Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?
3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic
wave?
4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic
wave?
5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation
of waves?

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 22 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2,

incident from the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ), perpendicular to an infinite wall
with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = 105 𝛺. Calculate the reflected
power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

𝑛2 − 𝑛1
𝛤=
𝑛2 + 𝑛1
105 − 120𝜋
𝛤= = −0.56 = < 180°
105 + 120𝜋
Reflectance:

𝑅 = |𝛤|2
𝑅 = |0.56|2 = 0.313 = 31.3%
Transmittance:

𝑇 = 1 − 𝑅 = 68.7%
Reflected power:
𝑚𝑊
𝑃1− = 31.3% 𝑥200 2
= 62.6𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚
Transmitted Power:
𝑚𝑊
𝑃2+ = 68.7% 𝑥200 = 137.4𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚2

2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 22𝑀 𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ,

coming from a wave generator located 30𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which
impinges from the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall
with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = 105 𝛺 and 10𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall
is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the
other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen

by the generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power that is
transmitted to the receiver.

120𝜋 2
𝐸𝑟 = ( ) = 12.89
105𝛺
Wall phase constant:
(2𝜋) ∗ (22𝑥106 )
𝛽= ∗ √12.89
3 ∗ 108
 𝛽 = 1.654 rad/m
Input impedance:
𝑛2 + 𝑗𝑛1 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥 )
𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 𝑛1
𝑛1 + 𝑗𝑛2 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥 )

rad
(120𝜋105 𝛺) + 𝑗(105 𝛺)𝑇𝑎𝑛(1.654 m ∗ 0.1)
𝑛𝑖𝑛 = (105 𝛺) rad
(105 𝛺) + 𝑗(120𝜋𝛺)𝑇𝑎𝑛(1.546 m ∗ 0.1)

𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 238.3366 − 168.620𝑖

𝑛𝑖𝑛 − 𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝛤1 =
𝑛𝑖𝑛 + 𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒

(238.3366 − 168.620𝑖) − (120𝜋 𝛺)

𝛤1 = = −0.1397 − 0.3123𝑖 = 0.3421 (65.9°)
(238.3366 − 168.620𝑖) + (120𝜋 𝛺)

𝜏1 = 1 + 𝛤1
𝜏1 = 1 + (−0.1397 − 0.3123𝑖) = 0.86025 − 0.3123𝑖

1 + |𝛤1 | 1 + |0.3421|
𝑆𝑊𝑅 = =
1 − |𝛤1 | 1 − |0.3421|
𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 2.0399
𝑇1 = 1 − |𝛤1 |2 = 0.8829 = 88.29%
𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑇1
𝑅1 = 1 − (0.8829) = 0.117 = 11.7%
+
𝑃1− = 𝑅1 ∗ 𝐸𝑦1 = (0.117)200 = 23.4 𝑚𝑊⁄𝑚2
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 − 𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝛤2 =
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 + 𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
 (120𝜋 𝛺) − 112
𝛤2 = = 0.5419
(120𝜋 𝛺) + 112
𝑇2 = 1 − |𝛤2 |2 = 0.7063 = 70.63%
𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑇2 = 0.2937 = 29.37%

𝑃2− = 𝑅1 ∗ 200 𝑚𝑊⁄𝑚2

𝑃2− = (0.2937) ∗ 200 𝑚𝑊⁄𝑚2 = 58.7 𝑚𝑊⁄𝑚2

𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑇2
𝑇𝑡 = (0.8829) ∗ (0.7063) = 0.62359 = 62.3%

𝑃3+ = 𝑇𝑡 ∗ 200 𝑚𝑊⁄𝑚2

𝑃3+ = (0.62359) ∗ 200 𝑚𝑊⁄𝑚2 = 124.718 𝑚𝑊⁄𝑚2

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as

shown in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at
point B, forming an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate
step by step the total path of the wave to determine the value of "d".
Note that each layer is 105 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at point C there is a total
refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is in layer 3
by calculating its refractive index.
 𝜃1 = 90° − 𝜃𝑎 = 45.1°
𝑛1 sin(𝜃1 ) = 𝑛2 sin(𝜃2 )
𝑛1
𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 ))
𝑛2
1.31
𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛(45.1°))
1,0002926
𝜃2 = 68.071°
𝜃2 = 𝜃𝑏
𝐷𝑎, 𝑏 = 105𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(68.071°)
𝐷𝑎, 𝑏 = 260.814𝑚𝑚
𝜃𝑏 + 𝜃𝑐 = 90°
𝜃𝑐 = 90° − 𝜃𝑏
𝜃𝑐 = 90° − 68.071°
𝜃𝑐 = 21.929°
𝑛3 sin(𝜃3 ) = 𝑛2 sin(𝜃2 )
𝑛2 sin(𝜃2 )
𝑛3 =
sin(𝜃3 )
(1.0002926) sin(68.071°)
𝑛3 =
sin(21.929°)
𝑛3 = 2.4846
𝐷𝑏, 𝑐 = 105𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(21.929°) = 42.271𝑚𝑚
𝑛3
𝜃4 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( sin(𝜃𝑐 ))
𝑛4
2.4846
𝜃4 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( sin(21.929°))
2.42
𝜃4 = 22.546°°
𝐷𝑐, 𝑑 = 105𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(22.546°)
𝐷𝑐, 𝑑 = 43.59𝑚𝑚
𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝐷𝑏, 𝑐 + 𝐷𝑐, 𝑑
𝐷 = (260.814𝑚𝑚) + (42.271𝑚𝑚) + (43.59𝑚𝑚)
𝐷 = 346.675𝑚𝑚