Dr Zainuddin Ibrahim

Qualitative &
Quantitative
 Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory
research. It is used to gain an understanding of
underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It
Qualitative provides insights into the problem or helps to
develop ideas or hypotheses for potential
quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also
used to uncover trends in thought and opinions,
and dive deeper into the problem.
 • Basic/Generic/Pragmatic
• Ethnographic Research

Research •
•
Grounded theory
Phenomenology
Design • Critical Social Research
• Ethical Inquiry
• etc
 Tabula Rasa
a mind not yet affected
by experiences, impress
ions, etc.
 the occurrence and
development of events
by chance in a happy or
beneficial way
Serendipity
 • Epistemology is the branch of philosophy
concerned with the theory of knowledge.
Epistemology Epistemology is the study of the nature of
knowledge, justification, and the rationality of
belief.
 Quantitative Research is used to quantify the
problem by way of generating numerical data or
data that can be transformed into usable
statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions,
Quantitative behaviours, and other defined variables – and
generalize results from a larger sample
population. Quantitative Research uses
measurable data to formulate facts and uncover
patterns in research.
 • Experiment (True Experiment/ Quasi
Experiment)
Quantitative • Correlational
Methods • Survey
• Descriptive
 The theoretical framework is the structure that
Theoretical can hold or support a theory of a research study.
The theoretical framework introduces and
Framework describes the theory that explains why the
research problem under study exists.
 A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with
Conceptual several variations and contexts. It can be applied
in different categories of work where an overall
Framework picture is needed. It is used to make conceptual
distinctions and organize ideas.
 Variable
not consistent or having
a fixed pattern; liable to
change.
 The dependent variable is what is being studied
Dependent & and measured in the experiment. It's what
changes as a result of the changes to
Independent the independent variable. An example of
a dependent variable is how tall you are at
Variable different ages. The dependent variable(height)
depends on the independent variable(age)
Thanks