A.

ADVERTISING

Negative :

1.to be inundated with various forms of advertising => disturb working process -> reduce productivity and cause
stress to people

Ex : place advertisements on nearly every aspect of our life => such as emails, leaflets, TV commercials, radio
spots and product placements => disturb the process of work and relaxation => result in several kinds of discomfort
and causes stress to people

- using celebrity endorsement to promote products => people will be influenced => buy items they never use

Ex : Several companies tend to use celebrity endorsement as a way of advertising to promote their products =>
people like fans will be swayed by those advertisements => probably buy items that they even never use.

-using exaggeration and eye-binding techniques => overshadow true functions of products => create impulsive
purchase

Ex : which is largely the result of seeing an advertisement => female teenagers are usually persuaded to buy
cosmetics => however, these products are usually useless to them or sometimes even harmful

Positive

-many new products help better human lives remain unknown>advertising helps disseminated these needed
information => reach many potential customers

Example: In modern world, new products and upgraded ones with distinct and revolutionary features better
humans’ lives and solve problems that happens almost every day => Without advertisements which disseminated
needed information, these products would remain unknown => could not engage current customers and reach
potential ones.

-advertising helps to increase brand awareness of a product/ companies who launch a new product need
advertisements to reach their target audience -> boost sales and profits -> create more jobs for people -> eventually
boost the economy of a country.

Example: In modern world, advertising plays an important role in increasing brand awareness of a product among
people. This will probably help companies to boost their sales and profits, which not only creates more job
opportunities but also fostersa country’s development./ In fact, companies launching a new product need
advertisements in many forms to reach their target audience, which, if success, can eventually boost the economy
of a country

-Advertising undergoes a prohibitive order/is forbidden -> dispense thousands of employment opportunities ->
many people become unemployed -> governments have to provide temporary financial support

Ex : If adverts are forbidden, which dispenses thousands of employment opportunities, many workers such as
marketers would either be driven to other jobs or stay unemployed. This could put huge pressure on local
governments to provide temporary financial support for these people

B. HEALTH

Private healthcare

Advantages

-Doctors and nurses take care of patients more carefully + better facilities such as ) cutting-edge medical equipment
-> increase the likelihood of curing several diseases ' and help patients make a quicker recover

Example: Doctors and nurses in private ones can take care of patients more carefully and meticulously. This
associated with better facilities such as cutting-edge medical equipment can increase the iikelihood of c'uring
several severe diseases and eventually help the patient to make a quicker recovery.

Example 2: Private ho spitals usually use advanced medical equipment, and their doctors and nurses often take
care of patients more carefully. This can help increase the likelihood of of curing several severe diseases and
eventually help the patient to make a quicker recovery.

-offer more specialized care and treatment and an excellent doctor-to-patient ratio -> do not have to passa long
waiting list before being medically examinedana ‘ diagnosed -> better for the mental health
Example: Private hospitals can offer more specialized care and treatment and an excellent doctor-to-patient ratio.
Patients, therefore, do not have to pass a long waiting list before being medically examined and diagnosed.

Example 2: In fact, patients in profit-making medical companies do not have to pass a long Waiting liSt before
being medically examined and diagnosed. This not only gives them more time to work but also is beneficial to their
mental health.

-Pay higher salaries for their medical practitioners -> attract more students working in this area -> Job opportunities
for doctbrs -> beneficial to society

Example: In fact, private hospitals often pay higher salaries for their medical practitioners, which encourage more
students to work and maj or in that field. fhis could help to create more job opportunities for doctors and therefore
benefits the whole society.

Disadvantages:

-Better facilities and services means high price -> the poor are incapable of this exorbitant fee -> cannot gain
access to healthcare services and have to live with their diseases.

Example: In fact, the private healthcare centres are often accused of overcharging due to their services and
facilities. Therefore; patients who live in poverty and are incapable of paying for this exorbitant fee cannot gain
access to healthcare and have to live with severe or chronic diseases.

-Only the affluent can afford the cost of private clinics -> widen the gap between the rich and the poor -> social
problems

Example: Due to the exorbitant fee, only the affluent can afford medical services in private hospitals. This means
that those living in poverty cannot receive the same treatment‘ which may widen the social gap and lead to several
social problems.

Prevention vs treatment + Governmental responsibility

Treatment: Diseases are inevitable -> governments should provide citizens with proper healthcare

Example: It is widely accepted that diseases are inevitable in pe0ple’s lives. Lt is, therefore, ‘. the responsibility of
governments to provide citizens with proper healthcare when they are ill.

Citizens pay money through tax system -> they have the civil 'right to access healthcare -> governments build more
public/Skatimn hospitals

Example: 'Since all citizens have already paid money through the tax systeni, they have the civil right to have
access to healthcare whenever they need ilt. This Mill requiregovemmem to build more public/state-run hospitals
which are affordable to almost everyone. S

Prevention:

Enhancing lifestyle Leading a sedentary lifestyle can cause sever diseases -> dieting and active lifestyle is

of vital importance -> help government save the efforts put on curing illnesses.
Example: People who lead a sedentary lifestyle often suffer from diseases such as diabtetes and obesity.
Therefore; dieting and active lifestyles is of vital importance, whish can help

governments save the efforts that could have been put on curing illnesses.

Enhancing lifestyle means fewer cases requiring medical treatments -> money would be saved -> spend on
improving quality of hospitals -> enhancing public health more.

Example: Money would be saved as with better lifestyle there would be fewer cases requiring medical treatments.
The money saved would be spent on improving the quality of hospitals

and clinics, enhaneing public health even more.

Vaccinations: Some deadly or chronic diseases are incurable yet preventable -> vaccinations help to

avoid them and their consequences

Example: There are several deadly or chronic diseases that are nearly incurable yet preventable. Vaccinations,
therefore, would help to avoid not only such illnesses but also

their severe consequences forhumans.

healthy/balanced diet, healthy/active.# sedentary lifestyle, suffer from/have a

chronic/severe/incurable/respirat’ory'disease such as asthma, lung cancer, obesity, heart

related diseases, skin cancer, diabetes Take regular exercise/take exercise on a regular basis Avoid eating
junk/high-fat/fat-rich/sugar-rich food

Take/have a regular medical check-up Educate/raise awareness among citizens about the importance of healthy
lifestyle

' Educate/raise awareness among citizens about the negative implication/effects of an

unhealthy lifestyle for/on their lives

Raise public awareness Doctor = medical practitioner ~ medical expert (seek advice from medical experts)

Transport; How to promote public transport:

to have access to public transport = to be able to use public transportation to upgrade and expand public transport
provision = to improve public transport services like buses & mass rapid transit to make them more available

’2‘ Q . '5

_ to invest in transport infrastructure to spend money improving existing network or constructing new transport
(transport= system, muon dung so nhiéu xai modes of

transport)

Example One way to promote the use of public transport is to upgrade and expand

public transport provision, or in other words, to invest more in public transport infrastructure This would help people,
even in rural areas, to easily take public transport

which gives them more chances to access modern entertainment and medical faculties in

urban areas. to highlight the advantages of public transport in comparison With indiwdual automobile transport ->
to raise passengers’ public awareness

Example: Through highlighting the advantages of public transport in companson With individual automobile
transport/gasoline-powered automobiles/petrol-driven vehicles to mitigate air pollution, governments could raise
passengers’ public awareness of using public

transport.

Benefits of promoting public transportation

For society: By taking public transport/reduce the use of gasoline-powered automobiles and petrol driven vehicles.
-> To reduce carbon footprint/emissionsfrom private vehicles

-> protect the environment Example: By taking public transport, peOple can help to reduce carbon
footprmt/emissions from private vehicles which are major causes of air pollution With

this they can mitigate the situation and therefore successfully play their role in protectmo

the environment. To lower the number of private vehicles on the road -> reduce/lower traffic
congestion _ Example: Individuals should take public transport to lower the number of private vehicles on the road
In this way, they can help to reduce/lower traffic congestion in cities/urban

areas and indirectly protect the environment.

For individuals:

Promote active lifestyle -> improve one’s physical fitness and health and av01d illnesses Example In fact public
transport promotes an active lifestyle through walking. Such

vigorous activity can help improve one’s physical fitness and health, Wthh therefore gives

him or her the ability to avoid illnesses.

To reduce traffic congestion: 9 to introduce flexible working hours

-) to avoid rush hour-traffic jams = to stay away from the times during Wthh the most people commute and traffic
congestion on roads is at its highest.

to ease traffic flow = to help vehicles move more easily to cut down commuting times = to reduce the time needed
to travel between home and

workplace

-9 to raise petrol prices

-9 to impose/to introduce a congestion charge = an amount of money that people have to pay for driving their cars
into the centre of some cities as a way of stopping the city centre from becoming too full of traffic/to charge a toll to
enter certain parts of cities at certain times of day

Example: There are several resolute actions that governments can take to reduce traffic congestion. One of them
is the introduction of flexible working hours, which would help employees avoid rush hour traffic jams when going
to work and therefore cut down the commuting times of them. Besides, introducing a congestion charge/charging
a toll to enter certain parts of cities at certain times of day could also help ease traffic flow in the city centre, as it
limits the number of cars driving into the city. Raising petrol price is another approach, albeit not very effective, to
encourage people to take public transport, thereby reducing traffic jams.

To increase road safety . road safety measures = actions to ensure that the roads are made safer

-) to conduct regular vehicle inspections = to follow a procedure in which a vehicle is inspected to ensure that it
conforms to regulations governing safety, emissions, or both
9 to install speed cameras = to mount cameras beside or over roads to detect whether drivers are obeying the
speed limits or not.

-) To enact drunk driving law to punish people who drive while intoxicated

Driving while intoxicated = the crime of driving a vehicle while one’s blood alcohol level is over the legal limit

Example: Governments could reduce the number of road accidents by introducing stricter road safety measures.
Building centres which conduct regular vehicle inspections and installing speed cameras in densely populated
areas are two example of such measures, which can help to strictly monitor road situation and eventually result in
fewer or even no accidents. Also, authorities should enact stricter drunk driving law to punish those who dare to
drive while intoxicated. This punishment would act as a deterrent to those who flout the law and posing threats to
others.

Minimum legal age Disadvantages: Break the laws -> can’t focus on driving-> more accident

Example: When young drivers want to break the laws, they often spend more time worrying about being caught by
the police, rather than focusing on driving. This, consequently,

-9 to raise petrol prices

-9 to impose/to introduce a congestion charge = an amount of money that people have to pay for driving their cars
into the centre of some cities as a way of stopping the city centre from becoming too full of traffic/to charge a toll to
enter certain parts of cities at certain times of day

Example: There are several resolute actions that governments can take to reduce traffic congestion. One of them
is the introduction of flexible working hours, which would help employees avoid rush hour traffic jams when going
to work and therefore cut down the commuting times of them. Besides, introducing a congestion charge/charging
a toll to enter certain parts of cities at certain times of day could also help ease traffic flow in the city centre, as it
limits the number of cars driving into the city. Raising petrol price is another approach, albeit not very effective, to
encourage people to take public transport, thereby reducing traffic jams.

To increase road safety . road safety measures = actions to ensure that the roads are made safer

-) to conduct regular vehicle inspections = to follow a procedure in which a vehicle is inspected to ensure that it
conforms to regulations governing safety, emissions, or both

9 to install speed cameras = to mount cameras beside or over roads to detect whether drivers are obeying the
speed limits or not.

-) To enact drunk driving law to punish people who drive while intoxicated

Driving while intoxicated = the crime of driving a vehicle while one’s blood alcohol level is over the legal limit
Example: Governments could reduce the number of road accidents by introducing stricter road safety measures.
Building centres which conduct regular vehicle inspections and installing speed cameras in densely populated
areas are two example of such measures, which can help to strictly monitor road situation and eventually result in
fewer or even no accidents. Also, authorities should enact stricter drunk driving law to punish those who dare to
drive while intoxicated. This punishment would act as a deterrent to those who flout the law and posing threats to
others.

Minimum legal age Disadvantages: Break the laws -> can’t focus on driving-> more accident

Example: When young drivers want to break the laws, they often spend more time worrying about being caught by
the police, rather than focusing on driving. This, consequently,

contributes to more road accidents and makes the road unsafe. Obey the laws -> reach 25 they are busier and do
not have time to practice driving -> lack skills -> more accidents '

Example: If one obeys the laws, he or she can only drive when reaching a certain age like 25 in which they are
busier with their daily lives and do not have time for practicing driving. This will result in a lack of driving skills and
therefore makes them more likely to be involved in more accidents.

Crime . to commit a crime/offence: General: Commit/carry out + a crime/ a murder Engage in/ be involved in +
criminal/ illegal + activities/ practices/ acts/ wrongdoings/ offences/ behaviours Turn to crime Enter a lifeof crime =
turn to a career of crime Resort to crime

Specific: burgalize a house(v) burglary (n) burglarer smuggle drugs/ weapons drug trafficking/ smuggling drug/
weapon trafficker launder money money laundering money launderer forge documents/ passports forgery for 831’
take/ accept/offer (sb) a bribe evade tax tax evasion

be involved in drug traficking = traffic drugs

General: Criminals = offenders = people who commit a crime/ illegal activities = prisoners breald violate the laws/
rules

Specific: Burgarler, drug trafficker, money launderer, forger, juvenile deliquent, re-cidivist,

re-offender.

a petty crime = less serious crimes such as shoplifting or pickpocketing violent crime = offence like assault, mugging
or armed robbery

white-collar crime = crimes committed by “office worker”, like fraud

to turn to crime = to start committing a crime

Example 1: These days the increase in rates for all types of criminal behaviours, such as petty, violent and white-
collar crime, is giving serious cause for concern to the society. This could be explained by the fact that during
periods of high youth unemployment, young people have a tendency to turn to crime for earning money.

Life after punishment:

Serve their prison sentence -> offer rehabilitation programme -> reintergrate back into the community -> make a
fresh start

to release back into society = to give freedom to prisoners who have finished their \

sentences. to reintegrate back into society/community = Integrate (someone) back into society

to offer rehabilitation programme = the chance of helping somebody to have a normal,

useful life again after they have been in prison to make a fresh start = to try something new after making mistakes
in one’s life

Example: Many released prisoners tend to reoffend after being free from prison as a consequence of being isolated
from the society. Therefore, governments should establish policies offering rehabilitation programme, which
therefore helps them reintegrate back into the community, make a fresh start and become useful members of the
society again.

Isolated from the society -> can't find job -> reoffend

A criminal record makes finding a job more difficult -> Many prisoners re-offend when

they are leased Example; Many prisoners being released after serving their sentences are less likely to find a

job due to their criminal records. This associated with poverty makes them have a tendency to re-offend.

Ways to prevent crime:

to inflict/impose a punishment: to punish wrongdoers = to punish people who commit an illegal activity

a to serve a prison sentence = to be sent to prison as a punishment to act as a deterrent E a thing that makes
somebody less likely to do something (= that

deters one) Example; Government should introduce stricter law to punish wrongdoers for reducing the
crime rates. For example, serving longer prison sentences would act as a deterrent and would be one useful
measure to tackle rising crime.

a non-custodial sentence = a punishment which is not done in prison

Example: As an alternative to prison the judge may choose to give a non-custodial sentence, such as fines,
probation orders or community service orders. This could help prevent wrongdoers from being isolated from society
and therefore minimise the likelihood of re

offending actions.

to impose a ban on sth = to have an official rule which says that something is not allowed Example: Most
governments have imposed a ban on the sale of tobacco to those aged under

16.

to set a good example for sb/ act as a role model for sb = to behave in a good way that

other people should copy to install surveillance cameras = to put cameras in a place where a crime is likely to be

committed Example: Punishments should be the last resort, as there are many ways to prevent crime from
happening. For example, installing surveillance cameras in places with lots of criminal activities could help reduce
crime rates. Another approach is that famous people like

movie stars should set a good example for young people to follow, which will eventually lead to a decrease in
juvenile delinquency.

CCTV

BENEFITS

A second linked point is that they act as a deterrent. Criminals, particularly young offenders or petty criminals may
think twice before committing crimes.

Cameras are cost-effective and unobtrusive. This technology could help the government reduce the expenditure
on the police, as they do not have to recruit more police officers.

These security videos can be used as an evidence in criminal cases. Not only could those evidences help the
police to investigate such criminal cases properly, but they also prevent one who commits crimes from a denial of
guilt.
DISADVANTAGES

Many people feel that they should be free to travel or move around a shop, street or country without being
photographed or recorded. In fact, being watched constantly is somewhat an invasion of their privacy, which makes
people feel uncomfortable.

The information from recordings might be stolen and used for other purposes, including sharing them on the
YouTube or other social networking sites. This could pose a threat to citizens’ private lives and restrict them from
the right of enjoying the privacy.

Family N urturing a child patterns of parental behavior = the ways parents tend to act to shape a child’s personality
= to affect the form of a child’s personality Children raised/living in a dysfunctional family = a family in which there
are conflict, misbehaviour and often the neglect of children

Example: Patterns of parental behaviour are very influential in shaping children’s personality through the example
parents set. Therefore, children raised in dysfunctional families usually have behavioural problems like facing
difficulties when forming and maintaining relationships or suffering from trust issues.

To devote more time and effort to sth/sb = to give all of your time and effort to sth/sb

to enter adult life = to become mature enough to live independently of one’s parents

to be overprotective/overprotective parents = to protect somebody too much in a way that restricts their freedom

have frequent parental involvement = the parents’ act of taking part in their children’s activities

Example: It is suggested that parents should devote more time and effort to raising and

educating their children in order to give them a good preparation to enter adult life. However, overprotective parents
who have frequent parental involvement could unintentionally make their children heavily dependent/reliant on
them.

Types of family a single parent household = a family in which a parent has to take care of his or her

child without the his or her partner

a nuclear/elementary family = a family including two parents and their children, but without aunts, uncles,
grandparents, etc.
an extended family = a family unit that includes grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts, and uncles, etc. in addition to
parents and children

Example: In the past, the extended family including several generations living in the same house was very common.
However, due to changes in the modern world, there is a movement from such structure to the nuclear family or
the single parent household as the common

type

Extended family -> more generations -> strengthen family’s bond but have to bridge the generation gap A
generation gap = a difference of opinions between one generation and another regarding beliefs, politics, or values
To bridge the generation gap = to reduce or get rid of the generation gap To have a family gathering = to have a
meeting of the family on certain occasions for dinner, lunch or during festivals, marriages To strengthen a family’s
bond = to improve relationships of members within a family Example: In traditional societies, it is very common for
extended family to have a family gathering, as they consider it a way to strengthen a family’s bond. However, in
order to bridge the generation gap, older generations have to communicate regularly with children

and showing that their interests are also one’s interests.

Social problems:

-) To finance provision of social/public services = (of government) to freely provide services to people regardless
of their income = spend money on providing public services

Example: Governments can help improve living standards of the whole society through financing the provision of
social services, such as health care or education.

Advantages/Disadvantages:

0 Privatisation of public services = transfer or sale of government-owned

assets/institutions to the private sector = denationalisation of public services.

Advantages:

-) due to the profit incentive, improve efficiency -> out cost and lead to greater attention to customer satisfaction

-9 Reduce the government’s political interference/influence -> create a competitive market -> boost productivity
and economic growth

-) Cut/lower/reduce tax Disadvantages:

-) Privatization of certain entities such as water and electricity may create single monopolies -> increase prices at
the detriment of the consumer

-) Public assets can be sold to a wealthier subset of the population. -> increase wealth inequality/the gap between
the rich and poor

-> Create fragmentation of industries. For example, if rail and train are invested by several companies, the cost
and quality will significantly vary.

Domestic violence

To commit/engage in domestic violence

To experience/witness domestic violence = violence among family members

:2 Commit/engage in/get involved in criminal offences/crimes

Example: Children who witness domestic violence between parents and watch violent contents on TV often develop
mental problems such as depression and autism, which makes

them more likely to commit criminal offences.

to discriminate (against sb) = to treat one person or group worse than another in an unfair way # to discriminate in
favour of somebody = to treat one person or group better than another -> to have racial/sex/religous discrimination
(against/in favour of sb/sth)

experience/encounter racism/discrimination/prejudice

face/suffer persecution/discrimination

fearlescape from/flee racial/political/religious persecution

constitute/be a form of racial/race discrimination

to be prejudiced (against/in favour of somebody/something) = having an unreasonable dislike of or preference for

somebody/something

vb
Example: Many companies, these days, still have practices that discriminate against women Lnd in favour of men.
This can lead to gender inequality in terms of promotions and career

prospects at workplace, which could eventually result in lower productivity of the cc 0

Technology Space tourism Positive:

Visiting other countries is now common thanks to international tourism -> Space

travelling is much more appealing and helps people enrich their knowledge about the universe.

Example: In fact, visiting a city or country becomes more and more common nowadays with the deveIOpment of
tourism, which makes space travelling a much more appealing option to humans. This type of traveling could help
them enrich their knowledge about

the universe, such as the geographic and climate conditions of other planets, and discover other mysteries about
the space.

Space tourism development could create more job Opportunities -> reduce unemployment -> benefits the whole
society.

Example: Apparently, more job opportunities would be created in order to meet the increasmg demand of space
tourism, which can help reduce the unemployment rate. This,

consequently, improves living standards of many people and eventually benefits the whole society.

Negative:

Operating spaceships requires a lot of energy (from fossil fuels) and releases a large

amount of emissions -> deplete the natural resources and cause global warming -> environmental degradation.

Example: One drawback is that operating spaceships or the rockets require a massive amount of energy from fossil
fuels, and they often release a large amount of emissions to the

atmosphere when launched, which might contribute to global warming. This will eventually lead to environmental
degradation.

Space travelling is dangerous -> high accident risks -> can cause fatal consequences
Example: Another potential disadvantage of space tourism is its high accident risks. Spacecraft accidents, similar
to plane crashes, can cause fatal accidents among a large

number of passengers and cause other tremendous financial damages when the ship just encounters minor
technical errors in space.

Impact of Technology Positive:

Communication has become more and more convenient thanks to recent technological advances. By removmg
geographical barriers, people can now convey something

urgently to and are able to keep in touch with old contacts, which helps strerigthen relationships between humans.

Technological elements of communication like distance courses on online platforms has made it possible to give
best education to students via expert faculty on the web, This can help students in rural or remote areas acquire
better education, which therefore enables them to open the door to better employment prOSpects. Technological
development has promoted faster decision-making and led to the development and progress of the world. In fact,
video conferencing has played a considerate role in foster the economic growth by allowing business partners to
reach a contractual agreement without spending money to physically meet one another.

Negative:

The current generation lacks essential interpersonal skills such as the ability to face-toface express the ideas and
thoughts to others. A major reason for this tendency is the increasing frequency of communication through texting
and chatting through applications like skype and social networking sites.

Excessive online socialization may discourage teenagers having real interaction and encourage them to bother
more about their online life rather than real one. This can finally lead to the increasing generation gap between
parents and children, which eventually makes them isolated from their real life.

Has led to many addictions: People have literally become addicted to the internet and cell

phones, and this addiction has led to many anxiety disorders. In fact, people addicted to the Internet may frequently
feel lonely and isolated.