Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The Philippines is one of the Asian countries known for being highly
abaca in 2014, earning the Philippines US$111.33 million stating that the Bicol
region, in the Philippines, produced 27,885 metric tons of abaca in 2014, the
largest of any Philippine region. The corn, being the second most important crop,
million hectares of land is under corn cultivation and the total production is 7.408
creates projects and programs that supports the use and acknowledgement of
crops. Example of these is their project in 2011 that is about rice production that
project from 2015 when they developed a cheaper irrigation for smaller-scales
farms. And recently, this year, the PhilRice started a program for farmers to help
them have a new business and knowledge about mushroom cultivation wherein
they used rice straws as a substrate. Aside from PhilRice, the University of the
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According to Cosadio and Song (2014) in their study, “Status and Prospect
Philippines was worse since 1995, and the lowest production volume was 355
metric tons in 2009. Dueto low-production cost the growing mushrooms in the
agro wastes and high demand, which will be profitable to the mushroom
growers. Most of the mushroom consumed were imported from the different
countries of South East Asia like China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Korea and
Japan.
economic awareness and agricultural development that will not only help the
farmers or researchers to learn, but can also be a great help in our livelihood
However, rice straws are the most common substrate that is used for
Mushroom Production. The researchers would like to find other substrates to use
that agricultural wastes are rich in lignin cellulosic components which are difficult
Mushrooms are flesh fungi, spore bearing fruiting bodies which are produced
above ground on soil. They often refer to fruiting body of the gill fungi, which do
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not contain chlorophyll like green plants and as a result cannot manufacture food
by their own. They are very nutritious products that can be generated from
value added products is a good mean of their use. The property of edible
corn processing industry with 39.1% cellulose, 42.1% hemicelluloses and 9.1%
lignin.
hydrolysis of rice straw and corn stalks for monosugars production,” stated that
the composition of rice straw and corn stalks are mainly consisted of 19.64,
16.65% lignin, 32.15, 29.8% cellulose, 28.0, 33.3% hemicellulose, 11.33, 8.50%
(2017) stated in their study entitled, “Abaca Fiber,” that abaca fibers has 19.00%
There are three important parts in mushroom production. The first one is
the substrates through stream heat. Next, Inoculation where it is the act of
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transferring mushroom tissue or seed into a specific culture medium or
substrate. Lastly, the Incubation where it is the period when the mushroom
mycelium slowly grows through the substrate after grain spawn inoculation.
system,” results have shown that the highest (1029.0 g) fresh weight of fruiting
mustard straw. The effectivity of the substrates was compared and tested
Bicolanos who will benefit from the said process using agricultural wastes that
are abundant in the Bicol Region to help them in their livelihood and improve
their knowledge, and compare the effectiveness of the said agricultural wastes,
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2. To find out factors that might show the differences of the substrates in
the results.
If the corn cobs, abaca fibers or both of the substrates are not effective,
then the Bicolanos will not be able to use this substrates and will only use rice
straws which is the known and commonly used substrate for mushroom
cultivation.
Therefore, the researchers hypothesized that if the corn cobs, abaca fibers
or both of the substrates are more effective, then the Bicolanos will be able to
use these substrates instead of using rice straws which is a known and
This study will focus on the effectivity of the crops’ wastes that will be
used (corn cobs and abaca fibers) as a substrate in our experiment for the
cultivation of mushroom. The researchers will compare the corn cobs and abaca
experiment, the researchers will discover other crops that can be used and are
abundant in the Bicol region aside from rice straws that is known and commonly
used as a substrate for cultivating of mushroom and the researchers will know
for mushroom cultivation, farmers and mushroom growers will easily know which
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type of substrate to use when growing mushroom. Through this, people who
using the different substrates that will be used. Therefore, this makes the job of
mushroom growers quicker and easier by determining which substrate grows the
mushroom faster and better. We will be able to determine easily which substrate
is best to use when we are looking through the duration or time and availability
cultivation and comparing the effectivity of the substrates will help different farm
help them and use this study as a guide for the production to increase, which is
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METHODOLOGY
This study will follow the parallel group design where in there will be two
experimental groups, which are the corn cobs and the abaca trunks that will be
used as a substrate. The control group will be the rice straws that will also be
substrates in terms of the weight and duration per flush of the mushrooms
produced.
In doing the experiment, the researchers need to keep in mind that using
the right materials and doing the right procedures is a must and knowing what
variables the researchers are going to test. The experiment will easily tell what
are the different types of substrates such as abaca fibers and corn cobs that will
manipulating this, we can get our dependent variable which is the effectivity, if it
substrates and the weight of the mushrooms that can be produced per flush. For
our controlled variable, we are going to use rice straws as a substrate since it is
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1 bottle of planting Spawn (Oyster) Paper (any kind)
The researchers will use two phases. For Phase I, the researchers will
focus on how to prepare the substrates that will be use in the cultivation. The
substrates will have the same procedures and it is divided into four steps. First,
dry the substrates that will be used, rice straws, corn cobs and abaca fibers.
Then, soak it in water overnight. After, drain it and make sure that there will be
no more water left. Then, scrape or cut the substrates into small pieces. Lastly,
put the ¾ of the three substrates each in three different basins with ¼ of the
For Phase II, the procedure will be the same for the three substrates and
will be divided into four steps. First, (since the researcher already have the
substrates ready,) add 1/4 kilo of the prepared substrates (rice straws, corn cobs
and abaca fibers together with the rice bran) in the polypropylene plastic. Each
substrate will only have one replicate. After, cover the opening and seal it with a
rubber band. This step is called casing. Then, to pasteurize the fruiting bags, put
it in a drum steamer. Next, boil the bags inside the drum for six (6) hours. If you
will use a pressure cooker (15 psi pressure) for the steamer, it will only take one
hour. Lastly, inoculation will be performed. Let the fruiting bags cool off and put
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in a closed area wherein air is limited to enter. And as stated, the corn cobs and
The mushrooms can be consumed after three days from when the
mushroom started to grow. Consuming mushrooms beyond the said date can
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Figure 1
Flowchart of Procedures
Data Analysis
The data gathered from the experiment done by the researchers will now be
In the following table shows the results of different substrates in terms of the date the
mushroom grow and the weight of the mushrooms from different substrates. The
researchers got the weight of the mushroom by using a manual weighing scale, so the
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Statistical Treatment
The researchers tested the substrates to see which substrate is the most effective
in terms of growth rate of the mushrooms that were produced. The researchers
compared the Abaca trunks and Corn cobs to the Rice straws which is a known substrate
for mushroom cultivation. The researchers used the ANOVA method wherein they
Hypothesis:
H0: µ1=µ2=µ3
*N = n1 + n2 + . . . + nk.
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For the between-group variance:
i−¿ X GM
2
X¿
SB = ¿
Σ ni ¿
¿
For the within-group variance:
2
2 Σ( ni−1)Si
S W =
Σ(n i−1)
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Theoretical Framework
The outside temperature where the fruiting bags are placed also affects the
ramification of the molds. Each substrate has different nutrition values that
causes the fungi (spawn) to spread. Fast ramification means that the time it
takes for the fungi to spread in the fruiting bag is also the fastest. Slow
ramification means that the time it takes for the fungi to spread the fruiting bag
The finding in this study will help to determine the ramification of the
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Host (substrate)
Mushroom Cultivation
Ramification
Temperature
Figure 2
Theoretical Framework
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Conceptual Framework
This study will compare the weight and duration of the mushrooms
produced per flush using different substrates for mushroom cultivation. It will
for us to find out and to compare the substrates for mushroom cultivation
The finding in this study will help to determine which of the substrates
being tested is the best to use for mushroom cultivation in comparing their
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Abaca trunks and Corn cobs use as a substrate in mushroom cultivation.
(OUTPUT) Applications and use of abaca trunks and corn cobs as substrate for
mushroom cultivation in determining which is better in terms of growth-rate in
growing mushrooms. That are stated as a reference for additional information
on the possibility of using this substrate effectively in present or in near future.
Figure 3
Conceptual Framework
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
effectiveness of the Corn cobs and Abaca fibers compared to the Rice straws by
and comparing the effectiveness of the corn cobs and abaca fibers compared to
The table above shows the data obtained by the researchers based on the
weight of the mushrooms per flush. Based on the experiment, it is shown that
the Corn cobs has the highest average with 25 grams while the Abaca Fibers has
the lowest average with 4 grams and the Rice straws is within the average with
22.5 grams.
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Substrate First Flush Second Flush
Abaca Fibers 24 days from 1st day of incubation 44 days from 1st day of incubation
Corn Cobs 28 days from 1st day of incubation 38 days from 1st day of incubation
Rice Straws 28 days from 1st day of incubation 41 days from 1st day of
incubation
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35
30
25
Abaca Fibers
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Corn Cobs
15 Rice Straws
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5
0
First Flush Second Flush
The Table above shows the data obtained by the researchers based on the duration for each
mushroom to fruit. It is stated above that the Abaca Fibers is the fastest to fruit among the
three substrates in the first flush while the Corn cobs and Rice straws fruited on the same
time on the first flush. For the second flush, the Corn cobs is the fastest to fruit followed by
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The graph above shows the final results based from the weight of each
Objective 2. To find out factors that might show the differences of the
The only factor based on the experiment that the researchers have
Since the Corn cobs has 39.1% cellulose, 42.1% hemicellulose, and 9.4%
lignin, it had a fast ramification compared to the other substrates like the Rice
straws that has 19.64% lignin, 32.15% cellulose and 28.0% hemicelluloses.
While the Abaca fibers had the slowest ramification because it only had 19.00%
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ANOVA: SINGLE
FACTOR
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Abaca Fibers 2 45 22.5 60.5
Corn Cobs 2 50 25 200
Rice Straws 2 8 4 2
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F F crit
Between Groups 526.3333 2 263.1667 3.007619 2.352094
Within Groups 262.5 3 87.5
Total 788.8333 5
Since the calculated F-value does not lies on the region of acceptance, the
researcher will not accept the null hypothesis. This means that there is a
significant difference between the effectivity of the Abaca fiber, Corn cobs and
CONCLUSION
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The production rate of mushroom can be enhanced. However, it will take
time and effort on the part of many people especially mushroom growers. Using
abaca fibers, corn cobs and rice straws as a substrate can increase the
growers. The abaca fibers and corn cobs can be used as another substrate and
alternative to rice straws. Corn cobs has the greatest amount of mushroom
produced among the three substrates that was used. Also, the time it takes for
the corn cobs to produce mushrooms for the two flushes was the least among
The three substrates have different results since each substrate contains
different nutrition value. Since the corn cobs have a high nutrition value, it has
fast ramification that causes the fungi to fully cover the fruiting bag.
The factors that affects the growth of the mushroom are the amount of
sunlight, type of treatment, ramification, and the environment where the fruiting
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RECOMMENDATION
able to prepare materials and perform the experiment for the mushrooms to
properly grow. Also, the researchers recommend to use other agricultural wastes
researchers also recommend to make more replicates for every substrate. Last
but not the least, the researchers also recommend to use an electronic weighing
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