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1
BLOCKCHAIN AND CRYPTOCURRENCY

An Overview of Blockchain Technology

 I want to thank you and congratulate you for downloading this book!
You will find all you need to know about Blockchain and Cryptocurrency inside here.

JEAN AMYOT

3
 JEAN AMYOT

PUBLISHED BY: Jean Amyot

Copyright © 2017 All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced in any format, by any means,
electronic or otherwise, without prior consent from the copyright owner and publisher of
this book.
Contents

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter one: Bitcoin ........................................................................................................... 7
Chapter two: Ethereum ..................................................................................................... 10
Chapter three: Litecoin ..................................................................................................... 12
Chapter four: Initial coin offering ..................................................................................... 14
Chapter five: Application of Blockchain Technology ...................................................... 17
References ......................................................................................................................... 19

5
Introduction

Most of the time, the Blockchain is usually described as digital ledger. In a

nutshell, the Blockchain is simply a ledger, a distributed as well as a digital
ledger. The Blockchain is a distributed database that offers an unalterable and
semi-public record of digital transactions. Each block aggregates a time stamped
batch of transactions to be included in the ledger.
Each block is also identified by a cartographic signature. Furthermore, these
blocks are all back-linked meaning that they refer to the signature of the previous
block within the chain, and that a chain can be traced back all the way to the very
first block created. Consequently, the Blockchain contains an un-editable record
of all the transactions made.

Blockchain history
The Blockchain was initially defined in the original source code for Bitcoin. Bitcoin
is a virtual currency that was invented in October 2008 and the code was
released as open source in January 2009. The Bitcoin network started in 2009
when Satoshi Nakamoto mined the first Bitcoins. Bitcoin progressed over the
years but really took off in the year 2013 because more websites began
accepting the currency as investors started funding more Bitcon-related start-
ups.
As Bitcoin’s popularity soared, it faced scrutiny from law enforcement.

Blockchain vs. Cryptocurrency

Most of the confusion between these two arises from the terms used in both.
Blockchain originates from a chain of blocks while Cryptocurrency is a kind of
portmanteau of cryptographic currency. However, the basic difference between
these two concepts has to do with how distributed ledger technology is utilized.

Blockchain as a technology
The times when Bitcoin was the only existing Blockchain, there was little
difference between the terms and they could be used interchangeably. As the
technology matured and a wide spectrum of Blockchains flourished, the uses
rapidly diverged from the pure money aspect.

Cryptocurrency as an asset class

As opposed to Blockchain, Cryptocurrency deals with the utilization of tokens
based on the distributed ledger technology. Anything that deals with buying,
selling or other monetary aspects deals with a Blockchain native token or sub-
token.
Chapter one: Bitcoin

Bitcoin refers to a universal Cryptocurrency and digital system of payment known

as the first decentralized digital currency because the system operates without a
central repository or single administrator. The Bitcoin was invented by an
unknown group of people under the name of Satoshi Nakamoto. This is a P2P
system which allows transactions to occur between users directly without a third
party.
Additionally, the transactions are verified by network nodes and recorded in a
public distributed ledger referred to as a Blockchain. Bitcoins are created as a
reward for a process known as mining and they can be exchanged for other
currencies, products and services.
As of February 2015, over one hundred thousand merchants and vendors
accepted Bitcoin as a means of payment. It is also important to know that Bitcoin
can be held as an investment. The word Bitcoin first occurred and was defined in
the white paper that was established on the 31st of October 2008. It is a
combination of “bit” and “coin”.

Units used
The unit of account of the Bitcoin system is Bitcoin. As per the year 2014, tickers
used to represent Bitcoin were BTC and XBT.

Bitcoin history
On the 18th of August, 2008, the domain name Bitcoin.org was registered. Later
on in November of that same year, a link to a paper that was authored by Satoshi
Nakamoto was posted to a cryptography mailing list. Nakamoto then
implemented the Bitcoin software as an open source code and released it in
January 2009.
In January 2009, the Bitcoin network came into existence after Satoshi
Nakamoto mined the first ever block on the chain, which was referred to as the
genesis block for a reward of fifty Bitcoins. One of the initial supporters, adopters,
contributors and receivers of the first Bitcoin transaction was Hal Finney, a
programmer. He downloaded the Bitcoin software the day it was released and
received ten Bitcoins from Nakamoto in the world’s first Bitcoin transaction.
Other early supporters included Wei Dai, creator of Bitcoin predecessor b-
money, and Nick Szabo, the creator of bit gold. Nakamoto was estimated to have
mined one million Bitcoins when he started off. He then handed over the
leadership to a developer known as Gavin Andresen who went on to become
Bitcoin’s lead developer at the Bitcoin foundation.
On the 6th of August, 2010, a major loop-hole in the Bitcoin protocol was realized;
transactions were not efficiently verified before they were included in the
Blockchain and this enabled users to bypass Bitcoin’s restrictions and create an
indefinite number of Bitcoins.
On the 15th of August, the vulnerability was exploited and over 184 billion
Bitcoins were generated in a transaction and sent to two addresses on the
network. Fortunately, the transaction was realized within hours and erased from

7
the transaction log after the bug was fixed and the network upgraded to an
updated version of the Bitcoin protocol.
On the 1st of August, 2017, Bitcoin was split into two derivative digital currencies;
the classic Bitcoin (BTC) and a hard fork, Bitcoin cash (BCH).

Transactions
They are defined by forth-like scripting language and consist of one or more
inputs as well as outputs. When a user sends Bitcoins, the user designates each
address and the amount of Bitcoin being sent to that address in an output. So as
to avoid double spending, each input must refer to a previous unspent output
within the Blockchain.
The use of multiple inputs corresponds to the use of multiple coins in a cash
transaction. Due to the multiple outputs in a transaction, users can send Bitcoins
to multiple recipients in one transaction. Just like in a cash transaction, the sum
of inputs (the coins used for payment) can exceed the targeted sum of payments.
In case this happens, an extra output is used, returning the change back to the
payer.

Transaction fees
An actual Bitcoin transaction includes the fee from a web-based Cryptocurrency
exchange to a hardware wallet even though the transaction fee is optional.
Miners can therefore choose which transactions to process and give priority to
ones that pay higher fees. The fees are based on the size of storage of the
generated transaction, which in turn depends on the number of inputs used to
create the transaction. Moreover, priority is given to older unspent inputs.

Ownership
Bitcoins are registered to Bitcoin addresses. To create a Bitcoin address, you
pick a random but valid private key and compute the corresponding Bitcoin
address. This process takes seconds. On the other hand, computing a private
key from a Bitcoin address is mathematically impossible. For one to spend
Bitcoins, he or she must know the corresponding private key and digitally sign
the transaction. The network then verifies the signature using the public key.
If you lose your private key, the Bitcoin network cannot recognize any other
evidence of ownership and this renders the coins unusable and they are
eventually lost. For instance, in the year 2013, a user claimed to have lost 7,500
Bitcoins worth $7.5 million when he accidentally discarded a hard drive that had
his private key.

Mining
This is a service for record keeping that is done using computer processing
power. Miners keep the Blockchain consistent, complete and unalterable by
regularly verifying and collecting newly broadcast transactions into a new group
of transactions called a block.
Every block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block using the SHA-
256 hashing algorithm which links it to the previous block and giving the
Blockchain its name. To be accepted by the rest of the network, a new block
must have a proof of work which requires miners to find a number called nonce
such that when the block content is hashed along with the nonce, the result is
numerically smaller than the network’s difficulty target.
This is the process of adding transaction records to Bitcoin’s public ledger of past
transactions or Blockchain. Bitcoin mining is intentionally tailored to be resource-
intensive and hard so that the number of blocks found each day by miners is
always steady.

9
Chapter two: Ethereum

This is an open software platform based on Blockchain technology that allows

developers to build and deploy decentralized applications. Just like Bitcoin,
Ethereum is a distributed public Blockchain network. Even though there are
some significant technical differences between the two, the most important
distinction to note is that Bitcoin and Ethereum differ in purpose and capability.
The Bitcoin Blockchain is used to track ownership of digital currency (Bitcoins)
while the Ethereum Blockchain is more focused on running the programming
code of any decentralized application. In the Ethereum Blockchain, rather than
mining for Bitcoin, miners work towards earning Ether, a kind of crypto token that
fuels the network. Additionally, Ether is also used by application developers to
pay for transaction fees and services on the Ethereum network.

Smart contract
This is a phrase that is used to describe computer code that can facilitate the
exchange of money, content, property, shares or anything of value. When
running on the Blockchain, a smart contract is similar to a self-operating
computer program that automatically executes when specific conditions are met.
Even though all Blockchains have the ability to process code, a majority of them
are greatly limited. Ethereum is different though; instead of giving a set of limited
operations, it allows developers to create whichever operations they desire.

Ethereum virtual machine

This is comprehensive software that runs on the Ethereum network. It allows
anyone to run any program irrespective of the programming language given
enough time and memory. This machine simplifies the process of creating
Blockchain applications. Rather than having to build an entirely original
Blockchain for each new application, Ethereum allows the development of
several applications on a single platform.

Uses of Ethereum
It enables developers to create and deploy decentralized applications which
serve some specific purpose to its users. Benefits of decentralized networks
include:
 Immutability
 Corruption and tamper
 Security
Any centralized services can be decentralized using Ethereum. Furthermore,
Ethereum can also be used to build Decentralized Autonomous Organizations
(DAO). DAO is a fully autonomous and decentralized organization with no single
leader.
DAOs are run by programming codes on a collection of smart contracts written
on the Ethereum Blockchain. The code is designed to replace the rules and
structures of traditional organization as well as eliminating the need for people
and centralized control. A DAO is owned by everyone who buys tokens but rather
than each token being equal to equity shares and ownership, they act as
contributions that offer people the rights to vote.

The DAO hack

A start-up that worked on a DAO project was hacked in 2016. The goal was to
build a humanless venture capital; firm that would allow investors to make
decisions through smart contracts. The DAO was then funded through a token
sale and ended up raising approximately $150 million for thousands of random
people.
After raising the funds, the DAO was hacked and the attacker stole Ether worth
roughly $50 million.

Ethereum fork on the road

After a lot of debate, the Ethereum community voted and agreed to retrieve the
stolen funds by implementing a change in code, a process also known as hard
fork. The hard fork moved the stolen funds to a new smart contract designed to
let the original owners withdraw their tokens.
Unfortunately, not everyone was comfortable with the course of action. As a
result, a split was inevitable and at the moment, two parallel Blockchains exist;
Ethereum and Ethereum classic.

Future possibilities for Ethereum

In spite of the split from the DAO hack, Ethereum is forging ahead and looking at
a bright future. It provides a user-friendly platform that allows people to harness
the power of Blockchain technology. Ethereum is speeding up the
decentralization of the world economy because decentralized applications have
the potential to influence finance, real estate, insurance as well as healthcare
among others.
 Private Blockchains- in the coming years, major entities will conduct many
business processes on their own private and certified corporate
Blockchains. Employees, customers, vendors as well as service providers
at every company will be able to securely access that company’s private
Blockchain through a strong cryptographically authenticated transactions.
 Consortia Blockchains-in future, several entities will build bottom-up
consortia Blockchains with a small number of counterparties in their
ecosystem collaborating on a small number of use cases to share trusted
source of truth infrastructure, supply or value chains.
 Business use of Blockchains- companies will employ public Ethereum with
their use cases that employ the same stack of Blockchain components
that they have purchased or created for their private Ethereum-based
implementations.

11
Chapter three: Litecoin

This refers to a peer to peer Cryptocurrency and open source software project
released under the MIT/X11 license. The creation and transfer of coins is based
on an open source cryptographic protocol and is not under one central
administration. Even though this is nearly similar to Bitcoin, Litecoin has some
technical differences as compared to Bitcoin as well as other major
Cryptocurrencies.
Litecoin’s uniqueness allows for a greater number of transactions to be
processed by the network within a given time, thereby reducing potential
bottlenecks. Additionally, Litecoin has almost nil payment costs and facilitates
payments roughly four times faster than Bitcoin.

Brief history
Litecoin was released through an open source client on GitHub on October 7,
2011 by a former Google employee, Charlie Lee. This network went live on
October 13 of the same year. Litecoin was a fork of the Bitcoin core client and
differed by having a reduced block generation period, increased number of coins
and the hashing algorithm was also slightly altered.
During the month of November 2013, the total value of Litecoin experienced
great growth which included a 100% rise within a day. In May 2017, Litecoin
became the first of the top five, by market cap, Cryptocurrencies to adopt
Segregated Witness.

Cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin

Currencies influenced by Bitcoin are collectively referred to as Altcoins.
 Litecoin (LTC) - this was launched in 2011 and was among the first
Cryptocurrencies after Bitcoin and was often referred to as “silver to
Bitcoin’s gold”.
 Ethereum (ETH) - it was launched in 2015 and enables smart contracts
and distributed applications.
 Zcash (ZEC) - this is a decentralized and open source Cryptocurrecny
launched in late 2016 and definitely looks promising. Zcash provides
privacy and selective transparency of transactions. All transactions are
recorded and published on a Blockchain but details such as the sender,
recipient and amount remain discreet.
 Dash- this was originally known as Darkcoin and is more secretive. It
offers anonymity since it works on a decentralized Mastercode network
that makes transactions untraceable. It was launched in January 2014 and
has realized an impressive growth within a short period of time. Dash was
created and developed by Evan Duffield and can be mined using a CPU
or GPU. In March 2015, Darkcoin was renamed Dash, which stands for
Digital Cash.
 Ripple (XRP) - it is a real time global settlement network that offers
instant, certain and low-cost international payments. Furthermore, Ripple
makes it possible for banks to settle cross-border payments in real time
 with end-to-end transparency at lower fees. It is also important to note that
Ripple doesn’t need mining because it reduces the usage of computing
power and lowers latency.
 Monero (XMR)-this one is also a secure, private and untraceable
currency. It was launched in April 2014 and soon triggered great interest
among the cryptography community and enthusiasts.

Chan
Volume Circulatin
# Name Market Cap Price ge Price Graph (7d)
(24h) g Supply
(24h)
-
$96,030,884 $5767. $1,844,850 16,649,800
Bitcoin 2.96
,962 69 ,000 BTC
%
-
Ethereu $28,141,310 $295.1 $275,165,0 95,355,806
1.05
m ,000 2 00 ETH
%
-
$7,816,122, $0.202 $34,092,00 38,531,538
Ripple 0.86
670 850 0 ,922 XRP *
%
Bitcoin $5,951,367, $355.7 $426,134,0 16,727,050 4.86
Cash 301 9 00 BCH %
-
$2,959,602, $83,609,20 53,559,607
Litecoin $55.26 2.27
140 0 LTC
%
-
$2,148,812, $281.0 $40,060,00 7,646,504
Dash 1.59
946 2 0 DASH
%
-
$1,776,591, $0.197 8,999,999,
NEM $4,477,710 1.44
000 399 999 XEM *
%
-
BitConn $1,552,088, $212.3 $13,751,10 7,310,449
2.75
ect 818 1 0 BCC
%
$1,430,185, $30,988,90 50,000,000 0.95
NEO $28.60
000 0 NEO * %
-
$1,334,510, $30,501,50 15,274,000
Monero $87.37 1.62
804 0 XMR
%

13
Chapter four: Initial coin offering

This refers to an unregulated and controversial means of crowd funding through

the use of Cryptocurrency which can act as a source of capital for start-up
companies. In an ICO, a percentage of the freshly issued Cryptocurrency is sold
to investors in exchange for legal tender or other Cryptocurrencies such as
Bitcoin. ICO’s may sell a right of ownership or royalties to a project.
The first ICO was held by Mastercoin in July 2013.

Characteristics of an ICO
Each ICO is unique in its own way but there are common similarities:
 The project is a technology project associated with Cryptocurrencies or
decentralization.
 Investor documents are normally a webpage, whitepaper and selected
internet forum posts.
 Identification is light on both sides.
 The raised amount is transparent but can be gamed.
 Has a tier or early investor advantage.
 Coin retention and price discovery.
 Minimums and maximums.
Pros of ICO’s
1. Liquidity- investors can trade tokens in secondary markets instead of
having value locked up in a company’s equity. A vibrant secondary market
also means investors can get real-time pricing based on the progress of a
company, as understood by the crowd. This potentially brings greater
transparency to an otherwise secretive private market with very little
disclosure.
2. Democratization- ICO’s promise to break the monopoly on money and
democratize funding.
3. More social enterprise- ICO provides a way to aggregate enough financial
muscle to compete with the centralized sharing economy.
 4. Increases virality gained from word of mouth consequently reducing the
need for expensive marketing and user acquisition.
5. They also offer an outlet to invest profits from Bitcoin or Ether, converted
into a crypto-token which in turn adds to their scarcity and pushes up the
price thereby creating a self-reinforcing loop.
Cons of ICOs
1. Liquidity- as much this as an advantage, it is also a challenge. The guys
you back can pull out at the point of ICO before any real value has been
delivered or gradually dump their holdings over time ahead of the market if
they have a feeling things will not work out.
2. Misalignment of incentive and inefficiency of capital- liquidity issue leads
to this. ICOs potentially make entrepreneurs too comfy too soon.
Moreover, it is common that ICOs are oversubscribed and provide a
surplus of capital which will most likely be spent creating a market
inefficiency. Additionally, ICOs offer no way of knowing if early investors
still have faith in the team.
3. Timing and pressure of going public- I am of the view that most start-ups
are naïve when it comes to ICO. They are not aware of Crowdfunding
implications.
4. Quality control/ fraud/ scams
5. Regulation is poor.
ICO Reports
1. SENSE
Sensay is a cross-platform messaging app and bot network that allows users and
communities to connect through routing them to each other as required. This is
among the first Blockchain-based smart contracts through a token which rewards
a community of knowledge workers for their conversational contributions across
Sensay and or any other application in the ecosystem.
The Crowdsale starts on November 7th, 2017 and ends on November 21st, 2017.
It will take place through a widget that will appear on the website when the
Crowdsale begins. The price per SENSE token is $0.10.

Social Media
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sensaybot/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/sensay
Telegram: https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAEQzTJW8N35CcmHlZA
Bitcointalk:https://Bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2096600.msg20951702#msg2
0951702
Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/SENSEtoken/

2. AGORA
Holding Agora tokens permits you, approximately every thirty days, to withdraw a
gain made by a fee applied to every transaction made over the marketplace.

15
Social Media
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheAgoraICO
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheAgoraICO/
Slack: https://theagoramarketplace.slack.com/
Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/TheAgoraMarketplace/
BitcoinTalk: https://Bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2066979.0

3. GAMEFLIP
This is at the forefront of addressing the demand for liquidity for digital goods
through the decentralized ecosystem where digital goods on all gaming platforms
such as mobile, PC, console etc. additionally, Gameflip is dedicated in creating a
transparent, safe and frictionless infrastructure for the buying and selling of digital
goods among gamers.
The Crowdsale will begin on the 28th of November, 2017 at 19:00 UTC and ends
on the 30th of December, 2017 at 19:00 UTC. The price per FLIP is 200 FLIP per
Ether.

Social Media
Telegram: https://t.me/flip_token
Bitcointalk: https://Bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=2234801.new
Github: https://github.com/Gameflip/tokensale
Chapter five: Application of Blockchain Technology

Notary
Since a small amount of data can be attached to a transaction record, using the
Bitcoin Blockchain as a notary service is simple and affordable. For as little as $2
worth of Bitcoin, you can notarize the date and time you publish for example your
essay about Blockchain applications in PR.
Through apps like Uproov, Smartphone multimedia can be notarized immediately
after creation.

Supply chain communications and proof of provenance

Most of the things we purchase are not manufactured by a single company but
by a chain of suppliers who sell their parts to an entity that assembles and
markets the final item. In case any of the individual parts fail, the brand faces
backlash.
If a company can provide digitally permanent auditable records that show
stakeholders the state of the product at each juncture, it would be great. A
Blockchain can be used to track diamonds, art, real estate and many other
resources.
Some interesting ideas based on Ethereum include:
 Augur- a decentralized prediction market where members pay for shares
in the outcome of an event. Since people are more careful with their cash
than talking to pollsters, this is a superior prediction method
 Boardroom- corporate governance is all about contracts and agreements
that guide an entity’s activities. The activities could be automated and
made more transparent.
 Stock it- this can allow one to rent out any kind of physical asset.
Getting started with Bitcoin
Before we delve deeper, you need to know a few facts about Bitcoin:
 Just like your real wallet, Bitcoin wallets also need to be secure.
 Bitcoin price is volatile
 Payments are also irreversible
 It is not anonymous
 Instant transactions are not secure either
 Bitcoin is still experimental
 Selected governments also impose taxes and have special regulations on
Bitcoin
Before you start using Bitcoin, you need to educate yourself unless you want
some unpleasant surprises.

Step one: Create a wallet

This will allow you to start buying Bitcoin immediately. However, before you open
an account with the first website you find in the search result, be careful;

17
research your options to find the one that is best for you. The popular wallets are
Blockchain, Coinbase and change Tip.

Step two: Put Bitcoin in your wallet

Ways of obtaining Bitcoin
 Accept Bitcoin as a payment for goods or services
 Receive Bitcoin from a friend or someone close to you
 Buy Bitcoin directly from an exchange
The safest way of obtaining Bitcoin is through an exchange but you need to verify
the security of the site. You also need to obtain the real-world identity of the
operator transferring your funds just in case you need to take some legal action
in future.
Stick to buying Bitcoin directly from a legitimate exchange and not a third party.
The popular Bitcoin exchanges are Bitfinex, Coinbase and Cryptsy.

Step three: Start using Bitcoin

You need to understand that Bitcoin is an investment that needs patience and
resources just like the stock market. There is no guarantee of profit.

Cryptocurrency Predictions

 Bitcoin and Ethereum are here to stay

 Unknown coins will hit the market
 People will get burnt through scams and fraud
 ICOs will offer stiff competition to Silicon Valley and Wall Street
 Regulations will be here to stay
 Cryptocurrency will trigger incumbents to improve
References

 Siluk, Shirley (2 June 2013). "June 2 "M Day" promotes millibitcoin as unit of
choice". CoinDesk. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 25
May 2017.

 "Unicode 10.0.0". Unicode Consortium. 20 June 2017. Archived from the

original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.

 Andreas M. Antonopoulos (April 2014). Mastering Bitcoin. Unlocking

Digital Crypto-Currencies. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-4493-7404-4.

 Jason Mick (12 June 2011). "Cracking the Bitcoin: Digging Into a $131M
USD Virtual Currency". Daily Tech. Archived from the original on 20
January 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2012.

 "Statement of Jennifer Shasky Calvery, Director Financial Crimes

Enforcement Network United States Department of the Treasury Before
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 Empson, Rip (28 March 2013). "Bitcoin: How An Unregulated,

Decentralized Virtual Currency Just Became A Billion Dollar Market".
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 Ron Dorit; Adi Shamir (2012). "Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin
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 Jerry Brito & Andrea Castillo (2013). "Bitcoin: A Primer for Policymakers"
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Thank you again for downloading this book! I hope you learned a lot!

Finally, if you enjoyed this book, then I’d like to ask you for a favor, would you be kind
enough to leave a review for this book on Amazon? It’d be greatly appreciated!

Thank you and good luck!

21