Happiness

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Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Happiness (disambiguation), Happy
(disambiguation), Gladness (disambiguation) and Jolly (disambiguation).
"Rejoicing" redirects here. For the album, see Rejoicing (album).
"Felicitous" redirects here. For the concept in pragmatics, see Felicity
conditions.
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vte
Happiness is used in the context of mental or emotional states, including positive
or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.[1] It is also used in
the context of life satisfaction, subjective well-being, eudaimonia, flourishing
and well-being.[2][3]

Since the 1960s, happiness research has been conducted in a wide variety of
scientific disciplines, including gerontology, social psychology and positive
psychology, clinical and medical research and happiness economics.

Contents
1 Definitions
2 Philosophy
3 Religion
3.1 Eastern religions
3.1.1 Buddhism
3.1.2 Hinduism
3.1.3 Confucianism
3.2 Abrahamic religions
3.2.1 Judaism
3.2.2 Roman Catholicism
3.2.3 Islam
4 Psychology
4.1 Theories
4.1.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
4.1.2 Self-determination theory
4.1.3 Modernization and freedom of choice
4.1.4 Positive psychology
5 Measurement
6 Relationship to physical characteristics
7 Possible limits on happiness seeking
8 Economic and political views
9 Contributing factors and research outcomes
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Definitions
'Happiness' is the subject of debate on usage and meaning,[4][5][6][7] and on
possible differences in understanding by culture.[8][9]

The word is mostly used in relation to two factors:[10]

Happy children playing in water

the current experience of the feeling of an emotion (affect) such as pleasure or
joy,[1] or of a more general sense of 'emotional condition as a whole'.[11] For
instance Daniel Kahneman has defined happiness as "what I experience here and now".
[12] This usage is prevalent in dictionary definitions of happiness.[13][14][15]
appraisal of life satisfaction, such as of quality of life.[16] For instance Ruut
Veenhoven has defined happiness as "overall appreciation of one's life as-a-
whole."[17][18] Kahneman has said that this is more important to people than
current experience.[19]
Some usages can include both of these factors. Subjective well-being[20] includes
measures of current experience (emotions, moods, and feelings) and of life
satisfaction.[21] For instance Sonja Lyubomirsky has described happiness as �the
experience of joy, contentment, or positive well-being, combined with a sense that
one's life is good, meaningful, and worthwhile.�[22] Eudaimonia,[23] is a Greek
term variously translated as happiness, welfare, flourishing, and blessedness.
Xavier Landes[24] has proposed that happiness include measures of subjective
wellbeing, mood and eudaimonia.[25]

These differing uses can give different results.[26] For instance the correlation
of income levels has been shown to be substantial with life satisfaction measures,
but to be far weaker, at least above a certain threshold, with current experience
measures.[27][28] Whereas Nordic countries often score highest on swb surveys,
South American countries score higher on affect-based surveys of current positive
life experiencing.[29]

The implied meaning of the word may vary depending on context,[30] qualifying
happiness as a polyseme and a fuzzy concept.

Some users accept these issues, but continue to use the word because of its
convening power.[31]

Philosophy

A smiling 95-year-old man from Pichilemu, Chile.

A butcher happily slicing meat.

Main article: Philosophy of happiness
Philosophy of happiness is often discussed in conjunction with ethics. Traditional
European societies, inherited from the Greeks and from Christianity, often linked
happiness with morality, which was concerned with the performance in a certain kind
of role in a certain kind of social life. However, with the rise of individualism,
begotten partly by Protestantism and capitalism, the links between duty in a
society and happiness were gradually broken. The consequence was a redefinition of
the moral terms. Happiness is no longer defined in relation to social life, but in
terms of individual psychology. Happiness, however, remains a difficult term for
moral philosophy. Throughout the history of moral philosophy, there has been an
oscillation between attempts to define morality in terms of consequences leading to
happiness and attempts to define morality in terms that have nothing to do with
happiness at all.[32]

In the Nicomachean Ethics, written in 350 BCE, Aristotle stated that happiness
(also being well and doing well) is the only thing that humans desire for their own
sake, unlike riches, honour, health or friendship. He observed that men sought
riches, or honour, or health not only for their own sake but also in order to be
happy. For Aristotle the term eudaimonia, which is translated as 'happiness' or
'flourishing' is an activity rather than an emotion or a state. Eudaimonia (Greek:
e?da?�???a) is a classical Greek word consists of the word "eu" ("good" or "well
being") and "daimon" ("spirit" or "minor deity", used by extension to mean one's
lot or fortune). Thus understood, the happy life is the good life, that is, a life
in which a person fulfills human nature in an excellent way. Specifically,
Aristotle argued that the good life is the life of excellent rational activity. He
arrived at this claim with the "Function Argument". Basically, if it is right,
every living thing has a function, that which it uniquely does. For Aristotle human
function is to reason, since it is that alone which humans uniquely do. And
performing one's function well, or excellently, is good. According to Aristotle,
the life of excellent rational activity is the happy life. Aristotle argued a
second best life for those incapable of excellent rational activity was the life of
moral virtue.[citation needed]

Western ethicists have made arguments for how humans should behave, either
individually or collectively, based on the resulting happiness of such behavior.
Utilitarians, such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, advocated the greatest
happiness principle as a guide for ethical behavior.[citation needed]

Friedrich Nietzsche critiqued the English Utilitarians' focus on attaining the

greatest happiness, stating that "Man does not strive for happiness, only the
Englishman does." Nietzsche meant that making happiness one's ultimate goal and the
aim of one's existence, in his words "makes one contemptible." Nietzsche instead
yearned for a culture that would set higher, more difficult goals than "mere
happiness." He introduced the quasi-dystopic figure of the "last man" as a kind of
thought experiment against the utilitarians and happiness-seekers. these small,
"last men" who seek after only their own pleasure and health, avoiding all danger,
exertion, difficulty, challenge, struggle are meant to seem contemptible to
Nietzsche's reader. Nietzsche instead wants us to consider the value of what is
difficult, what can only be earned through struggle, difficulty, pain and thus to
come to see the affirmative value suffering and unhappiness truly play in creating
everything of great worth in life, including all the highest achievements of human
culture, not least of all philosophy.[33][34]

In 2004 Darrin McMahon claimed, that over time the emphasis shifted from the
happiness of virtue to the virtue of happiness.[35]

Not all cultures seek to maximise happiness,[36][37][38] and some cultures are
averse to happiness.[39][40]

Religion
See also: Religious studies
Eastern religions
Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhist monk

Happiness forms a central theme of Buddhist teachings.[41] For ultimate freedom
from suffering, the Noble Eightfold Path leads its practitioner to Nirvana, a state
of everlasting peace. Ultimate happiness is only achieved by overcoming craving in
all forms. More mundane forms of happiness, such as acquiring wealth and
maintaining good friendships, are also recognized as worthy goals for lay people
(see sukha). Buddhism also encourages the generation of loving kindness and
compassion, the desire for the happiness and welfare of all beings.[42][43]
[unreliable source?]

Hinduism
In Advaita Vedanta, the ultimate goal of life is happiness, in the sense that
duality between Atman and Brahman is transcended and one realizes oneself to be the
Self in all.

Patanjali, author of the Yoga Sutras, wrote quite exhaustively on the psychological
and ontological roots of bliss.[44]

Confucianism
The Chinese Confucian thinker Mencius, who had sought to give advice to ruthless
political leaders during China's Warring States period, was convinced that the mind
played a mediating role between the "lesser self" (the physiological self) and the
"greater self" (the moral self), and that getting the priorities right between
these two would lead to sage-hood. He argued that if one did not feel satisfaction
or pleasure in nourishing one's "vital force" with "righteous deeds", then that
force would shrivel up (Mencius, 6A:15 2A:2). More specifically, he mentions the
experience of intoxicating joy if one celebrates the practice of the great virtues,
especially through music.[45]

Abrahamic religions
Judaism
Main article: Happiness in Judaism
Happiness or simcha (Hebrew: ?????) in Judaism is considered an important element
in the service of God.[46] The biblical verse "worship The Lord with gladness; come
before him with joyful songs," (Psalm 100:2) stresses joy in the service of God.
[citation needed] A popular teaching by Rabbi Nachman of Breslov, a 19th-century
Chassidic Rabbi, is "Mitzvah Gedolah Le'hiyot Besimcha Tamid," it is a great
mitzvah (commandment) to always be in a state of happiness. When a person is happy
they are much more capable of serving God and going about their daily activities
than when depressed or upset.[47]

Roman Catholicism
The primary meaning of "happiness" in various European languages involves good
fortune, chance or happening. The meaning in Greek philosophy, however, refers
primarily to ethics.

In Catholicism, the ultimate end of human existence consists in felicity, Latin

equivalent to the Greek eudaimonia, or "blessed happiness", described by the 13th-
century philosopher-theologian Thomas Aquinas as a Beatific Vision of God's essence
in the next life.[48]

According to St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, man's last end is happiness: "all
men agree in desiring the last end, which is happiness."[49] However, where
utilitarians focused on reasoning about consequences as the primary tool for
reaching happiness, Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that happiness cannot be reached
solely through reasoning about consequences of acts, but also requires a pursuit of
good causes for acts, such as habits according to virtue.[50] In turn, which habits
and acts that normally lead to happiness is according to Aquinas caused by laws:
natural law and divine law. These laws, in turn, were according to Aquinas caused
by a first cause, or God.[citation needed]

According to Aquinas, happiness consists in an "operation of the speculative

intellect": "Consequently happiness consists principally in such an operation, viz.
in the contemplation of Divine things." And, "the last end cannot consist in the
active life, which pertains to the practical intellect." So: "Therefore the last
and perfect happiness, which we await in the life to come, consists entirely in
contemplation. But imperfect happiness, such as can be had here, consists first and
principally in contemplation, but secondarily, in an operation of the practical
intellect directing human actions and passions."[51]
Human complexities, like reason and cognition, can produce well-being or happiness,
but such form is limited and transitory. In temporal life, the contemplation of
God, the infinitely Beautiful, is the supreme delight of the will. Beatitudo, or
perfect happiness, as complete well-being, is to be attained not in this life, but
the next.[52]

Islam
Al-Ghazali (1058�1111), the Muslim Sufi thinker, wrote "The Alchemy of Happiness",
a manual of spiritual instruction throughout the Muslim world and widely practiced
today.[citation needed]

Psychology
Happyness2.jpg
Happiness in its broad sense is the label for a family of pleasant emotional
states, such as joy, amusement, satisfaction, gratification, euphoria, and triumph.
[53]

Happiness can be examined in experiential and evaluative contexts. Experiential

well-being, or "objective happiness", is happiness measured in the moment via
questions such as "How good or bad is your experience now?". In contrast,
evaluative well-being asks questions such as "How good was your vacation?" and
measures one's subjective thoughts and feelings about happiness in the past.
Experiential well-being is less prone to errors in reconstructive memory, but the
majority of literature on happiness refers to evaluative well-being. The two
measures of happiness can be related by heuristics such as the peak-end rule.[54]

Some commentators focus on the difference between the hedonistic tradition of

seeking pleasant and avoiding unpleasant experiences, and the eudaimonic tradition
of living life in a full and deeply satisfying way.[55]

Theories on how to achieve happiness include "encountering unexpected positive

events",[56] "seeing a significant other",[57] and "basking in the acceptance and
praise of others".[58] However others believe that happiness is not solely derived
from external, momentary pleasures.[59]

Theories
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a pyramid depicting the levels of human needs,
psychological, and physical. When a human being ascends the steps of the pyramid,
he reaches self-actualization. Beyond the routine of needs fulfillment, Maslow
envisioned moments of extraordinary experience, known as peak experiences, profound
moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture, during which a person feels
more whole, alive, self-sufficient, and yet a part of the world. This is similar to
the flow concept of Mih�ly Cs�kszentmih�lyi.[citation needed] Amitai Etzioni points
out that Maslow's definition of human needs, even on the highest level, that of
self-actualization, is self-centered (i.e. his view of satisfaction or what makes a
person happy, does not include service to others or the common good�unless it
enriches the self). As implied by its name, self-actualization is highly
individualistic and reflects Maslow's premise that the self is �sovereign and
inviolable� and entitled to �his or her own tastes, opinions, values, etc.�[60]

Self-determination theory

Smiling woman from Vietnam

Self-determination theory relates intrinsic motivation to three needs: competence,
autonomy, and relatedness.

Modernization and freedom of choice

Ronald Inglehart has traced cross-national differences in the level of happiness
based on data from the World Values Survey. He finds that the extent to which a
society allows free choice has a major impact on happiness. When basic needs are
satisfied, the degree of happiness depends on economic and cultural factors that
enable free choice in how people live their lives. Happiness also depends on
religion in countries where free choice is constrained.[61]

Positive psychology
Since 2000 the field of positive psychology has expanded drastically in terms of
scientific publications, and has produced many different views on causes of
happiness, and on factors that correlate with happiness.[62] Numerous short-term
self-help interventions have been developed and demonstrated to improve happiness.
[63][64]

Measurement
People have been trying to measure happiness for centuries. In 1780, the English
utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham proposed that as happiness was the primary
goal of humans it should be measured as a way of determining how well the
government was performing.[65]

Several scales have been developed to measure happiness:

The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) is a four-item scale, measuring global

subjective happiness from 1999. The scale requires participants to use absolute
ratings to characterize themselves as happy or unhappy individuals, as well as it
asks to what extent they identify themselves with descriptions of happy and unhappy
individuals.[66][67]
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from 1988 is a 20-item
questionnaire, using a five-point Likert scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5
= extremely) to assess the relation between personality traits and positive or
negative affects at "this moment, today, the past few days, the past week, the past
few weeks, the past year, and in general".[68][69] A longer version with additional
affect scales was published 1994.[70]
The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a global cognitive assessment of life
satisfaction developed by Ed Diener. A seven-point Likert scale is used to agree or
disagree with five statements about one's life.[71][72]
The Cantril ladder method[73] has been used in the World Happiness Report.
Respondents are asked to think of a ladder, with the best possible life for them
being a 10, and the worst possible life being a 0. They are then asked to rate
their own current lives on that 0 to 10 scale.[74][73]
Positive Experience; the survey by Gallup asks if, the day before, people
experienced enjoyment, laughing or smiling a lot, feeling well-rested, being
treated with respect, learning or doing something interesting. 9 of the top 10
countries in 2018 were South American, led by Paraguay and Panama. Country scores
range from 85 to 43.[75]
Since 2012, a World Happiness Report has been published. Happiness is evaluated, as
in �How happy are you with your life as a whole?�, and in emotional reports, as in
�How happy are you now?,� and people seem able to use happiness as appropriate in
these verbal contexts. Using these measures, the report identifies the countries
with the highest levels of happiness. In subjective well-being measures, the
primary distinction is between cognitive life evaluations and emotional reports.
[76][citation needed]

The UK began to measure national well being in 2012,[77] following Bhutan, which
had already been measuring gross national happiness.[78][79] Amitai Etzioni has
argued that happiness is 'the wrong metric', because individuals also need to live
up to their responsibilities to others and the common good, which may not produce
happiness in the way this term is usually used.[80]

Happiness has been found to be quite stable over time.[81][82]

Relationship to physical characteristics
[icon]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)
As of 2016, no evidence of happiness causing improved physical health has been
found; the topic is being researched at the Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and
Happiness at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.[83] A positive
relationship has been suggested between the volume of the brain's gray matter in
the right precuneus area and one's subjective happiness score.[84]

Possible limits on happiness seeking

As of 2018 June Gruber a psychologist at University of Colorado has suggested that
seeking happiness can also have negative effects, such as failure to meet over-high
expectations,[85] and has advocated a more open stance to all emotions.[86] A 2012
study found that wellbeing was higher for people who experienced both positive and
negative emotions.[87][88] Other research has analysed possible trade-offs between
happiness and meaning in life.[89][90][91]

Not all cultures seek to maximise happiness.[39][92][93][37][38]

Sigmund Freud said that all humans strive after happiness, but that the
possibilities of achieving it are restricted because we "are so made that we can
derive intense enjoyment only from a contrast and very little from the state of
things."[94]

Economic and political views

Newly commissioned officers celebrate their new positions by throwing their

midshipmen covers into the air as part of the U.S. Naval Academy class of 2011
graduation and commissioning ceremony.
Main article: Happiness economics
In politics, happiness as a guiding ideal is expressed in the United States
Declaration of Independence of 1776, written by Thomas Jefferson, as the universal
right to "the pursuit of happiness."[95] This seems to suggest a subjective
interpretation but one that goes beyond emotions alone. It has to be kept in mind
that the word happiness meant "prosperity, thriving, wellbeing" in the 18th century
and not the same thing as it does today. In fact, happiness .[96]

Common market health measures such as GDP and GNP have been used as a measure of
successful policy. On average richer nations tend to be happier than poorer
nations, but this effect seems to diminish with wealth.[97][98] This has been
explained by the fact that the dependency is not linear but logarithmic, i.e., the
same percentual increase in the GNP produces the same increase in happiness for
wealthy countries as for poor countries.[99][100][101][102] Increasingly, academic
economists and international economic organisations are arguing for and developing
multi-dimensional dashboards which combine subjective and objective indicators to
provide a more direct and explicit assessment of human wellbeing. Work by Paul
Anand and colleagues helps to highlight the fact that there many different
contributors to adult wellbeing, that happiness judgement reflect, in part, the
presence of salient constraints, and that fairness, autonomy, community and
engagement are key aspects of happiness and wellbeing throughout the life course.
[citation needed]

Libertarian think tank Cato Institute claims that economic freedom correlates
strongly with happiness[103] preferably within the context of a western mixed
economy, with free press and a democracy. According to certain standards, East
European countries when ruled by Communist parties were less happy than Western
ones, even less happy than other equally poor countries.[104]
Since 2003, empirical research in the field of happiness economics, such as that by
Benjamin Radcliff, professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame,
supported the contention that in democratic countries life satisfaction is strongly
and positively related to the social democratic model of a generous social safety
net, pro-worker labor market regulations, and strong labor unions.[105] Similarly,
there is evidence that public policies which reduce poverty and support a strong
middle class, such as a higher minimum wage, strongly affect average levels of
well-being.[106]

It has been argued that happiness measures could be used not as a replacement for
more traditional measures, but as a supplement.[107] According to the Cato
institute, people constantly make choices that decrease their happiness, because
they have also more important aims. Therefore, government should not decrease the
alternatives available for the citizen by patronizing them but let the citizen keep
a maximal freedom of choice.[108]

Good mental health and good relationships contribute more than income to happiness
and governments should take these into account.[109]

Contributing factors and research outcomes

Main article: Well-being contributing factors
Research on positive psychology, well-being, eudaimonia and happiness, and the
theories of Diener, Ryff, Keyes, and Seligmann covers a broad range of levels and
topics, including "the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural,
and global dimensions of life."[110]

See also
Action for Happiness
Aversion to happiness
Biopsychosocial model
Extraversion, introversion and happiness
Hedonic treadmill
Laurie Santos
Mania
Paradox of hedonism
Psychological well-being
Serotonin
Thomas Traherne
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https://philpapers.org/rec/HAYHAE Archived 2018-10-18 at the Wayback Machine Xavier
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^ "People don�t want to be happy the way I�ve defined the term � what I experience
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^ "Surveying large numbers of Americans in one case, and what is claimed to be the
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above a certain threshold." Section 3.3, Happiness, Stanford Encyclopedia of
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americans.aspx
^ "How does happiness come into this classification? For better or worse, it enters
in three ways. It is sometimes used as a current emotional report � �How happy are
you now?,� sometimes as a remembered emotion, as in �How happy were you
yesterday?,� and very often as a form of life evaluation, as in �How happy are you
with your life as a whole these days?� People answer these three types of happiness
question differently, so it is important to keep track of what is being asked. The
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cover subjective well-being more generally. While �subjective well-being� is more
precise, it simply does not have the convening power of �happiness�. The main
linguistic argument for using happiness in a broader generic role is that happiness
plays two important roles within the science of well-being, appearing once as a
prototypical positive emotion and again as part of a cognitive life evaluation
question. This double use has sometimes been used to argue that there is no
coherent structure to happiness responses. The converse argument made in the World
Happiness Reports is that this double usage helps to justify using happiness in a
generic role, as long as the alternative meanings are clearly understood and
credibly related. Evidence from a growing number of large scale surveys shows that
the answers to questions asking about the emotion of happiness differ from answers
to judgmental questions asking about a person�s happiness with life as a whole in
exactly the ways that theory would suggest. Answers to questions about the emotion
of happiness relate well to what is happening at the moment. Evaluative answers, in
response to questions about life as a whole, are supported by positive emotions, as
noted above, but also driven much more, than are answers to questions about
emotions, by a variety of life circumstances, including income, health and social
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Further reading
Anand Paul "Happiness Explained: What Human Flourishing Is and What We Can Do to
Promote It", Oxford: Oxford University Press 2016. ISBN 0-19-873545-6
Michael Argyle "The psychology of happiness", 1987
Boehm, J.K.; Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). "Does Happiness Promote Career Success?".
Journal of Career Assessment. 16 (1): 101�16. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.6546.
doi:10.1177/1069072707308140.
Norman M. Bradburn "The structure of psychological well-being", 1969
C. Robert Cloninger, Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being, Oxford, 2004.
Gregg Easterbrook "The progress paradox � how life gets better while people feel
worse", 2003
Michael W. Eysenck "Happiness � facts and myths", 1990
Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness, Knopf, 2006.
Carol Graham "Happiness Around the World: The Paradox of Happy Peasants and
Miserable Millionaires", OUP Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-954905-4
W. Doyle Gentry "Happiness for dummies", 2008
James Hadley, Happiness: A New Perspective, 2013, ISBN 978-1-4935-4526-1
Joop Hartog & Hessel Oosterbeek "Health, wealth and happiness", 1997
Hills P., Argyle M. (2002). "The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale
for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual
Differences". Psychological Wellbeing. 33 (7): 1073�82. doi:10.1016/s0191-
8869(01)00213-6.
Robert Holden "Happiness now!", 1998
Barbara Ann Kipfer, 14,000 Things to Be Happy About, Workman, 1990/2007, ISBN 978-
0-7611-4721-3.
Neil Kaufman "Happiness is a choice", 1991
Stefan Klein, The Science of Happiness, Marlowe, 2006, ISBN 1-56924-328-X.
Koenig HG, McCullough M, & Larson DB. Handbook of religion and health: a century of
research reviewed (see article). New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.
McMahon, Darrin M., Happiness: A History, Atlantic Monthly Press; 2005. ISBN 0-
87113-886-7
McMahon, Darrin M., The History of Happiness: 400 B.C. � A.D. 1780, Daedalus
journal, Spring 2004.
Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons From A New Science, Penguin, 2005, ISBN 978-0-
14-101690-0.
Luskin, Frederic, Kenneth R. Pelletier, Dr. Andrew Weil (Foreword). "Stress Free
for Good: 10 Scientifically Proven Life Skills for Health and Happiness." 2005
James Mackaye "Economy of happiness", 1906
Desmond Morris "The nature of happiness", 2004
David G. Myers, Ph.D., The Pursuit of Happiness: Who is Happy � and Why, William
Morrow and Co., 1992, ISBN 0-688-10550-5.
Niek Persoon "Happiness doesn't just happen", 2006
Benjamin Radcliff The Political Economy of Human Happiness (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2013).
Ben Renshaw "The secrets of happiness", 2003
Fiona Robards, "What makes you happy?" Exisle Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-1-921966-
31-6
Bertrand Russell "The conquest of happiness", orig. 1930 (many reprints)
Martin E.P. Seligman, Authentic Happiness, Free Press, 2002, ISBN 0-7432-2298-9.
Alexandra Stoddard "Choosing happiness � keys to a joyful life", 2002
Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz, Analysis of Happiness, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, 1976
Elizabeth Telfer "Happiness : an examination of a hedonistic and a eudaemonistic
concept of happiness and of the relations between them...", 1980
Ruut Veenhoven "Bibliography of happiness � world database of happiness : 2472
studies on subjective appreciation of life", 1993
Ruut Veenhoven "Conditions of happiness", 1984
Joachim Weimann, Andreas Knabe, and Ronnie Schob, eds. Measuring Happiness: The
Economics of Well-Being (MIT Press; 2015) 206 pages
Eric G. Wilson "Against Happiness", 2008
Amitai Etzioni. Happiness is the Wrong Metric. Springer: 2018. doi:10.1007/978-3-
319-69623-2
Articles and videos
Journal of Happiness Studies, International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies
(ISQOLS), quarterly since 2000, also online
A Point of View: The pursuit of happiness (January 2015), BBC News Magazine
Srikumar Rao: Plug into your hard-wired happiness � Video of a short lecture on how
to be happy
Dan Gilbert: Why are we happy? � Video of a short lecture on how our "psychological
immune system" lets us feel happy even when things don't go as planned.
TED Radio Hour: Simply Happy � various guest speakers, with some research results
External links
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History of Happiness � concise survey of influential theories
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry "Pleasure" � ancient and modern
philosophers' and neuroscientists' approaches to happiness
The World Happiness Forum promotes dialogue on tools and techniques for human
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Action For Happiness is a UK movement committed to building a happier society
Improving happiness through humanistic leadership � University of Bath, UK
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Oxford Happiness Questionnaire � Online psychological test to measure your
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Track Your Happiness � research project with downloadable app that surveys users
periodically and determines personal factors
Pharrell Williams � Happy (Official Music Video) added to YouTube by P. Williams: i
Am Other � Retrieved 2015-11-21
Four Levels of Happiness � A modern take on the Greco-Christian understanding of
happiness in 4 levels.
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