CHAPTER 1

MEASUREMENT

We were working in the Soil Mechanic Laboratorium and finding several

measurement that we can use it in calculation analysis. The measurements are :
1. Mass measurement
2. Volume measurement
3. Temperature measurement
4. Pressure measurement
5. Penetration measurement
6. Specific gravity.
For more details, it will be described as follows :
1. Mass Measurement
Mass measurement hold with scaled mass which the accuracy depends
on the scaled object. The following are example of scale type with the
accuracy and capacity :
Table 1.1 Table about type the weigher with the accuracy.
Type of Scale Accuracy Capacity
Triple Beam Scale 0,01 gram 311 gram
Triple Beam Scale 0,1 gram 2.610 gram
Heavy Duty Balance 1 gram 20.0 Kilogram
2. Volume Measurement
Volume measurement is implemented as follows :
a) Directly Measurement
Directly measurement hold malleable soil like clay. The soil is
formed to be cube or beam so that the side can be measure by meter
instrument. So that volume of soil is multiple from the side to other side.
b) With Mold
Using the mold to know the volume, so that put the soil to the mold
until fully filled so it will be obtainable.
Volume of soil = volume of mold
 c) With Mercury
This method is used for the irregular soil shape. The steps are :
1. Fill the can with mercury until full.
2. Put the soil with glass plate.
3. Weight the spill of mercury
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 (𝑔𝑟)
volume of soil = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦=13.6 𝑔𝑟/𝑐𝑚3.......................(1.1)

3. Temperature Measurement
We did this experiment for knowing the temperature of room using
mercury thermometer. Temperature is measured by thermometer in Celcius
degree and converted to Fahrenheit, so that we need change the unit with the
equation :
F=9/5xC+32 ......................................................................................(1.2)
Where : F = Fahrenheit degree
C = Celcius degree
4. Measuring a Mass and Pressure.
Nothing is done continuously at a constant speed, but there is also the
additional is done periodically using mass.
For continuous administration is usually done with electric motors or
hydraulic pressure that puts pressure on a "Proving Ring" then "Proving Ring"
is pressed on the test object. Load that would work would be directly
proportional to the resiliency of "proving ring" so readable is the flexibility
"Proving Ring" is monitored through the timepiece mounted load amid
"proving ring" is. If calibration "proving ring" given the magnitude of the load
can also be known.
Example : a. Reading load of arloji = 10 mm = 500 mm
b. Calibration of “Proving Ring” : 1 mm = 500 kg
c. Load that working = 10 x 500 = 5000 kg
5. Reading Penetration or Decrease
If soil receives a load solidifies, the load will enter into the soil
(penetration) or may also be said that land has decreased (settlement).
 To determine the penetration or reduction in scale is millimeters (mm) or
inches. So that the amount of penetration or decrease can be seen from the
watch.
6. Measuring Specific Gravity
A solution consisting of water and fine-grained soil (clay) in the soil
mechanics we need to measure the specific gravity to determine the amount of
land in the solution as in the trial division of the gradation analysis for fine-
grained soil. To measure the density of the solution used "hydrometer" that
scales directly shows the density of the solution.
A. SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION

1. Definition
Specific gravity of soil is the ratio of the mass of unit (solid) with volume
of soil. In the experiment, will be hard to measure volume of unit of soil so
take a another line thare are with insert the soil to water until volume of water
are be transferred will be same with the volume of unit of soil. Remembered
the specific gravity of water is 1 (one), so measurement the volume of water
displaced will be same with measure mass of water displaced and will be
same with the volume.
2. Tools
a. Volumetric 500 ml capacity

b. Weigher

c. Oven
 d. Electric stove

Specimen
a. Soil 100 gram
3. Test Procedure
a) Dry the soil with oven with the temperature are 100 °C for 12 hours.
b) Weight the empty pycnometer (A).
c) Insert the dry soil to the pycnometer and weight (B).
d) Add distilled water to the pycnometer filled the dry soil until three-fourth
of the pycnometer, then heat the pycnometer for 10 minutes with shake
the pycnometer for release the air in the soil.
After the air already not available from the soil, chill the pycnometer in
room temperature.
4. CalcuationAnalysis
WT
Specific Gravity, Gs = ..........................(1.3)
(W4  W2 )  (W3  W1 )
Where:
WT= mass of dry soil (gr)
W4 = mass of pycnometer filled with water (gr)
W2 = mass of pycnometer (gr)
W3 = mass of pycnometer + water + soil (gr)
W1 = mass of pycnometer and soil (gr)
B. WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION

1. Definition
Water content of soil are ratio of mass of water which are contained in the
soil (that fill void) with the mass of unit of soil ( mass dry soil)
2. Tools
a. Weigher

b. Oven

c. Can
3. Specimen
Example of soil 100 gram ex from the examination mass of soil.
4. Test Procedure
a. Weight the empty can (A)
b. Insert the soil to the can and weight (B).
c. Insert the can to the oven with the temperature 100 °C for 24 hours.
d. Weight the can and the dry soil
5. Calculation Analysis
BC
Water content   100% .................................................................(1.4)
CA
Where : A = mass of empty can (gr)
B = mass of can + wet soil (gr)
C = mass of can + dry soil (gr)
Note : Do the experiment twice and the report are average of water
contain
C. DEGREE OF SATURATION

1. Definition
Degree of saturation is number which shows where the soil is full of water
that is if all of void full of with water.
2. Tools
a. Ring

b. Can

c. Weigher

d. Calipers
3. Specimen
Soil samples
4. Test Procedure
a. Measure the high of ring for value of deep the soils
b. Weigh the ring and measure the diameter of ring
c. Insert sample of soil to the ring and flatten next weigh soil + ring.
5. Calculation Analysis
VW
S  100% .....................................................................................(1.5)
Vv
Where :S = Degree of saturation (%)
Vw = Volume of water
Vv = Volume of void
D. TEST OF MASS VOLUME OF SOIL

Calculation
1. Volume of soil (E) = 22/28 x 𝐷2 x T..........................................................(1.6)
2. Mass volume of soil = B - A.....................................................................(1.7)
Where : A = mass of empty can (gr)
B = mass of can + soil (gr)
D = diameter of soil (cm)
T = height of soil (cm)
 PROBLEM 1

With known density, specific gravity of soil and soil water content, calculate:
1. Saturated water content that is if all the pores filled with water.
2. Void Ratio
3. Porosity
4. Unit Mass saturated.
5. Unit Mass submerged.
6. Dry Unit Mass.
7. Degree of saturation.
As a pointer, declare all the elements in the soil (the solid, water, air) into the
mass part of the solid (solid), then compute the above matter in accordance with
the definition in the theory.
 CHAPTER II
ATTERBERG LIMITS

A. CHECKING LIQUID LIMIT

1. Definition
Liquid limit soil water content which is where the consistency of the
soil began to change from a plastic state to the liquid state.
2. Equipment
a. Porcelain

b. Spatula

c. Liquid limit device

d. Can
 e. Weigher

f. Oven

3. Specimen
Soil sieve no, 30 (0.425 mm), mass ± 150 gram
4. Examination Procedures
a) Enter into the soil porcelain dish and add water as much as 15-20 ml. Stir
with a spatula until evenly mixed with ground water. Add a little water (1-3
ml) if the soil is still less plastic, then mix again with the spatula until even.
b) Take the most of soil which has been mixed evenly and place on plates of
"liquid limit device". Flatten the ground level up to the maximum depth is
10 mm. The scratching the ground little by little with 'grooving tool' so that
eventually reach the bottom of the can split in two.
c) Crank the "liquid limit device" so that the can up and down as he calculated
the number of blows that occur, it is necessary to bring back the land was
split up to a length of about 12.7 mm.
d) Take soil samples at the second meeting of the soil water content to be
examined in the following manner:
 o Weigh container or empty can = A.
o Enter your soil sample into the container and weigh = B.
o Dry the soil sample in an oven at a temperature of ± 110o C for 24 hours
then weigh the container + dry soil = C
𝐵−𝐶
Water content = 𝐶−𝐴 × 100%..................................................(II.1)

o The remaining land left in the can insert back into the porcelain dish to
be mixed with the original soil samples, and wash and dry the liquid
limit device.
o Repeat the procedure a to d in order to get the data the number of
strokes between 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 and 40 - 50.
5. Calculation
Calculate the water content for the respective number of blows to the
formula as in point II.1
6. Flow Curve (Curves Melting)
Make Flow curve that is the relationship between the water content and the
number of strokes that occur. The water content of the ordinate with a linear
scale and the number of strokes is abscission with logarithmic scales. Connect
the dots obtained so obtained suatau straight line, if you can not take a straight
line representing the points earned. This line is called the Flow curve.
7. Liquid Limit
Liquid water content limit is obtained on the number of strokes 25 times,
which can be obtained with the help of Flow Curve have been made.
B. CHECKING PLASTIC LIMIT
1. Definition
Plastis limit is the water content is the boundary between the consistency
of the soil in a state of semi-plastic and plastic state.
2. Equipment
a. Porcelain

b. Spatula

c. Plate glass

d. Can

e. Weigher
 f. Oven

g. Calipers

3. Specimen
Soil sieve no. 30 (0.425 mm).
4. Examination Procedures
a) Enter the soil into the porcelain dish and add a little water and then stir until
smooth with a spatula. Make the soil becomes plastic enough to be easily
formed into a ball.
b) Take the plastic soil weighing 8 grams and shape into cylinder. Then grind
the soil with your fingers to the glass plates slowly so that a uniform
diameter
c) When the diameter of the ground to ± 3.2 mm, the ground cut into 6-8 parts.
Then take a part and form again become ellipsoida then milled again with a
finger on the glass up to ± 3.2 mm in diameter. After the diameter of the
ground to ± 3.2 mm. reduced grinding pressure and grind continues with
fixed diameter that will eventually cause cracks.
d) Take the example of the cracked soil, and then check the water content in
the following manner:
o Weigh the empty can mass = A
o Enter your soil sample into the dish and weigh = B
 o Dry the soil sample in an oven at a temperature of ± 110° C for 24 hours
then weigh the can + dry soil = C
o The moisture content used for checking scales with 0:01 accuracy gram
and oven in conformity with the requirements in 2.6
5. Calculation
a. Plastic limit is the moisture content of the soil when the water began to
unravel when milled at a diameter of ± 3.2 mm.
With:
𝐵−𝐶
Water Content = 𝐶−𝐴 × 100% …………………….………………………(II.2)

A = mass empty container (gr)

B = mass container + wet soil (gr)
C = mass container + dry soil (gr)
b. Plasticity Indeks (PI) is the difference between Liquid Limit and Plastic
Limit
Plasticity indeks (PI) = Liquid Limit – Plastic Limit.
c. If the inspection fails to specify Liquid Plastic Limit or Limit, or Limit
Plastic equal to or greater than the of Liquid Limit, report the land as Non-
Plastis.
C. CHECKING SHRINKAGE LIMIT
1. Definition
Shrinkage limit is the water content of the soil where the consistency is the
state of semi-plastic and stiff, so that if it is held reduction of water content,
the soil will not be reduced in volume.
2. Equipment
a. Porcelain

b. Spatula

c. Shrinkage limit device

d. Milk dish

e. Transparent Plate
 f. Measuring Glass - Capacity 500 ml with accuracy of 10 ml.

g. Weigher

h. The mercury

i. Oven

j. Grooving Tool
k. Gliserin

3. Specimen
Soil sieve no. 30 (0.425 mm)
4. Examination Procedures
a) Insert a soil sample into a porcelain dish with a diameter of 115 mm and
then give enough water and stir with a spatula so that all the soil pore
 water. The supply of water is such that the soil moisture content exceeds
the limit melting of ± 10%.
b) Wipe with paselin, the inner surface of Milk Dish until evenly distributed.
Then weigh Dish Milk empty (A). Pour the liquid soil in item a. Milk Dish
into it slowly until it is full and smooth the surface with a metal ruler and
clean up all the land attached to the Milk Dish.
c) Weigh Milk Dish contain wet soil immediately (B), then dry them in the
air until the color changes from dark to light. After that insert into the oven
with a temperature of 110 ± 5 ° C. After the soil is dry (24 hours) weigh
Milk Dish contain dry soil (C).
d) Measure the volume of dry soil with the help of mercury in the following
manner:
o Fill out the "glass can" with mercury to the brim and then flatten the
surface of the mercury with the "glass can" by pressing with a glass
plate. To accommodate mercury spills, place the "glass can" into a large
porcelain dish (diameter 150 mm), then wipe all spills of mercury in
porcelain dish.
o Insert the dry land into water mercury and hit the ground with
"Transparent plate". The mercury is spilled then enter into a measuring
can, so that the volume is read is the volume of dry soil (F).
e) Measure the volume "Milk Dish" by filling it to the brim with mercury.
Then pour mercury into the measuring can. Volume is a volume that read
"Milk Dish" is equal to the volume of wet soil (D).
5. Calculation
𝐵−𝐶−(𝐷+𝐸 )𝑥 𝑀
Shrinkage Limit (S.L) = × 100% ……………(II.3)
𝐶−𝐴

With: A = Mass “Milk Dish” empty (gr)

B = Mass “Milk Dish” + wet soil (gr)
C = Mass “Milk Dish” + dry soil (gr)
D = Volume wet soil (gr)
E = Volume dry soil (gr)
 CHAPTER III
GRADATION ANALYSIS (SIEVE AND HYDROMETER ANALYSIS)
1. Definition
Gradation analysis is a grouping of soil particle size to the standards stated
in the number sieve or hole. But since too difficult to arrange the details of the
soil itself than the measurement is only conducted to determine the number of
smaller ones (escapes to a certain size)
2. Tools
a. Weigher

b. Mixer, Electrical motor

c. Hydrometer

Scale A : Measuring the amount of soil particle per liter to the reading of 0-60/ ltr
d. Sieve 3/4 "(19.1 mm), 3/8" (9:52 mm), No. 4 (4.76 mm),No. 8 (2,38mm),
No. 16 (1,60mm), 16 (1,19mm), 30 (0,590mm), 50 (0,297mm), 100
(0,142mm) and 200 (0,075mm).

e. Measuring glass 1000 ml

f. Dispering Agent
 Chemical materials to parse the lumps of soil with levels as follows:
Table III.1 Dispering Agent
Chemical Materials Gr/Liter Formula

Sodium Hexameta phospat (calgon) 45,7 NaPO3

Sodium Polyphos Na12P14O31
Sodium Tripolyphospate 21,6 Na4P3O18
Sodium Tetrsaphospate (Quadrofos) 18,8 Na4P4O
35,1

3. Test objects
a) The minimum amount of material held by sieve No. 10 (2 mm) are as
follows:
Table III.2 Relations size granules and sample mass:
The size of the granules Sample of mass
3/8” (9,5 mm) ± 0,5 Kg
1” (25 mm) ± 2,0 Kg
2” (50 mm) ± 4,0 Kg
3” (75 mm) ± 5,0 Kg

b) To pass the sieve material No.10 (2mm) is ± 100 grams for a medium
capacity soil for silty soil and clayey is ± 50 grams. As for determining the
levels of at least hygroscopic land is 10 grams
c) Both kinds of soil samples mentioned above are provided in the air is dry or
put in the oven with the temperature, not more than 60° C. The material held
by sieve No.10 (2mm) is for the examination of gradation distribution of the
sieve, sieve the material while No.10 (2mm) to examination hydrometer.
4. Examination Procedure
a. Dry soil samples with air or preheat the oven at a temperature of 60° C until
dry evenly
b. Hit with a rubber hammer if the sample is lumpy.
c. Weigh the entire soil sample (A). then separated by sieve No.10 (2mm) to
become two parts. Part will be left on the filter No.10 (2 mm) once again
blow with a rubber hammer, so that the clot becomes unraveled then strain
again through a sieve No.10 (2mm)
d. Weigh the part retained on the filter No.10 (2mm) (B) and then prepared for
examination of the distribution of the gradation by sieving. Being part of the
sieve No.10 (2mm) were sampled as much as ± 100 grams for sandy soil or
± 50 grams for silty soil and clayey soil, for examination by Hydrometer.
e. Sieving for Detained Fraction Sieve No10 (2mm).
- Prepare a sieve of 75 mm, 50 mm, 25 mm, 9.5 mm and 4.75 mm (No.4)
or other filters if requested in specification, with the order of the largest
filter located at the top and bottom is Pan.
- Pour the soil to be filtered from the top of the pile sieve and then close
the top. Replace the filter arrangement to the actuator that filter for ± 5
minutes. Or stop screening if within 1 minute mass retained in each sieve
does not increase by more than 1%. If there is no actuator sieve, quite
shaken by hand one by one or more of the same kind.
-Measure the mass of the soil fraction retained on each sieve, then
compute the cumulative mass of each sieve retention. And expressed
in%, then the percent (%) passes each filter can be calculated which is
100% minus the cumulative percent retained each sieve.
f. Hydrometer and sieve analysis for a Fraction qualify No.10
- Take a sample of soil ± 10% gram for check the percent of hygroscopic
by way of :
-mass of empty can = W0
- mass of can + air dried soil = W1
- mass of can + oven dried soil 110° C = W2
 𝑊2−𝑊1
- Hygrocopic percent = 𝑊2−𝑊0 × 100 ……………………...….……(III-1)

- Put 100 or 50 grams of soil sample in a beaker 250ml then pour the
solution decomposing soil clods (dispering agent) 125 ml, then stir until
evenly distributed and soak for 12 hours, after it was put into a glass
degrading (dispersion can) and add distilled water to more than half then
for 1 minute stirring with a mixer.
- Upon completion of decomposition of soil clods soil enter into the
deposition tube and add distilled water to reach the volume of 100ml.
Then enter deposition tube constant, take the deposition tube and shake
for one minute.
- Place the tube into the waterbath and start counting time deposition.
Hydrometer readings began after the deposition lasted 2 ', 5', 15 ', 30', 60
', 250', and 1440 '. After reading hydrometer used is the scale A in order
to accuracy of 0.5 grams per liter. But if the hydrometer used is the scale
and thoroughness that read until 0.0005.
- After reading, please hydrometer removed from the soil solution
carefully and place it in a tube containing water about 50-60 seconds,
before the hydrometer reading is taken from the water and placed into the
soil solution.
- After the entire time reading implemented, the solution is filtered through
a sieve No200 (0075) and the retained material is dried and then weighed
(C) and filtered using a sieve No40 (0,425) and sieve No200 (0.075).
5.Calculation
a. Correction of all mass air dry soil make into oven dry with multiply all
weighing results with :
100
𝐾 = 100+ℎ𝑦𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡…………………....…….…..................(III.2)

b. Dry mass of material through sieve No. 10 is:

D=(B-A)K………………………………………………………(III.3)
c. Diameter of soil particle in solution is calculated as follows :
Result :
Max Diameter
30.𝑛.𝐿
d’=√ …….……………………………………………...(III.4)
980.(𝐺−𝐺𝑠)𝑇

Table III.3 Time readings and maximum diameter

Time Reading (minutes) Max. Diameter (mm)

2 0.040
5 0.026
15 0.015
30 0.010
60 0.0074
250 0.0036
1440 0.0015

The price of the price obtained at a price: L = 17.5 cm, n = 0.0002 poise, and
G = 2.65 gr / cm, so as to get the maximum diameter of the actual ground
point (d), the price like the above table should be a correction as follows :
d=d’ x KL x Ko x KN .……………………………………...…… (III.5)
With :
d : The maximum grain diameter actual ground.
d’ : The maximum diameter of the granular soil according to the table
KL: Hydrometer correction factor in accordance with the readings graph 1
KG: Density correction factor of according to graph 2
KN: Temperature correction factor solution to the viscosity of the solution in
accordance with the graph 3
Percent escapes ground diameter obtained by the formula:
Hydrometer scale to 151 H (scale B)
1606 (𝑅−1)𝑎×100
P= …………………………………………………........ (III.6)
𝑤

Hydrometer scale to 152 H (scale A)

𝑅
P= 𝑊𝑎x100……………………………...………………...………..….. (III.7)

With :
P : percentage of soil particle that remains in solution or percentage of soil
particle more than measured by hydrometer.
R : Hydrometer reading that has been corrected with the table 151H /152H
is appropriate with hydrometer and “Dispering Agent” is used.
W : Mass of soil dissolved after corrected y the percent of hygroscopic.
A : Constanta depends on the density of soil is calculated by :
2.65−1.00 𝐺
𝑎= 𝑥 𝐺 −𝑠 1 ……………………………….…………….… (III.8)
2.65 𝑠

For the mass of soil (G) known :

Table III.4 Relation of constanta and Gs
Density of soil Constanta
2.95 0.94
2.85 0/96
2.75 0/98
2.65 1.00
2.55 1.02
2.45 1.05
2.35 1.08

To calculate the percentage of soil passes in the solution of the entire mass of
the soil sample (A, K) the percentage obtained for each soil particle size that
is checked with hydrometer multipled by :
 𝐵
100−( 𝑥 100 )
𝐴
………………………………….................……………… (III.9)
100

For the soil solution by sieve No.200, the percentage of soil passes to dry
mass is finded by multiplying the percentage of soil passes by sieve No. 200
and No.40 with :
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑁𝑜.200
……………………….........……………… (III.10)
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Percentage of all the soil passed (A x K) is found by multiple the percentage

of passes on the dry mass of the solution by :
𝐵
100−( 𝑥 100 )
𝐴
………………………………………………...………… (III.11)
100

The result of plot calculation of the passes percentage gradation in the land to
semilogarithmic graph.
A complete results of soil particle size distribution of the examination
reported as follows:

Sieve Analysis Hydrometer Analysis

Size of Percentage of Percentage of
Size of sieve
sieve soil passes soil passes
3” ....... 0.02 mm .......
2” ....... 0.002 mm .......
1” ....... 0.001 mm .......
No. 4 .......
No. 10 .......
No. 40 .......
No. 200 .......
 CHAPTER IV
EXAMINATION OF SOIL DENSITY LABORATORY

A. STANDARD COMPACTION TEST

1. Definitions
The relationship of water content and density is a relationship that will
indicate levels of groundwater against density which will be achieved
when used ram weighing 2.5 kg and falls from 305 cm high. Density
definition will be expressed by mass of dry volume.
2. Inspection Method
In accordance with a specific gravity that will be examined as well as the
magnitude of the density necessary to implement it, then known as the 4
kinds of soil density testing method in the laboratorium, such as:

Method Dia. Mold Soil test Number of layer Number of stroke

A 4” (102 mm) Pass No. 4 3 25
B 6” (152 mm) Pass No. 4 3 56
C 4” (102 mm) Pass ¾ ” 3 25
D 6” (152 mm) Pass ¾ ” 3 56

The method chosen is in accordance with specifications (requirements) are

requested, but if no special request, use the method A.
3. Equipment
a. Mold
b. Rammer

c. Measurement

d. Oven

e. Sieve No.4(4,76mm)
 f. Mixer tools, spatula

g. Pan

4. Examination Procedure.
a) Prepare the soil samples weighing ± 3 kg for method A.
b) Mix the soil samples with enough water so that the water level is still
below the estimated optimum moisture content.
c) Compress the soil samples in the mold with the number of layers and the
number of strokes / layer according to the method implemented
d) After completion of excess soil compaction that occurs piece with
"straightedge" so flush with "Mold" then weigh Mold + wet soil.
(𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑+𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙)−𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑
Volume wet mass = .................(IV.1)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑

e) Put out the soil samples from the Mold with "Sample Extruder", then
split into two in the vertical direction and take ± 100 grams for
checking the moisture content of one hemisphere surface of the soil.
f) Destroy the former solid soil samples to look through sieve as required
in accordance with the method implemented.
g) Mix with the other soil samples and add enough water so that the water
level is increased ± 2% of the original.
h) Repeat step c to f thus obtained heavy volume decreased or remained
wet.
5. Calculation
a. Count water content and dry volume in each experience with the patterns
such as:
B C
- Water content ( w)  100% ...................................(IV.2)
CA

- Mass of dry volume = d   100 .....................(IV.3)
w  100
With,
A = mass of empty container (gr)
B = mass of container + wet soil(gr)
C = mass of container + dry soil (gr/cm3)
γ = wet mass(gr/cm3)
b. From the results of each trial plot a graph of water content and dry volume
mass with abscissa is the water content and the ordinate is the dry
volume.From the graph made on d specify the maximum dry mass of from
Volume are said to be the maximum density.If the implementation of the
minimum specified in the field compaction density to be achieved
(expressed towards percent of maximum density), also specify the lower
limit and the upper limit of the water content is still allowed for the
execution of compaction in the field.
 PROBLEM 4.A

a) What is the maximum density and optimum moisture content?

b) If the specified minimum density in the implementation of the field
(specified assistant) what the minimum and maximum water levels
allowed in the implementation.
c) Calculate and line drawings Void Zero Air Line!
d) Calculate and graph image from Volume mass and moisture content!
e) Calculate and drawing a graph void ratio and water content!
f) Calculate and drawing relationships pore content and water content!
B. MODIFIED COMPACTION TEST

1. Definition
If the standard density in the implementation on the ground is high, the
compaction in the laboratory is used as a comparison the density of the field
also needs to be added. To that end, the "Modified Compaction Test" which
uses high-pounder fell 4.54 Kg with 457 mm so that the density obtained will
alsohigh when compared with the "Modified Compaction Test".
2. Inspection Method
Compaction in the laboratory in this way are known 4 kinds of methods
such as the following:

Method Dia. Mold Soil test Number layer Number stroke

A 4” (102 mm) Pass No. 4 5 25
B 6” (152 mm) Pass No. 4 5 56
C 4” (102 mm) Pass ¾ ” 5 25
D 6” (152 mm) Pass ¾ ” 5 56

The method chosen is in accordance with specifications (requirements)

are requested, but if no special request to use the method B.
3. Equipment
a. Mold
b. Hammer

c. Scales

d. Oven

e. Sieve No. 4 (4.75 mm)

 g. Pan

4. Examination Procedure.
a. Prepare the soil samples weighing ± 5 Kg for method B.
b. Mix the soil samples with enough water so that the water level is still below
the estimated optimum moisture content.
c. Compress the soil samples in the mold with the number of layers and the
number of strokes / layer according to the method implemented
d. After completion of excess soil compaction that occurs piece with
"straightedge" so flush with "Mold" then weigh Mold + wet soil.

(𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑+𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙)−𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑

Volume wet mass = ...................(IV.1)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑

e. Remove the soil samples from the Mold with "Sample Extruder", then split
into two in the vertical direction and take ± 100 grams for checking the
moisture content of one hemisphere surface of the soil.
f. Destroy the former solid soil samples to look through sieve as required in
accordance withthe method implemented.
g. Then mix with the other soil samples and add enough water so that the water
level is increased ± 2% of the original.
h. Repeat c to f thus obtained heavy volume decreased or remained wet
5. Calculation
a. Calculate the water content and dry volume of each experiment with the
following Calculation
b. Count water content and dry volume in each experience with the patterns
such as:
B C
Water content ( w)  100% .........................................................(IV.2)
CA

Mass dry volume =  d   100 ................................................(IV.3)
w  100
With:
A = mass of empty container (gr)
B = mass of container + wet soil(gr)
C = mass of container + dry soil (gr/cm3)
γ = wet mass
b. From the results of each trial plot a graph of water content and drymass with
abscissa abscissa is the water content and the ordinate is the dry volume.From
the graph made on d specify the maximum dry mass are said to be the
maximum density.
If the implementation of the minimum specified in the field compaction
density to be achieved (expressed towards percent of maximum density), also
specify the lower limit and the upper limit of the water content is still allowed
for the execution of compaction in the field.
 PROBLEM 4.B

a) What is the maximum density and optimum moisture content?

b) If the specified minimum field density in the implementation of the (assistant)
what the minimum and maximum water levels are still allowed in the
implementation?
c) Calculate and line drawings Void Zero Air Line!
d) Calculate and graph image from Volume mass and moisture content!
e) Calculate and drawing a graph void ratio and water content!
f) Calculate and graph images pore content and water content!
 CHAPTER V
EXAMINATION OF SOIL DENSITY IN THE FIELD
USING SAND CONE METHOD

1. Definition
Compacting in the field is the resulting density by compacting
machine. For the example : Tandem Roller, Sheep Foot Roller, etc. To
check the density of many method has been used, but the most often used
is sand cone method
2. Equipments
a. Main equipment consist of a cylinder bottle, cone which equipped with
a valve and base.

b. Test sand, it’s called sand “Ottawa”.

 c. Scale Tool

d. Dryer tool, stove or oven.

e. Other equipments, sculpture, trowel, to make a hole in the ground, a

plastic bag to place soil excavation results, the grail is to check the soil
moisture content, etc.
3. Examinate Procedure
a. Volume of mass examinate sand test.
o Empty (A) scales tools (bottles + cone).
o Open valve on the cone, then fill the test equipment excess full and
sand through close and exhaust the valve sand test and then mass
the tools with sand. (B)
o Empty sand test equipment test and then fill with water beyond the
valve. Close the valve and throw the excess water and measure the
mass of water-filled test equipment.
b. Examinate the volume of cone
o Fill a glass with sand test and then scale it (E).
o In the closed valve put the tools in the flat area with cones in under,
then open the valve so the sand can flow into the cone.
o Close the valve after the sand is stable, then measure the mass in
valve with sand test.
c. Examinate the density of soil in field
o Flatted the soil surface to be inspected density.
o Attach the grounding test tools and make until the based can’t be
move by implanting the nail on the edge of the base.
o Make a hole form the center of base until the high of hole ± 15cm
(it’s depend on the soil). Put the soil to the container or plastics.
And then measure the mass of containerwith soil then the mass of
wet soil will find with decrease the total of mass and the mass of
empty container.
o Put some soil to check the water content. Minimum hole volume
and minimum mass of soil samples for the examination of water
content as follows :
Mass of example of
The size maximum Volume of hole
drinks for water
of the sand minimum
content
No.4 (4.75 mm) 708 100
½” (12.5 mm) 1416 250
1” (25 mm) 2124 500
2” (50 mm) 2832 1000

d. Measure the tools test with sand test ( I ). Then put the tools test in the
hole that has been maked so the cone position is under the hole.
e. Open the valve so the sand test in the bottle can flow enter the hole and
after no more sand test enter the hole (stable). Measured the mass of
tools test (J).
f. Put the sand in the hole to the bottle. Carefully, make sure the sand
notmixed with soil.
4. Calculation
𝐵−𝐴
a. Mass of sand test = D = 𝐶−𝐴 ……………………………………(V.1)

With : A : mass of empty tools

B : mass of tools + sand test
C : mass of tools + water
𝐸−𝐹
b. Volume of cone = G = ……………………………………….(V.2)
𝐷

With : E : mass of tools + sand before pouring

F : mass of tools + sand after pouring
𝐼−𝐽
c. Volume of hole = K = - G.…………………………………….(V.3)
𝐷
𝐻
Mass of wet soil = L = 𝐾 ………….………………………...….(V.4)
𝐿
The density of soil in field = 100+𝑤 x 100 …….………………….(V.5)

With : I : mass of tools + sand before pouring

J : mass of tools + sand after pouring
H : mass of wet soil
W : water content ( point C )
 CHAPTER VI
CHECKING

A. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) SOAKED

1. Scope of Work
In this checking intended for determining the value of support soil and
gravel if getting compaction in laboratory on water conternt optimum to
anytype compact degree using the pounder 4,54 Kg with falling hight 457
mm. usually checking for going evaluation of subgrade soil and subbase
material and base that have a litte content material what restrained on 4,57 mm
sieve (sieve size 4)
2. Equipment
1. Mold
2. Spacer Disk
3. Indicator
4. Surcharge Mass
5. Penetration piston
6. Loading Device
7. Soaking tank
8. Oven
9. Etc – a tool such as pan, soil container, ruler, scale, spatula, etc.
3. Sample
Prepare a sample corresponding with the checking of compaction soil with
“modified proctor” A method. Material that passing sieving 4,75 mm (no,4) take
as much as ±15 kg for checking CBR.
4. Water Content and Soil Compaction Relationship
Using sample, determaind the water content optimum and maximum
compaction with checking “modified protor” D method.
5. Test Procedure
1. Normally 3 specimens must be compacted so that their compacted
densities range from 95% to 100% from maximum compacted that
have been determainded corresponding with sub chapter 4. generally
with 10, 30 and 65 blows each layers.
But some of laboratory that have prepared the specimens just only 1
for compacted on maximum compacted and water content optimum
that gained corresponding sub chapter 4.
2. sticking the mold to bottom plat and set the adding mold and then
measure the mass corresponding with accuracy 5 gram. Put into spacer
disk to inside of mold and then put the filler paper above a spacer disk.
3. From 3 specimen that have been prepared for checking CBR each of
the mix with water sufficiently so the water content getting optimum.
4. Compact one of soil specimen into mold by 3 layers so the thickness of
compacted total around 5 in (127 mm). total on blows each layers is 10
times that intended for gained at least 95% from maximum compacted.
5. Take a sample from checking water content from the beginning and
the end of compacted at least each 100 gram for soil granular.
6. Take a adding mold (extension collar) and cut the soil that have been
compacted with the metal ruler (straightedge) so same with the upper
of the mold. Surface of soil sample what broken patched with the
finner soil so the surface to finner so the surface change into fine and
flat. Take spacer disk and put into filler rough paper above bottom plat
that porous. And then bring back the mold filled solid soil and put into
filler paper on above the bottom plat. Stick the bottom plat together
with mold and the adding and then measure the mass with accuracy 5
gram.
7. Compact the other sample of soil corresponding the procedure 5.4 until
5.5 but the total of blows each layers for the speciments specially the
second one is 30 blows and the third specimenet is 65 times.
6. Submersion
1. Soak the mold containing the specimen to prevent water seeping from
the top to the bottom of the object. Over the surface of the water
immersion to the bottom of the test object. Over surface of water
immersion case so think – about 1 in (2.54 cm) above the surface of
the specimen. Soak the specimen for 94 hours or 4 days.
Note:
“Immersion can be less than 4 days for rock material that is easy
to pass water if this does not affect the right of the CBR test
result. For some clays if desired immersion can be more than 4
days”
2. Move the test object from the soaking tub, surface swab specimen
with a cloth and let out the water in the specimen for 15 minutes. Do it
all with care not to damage the surface of the specimen, after drainage
is complete, take the addition load (surcharge mass) and a porous
plate.
Note:
“After drainage, the specimen can be weighed if determine the
average density of wet soil in a state of soaked and drained after”

7. Checking penetration
1. Giving the add load (surcharge mass) – put the add load above of the
specimen as same as submersion timing. For prevent the soft soil
enterance into the hole from add loading, set a penetration piston after
add load set above specimen. After penetration piston, a waster of add
load in around from penetration piston.
2. Set a penetration piston – set a penetration piston with load 10 lbs (4,5
Kg) and then set the needle penetration and needle loading into
zeroset.
3. Giving loading – give the load into penetration piston so the rate of
penetration is 0,05 in( 1,3 mm) each minutes. Take a note as the
 greater loading on penetration 0,025 ; 0,050 ; 0,100 ; 0,150 ; 0,200 ;
and 0,300 in (0,64 ; 1,27 ; 1,91 ; 2,54 ; 5,08 ; and 7,62 mm ). Reading a
load on penetration 0,400 and 0,500 in (10,16 and 12,70 ) can be do if
it want it.

8. Calculation
1. Stress – strain Curve – make a curve relation of strain as a ordinat and
stress as absis (penetration strain and deep of penetration) for each
speciments. In the first penetration happen its not comparable with
adding strain penetration and curved maked concave with the
elongated part what straighted from the curve to down so crossing the
absis. Sliding the scale of penetration until zero to the crossing.
2. California bearing ratio – determained the value of loading checked for
each speciments on penetration 0,1 and 0,2 in (2,54 and 5,08 mm). the
Value of CBR gained in percent with the way divided the value of
loading checked 1500 Psi and times with 100
3. Value of California Bearing Ratio – generally chosen on penetraron
0,1 in. if the value of California bearing ratio on 0,2 greater, checking
must be repeated. If the rechecking giving the same result, the value of
California Bearing Ratio in penetration 0,2 in its must be used.
4. Using data that gained from 3 speciments, make a graph relationship
between CBR(ordinate) and maximum compacted(absissca). So
available the value wanted CBR on certain compacted that usuallu is
the minimum percent to maximum dry compacted that still on allowed
on discharge.
 PROBLEM 6.A
Make a graph relationship between maximum dry compacted and
California Bearing Ratio. With taking the maximum compacted value,
eventhough for compacted with standart proctor or modified proctor, determind
the value of CBR on 90%, 95% and 100% from the maximum dry compacted.
B. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) UNSOAKED

1. Scope of Work
In this checking intended for determain the value of support soil and
gravel if getting compaction in laboratory on water conternt optimum to an
type compact degree using the pounder 4,54 Kg with falling hight 457 mm.
usually checking for going evaluation of subgrade soil and subbase material
and base that have a litte content material what restrained on 4,57 mm sieve
(sieve size 4)
2. Equipment
a. Mold
b. Spacer Disk
c. Rammer
d. Indicator
e. Surcharge Mass
f. Penetration piston
g. Loading Device – a tool that can giving a presuare to penetration of
piston with adding a 10 lbs load (4,45 Kg) on velocity 0,5 inch (1,3
mm) each minute.
h. Oven
i. Etc – a tool such as pan, soil container, ruler, scale, spatula, etc.
3. Sample
Prepare a sample corresponding with the checking of compaction soil
with “modified proctor” A method. Material that passing sieving 4,75 mm
(no,4) take as much as ±15 kg for checking CBR.
4. Water content and Soil Compaction Relationship
Using sample, determaind the water content optimum and maximum
compaction with checking “modified proctor” D method.
5. Test procedure.
a. Normally 3 specimens must be compacted so that their compacted
densities range from 95% to 100% from maximum compacted that have
 been determainded corresponding with sub chapter 4. generally with 10,
30 and 65 blows each layers.
But some of laboratory that have prepared the specimens just only 1 for
compacted on maximum compacted and water content optimum that
gained corresponding sub chapter 4.
b. Sticking the mold to bottom plat and set the adding mold and then
measure the mass corresponding with accuracy 5 gram. Put into spacer
disk to inside of mold and then put the filler paper above a spacer disk.
c. From 3 specimen that have been prepared for checking CBR each of the
mix with water sufficiently so the water content getting optimum.
d. Compact one of soil specimen into mold by 3 layers so the thickness of
compacted total around 5 in (127 mm). total on blows each layers is 10
times that intended for gained at least 95% from maximum compacted.
e. Take a sample from checking water content from the beginning and the
end of compacted at least each 100 gram for soil granular.
f. Take a adding mold (extension collar) and cut the soil that have been
compacted with the metal ruler (straightedge) so same with the upper of
the mold. Surface of soil sample what broken patched with the finner soil
so the surface to finner so the surface change into fine and flat. Take
spacer disk and put into filler rough paper above bottom plat that porous.
And then bring back the mold filled solid soil and put into filler paper on
above the bottom plat. Stick the bottom plat together with mold and the
adding and then measure the mass with accuracy 5 gram.
g. Compact the other sample of soil corresponding the procedure 5.4 until
5.5 but the total of blows each layers for the speciments specially the
second one is 30 blows and the third specimenet is 65 times.
6. Submersion
a. Soak the mold containing the specimen to prevent water seeping from the
top to the bottom of the object. Over the surface of the water immersion
to the bottom of the test object. Over surface of water immersion case so
 think – about 1 in (2.54 cm) above the surface of the specimen. Soak the
specimen for 94 hours or 4 days.
Note:
“Immersion can be less than 4 days for rock material that is easy to pass
water if this does not affect the right of the CBR test result. For some
clays if desired immersion can be more than 4 days”
b. Move the test object from the soaking tub, surface swab specimen with a
cloth and let out the water in the specimen for 15 minutes. Do it all with
care not to damage the surface of the specimen, after drainage is
complete, take the addition load (surcharge mass) and a porous plate.
Note:
“After drainage, the specimen can be weighed if determine the average
density of wet soil in a state of soaked and drained after”
7. Checking penetration
a. Giving the add load (surcharge mass) – put the add load above of the
specimen as same as submersion timing. For prevent the soft soil enterance
into the hole from add loading, set a penetration piston after add load set
above specimen. After penetration piston, a waster of add load in around
from penetration piston.
b. Set a penetration piston – set a penetration piston with load 10 lbs (4,5 Kg)
and then set the needle penetration and needle loading into zeroset.
c. Giving loading – give the load into penetration piston so the rate of
penetration is 0,05 in( 1,3 mm) each minutes. Take a note as the greater
loading on penetration 0,025 ; 0,050 ; 0,100 ; 0,150 ; 0,200 ; and 0,300 in
(0,64 ; 1,27 ; 1,91 ; 2,54 ; 5,08 ; and 7,62 mm ). Reading a load on
penetration 0,400 and 0,500 in (10,16 and 12,70 ) can be do if it want it.
8. Calculation
a. Stress – strain Curve – make a curve relation of strain as a ordinat and
stress as absis (penetration strain and deep of penetration) for each
speciments. In the first penetration happen its not comparable with adding
strain penetration and curved maked concave with the elongated part what
 straighted from the curve to down so crossing the absis. Sliding the scale
of penetration until zero to the crossing.
b. California bearing ratio – determained the value of loading checked for
each speciments on penetration 0,1 and 0,2 in (2,54 and 5,08 mm). the
Value of CBR gained in percent with the way divided the value of loading
checked 1500 Psi and times with 100
c. Value of California Bearing Ratio – generally chosen on penetraron 0,1 in.
if the value of California bearing ratio on 0,2 greater, checking must be
repeated. If the rechecking giving the same result, the value of California
Bearing Ratio in penetration 0,2 in its must be used.
d. Using data that gained from 3 speciments, make a graph relationship
between CBR(ordinat) and maximum compacted(absis). So available the
value wanted CBR on certain compacted that usuallu is the minimum
percent to maximum dry compacted that still on allowed on discharge.
 PROBLEM 6.B
Make a graph relationship between maximum dry compacted and
California Bearing Ratio. With taking the maximum compacted value,
eventhough for compacted with standart proctor or modified proctor, determind
the value of CBR on 90%, 95% and 100% from the maximum dry compacted.