!W.: 3. The support line for the staircase is at the centre of the smaller landing but only 0.9 m
Loading (for 1.2 m wide staircase) into the wider landing, because 1,8 m is the maximum distance over which the staircase
510
load can be assumed to be spread.
Note 5 Factor for slope =(R'0')°
+ .
= {(175)' + (250)'} 0.5 1 (250) = 1.22 Factor for 4. This ratio is a little greater than that assumed for the previous example- (Example 25),
overlap = T/O = (275)1(250) = 1.1 because the imposed load here is somewhat lower. .

Waist = (0.14)(1.2)(24)(1.22) = 4.92 kN/m 5. These factors and their use are described in Note 5 of Example 25.
Steps = (112)(0.175)(1.2)(24)(1.1) = 2.77 kN/m
Top finishes = (0.5)(1.2)(1.1) = 0.66 kN/m 6. Although continuity is assumed over supports for span/depth ratio considerations, it will
Soffit plaster = (0.25)(1.2)(1.22) .. 0.37 kN/m be safer to assume simple supports- when designing for bending; as the continuity
Total dead load .. 8.72 kN/m extends only upto the edge of the landing. The loads from the landings are carried by the
Imposed load = (3.0)(1.2) = 3.6 kl'1lm design udl = landings in the direction perpendicular to the flight of the stairs; hence they are not
Design load= (1.4)(8.72) + (1.6)(3.6) = 18.0 kN/m 18.0kN/m considered in the analysis.

Design for bending Concluding Notes

The staircase can be idealised as follows:

7. Detailing of reinforcement can be done in a manner similar to that in Example 25.
Note 6
8. Shear should also be checked for, as in Example 25, the maximum shear force being the
greater of R; and RB - i.e. 19.5 kN.
\ ~ B
\...18 kN 1m I.
2.0m--~II'....O.gm-to 9. When designing the landings, in addition to their own dead and imposed loads, the loads
from the' staircase - i.e. R A and RB will be uniformly spread over the entire smaller
landing and over 1.8 m of the larger landing, respectively.
About B ; RA = (18)(2.0)(1.9) 1 (3.5) = 19.5 kN
R. = (18)(2.0) - 19.5 = 16.5 kN
10. Where staircase flights surrounding open wells intersect at right angles, the loads from
M, = RA.x - w[x - 0.6]'12
the common landing can be shared between the two perpendicular 'spans (Clause
dMJdx = 0 when R A- w[x - 0.6] = 0
3.10.1.2).
i.e. x= RA/w + 0.6 = (19.5)/(18) + 0i6 = 1.68 m
M_= (19.5)(1.68) - (18)(1.68-0.6) 12
= 22.26 kNm

Chart 2 Mlbd' = (22.26 x 10') 1(1200)(114)' = 1.43

2 main steel
(Part 3) l00A,lbd = 0.39; A, = 534 mm
Use 5 T12 (A, = 565 mm') 5 TI2

Check for deflection

Mlbd' = 1.43; 2
f, = (5/8)(460)(534/565) = 272 N/mm
Table 3.11 Hence, F 1 = 1.28 (for tension reinforcenment)
Allowable span/depth = (26)(1.28) = 33.3
Actual span/depth = (3500)/(114) = 30.7
< 33.3; hence O.K. Deflection O.K.

Distribution reinforcement

Table 3.27 lOOA,lA,= 0.24 (mild steel)

A, = (0.24)(140)(1000) 1 (100) = 336 mm'/m distribution steel
Use R8 @ 150 mm (A, 335 mmvm) R8 @ 150mm

78 Design of staircases 79
Design of staircases
 "ct. m PURTY m ntrTmtf1 'iF' jj ¥ N W " -_.-..

CHAPTEj\. 10
~~nce Calcnlatlons Output
Transverse eccentricity
Design of Wall and Corbel
We shall use serviceability vertical 'loads to calculate the
resultant eccentricity (e) just below the l st floor slab,
3.9.4.9 assuming the eccentricity of 1st floor slab loading is hl6,
and that the eccentricity of loads above this is zero.

Note 6 (12+7.5)(175/6) 1 [(12+7.5) + (80+(19)(0.8)}]

0'=
Example 27 - Plain Concrete Wall =4.96mm
The lateral loads in the short way direction on a four storey building are taken by two end 3.9.4.15 Min. ecc. = hl20 = (175)/(20) = 8.75 mm
concrete shear walls of length 15 m and height 14 m. The service wind load on one shear wall is >4.96mm
180 kN. Check whether a plain concrete wall of grade 25 concrete and 175 rom thickness is 3.9.4.16 e.; 1,'/(2500)h = (3500)'1 (2500)(175) = 28 mm ex:;; 8.75 mm
sufficient for the wall panel between foundation and lst floor slab (clear height of wall e 4.0 m) ea = 28 mm
if it carries the following service loads, in addition to the wind load:· self weigbt e ] 8 kN/m:
dead load from 1st floor slab;;;:: 12 kN/m; dead load from above 1st floor slab e 80 kN/m: Loading
imposed load from 1stfloor slab ;;;:: 7.5 kN/m; imposed load from above 1st floor slab e 19 kN/rn.
Assuming wind acts at mid height of wall, wind moment
Introductory Notes = (180)(14/2) = 1260 kNm.
I. Given that even plain concrete walls require horizontal and vertical reinforcement Hence, wind loading on wall = ± (6)(1260)/(15)'
(Clause 3.9.4.19), and if this reinforcement will be distributed on two faces (which is = ± 33.6 kN/m
advisable, since crack control reinforcement should be as close,to the surface as possible), Hence, ultimate loads per unit length of wall are>
then it is very difficult to construct a vvall under 175 mm. This is because cover Table 2.1 Combination 1,
requirements will be 20 mm on the inside (mild exposure) and 30 mm on the outside I, = (1.4)(18+ 12+80) + (1.6)(7.5+ 19)(0.7)
(moderate exposure) • see TABLE 1, including Notes 5 and 6 - and because the bar = 184 kN/m
diameter for vertical steel should be at least 12 mm, in order to ensure sufficient stiffness Combination 2~
for the reinforcement cage prior to concreting. f,; (1.4)(110) + (1.4)(33.6) = 201 kN/m or
, f2 = (1.0)(110) - (1.4)(33.6) = 63 kN/m
2. Guidance on calculating wind loads is given in "CP3; Ch. V: Part 2 (1972); Basic data Combination 3,
for the design of buildings: Loading: Wind loads", and the method is shown in Example 31. I,; (1.2){ 110 + (26.5)(0.7) + 33.6} = 195 kN/m Ilw.mex ;;;::
Note: - no tension arises. 201 kN/m
3. It is assumed that stability for the
structure as a whole has been satisfied. The nw,min =
overturning moment due to wind, factored by 1.4, should be less than the resisting equation 43 Now, n, <= (0.3){ h - (2)e.}f" 63 kN/m
moment due to dead load, factored by 1.0 (see Table 2.1 of BS 8110: Part I) = (0.3){ 175 - (2)(8.75) }(25) = 1181 kN/m
equation 44 and n; <=(O.3){h - (1.2)e, - (2)e.}f"
=(0.3){ 175 - (1.2)(8.75) - (2)(28)}(25)= 814 kN/m
Reference Calculations Output Note 7 These are satisfied, since Ilw.max :;; 201 kN/m n; is O,K.
,
Wall Classification

3.9.4.3 Since lateral support is provided by foundation and 1st Check for shear
Note 4 floor slab, wall panel can be considered braced. The slab
will give only displacement restraint, while the 3.9.4.18 Design horizontal shear force = 180 kN
foundation can give displacement as well as rotational Min. design vertical load ; (110)(15) = 1650 kN
restraint. Ie;;;:: 3,5 m {> (4)(180)(1.4) = 1008 kN; hence O.K.}
Note 5 Hence, I, = (0.875)(4.0) = 3.5 m l,/h = 20
1.2.4.9 lJh = (3.5 x 10')1(175) = 20 > IS; hence slender. hence, slender
3.9.4.4 < 30; hence max. value not exceeded. braced wall.

Design of Wall and Corbel

 .

Output :
Example 28 - Corbel
, - Minimum reinforcement
Design a corbel that will carry a vertical load of .350 kN into a 300 nun x 300 mmcolumn
3.9.4.19 Min. r/f = (0.25)(1000)(175) I (100)
= 437.5 mmvm (both directions)
assuming the line of action of the load to be 150 rnrn from the face ofthe column. Take feu '= 30
N/mrn' and fy = 460 Nimm' (deformed type 2).
Use vertical steel TI2 @ 300 mm in both faces vertical steel
Note 8
(A, = 753 mrn'/m) 2x TI2@300 Introductory Notes
Horizontal steel T8 @ 225 mrn in both faces horizontal steel
2xT8@225 1. A corbel can be considered to be a "deep cantilever", where truss action, as opposed
(A, = 446 mm 2/m) beam action, predominates and where shearing action is critical.

Notes on Calculations 2. Compatibility of strains between the strut-and-tie system of the truss must be ensured at
4. A column is considered braced' in a given plane if it is not required to ca.rr:r ~e later~ the root of the corbel (Clause 5.2.7.2.1 (bj). . .
forces in that plane. A wall however is consideredbraced if lateral stability IS given to tt
by other'structural elements, when it is carrying in-plane loads. If the wall alone has to Reference Calculations Output
resist transverse loads, it is unbraced.
Corbel dimensions
5. Since the end conditions in the given wall are "midway" between those specified in
Clause 3.9.4.3., the effective length factor is also midway between the factors given. The width of the corbel can be the same as that of the
column, i.e. 300 mm.
6. The imposed load here is factored by 0.8, according to "BS 6399: Part 1 (1984): Design The length of the bearing plate can also be taken as 300
loading for buildings: Dead and imposed loads", since loads from 3 floors are involved, mm, and if dry bearing on concreteis assumed, the width
Later on, when checking the n; value for the wall panel, a factor of 0,7 is used, since of the bearing plate, W, will be given by
loads from 4 floors are involved. (350 X 103) I (3OO)w <= (OA)f"
w >= (350 x10') I (300)(0.4)(30) = 97 mm
7. Equations 43 and 44 for braced walls correspond to the, top (maximum initial Hence, choose bearing width of 100 mm. bearing width
eccentricity) and midway (maximum eccentricity due to deflection) sections. However Since the corbel has to project out from the bearing area a 100 mm
n; is calculated at the bottom of the wall, taking into account the self weight of the wall distance that would accommodate a stressed bend radius
and maximum moment due to wind. This is slightly inconsistent but conservative. A choose corbel projection as 400 mm. total projection
similar approach is used in column design. Corbel depth has to be such that max. all. shear is not 400mm
exceeded - i.e. (0.8)(30)°' = 4.38 N/mm 2
8. Since reinforcement to control thermal and hydration shrinkage should be fairly closely Hence, d > (350 xla') I (300)(4.38) = 266 mm
spaced, a spacing of 300 nun is not exceeded, 12 mm dia. bars are used for vertical steel, Choose h = 375 mm and assuming cover of 20 mm (mild
in order to give stiffness to the reinforcement cage prior to concreting. The horizontal exposureconditions, concrete protected by IO mm 1:3 ct:
reinforcement should be placed outside the vertical steel on both faces, to ensure better sand render) and bar dia, of 20 mm,
crack control, as thermal and shrinkage movements will generally be in the horizontal d = 375 - 20- 20/2 = 345 mm. h=375 mm
direction; furthermore it is easier to fix the horizontal steel on the outside. Note 3 Let the depth vary from 375 mm to 250 mm. d=345mm

Concluding Note
---. 'v r-- r-t-t- P =350kN

9. The wall reinforcement should also be checked for satisfying tie reinforcements. This is ,.15Ojf2001
dealt with in Example 33.
T250
T~
T

If-~
Jf--I
.i,
. 125
-,
0451." r-
--"V-~ I .

82 f?esJgn of Wall and Corbel 83

Design of Wall and Corbel
 Reference Calculations Output
Reference Calculations Output
Bending main reinforcement
5.2.7.1 Now ajd = (150)/(345) = 0.435 -c I
Also, depth at outer edge of bearing area> 37512 rom; The bend in the main reinforcement should start a cover
hence, definition of corbel is satisfied. Note 6 distance (20 mm) from the bearing plate. It should end a
cover + bar dia. (20+10+16;::46 mm) from the end of
the corbel. Hence, distance available for bend radius =
Main reinforcement 200 - 20 - 46 = 134 nun

From strain compatibility and stress block, 3.12.8.25.2 Critical value of a,,= 20 + 10 (link) + 16 = 46 nun
. C = (0.45)f,,(0.9)b.x.CosB ..........( I) Stress in bars = (0.87)(460)(530/603) = 352 N/nun'
Since the line of action of C must pass thro' the centroid equation 50 F" 1 Ir.$) <= (2)f" 1 {I + (2)(JlJla,,)}
of stress block, B = tan· IIZ/150), (352)(201) I (l6)r <= (2)(30) 1 { I + (2)(16/46)}
i.e. B = tan· l {(d - 0.45x)/150} r >= 125 mm
be~d radius
Furthermore, from the triangle of forces for P, T and C, Choose r = 130 mm < 134 mm; hence O.K. = 130mm
C = P 1 SinB ........................(2)
We need to find a value of x, and hence ~,that will
r- 3!0-----! I
satisfy (1) and (2) simultaneously. -r-r-r-r-->,

x = 216 mm will give B = 58.8' and C = 409 kN 3T16

I
i
100+100-+--200--'\
T = 350 1 Tanf = 212 kN ;

T
I

Since x = 216 rum, by strain comRatibijity, strain in steel

is {(d-x)/x }(0.0035) = 2.090 x10' 250

+
Hence, steel has just yielded and f, = (0.87)fy
Note 4
Hence, As = (212 X 103 ) 1 (0.87)(460) = 530 mm 2
Use 3 TI6 (A, = 603 mm')
main steel 12'
Min. area required = (1/2)(350 x10') 1(0.87)(460)
5.2.7.2.1
= 437 mm' < 603 lllin2; hence O.K. Also 3 TI6 .J....
l00A,/bd = (100)(603) 1 (300)(345) = 0.58
Note 5
> 0.4 and < 1.3; hence O.K..
Detailing O.K.

Shear reinforcement
Notes on Calculations
v = (350 X 103) 1 (300)(345) = 3.38 N/mm' 3. Varying the depth from a full depth at the root to 2/3 of the depth at the end ensures that
lOOA,lbd = 0.58 one of the conditions for a corbel in Clause 5.2.7.1 is automatically met - i.c. that the
v, = (0.547)(30/25)° 33(2d1a,) = (0.58)(210.435) depth at the' outer edge of bearing is greater than half the depth at the rootPurthermore,
Table 3.9
= 2.67 N/mm 2 < 3.38 N/mm 2 it facilitates the placing of horizontal shear links in the upper two-thirds of the effective
3.4.5.8
Provide Asv >= bv.slv-vc) 1 (0.87)fyv
Table 3.8 depth of corbel as specified in Clause 5.2.7.~.3.
A,,!s, >= (300)(3.38-2.67) 1 (0.87)(460) = 0.532
Use TIO @ 200 mm. Since this has to be provided over 3
4. Using Figure 2.2 (BS 8110: Partl), the strain at yield is (0.87)(460) 1 (200 x10 ) = 2.0
(2/3)(375) = 250 mm, 2 bars wii! suffice. 2
xlO-3 for steel offy ;:: 460 N/mrr?, since the Young's Modulus specified is 200 kJ'J/mm .
Min. requirement is 603/2 = 302 mrrr'
5.2.7.2.3
Use 2 T10 links @ 175 mm 5. Although these limits on 100A,/bd, where d is the effective depth at the root of the
links
(A, = 314 mm' > 302 mm''; hence O.K.) corbel, are not given in BS 8110, they are specified in "Rowe, R.E. et al., Handbook to
2 TIO
British Standard BS 8110: 1985 : Structural use of concrete, Palladian, London, 1987".

6. Although the code allows the bend to start at the edge of the bearing plate itself, the
allowance of a cover distance from the outer edge of the bearing plate will ensure the
85
Design of Wall and Cor/;)Elf
Design of WOII and Corbel 84
 CHAPTER 11
spreading of load from the bearing plate to the .level of tie steel before the bend
commences.

ConclUding Note Design of Beam for Torsion

7. Since a fairly large distance is involved in accommodating the bend radius, an ~ternative
way of anchoring tie bars is to weld a transverse bar of equal strength, subject to the
detailinz rules in Clause 5.2.7.2.2. In any case, the actual projection of the corbel
beyond l:'the bearing plate can be adjusted right at the end of the design, and will not
affect preceding calculations.
Example 29 - Design for Torsion
A cantilever slab of clear span 2.0 m functi~ns as a hood over 'a porch. Its thickness varies from
200 mm at the support to 100 mm at the free end, while it carries finishes amounting to 0.5
kN/m2 and an imposed load of 0.5 kN/m 2• It is supported by a beam 600 rnm x 300 nun, which
spans 4.0 m between columns, which are considered to provide full bending and torsional
restraint. Design the beam forbending and .torsion, assuming feu::: 30 N/mm2 , fy ::: 460 N/mm2
(deformed type 2), fyv = 250 N!mm2 and density of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m3 .

Introductory Notes
1. It is instructive to classify torsion into two types, Compatibility torsion, which may arise
in statically indeterminate situations, is generally not significant; torsional moments will
be shed back into the elements carrying bending moments (at right angles to the element
carrying torsion), because torsional stiffnesses are lower than bending stiffnesses. Any
torsional cracking will be controlled by shear links. However, equilibrium torsion in
statically determinate situations, where torsional resistance is required for static
equilibrium, will have significant magnitudes; and has to be designed for. The example
above is such a case, (see Clause 2.4.1, Part 2).

2. Assuming that the columns provide full bending restraint implies that they have infinite,
stiffness. hi practice, of course this will not be the case and the deformation of the
columns will reduce the beam fixed end moments. However, fun torsional restraint has
to be provided by the columns, in order to preserve static equilibrium, where equilibrium
torsion is involved.

Calculations Output

T600

1
Loading on beam
Hood = {(0'z-f{)J)12) (2.0)(24) = 7.2 kNlm
Finishes =(0.5)(2.3) = 1.15 kNlm
Self weight = (0.6)(0.3)(24) = 4.32 kNlm
Total dead load = 12.67kNlm
Imposed load = .(0.5)(2.3) = 1.15kNlm bending udl =
Design load={(1.4)(12.7)+(1.6)(1.l5))=19.6 kNlm 196 kNlm

Design of Wall and Corbel

86
 ----------.....,----------,
Reference- Calculations Output ;Reference Calculations Output
Torsional loading "
Provision of reinforcement
(assume shear centre is at centroid of beam section)
Hood = (7.2)(213)(0.15+1.0) Table 2.4 Since v < v~ for the entire beam, the area where VI <:::
+ (7.2)(113){O.15+(2.013)} = 7.48 kNmlm (Pan 2) to be provided with nominal shear rlf and the
Vl,min has
Finishes = (0.5)(2.0)(0. J5+ 1.0) - 1. I5 Iu'imlm area where VI > Vt.,rrrln with designed torsion flf.
Total dead load torsion - 8.63 kNmlm
Imposed load torsion = (0.5)(2.0)(0. I 5+ 1.0) equation 2 Torque corresponding to edge of nominal shear rlf is
= r.15kNmlm (Pan 2) given by T:::; vt,min-hmin2(hmax - hmir/3) I 2
Design loade] (I A)(8.6)+(1.6)(i.l5) }=I 3.91u"imlm torsional udl ::: Table 2.3 = (0.37)(300)'(600 - 300(3) I 2 Nmm
13.9 kNm/m (Pan 2) = 8.33 kNm
Distance from beam CJL:::; (8.33/27.8)(2.0):::; 0.6 m
Design for bending Hence, length of beam for nominal shear Jinks
= (2)(0.6) = 1.2 m
TABLE J Assume cover e 30 mm (moderate exposure conditions,
Example 8 TAB~E 1 values modified by Notes 5 & 6), link dia. ::: Nominal shear links given by Nominal links
10 mm and main bar dia. ::: 20 mm. Table 3.8 A,is, >= (004)(300) I (0.87)(250) = 0.55 RIO@250mm
I hence, d = 600 - 30 2- J0 - 2012 = 550 mm d = 550 mm For 10 mm links, Asv :::; 157 mm': s, <= 285 mm (middle 1.2 m)
Take M :::(l/12)w.J (for built in beam) Use RIO links@250mm «(0.75)d =413 mm)
= (1112)(J9.6)(4)' = 26.J kl'Jm
Chart 2 MPud' = (26. J x J0') I (300)(550)' = 0.29 Designed torsional links given by
(Pan 3) JOOA/bd = 0.08 204.7 A"ls, >= T I (0.8)XI·YI(0.87)f"
Table 3.27 Use lOOA/~=0.13 (Pan 2) = (27.8 x I0') I (0.8)(230)(530)(0.87)(250)
A, = (0.13)(300)(600) I (100) = 234 mm' = 1.31 Torsion links
Same nominal steel r/f can be used at span. For 10 mm links, As\, ::: 157 mrrr'; s, <::: 120 mm 2RIO @ 200 mm
Shear Force = (19.6)(4) I 2 = 39.2 kN (max.) 204.8 Use 2RIOlinks @200mm «= 200mm, XIo y 1(2) (1.4 m from both
Table 3.9 v = (39.2 X103) I (550)(300) = 0.24 Nlmm' < v, (Pan 2) Length of beam at each end for torsional Jinks ends)
=(4.0- 1.2)12= 104m
Design for torsion
Designed additional longitudinal steel given by
YI = 600 - (2)(30 + 10(2) = 530 mm Yl =530mm 2.4.7 A,I> (A,is,)(f"if,)(xI+YI)
XI = 300 - (2)(30 + 10(2) = 230 mm XI =230mm (Pan 2) = (1571120)(2501460)(230 + 530) = 540 mrrr'
2
If this is divided between 8 bars, each requires 67.5 mm
TotaltorsionaJ moment = (13.9)(4) = 55.6 kNm (3 at top and bottom, 2 in middle).
Torsional restraint at each ende 55.6/2::: 27.8 kNrn 204.9 Since beam length is small, assume bending
Note 3 The torsional moment will vary as fellows> (pan 2) reinforcement is not curtailed; longitudinal reinforcement
Note 4 for torsion also cannot be curtailed,
27.8 f---1.2m---j

~
Total steel requirement at top and bottom levels =
(67.5)(3) + 234 = 436.5 mm'
Use 2Y16 + Y10 at top and bottom levels (As = 481

~
2)
mm'') and 2 YlO at intermediate level (As = 157 mm
This arrangement will satisfy
-27.8 Table 3.30 top & bottom
(a) max. spacing for tension r/f <= 160 mm
equation 2 2Y16+YIO
Max. value of VI = (2)T I (hmiri(hma.. - hll~,./3) 204.9 (b) max. spacing for torsional r/f <= 300 mm
(Part 2) middle 2Y10
= (2)(27.8 X106) I (300)2(600. - 300(3) (Pan 2) (c) torsional r/f provided in 4 comers
::: 1.24 N/mm 2 < 4.38 N/mm 2 (v ru)
Table 2.3 > 0.37 N/mm 2 (vl,min)
(Pan 2) Thus, beam section, is O,K. butrequires torsional r/f.

Design or Beam for Torsion 88 Design of Beam tor Torsion 89

 CHAPl'ER 12
Notes on Calculations
3. The torsional moment variation in beams, whether for a distributed moment such as this
"or 'for a
point moment,
is geometrically" identical to the shear force variation Frame Analysis and Moment
corresponding to distributedor point loads respectively.
Redistribution
4. Longitudinal torsion reinforcement has to be extended a~ l~ast a di~tance equal to, the
largest dimension of the section beyond the point where It IS theoretically not reqUIre?,
In this example, that would extend the reinforcement by 600 mm, exactly to the mid
point of the beam. Hence, curtailment is not possible.

Concluding Noles
5. The links provided for torsion have to be of the closed type as specified in Clause 2.4,8 Example 30 • Frame Analysis for Vertical loads
(Part 2), whereas even open links are permissible for shear links. . A typical internal braced transverse frame for a multi-storey office building is shown below. The
frames are located at 5 m centres and the length of the building is 40 m. The cross sectional
6. If the section carrying torsion is a flanged beam. it has to be divided into component dimensions of members are as follows.
(non-intersecting) rectangles, such that hrnin3.hmax is maximized. This can generally be 0) Slab tbickness (roof and floors) - 150 mrn
achieved by making the widest rectangle as long .as possib~e (see Cl~use 2·1.4.2 -Part 2). (ii) Beams (roof and floors) . .; 600 mm x 300 rn.m
The torque is divided up among the rectangles In the ratios of their (hrnin .hmax) values (iii) Columns (for all floors) - 300 mm x 300 mm
and each rectangle designed for torsion. The torsional links should be placed such that
they do intersect. The vertical loading is as follows>
(i) Load corresponding to finishes = O.510.l\J/m 2 (for roof and floors)
(ii) Load corresponding to light partitions = 1.0 kN/m 2 (for floors only)
(iii) Imposed load on roof = 1.5 kN/m 2
division into 2 (iv) Imposed load on floors = 2.5 kN/m 2
rsctar1gles
(v) Density of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m 3

;nts'secling
torsional
Obtain the design ultimate moments and shear forces from vertical loads for the beam ABC at
links the first floor level.
Roof

T
4.0m

t
4.0m
2nd Floor

t
4.2
A B C
1st Floor

..15m

O.75m
'm:"" mb
ra.om'--*---a.om-----1

Introductory Notes
Ground
f-------.", Level
Footing
level

I. The next 4 examples (including this one) deal with the entire structure, as opposed 10
structural elements.

2. The loading for partitions and- imposed loads is the minimum permissible under "BS
6399: Part I (1984): Design loading on buildings: Dead and imposed loads",
Design of Beam for Torsion
90
3. In general, most"frames are braced, the lateral load being taken by masonry infilJ or Output
lift/stair wells.
B.efereru:e Ql!,,*,!iQIlS
Arrangement 3 will be themirror image, about E, of
4. Since the frame is braced, it is possible to use either a beam level sub-frame analysis or a Arrangement 2.
continuous beam analysis. Since the latter over-estimates moments considerably, the
fonnerwill be performed.
Moment distribution Ck..Nm)
ReferenCe Calculalions .
Output Note 5
(Arrangement 1)
Stiffnesses
0.84 0.46 0.46 0.84
(IlL) of columns above l st floor =
6 AB BA BC CB
(1/12)(300)' 1 (4000) = 0.169 X 10 mm'
-183.6 +183.6 -183.6 +183.6 Arrangement 1
(IlL) of columns below l st floor =
Note 6 +154.2 + 77.1 - 77.1 -154.2 Support moment
(1/12)(300)41 (5000) = 0.135 x 10' mrrr'
- 29.4 + 260.7 -260.7 + 29.4 atB=261 kNm
Since T-beam action will prevail in the beam. eft.
flange width = 300 + (0.7)(6000)15 = 1140 mm « 5000 b,,,, 1140 mm
(Arrangement 2)
mm).
I
I of beam section = ! 1140

9 4 ~
0.84 0.46 0.46 0.84
9.388 xl0 mrn
(lIL) of beams =
~~' ~ AB BA BC CB
-183.6 +183.6 - 71.1 + 71.1
(9.388 x10') 1 (6000) = i , - 25.9 - 51.8 - 51.8 - 25.9
1.565 X 106 mm 3
';0
I - 38.0
+176.0 + 88.0 - 19.0
Distribution factors
~
"----- - 15.9 - 31.7 - 31.7 - 15.9
1--300-----1
+ 13.4 + 6.7 + 6.7 + 13.4
Only the beam factors will be considered.
- 3.1 - 6.2 - 6.2 - 3.1 Arrangement 2
+ 2.6 + 1.3 + 1.3 + 2.6 Support moments
D AB= D CB=(1.565)/(1.565+O.169+o.J35) = 0.84
DBA=DBc= 1.565/( (1.565)(2)+0.169+0.135) =0.46
- 0.6 - 1.2 -
.1.2 - 0.6 atB= 189kNm
Note? - 37.1 +188.7 -173.0 + 3.6 & 173 kNm
Loading on beam
Shear forces CkN)
Slab = (5)(0.15)(24) = 18 kN/m
Beam = (0.45)(0.3)(24) = 3.24kN/m
The shear forces RA, RBh RB2 and Rc can be found from
Finishes = (0.5)(5) the following figures>
= 2.5 k..'-l/m
Total dead load = 23.74 kN/m
Imposed load (floor) = (5)(2.5) = 12.5 k..'-l/m !lk=23.7 kN/m
~W2 ~
Partitions = (5)(1.0)
Total imposed load
= 5.0kN/m
=17.5kN/m
qk= 17.5 kN/m
RA
fp {;.W,fIf.vt;;
MA
M

&1 A&t
~t*'=' ** wIt
&2
Me

Load arrangements
~gk + 1.6Q.=61.2 kN/m RA RBI RB2 Rc
3.2.1.2.2 (Arrangement 1) jllll$1 IllllllillIlli
A B C Arrangement 1 145.1 222.2 222.2 145.1

Arrangement 2 158.3 208.9 99.3 42.9

(Arrangement 2)
61.2kNfm ~1.091."'23.7 kN/m
t4*11i*tt*tk4*f~tit*tttty
A B C

Frome A/)oIysis and Moment Redistribution 92 Frome Analysis and Morr.ent RedJstnbufion 93
 in the beam moments. Since the remote ends of the columns are assumed to be fixed,
there will be no carry Over moments from them to the beam-column jqints,. The sign
Span moments convention adopted is that clockwise moments are positive and anticlcckwise moments
negative.
Free bending moment is given
Note8 by -(w.l.x)/2 + (w.x2)12 6. In this symmetrical 'loading arrangement, the calculation is complete with just one joint
release.
Fixed end moment variation is
given by M 1 + (M,-M j )xIl
M~=S, I 7. The difference between the moments MBA and Mec arises out of the fact that the
columns take part of the moment arising out of asymmetrical loading.
Hence, the points of contraflexure and the points and
values of max. span moments can be obtained. 8. The sign convention adopted in this part of the solution is that sagging moments are
negative and hogging moments positive.
SpanAB SpanBC
Arrangement 1 9. This two-span frame is typical of mast situations, where the maximum SUPPOTt moments
Points of A
are obtained when all spans are loaded with the maximum design ultimate loads (1.4 ~+
contraflexure O.21m.4.53m 7.47m, 11.79m Span moments- 1.6~) and the maximum span moments are obtained when that span is loaded with the
(from A) maximum design ultimate load (104 gk + 1.6 <lk) while the adjacent spans are loaded with
Max, sagging 143 kNm at 143 kNm at Arrangement 1 the minimum design ultimate load (1.0 ~),
moment 2.37m 9.63m 143 kNm
(both spans) 10. The diagrams for Load Arrangement 3 have not been shown, for the sake of clarity,
Arrangement 2 since they will be mirror images of those for Load Arrangement 2 about B.
Points of Arrangement 2
contraflexure O.25m,4.93m 8.47m, 11.91m 168 kNmand Concluding Notes
(from A) 35kNm 11. The beam moments could have been obtained using a continuous beam analysis, instead
. .1 Max, sagging 168 kNm at 35 kNm at of a subframe analysis (Clause 3.2.1.2.4) as pointed out in Note 4. However, column
Note 9 moment 2.59m 1O.19m moments will then have to be estimated as indicated in Clause 3.2,1.2.5.

12. If there are 3 or more approximately equal bays in the frame and the characteristic
imposed load does not exceed the characteristic dead load,the beam moments and shear
forces can be obtained from Table 3.6 for a continuous beam analysis (see Clause 3.4.3),

168'-/" 143
Bending Moment Diagram (kN m)
Example 31 - Frame Analysis for Horizontal Loads
If the office building described in Example 30 was unbraced and locat~d in a semi-urban area
222 where the basic wind speed is 40 m/s, determine the moments and shear forces induced in a
J58 typical internal frame due to the wind load.
........
" Introduotory Notes
",
A 1. The windforces haveto be determined using "CP 3: Ch.V: Part 2 (1972): Basic datafor
the design of buildings: wading: Wind loads".

222 2. In carrying out the analysis, the entire structure is analysed, assuming that only the wind
Shear Force Diagram (kN) load acts on it and that points of contraflexure are developed at the centres of all beams
Note 10 and columns (Clause 3.2.1.3.2). A further assumption is made regarding the distribution
eitherof shearforces or of axial loads in columns (see Note 4 below). Thus the analysis
for the lateral loads is performed on a statically determinate structure, as opposed to an
indeterminate one as in the case of vertical load analysis.

Frame Analysis and Moment Redistribution Frome Analysis and Moment Redistribution 95
 ~,~erence Calculations Output
·
Reference/ Calculations Output
6.125 6.125
Wind force
Note 6 -;.
t 11~03 --;:. 5.51 --;:.
Basic wind speed, Vb;;;; 40 mls T
5,51 2,Om
CP3:Ch.V:
Part 2
, Note 3
S, = 1.0; S, = 1.0
S2 (for ground roughness 3, building class B and
H = 12.25) is 0.7805
, 6.5
+ '"
2.5m
floor

V, = (1)(0.7805)(1)(40) = 31.22 rnIs -E-9,64 -E-i9,28 ~ 9.64

Wind pressure, q = (0.613)(31.22)' = 597.5 N/m'
17.83
t0 t
17 ,83

Table 10 of I/w = (40)/(12) = 3.33 Note 7 Moments and shear forces in .bJ3C
CP3:Ch.V: bid = (40)/(12) = 3.33 The moments in ABC can be found as those required to
Part 2 h/b = (12.25)/(12) = 1.02 , balance the column moments.
Hence. Cr;;;; 1.23
Force on one frame e q.Cr.A, 35.1 35,1

~~
= (597.5)(I.23){ (l2.25)(5.0)} = 45014 N Wind force on a
=45kN frame = 45 kN
~~~
A
C
Moment at A, B
Analysis and C is 35.1
35.1 35.1
'L~m
The following assumptions are made>
1. The wind force is applied at floor and roof levels, The shear forces in the spans are obtained by dividing the . Shear force in AB
the force at each level being proportional to the moment by half the span length. and BC is 11.7 kN
areas shared by them. Hence, shear force = (35.1 )/(3.0) = 11.71<..'"
2. Points of contraflexure are assumed at the centres
of beams and columns. Notes on Calculations
Note 4 ~. The vertical column stresses are proportional to 3. The S2 factor can be calculated separately for different parts of the stucture or for the
their distances from the centroid of the columns. entire structure, using the total height of the structure. Since this is only a 3 storey
structure, it is simple and conservative to work with 'a single S2 value.
The forces at roof, 2nd floor and 1st floor levels are
(2/12.25)(45) = 7.35 kN (root) 4. If the column sizes are uniform, the vertical forces will be proportional to the distances
{(2+2)/12.25} (45) = 14.7 !eN (2nd floor) and of the columns from the centroid of the column group. An alternative assumption to this
{(2+2.50)/l2.25}(45) = 16.5 kN (1st floor) is to consider that the horizontal shear forces in the columns are proportional to the bay
r--,om--+-,om----l sizes.
7.35 Roof
Note 5

, .225
oE'-1.84 l+-367
0
13:t
, .225
, ,84
5. The analysis is essentially a subframe analysis, but the entire frame has to analysed step
wise, from the top to bottom. At each step, the vertical column reactions are obtained
first, taking moments' for the equilibrium of the entire sub structure, together with the
third assumption referred to in Note 4 above. The horizontal shear forces in the columns
can be found by taking moments about the points of contraflexure in the beams, for the
1.225 1.225 equilibrium. of different parts of the sub-structure. The results obtained from each
1.84----?>
t 3.67 ----?> 1.84 ----?>
sub-structure have to be used for analysing the next lower sub structure.
T
14.7 +
2.0m

2.0m
2nd
floor
6. If the column bases are not designed to resist moments, the point of contraf1exure on
lowest column should be moved down to the level of the base (as opposed to being at
column mid height) .
,,*-5.S1 t ~1.03 t
.;.-.L 5.51
7. In order to meet stability requirements, the lateral load at each level should be at least
6.125 0 6.125 1.5% of the characteristic dead load at each level (Clause 3.1.4.2). Since the total dead
97
Frome Analysis era Momeni Redistribution
Frame Anaiysis and Momeot Redistribi.Jfion
 load on a beam (Example 30) is (23.7)(12) = 284.4 leN and 1.5% of this is 4.3 leN «
7.35 kN), the above condition is met.
Example 30 Span moments
Concluding Notes
8. For unbraced frames having three or more approximately equal bays, the combined These can be found by superimposing the free bending
effect of wind and vertical loads can be obtained by superposing the results of an moment diagrams on the above fixed end moment
analysis such as the one above with those of a sub-frame analysis such as the one in variation.
Example 30, after factoring tile loads appropriately (Clause 3.2.1.3.2).
Arrangement 1
For very slender structures, the overall stability of the structure against overturning due Points of
9. contraflexure 0, 19m,4,97m 7.03m,11.8Im
to lateral wind loads should also be checked. The appropriate load combination would be
1.4 W (causing the overturning moment) and 1.0OK (providingthe restoring moment). (from A)
k span moments:-
Max. sagging 175 kNm at 175kNmat
moment 2.58m 9.42 m Arrangement 1
Example 32 - Redi~tribution of Moments 175 k."lm (both
Determine the design ultimate moments for the beam ABC in Example 30, after carrying out Arrangement 2 spans)
moment redistribution. Points of
contraflexure 0.24m,4.96m 8.61m, 11.91m Arrangement 2
(from A) 170kNm
Introductory Notes
(span AB)
1. Although the design of reinforced concrete sections is carried out using the plastic 32kNm
capacity of the section, the analysis ·of structures is still performed using elastic methods, Max. sagging 170 k."lm at 32kNmat
moment 2.60m 1O.26m (span BC)
The advantage to the designer arising out of the above plasticity is incorporated in the
analysis by moment redistribution,
Notes on Calculations
2. Moment redistribution has to be performed separately for each load arrangement. In 3. T~e support moments are reduced as much as possible so that congestion of
addition, the redistributed envelope is not allowed to fall below the 70% elastic moments reinforcement at beam-column junctions can be minimized. The maximum amount of
envelope, to ensure that wide cracks at the serviceability state will not develop (see redistribution allowed is 30 % - a figure which can be accomodated bv rotation- at a
Clause 3.2.2.1). section after plastic hinge formation by the appropriate restriction of the x/d ratio (see
Clause 3.2.2.1).
Calculations Output
Reference
4, In general, the x/d ratios in columns are larger than those required to permit plastic hinge
Support moments formation. Hence, column elastic moments should never be redistributed,

Example 30 The numerically largest elastic moment is 261 kNm at 5. The support moments in Arrangement 2 are made equal to'180J !eNm - the value
support B (Arrangement 1). This can be reduced to support moment
obtained after 30% redistribution in Arrangement 1, This: requires a much lower
(0.7)(261) = 183 kNm for all load cases, leaving the atB=183
3.2.2.1 percentage of downward redistribution for the elastic moment BA and an upward
support moments at A and C (and also the column leNm
Note 3 redistribution for the elastic moment, Be. Such upward redistribution 'may help to reduce
Note 4 moments) unchanged. span moments.

Hence, the support. moments will be given by Concluding Notes

CB 6. Compared with the elastic design moments in Example 30, the redistributed design
AB BA BC
moments are such that the support moment at B is considerably lower, while the span
+29.4 moments are only slightly higher; hence the advantage in carrying out moment
Arrangement 1 -29.4 +183 -183
+3.6 redistribution - the total moment field is considerably reduced,
Arrangement 2 -37.1 +183 -183

7. The points of contraflexure are generally closer to the supports for the redistributed
Note 5 Note.- The shear forces can be found by analysing
bending moment diagrams than for the elastic bending moment diagrams. In order to
- - the sectionsAf and CB, as in Example 30
... ,prevent. serviceability state cracking on. the top surface, the restriction on the
redistributed moment envelope specified in Note 2 above has to be applied.
98 F'ome Analysis and Mcment Redlstrlbutfon 99
Frome Analysis and Moment RedIStribution
CI-JAPTER -J :-;
Reference Calculations Output
Design for Stability 3,12,3,5 Peripheral ties

3.12,3.4,2 F, = 20 + (4)(6) = 44 kN « 60 kN) F,=44kN

Area of ties required = (44 X!03) 1 (460) = 96 mm' peripheral tie
This can be easily met by peripheral beam rlf that is As = 96mm2
continuous.

Example 33 - Design for Stability 3,12,3,4 Internal ties ~ longitudillaJ direction

The figure shows 'the plan of a 6 storey framed structure, where the floor to ceiling height of
each storey is 3.5 m. The average dead and imposed loads per unit area of floor can be taken as 5 Ir=5.0m
Force 1 unit width = {(5+5)/(7_5) }(515)(44)
kN/rn 2 each. Design the stability ties for this structure with steel of f y = 460 N/rnm 2•
= 59 kN/m [> (1.0)(44) = 44 kJ'<im}
Total force = (59)(6,0) = 354 kN
Area of lies required = (354 x !O3) 1 (460) longitudinal
1
s.oe
= 770mm 2
If carried in the two peripheral beams, area required per
internal tie
A s=770mm 2

1 beam = (770)/2 = 335 mm'

Note:- spacing of ties = 6,0 m < (1,5)(5,0)= 7.5 m

W"----4 x 5.0m =2om----;,1 3.12.3.4 Internal ties - transverse direction

Seams Ir==6.0m
Force 1 unit width = {(5+5)/(7_5) }(6/5)(44)
=70.4kN/m (>(1.0)(44)=44L"/m)
Introductory Notes
=
Total force (70.4)(20) = 1408 kN
1. In order to ensure the robustness of a structure, it should normally be connected together Area of ties required == (1408 x10 3) / (460) transverse internal
by a system of continuous ties. This example demonstrates the design of these ties. . = 3061 mm' tie
If distributed in the 5 transverse beams, area required per As= 3061 mrn 2
2. In addition, the structure should be capable of withstanding a notional horizontal load, beam = (3061)/5 = 612 mm'
which is proportional to its characteristic dead load (see Example 31, Note 7). Note> spacing of ties = 5.0 m < (1.5)(6.0)= 9.0 m

3. In calculating the amount of reinforcement required, the steel can be assumed to act at its Note 4 Peripheral beams peripheral beams
characteristic value ~ i.e. 1m = 1.0. Furthermore, reinforcement designed for other (tie rlf)
purposes can be used as ties (Clause 3.12.3.2). Total tie area per beam in longitudinal direction = longitudinal -
96 + 335 =431 mm' 431 mrrr'
", Total tie area per beam in transverse direction == transverse -
Reference . "\~,'Caknhitions .~i:.;;;;) 96 + 612 = 708 mm' 708 mm'
3,123,7 Vertical ties 3,12,3,6 Column ties

These are required, since no. of storeys> 5. Note 5 Force = greater of (3/100)(225)(6) = 405 kN
Area corresponding to a typical column :;:; and lesser of (2,0)(44) = 88 kN and
(112)(6,0)(5,0) = 15.0 m' and (35)/(2,5)}(44) = 61.6 kN
Max. design ultimate load = = 61.6 kN column ties
(15,0){(1.4)(5,0) + (1.6)(5,0») =2,25 10'< Area of tie required = (61.6 x 10')/(460)= 134 mm' A,= 134mm'
Area of ties required = (225 x 103)J(460)
Since this is less than the ties in the beams, part of the
=489 mm 2 vertical ties
A,=489mm' latter can be taken into the columns.
This can easily be met by continuous column rlf.
~Slgn for Stobility 101
 CHAtyrER 14
Noles on Calculations
Although the, beam reinforcement may be greater than these tie areas required; it must be
4.'
ensured that continuity of tie reinforcement is provided ~ this has to be borne in mind Serviceability Limit State Calculations
when curtailing beam reinforcement.

5. The 3% load is taken for 6 storeys, since there will be five floor slabs and the roof above
the level of the first floor column tie; using the floor loading for the roof as well is a
conservati ve approximation.

Concluding Notes Example 34 - Crack Width Calculation

6. If a structure has key elements (i.e. those that carry, say, over 70m2 or over 15% of floor The figure shows a cross section of a simply supported beam of 7 m span, and supporting dead
area at a given level), they have to be designed to withstand a specified load (Clause and imposed loads of 20 kN/m each. Determine the crack widths (i) midway between
2.6.2, Part 2). Furthermore, if it is. not possible to tie the structure (e.g. in load bearing the bars, (ii) at the bottomcorner and (iii) 250 mm below the neutral axis.
masonry construction), l;,ridging elements have to be designed, assuming that each
vertical load bearing element is lost in turn (Clause 2.6.3, Part 2).
1---450--.1
7. The overall layout of the structure should also be designed to provide robustness and key
elements should preferably be avoided. T T fell ;:: 25 N/mm 2

f y ~ 460 N/mm'

1 1
(All dimensions in mm)

Introductory Note
1. This crack width calculation can be performed when the bar spacing rules are not
satisfied, to see whether this more accurate method will satisfy the crack width
requirements in Clause 3.2.4 of Part 2. It, can also be used to estimate the actual crack
width in a flexural.clement.

Reference Calculations Output

Sectional data

Note 2 M, = (20+20)(7)' / 8 = 245 kNm M,=245kNm

equation 17 Eo = 20 + (0.2)(25) = 25 k."I/mm'

3.8.3 E"r = (O.5)Eo= 12.5 kN/mm'
(Part 2) c, ~ EJE,ff = (200 xla') / (12.5 X 103) ~ 16
Note 3 P = (3)(491) I (690)(450) = 0.00474
xld '= -a.,.p + (a.,.p (2 + a.,.p»)05
Note 4 = -(16)(0.00474)
+[(16)(0.00474){2+(l6)(0.00474») ]05 ~ 0.321
x~'(0.321)(690)~221 mm x~221mm

lever arm = d - (x13) = 690 - (221/3) = 616 mm

Design for StQbility 102

..._ .......... ..._ ................
XWXmtwtH mvww vWfwrwzwAttz 'RKUt'f%U% ~?tt~'_"k"'-V~---'~··-·:·.':...'I,,-~..
~TIlI·-,.1I71iii1111111.......- - - - - - - -

Reference Calculations Output ..··Notes on Calculations

Calculation of strains 2. The partial safety factors for loads in serviceability calculations is unity.

6
Stress in steel = 245 xl0 / (3)(491)(6]6) The modulus of elasticity of concrete is halved, to account for creep. This is a simpler
3.
3.8.3 = 270 Nlmm' < (0.8)(460) Nlmm' approach compared to the one for deflection calculations (see Example 35).
(Part 2) Strain in steel, e, = (270) I (200 x 10') = 1.35 x trr
At extreme tension fibre (bottom of section), 4. The serviceability calculations are based on a triangular stress block for concrete in the
3 elastic state. There is no restriction on the.x/d ratio, as in ultimate limit state calculations.
Note 5 E\ = (1.35 x]O")(750-221)/(690-221) = 1.523 xlO·
equation 13 tension stiffening = bl(h-x)(a'-x)/ (3)E a-As(d-x)
(Part 2) = (450)(750-221)'1 (3)(200 xlO')(3)(491)(690-221) 5, The strain at the required level in the concrete is found by calculating the strain from
= 0.304 x 10" elastic theory (Eo\), and reducing from this value an allowance for tension stiffening in the
equation 13 Em = (1.523 - 0.304) x 10" = 1.219 X 10.3 concrete; this is because in calculating e, and EI we assume that the concrete has no
(Part 2) tensile strength, whereas in fact it does.
At 250 rom below neutral axis,
E, = (1.35 x 10")(250)/(690-221) = 0.72 x 10" Concluding Notes
tension stiffenin~ = (450)(750-221 )(250) I 6. All the calculated crack widths are below 0.3 mm and hence satisfactory (Clause 3.2.4'-
(3)(200 x 10 )(3)(491)(690-221) = 0.144 XI 0" Part 2). This could have been expected, because the maximum spacing and corner
Em = (0.72 - 0.144) x 10" = 0.576 X 10" distance rules are satisfied as well. It is these empirical rules that are used in everyday
design, because of their convenience.
Distances to potential crack points
~ 7. For beams of overall depth exceeding 750 mm. side reinforcement in the form of small
diameter bars at spacings not exceeding 250 mrn over two thirds of the beam depth from

lk
cm " = 750-690-(25/2)
=47.5 mm the tension face must also be provided, as per Clause -3.12.11.2.6.
lie" = {(60)' + (82.5)'}0,
- 12.5 = 89.5 mm
lie" = (60)' + (60)')) 0' a
b
- 12.5 = 72.4 mm ,,' SO'l

Example 35 - Deflection Calculation

lie" = (60)' + (690-221-250)'}0,
-12.5 = 214.5 mm The figure shows a cross section of a simply supported beam of 7 m span. If the dead and
imposed loads are both taken as 5 kN/m 2 each, and if 25 % of the imposed load is taken as
Crack widths permanent, calculate the total long term deflection of the beam at midspan. The age of loading
can be taken as 28 days.
CW\ = (3)(89.5)( 1.219 x 10.3) I
equation 12 [1 + {(2)(89.5-47.5)/(750-221)}]
(Part 2) = 0.282 rom < 0.3 nun; satisfactory. cw, =0.282 1--225--1
T
3.2.4 CW, = (3)(72.4)( 1.219 x 10") I mm
2
(Part 2) feu = 25 N/mm
[1 + {(2)(72.4-47.5)/(750-221»)]
= 0.242 mm < 0.3 rnm; satisfactory, CW, = 0.242 325
f, = 460 N/mm'
CW, = (3)(214.5)(0.576 X 10'3) I
[1 + {(2)(214.5-47.5)/(750-221)}J
= 0,227 mm < 0.3 mm: satisfactory,
mm

CW, = 0.227
l a, = 200 kN/mm2
mm
(All dimensions in mm)
Comparison with bar spacing rules

3.12.1 1.2.3 Spacing between bars = (450-(2)(47.5)·(3)(25)) 12 max. spacing

Table 3.30 = 140 rom < 160 mm; satisfactory. OK Introductory Notes
3.12.11.2.5 Corner distance = (60)' + (60)') 05 - 12.5 corner distance
Table 3.30 = 72.4 mm < (160/2) mm; satisfactory. O.K. 1. This deflection calculation can be performed when the span/depth ratio check fails, to
see whether this more accurate method will satisfy the deflection requirements in Clause
$erviceablh'ty LirrJt stote Calculations 104 70S
Serviceability Limit State Calculations
 3.2.1.1 of Part 2. It can also be used to estimate the actual deflection of a flexural
element. ..
i{>!!!!( .: ·Cd •p d•
2. Where domestic and office space is concerned, 25 % of the imposed load can be .

considered permanent; where storage areas are concerned the above figure should be Determination of serviceability moments
increased to 75 %.
M,,,,= (5+5)(7)' 1 8 = 61.25 kNm
3. The age of loading is when the fonnwork Is removed, at which point much of the dead NoteS M,,= = {5 + (0.25)(5»)(7)'/8 = 38.28 kNm
load andsome imposed construction loads will be acting on theconcret,e elements. M"""'><d) = M""" - {(1I3)b(h-xlf" 1 (d-xr}
= (38.28 x 10') -
Reference Cal~ulati~)IlS Output {(l/3)(225)(37s.J72)'(0.55) 1 (325-172)}
= 36 x 10' Nmm .
Initial assessment of span/depth ratio
Calculation of curvatures
M,I' = (5)(1.4 + 1.6)(7)' 18 = 92 kNm
Chart 2 Mlbd' = (92 "10') 1 (225)(325)' = 3.87 lIrl, = M 1 E"o.Ie
(Part 3) lOOA.,lbd= 1.28; A, = 936 mm' = (36 x 10:f 1 (8.93 x 10')(896 x 10')
equation 8 f, = (5/8)(460)(936/982) = 274 N/mm' =4.5xlO rnm"
equation 7 FI = 0.55 + (477-274) 1 120(0.9+3.87) } = 0.9 equation 9 lIr" = €o..a..S, 1 t,
Table 3.10 Allowable span/depth = (20)(0,9) = 18 (Part 2) = (120 x 10·')(22.4)(150.2 x 10') 1 (896 X 10')
Acrual span/depth = 7000 1 325 = 21.5 > 18; span/depth check = 0.45 x 10"' mm"
Hence, span/depth check is violated. violated I·
To find instantaneous curvatures,
Data for serviceability calculations Eo = 25 kN/mm'
equation 17 a.=200/25=8
(Part 2) E, = 20 + (0.2)(25) = 25 kN/mm' Eo=25 kN/mm' x/d e 0.368
7.3 Eff. section thickness=(2)(375)(225) 1(2)(375+225) Ie =459 x 10'
(Part 2) = 141 mm l/rit ~ lIrip = (Mtol - Mpenn) I Ec.le
RH = 85 % (assumed for Sri Lanka) Note 6
= (61.25-38.28) x 10' 1 (25 x 103)(459 x 10')
Figure 7.1 Long term creep coefficient, q, = 1.8 =2.0 xl0-6 mrn-1
(Part 2) E," = 25 1 (I + 1.8) = 8.93 kN/mm' =
l/r lIrlp + liTes + (lIrlt - lIrip)
Figure 7.2 £0, = 120 x 10"'; p = 982 1 (225)(325) = 0.0134 = (4.5 + 0.45 + 2.0) xlO~ mm,l 1Ir= 6.95 x 10·'
(Part 2) a" = E, 1 Eo. = 200 1 8.93 = 22.4 a" = 22.4 = 6.95 xlO~ mrn' mm'
x/d = - a..p + (a..p(2 + a..p) }O.5
= - (22.4)(0.0134) + Estimation of deflection
[(22.4)(0.0134){2 + (22.4)(0.0134))1°'
Table 3.1
=0.53 x/d= 0.53 K = 0.104
Note 4 (Part 2)
Hence, x = (0.53)(325) = 172 mm x= 172mm a= K.l'(l/r)
3.2.1.1 = (0.104)(7000)'(6.95 x 10") = 35.4 mm a=35.4mm
IJbd' = (l13)(x/d)' + a..p{ 1 - (x/d)}' (Part 2)
= (113)(0.53)' + (22.4)(0.0134)(1 - 0.53)' =0.116 Note 7 Note: all = 35.4 1 7000 = 11198
I, = (0.116)(225)(325)' = 896 x 10' mm' Ie = 896 xlO' > 11250 all> 11250
S, = A,(d-x) mm"
3.6 = (982)(325-172) = 150.2 x 10' mm'
(Part 2)

serviceability Limit state Calculations 106

SeMceObiitty Umlf Stote Calculations 107
Note" on Calculations
4. The serviceability calculations are based on a triangular stress block for concrete in the
elastic state. There is no restriction on the x/d ratio. as in ultimate limit state calculations.

5. The Mpenn value is reduced because of the tension stiffening contributed by the concrete.
which is assumed to have no tensile strength in the calculation of I; The long term
tensile strength of concrete is taken as 0.55 N/mm 2 and the short term strength as 1
N/mm 2•

6. The tension stiffening effects in M tot and Mpcrm cancel out here.

7. The final long term deflection is greater than span/2SD. Hence, it may be visually
unacceptable.

Concluding Note
8. This calculation procedure is tedious, and is generally adopted only to explore the
possibility of using a beam or slab section even though the span/depth check fails.

5eNl'ceabtlily Umif state calculations 108