Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab

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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013

II B.Tech MECH I-SEMESTER
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PREFACE
The significance of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab is

renowned in the various fields of engineering applications. For an Mechanical
Engineer, it is obligatory to have the practical ideas about the Electrical and
Electronics Engineering. By this perspective we have introduced a Laboratory
manual cum Observation for Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab.
The manual uses the plan, cogent and simple language to explain the
fundamental aspects of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in practical. The
manual prepared very carefully with our level best. It gives all the steps in
executing an experiment.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is one of life’s simple pleasures to say thank you for all the help that one
has extended their support. I wish to acknowledge and appreciate Assoc Prof Saleem
Pasha, Foreman. P Prabhu Dass, and G.Suresh for their sincere efforts made towards
developing the Electrical and Electronics Engineering manual. I wish to thank
students for their suggestions which are considered while preparing the lab manual.
I am extremely indebted to Sri.Col Dr. T. S. Surendra, Principal and
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVRIT for his
valuable inputs and sincere support to complete the work.
Specifically, I am grateful to the Management for their constant advocacy
and incitement.
Finally, I would again like to thank the entire faculty in the Department and
those people who directly or indirectly helped in successful completion of this work.
(Prof. N. BHOOPAL)
HOD – EEE
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GUIDELINES TO WRITE YOUR OBSERVATION BOOK
1. Experiment Title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be on right

side.
2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations table should be
left side.
3. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per your convenience.
4. Result should always be in the ending.
5. You all are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between experiments
for theoretical or model calculations purpose.
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DO’S AND DON’TS IN THE LAB

DO’S:-
1. Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Boys Tuck in and
shoes, girls with apron)
2. All students should come to the Lab with necessary tools. (Cutting Pliers 6”,
Insulation remover and phase tester)
3. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
4. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit
diagram.
5. Student should be aware of operating equipment.
6. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is
restricted.
7. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment
from the Lab Store Room.
8. After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab
Instructor.
9. The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
10. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the
connections are removed.
11. All patch cords and stools should be placed at their original positions.
DON’Ts:-
1. Don’t come late to the Lab.

2. Don’t enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
3. Don’t make or remove the connections with power ON.
4. Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
5. Don’t switch OFF the machine with load.
6. Don’t leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.
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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
II Year B.Tech MECH I-Sem Academic year 2012-2013

L T/P/D C
0 -/3/- 2
(53604) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB
SECTION-A: Electrical Engineering:
The following experiments are required to be conducted as compulsory experiments.
1. Swinburne’s Test on DC shunt machine (Predetermination of efficiency of a given

DC Shunt machine working as motor and generator).
2. OC & SC tests on Single-phase transformer (Predetermination of efficiency and
regulation at given power factors).
3. Brake test on 3-phase Induction motor (performance characteristics).
4. Regulation of alternator by synchronous impedance method.In addition to the above
four experiments, any one of the experiments from the following list is required to
be conducted
5. Speed control of DC shunt motor by
A)Armature voltage control method
B)Field flux control method.
6. Brake test on DC shunt motor.
SECTION-B: Electronics Engineering:
1. Transistor CE Characteristics (Input and Output)

2. Full wave Rectifier With and without Filters
3. CE Amplifiers
4. RC phase shift Oscillator
5. Class A power Amplifier.
6. Microprocessor.
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Expt No: 1
SWINBURNE’ S TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINE
PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCIES
Aim: To perform no load test on dc motor and to predetermine the

efficiencies of the machine acting as a motor and generator.
Equipment:
S.No Apparatus Type Range qty

1 Voltmeter MC 0-250v 1
2 Voltmeter MC 0-30V 1
3 Ammeter MC 0-5A 1
4 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1
5 Rheostats Wire wound 400 /1.7A 1
Wire wound 100 /5A 1
Name plate details(To be noted down from the Machine)
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Circuit diagram:
Circuit diagram to find out Ra:
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Theory:
It is simple indirect method in which losses are measured separately
and the efficiency at any desired load can be predetermined. This test applicable to
those machines in which flux is practically constant i.e. shunt and compound wound
machines. The no load power input to armature consist iron losses in core, friction
loss, windage loss and armature copper loss. It is convenient and economical
because power required to test a large machine is small i.e. only no load power. But
no account is taken the change in iron losses from no load to full load due to
armature reaction flux is distorted which increases the iron losses in some cases by
as 50%
Procedure:
1.Make connections as per the circuit diagram.

2.Show the connections to the lab instructor.
3.Keeping both rheostats at minimum, Start the motor with the help of starter,and
by adjusting field rheostat bring the motor to rated speed.
4. Note down all the meter readings at no load..
5.Do necessary calculations and find out the efficiency of the Machine as a motor
and as a generator.
5.Draw the graphs between output Vs efficiency of the Machine as a generator and
as a motor..
Observations:
IL IF IA V N
For Ra
V I Ra=V/I
S.NO
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Tabular Column to find out efficiency:
GENERATOR:
S.No Voltage Load Armature Armature Total losses Output Input =

= Current= Current Ia Cu loss= Wt=Wc+ =VxIL = Output
V IL = Ia XIaXRa IaXIaXRa Output+ Input.
(IL+If) total
losses=
VxIL+
Wt
Motor
S.No Voltage Load Armature Armature Total losses Input Output= =
= Current= Current Ia Cu loss= Wt=Wc+ =VxIL Input- Output
V IL = Ia XIaXRa IaXIaXRa total Input.
(IL-If) losses=
VxIL-
Wt
Model calculations:
No load input=V IL
No load armature copper losses =Ia 2 Ra =(Il –If)2 Ra

Constant losses Wc=V l–(Il-If )2 Ra
Efficiency as a motor:
I= Assumed load current

Motor i/p=VI
Ia=IL-If
Motor armature losses=I2a .Ra
Total losses=I2a Ra+ Wc
Efficiency of motor= VI- I2a Ra+ Wc / VI x 100
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Efficiency as generator:
I=assumed load current

Generator O/P =VI
Generator armature cu. Losses= I2a .Ra

Total losses= I2a Ra+ Wc
Efficiency of generator=VI / VI+ I 2a Ra+ Wc
Expected graphs:-
Efficiency Vs Output
Results
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Expt No : 2
OC & SC TESTS ON 1- TRANSFORMER
Aim: To conduct OC & SC tests on the given 1-Φ Transformer and to calculate its
equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency & regulation.
Name plate details:
1- TRANSFORMER
Capacity 3 KVA
I/P voltage 230V
I/P current 13.04A
O/P voltage 115V
O/P current 26.08A
Frequency 50Hz
Apparatus required:
S.NO DESCRIPTION RANGE TYPE QTY

OC TEST
1 Voltmeter 0-150V M.I 1 No
2 Ammeter 0-2.5A M.I 1 No
Dynamo
3 Wattmeter 2.5A/150V meter 1 No
(LPF)
4 Auto T/F 230V/0-270V, 1- wire 1 No
8A wound
5 Fuses 5A - 2
Nos
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OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:-
(0-2)A 2A, 150V, 60W, 115V 230V

DPST MI LPF V V
Ph M L
A
V
C
1- Φ V (0- Open
230V 150)V Circuit
50 Hz MI
AC
Supply
N Variac
1 Φ -Transformer
3KVA, 230V/ (0-
3KVA, 230V/
270)V
Fig -1 115V
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
(0-15)A 15A, 50V, 600W, 230V 115V

DPST MI UPF V V
Ph M L
A
V
C
1- Φ
V (0-50)V
230V MI Short
50 Hz Circuit
AC
Supply
N Variac
1 Φ -Transformer
3KVA, 230V/ (0-
3KVA, 230V/
270)V
Fig -2 115V
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Apparatus Required for SC Test

2 Ammeter 0-5A M.I 1 No
Dynamo
3 Wattmeter 5A/50V meter 1 No
(UPF)
4 Auto T/F 230V/0-270V, 1- wire 1 No
8A wound
5 Fuses 5A - 2
Nos
Theory: Transformer is a static device which transfers electrical power from

one circuit to another circuit either by step up or step down the voltage
with corresponding decrease increase in the current, with outchanging the
frequency.
OC Test
The main aim of this test is to determine the Iron losses & No- load
current of the T/F which are helpful in finding R o & Xo.In this test generally
supply will be given to primary and secondary kept open. Since secondary is
opened a small current(magnetizing current will flow and it will be 5 to 10%
of full load current. The wattmeter connected in primary will give directly the
Iron losses (core losses).
SC Test:
The main aim of this test is to determine the full load copper losses which is
helpful in finding the R01, X01, Z01, efficiency and regulation of the T/F.
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Generally low voltage side will be short circuited and supply will be given to
high voltage side & it will be of 5-10% of the rated voltage. The wattmeter
connected in primary will give directly the full load copper losses of the T/F.
Procedure :
OC Test:
1) Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch-ON the supply and apply rated voltage to the
3) primary of the winding by using the auto transformer.
4) Note the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter
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SC Test:
1) Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch-ON the supply and vary the Dimmerstat till rated
3) full load current flows through transformer.
4) Note the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter
Graph: A graph is drawn between P.F and % regulation by taking P.F on

X- axis and % regulation on Y-axis.
Observations:
O.C Test: S.C Test:
V0 I0 W0 VSC ISC WSC
volt ampere watt volt ampere Watt
Calculations:
Load Cu losses Total losses I/P power O/P power %η
Full
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% Regulation
P.F
lag lead
PRECAITIONS: 1) The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P

position initially.
2) In OC test, rated voltage should be applied to the
Primary of the Transformer.
3) In SC test, the Dimmer stat should be varied up to the
rated load current only.
4) The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.
Result:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
(0-15)A
MI 10A, 600V, 3KW,
R UPF
M L
A L
1
B
3- Φ C A
V A
1
415V 1 B S S
50 Hz V (0-
Y/∆1 1 1 2
AC 600)V Starte
Supply MI r
L
Y A
2 B
A 2
3- Φ 2 C C 2
415V C
1 2
50 Hz C
1
AC V
Supply C
B L 2
M L B
3 2
10A, 600V, 3KW,
UPF
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Expt No: 3
BRAKE TEST ON 3 - INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: To conduct a brake test on the given 3 -Slip ring Induction motor and to
draw its performance Characteristics.
Nameplate details:
3 -INDUCTION MOTOR
Capacity 5 H.P
Voltage 415V
Current 7.5A
Speed 1500rpm
Frequency 50Hz
Voltage 200V
Rotor
current 11A
Apparatus required:

415V,
1 Starter D.O.L 1 No
15A
2 Ammeter 0-10A M.I 1 No
Dynamo 2
4 Wattmeters 10A/600V
meter Nos
3
5 Fuses 10A -
Nos
0-
6 Tachometer Digital 1 No
50000rpm
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Precautions: 1) There should not be any load on the motor initially.

2) The brake drum should be filled with water to cool it.
3) If the wattmeter shows negative deflection, reverse either
pressure coil or current coil and take that reading as
negative.
4) The rotor external resistance should be kept at max
resistance position initially.
Theory: As a general rule, conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy

takes place in to the rotating part on electrical motor. In DC motors, electrical
power is conduct directly to the armature, i.e, rotating part through brushes and
commutator. Hence, in this sense, a DC motor can be called as ‘conduction
motor’. However, in AC motors, rotor does not receive power by conduction but
by induction in exactly the same way as secondary of a two winding T/F receives
its power from the primary. So, these motors are
known as Induction motors. In fact an induction motor can be taken as rotating
T/F, i.e, one in which primary winding is stationary and but the secondary is free.
The starting torque of the Induction motor can be increase by improving its p.f
by adding external resistance in the rotor circuit from the stator connected rheostat,
the rheostat resistance being progressively cut out as the motor gathers speed.
Addition of external resistance increases the rotor impedance and so reduces the
rotor current. At first, the effect of improved p.f predominates the current-
decreasing effect of impedance. So, starting torque is increased. At time of starting,
external resistance is kept at maximum resistance position and after a certain time,
the effect of increased impedance predominates the effect of improved p.f and so
the torque starts decreasing. By this during running period the rotor resistance
being progressively cut-out as the motor attains its speed. In this way, it is possible
to get good starting torque as well as good running torque.
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Procedure: 1) Give all the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2) Switch –ON the supply and press the ON button of the
starter.
3) Now put the rotor external resistance switch to run
position in steps & slowly.
4) Note the no-load readings of ammeter, voltmeter,
wattmeter, speed & loads.
5) Gradually increase the load on the motor by tightening the
hand-swivels and note the corresponding meter’s
readings.
6) Remove the load completely & Switch-Off the power.
Graph: A graph is drawn b/w O/P power in watts (on X-axis) verses speed,
torque, current, slip, efficiency & p.f (on Y-axis).
Observations:
Volt
Am-
meter Net Torq
meter I/P=W1 ±W2 Force Speed O/P % % Slip p.f
Rea- Force -ue
reading
ding
O/p
W2 9.8x 2 NT/ Ns-Na
V A W1 F1 F2 F1~F2 N /i/p
Fe.Re 60 /Ns
X 100
Volt ampere watt Watt kg kg kg FxRe rpm watt - - -
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Thickness of the belt, t=
Circumference of the drum, 2 R =
Radius, R = C/2 =
Effective radius, Re = R + t/s =
Expected Graphs
Y
N Vs O/P
η Vs O/P
T Vs O/P
0
X
Result:
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4. REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE

METHOD
Aim: To conduct OC test & SC test n the given 3 -Alternator and to

determine its regulation by synchronous impedance method.
Nameplate details:
DESCRPTION D.C MOTOR 3 -ALTERNATOR

Capacity 5 H.P 3 KVA
Voltage 220V 415V
Current 19A 4.2A
Speed 1500 Rpm 1500 Rpm
Excitation 220V, 1.5A 220V, 1.4A
Apparatus required:
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3 point starter OC Test

DPST Switch 3- Alternator TPST Switch
+ L FA
FA R
400 / (0-300)V
1.7A V MI
230 V
DC F
Supply A
FAA N
M
AA
FF
B Y
Fuse + +
A
230 V 400 /
DC 1.7A (0-1)A
Supply MC
Fuse
3 point starter SC Test

DPST Switch 3- Alternator TPST Switch
+ L FA
FA R
400 / (0-10)A
1.7A A MI
230 V
DC F
Supply A
FAA N
M
AA
FF
B Y
Fuse + +
A
400 /
230 V 1.7A (0-1)A
DC MC
Supply
Fuse
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Precautions: 1) Operate the 3-point starter slowly & uniformely.

2) Keep the speed of the prime mover to its rated value through
out the experiment.
3) In OC test, there should not be any load on Alternator.
4) In SC test, the SC current should not exceed its rated value.
Theory:
Alternator is a machine, which converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy. Regulation of an Alternator can be calculated by synchronous
impedance method. In OC test the terminals of the alternator are kept opened and a
voltmeter is connected. Keeping speed constant, a relation b/w field current & open
circuit voltage are obtained. In SC test, the terminals are short circuited with a
suitable ammeter & a relation b/w field current & short circuit Current are
obtained.
Voltage regulation:
It is defined as the rise in terminal voltage of an isolated
Machine when full load is thrown off w.r.t voltage on the full load,
when speed & excitation remaining constant.
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Now, Syn.Impedance (ZS) = OC voltage / SC current

XS = Z2S - R2a
From fig. EO = OB2 + BD2
= (Vcos +IRa)2 + (Vsin +IXS)2
% Regulation = [(E0-V) / V] 100
Procedure: OC test:
1) Give all connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch-ON the supply & by varying the starter, prime mover
speed is adjusted to rated.
3) Now keeping the field current at zero, note the induced emf in
armature duo to residual Magnetism.
4) By slowly varying the potential divider, field current is increased
& corresponding emf Induced is noted up to above 20% of rated
voltage.
SC test:
1) Give all connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch-ON the supply & by varying the starter, prime mover
speed is adjusted to rated.
3) By slowly varying the potential divider, field current is increased
& corresponding short Circuit current is noted up to rated value.
To find armature resistance (Ra):
Give the connections as per diagram and by slowly varying the
rheostat, note the values of ammeter & voltmeter up to some
value and average them.
Graph: 1) A graph is drawn b/w If and V which is known as OC

curve, by taking If on X-axis and V on Y-axis.
2) A graph is drawn b/w If and ISC which is known as SC
curve, by Taking If on X-axis and ISCV on Y-axis.
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Observations:
OC Test: SCTest:
Field OC Field SC
current If voltage current If current
Armature resistance:
Voltage current Resistance Ra
Expected Graphs:
Y
Isc
Eo
% Voltage
OCC Regulation
1
SCC
Leading PF Lagging PF
O
If 2 If1 X
If
Result:
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5. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
Aim: To conduct speed controls on DC shunt motor.

The methods are
1.Armature voltage control method 2. Flux control method
Apparatus:
S.No Equipment Range Type Qty

1 Ammeter 0-5A MC 1No
0-2A MC 1No
2 Voltmeter 0-250V MC 1No
3 Rheostats 100 /5A Wire wound 1NO
400 /1.7A Wire wound 1No
4 Tachometer 0-2000rpm Digital 1No
5 Connecting Wires LS
Circuit diagram:
Theory:
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i) Armature voltage control method:

For a load of constant Torque, the speed is proportional to the applied to the armature. Therefore
speed voltage characteristic is linear and is a straight line. As the voltage is decrease across the
armature the speed falls. This method gives speeds less than rated speeds.
Eb α ΦN Eb α N
V-Ia(Ra+R) α N
As the voltage is decreased speed decreases.
ii) Flux Control Method:

With rated voltage applied to the motor, the field resistance is increased i.e field current is
decreased. I t is observed that speed increases.
Eb/Φ α N N α Eb/If
The characteristics If Vs N is inverse (or) if it is hyperbola.
Procedure:
i) Armature Voltage Control Method
1) Make connections as per the circuit diagram.

2) Show the connections to the lab instructor.
3) Keeping both rheostats at minimum, Start the motor with the help of starter,and by adjusting
field rheostat bring the motor to rated speed.
4) By increasing armature circuit rheostat in steps note down voltage, Ia and speed at every
step.
5) The corresponding graph is draw between armature Voltage Vs speed.
ii) Flux Control method:
1) The machine run at its rated speed and rated voltage obtained.
2) The voltage is kept constant and for different vales of field currents the speeds are
noted.
Tabular Column:
Armature Voltage Control Method:
S.No Armature Armature Speed Eb=V-IaRa in V

Voltage in V current=Ia in RPM
in A
Flux Control Method:
S.No Field Current Speed in RPM
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Expected graphs:-
N vs If
N vs Va(Armature voltage)
Result:
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6. BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR. DETERMINATION OF ITS PERFORMANCE

CURVES
Aim: To conduct brake test on DC Shunt motor. And to determine its performance curves.
Apparatus:
S. No Equipment Range Type Qty

1. Voltmeter 0-250V M.C. 1
2. Ammeter 0-20A M.C 1
3 Ammeter 0-1/2A M.C 1
4 Rheostat 400 /1.7A Wire wound 1
5. Tachometer Digital type 1
6. Connecting wires
Name plate details:
Circuit diagram:
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Theory:
When if is required to determine directly efficiency if comparatively small motors, the
motor is loaded directly by means of Mechanical Break. Hence in the case of shunt motor there
is no drastic change in speed. The Torque T = (S 1 ~ S2 ) g. r – Nm. where S1 S2 is the spring
balance reading, r = Break drum Radius
and g=9.81.
P = Power developed. Hence directly the efficiency = P o/ Pi x 100
Procedure:-
01. Make Connections as per the circuit diagram.

02. Start the motor with the help of the starter.
03. Then bring the motor to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat.
04. Put the mechanical load on the motor in steps and note down corresponding readings of
all meters.
05. Do calculations accordingly.
Tabular columns :
S.No Voltage Current Speed Spring Torque= Pout = Pin = Eff =

(V) (I) (N) Balance 9.8 1(S1 ~ S2) 2 nT/60 Vi - Watts op/ip
Readings .r -Nm -Watts x100.
S1 S2
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EXPECTED GRAPHS:-
Ta vs Ia.
N vs Ia.
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N vs T
Vs O/P
Result:
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PART-B
Expt No: 1
TRANSISTOR CE CHARACTERISTICS (INPUT AND OUTPUT)
AIM: To plot the transistor characteristics of common emitter configuration
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Regulated Power Supply 0 – 30V(Dual)

DC Ammeter 0 – 100 UA,0-10 mA. DC
Voltmeter 0 -- 1V, 0--30V
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Transistor BC 107,BC 547

Resistor 1K , 39K
Breadboard
Connecting wires
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure. Use milli ammeters of

proper range
2. For input characteristics, first fix the collector - emitter voltage VCE
at 5 volts. Now vary base-emitter voltage VBE in steps of 0.1 volts
and note down the corresponding emitter current IB.
3. Repeat the above procedure for collector – emitter voltage VCE at
10V, 15V etc.
4. Plot the graph between base-emitter voltage VBE and Base current
IB for a constant collector – emitter voltage VCE.
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Circuit diagram:
5. Find the h – parameters: (a) hre: Reverse voltage gain

(b) hie : Input impedance
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. For out put characteristics, first fix the Base current IB at 20 A

.Now vary collector-emitter voltage VCE in steps of 1volts and note
down the corresponding collector current IC
2. Repeat the above procedure for Base current IB at 30 A , 40 A.
3. Plot the graph between collector – Emitter voltage VCE and
collector current IC for a constant Base current IB.
4. Find the h – parameters : (a) hfe = Forward current gain.
hoe = Output admittance.
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MODEL GRAPHS: Input characteristics
Output Characteristics
Tabular Form:
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Input characteristics:
Output characteristics:
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CALCULATIONS:
V BE
1. Input dynamic resistance, ri = V CE
cons tan t
I B
VCE
2. Output ac resistance , ro = I B
____ A
IB
IC
3. DC Current gain , V CE
_____
DC
IB
I
C
4. AC Current gain , V CE
_____ cons tan t
I
B
RESULT:
hie =
hfe =
hre =
hoe =
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EXPERIMENTS –2
RECTIFIERS WITH OUT FILTERS (FULL WAVE & HALF WAVE)

RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS (FULL WAVE & HALF WAVE)
AIM: Study of rectifiers with and with out capacitance filters half wave
rectifier and full wave rectifier. To Find its. Percentage of
regulation and Ripple factor.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
CRO 0 – 20 M hz (Dual trace) DC

Voltmeter 0--30V
Diodes (1N 4007) 2Nos.

Resistor (Variable) 10K Breadboard
Connecting wires
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.1

2. Connect CRO across the load. Keep the CRO switch in ground mode and
observe the horizontal line and adjust it to the X- axis.
3. Switch the CRO in to DC mode and observe the waveform. Note down its
amplitude, Vm and frequency from the screen along with its multiplication
factor.
v
4. Calculate Vdc using the relation Vdc = m
П
5. Switch the CRO in to AC mode and observe the waveform. Note down its
amplitude, Vm and frequency from the screen along with its multiplication
factor.
6. Calculate Vac using the relation: V2 rms = V2ac +V2 dc
7. Calculate the ripple factor from the given formula: γ = v ac

v dc
Circuit diagram:
Half wave rectifier with out capacitor:
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Half wave rectifier with capacitor:
Full wave rectifier with out capacitor:
Full wave rectifier with capacitor:
8. Remove the load and measure the output DC voltage (DC mode) and calculate the
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percentage of voltage regulation using the formula:
Percentage regulation = v noload v load

100 %
v noload
9. To measure ratio of rectification, observe the power (DC and AC) using wattmeter across
the load. The ratio of rectification is given by Pac/Pdc
Model graph:
Half wave rectifier model graph:
Full wave rectifier model graph:
With Capacitor:
1. Calculate the value of R by assuming C = 1000 F and f = 50 Hz using the
formula = 1/ 4 (3fRC) (assume as 0.002 or any small value)
2. Connect the capacitor across the load resistance and proceed with the above
Procedure from steps 1 – 9 as shown above. Follow the above-
mentioned procedure for Full Wave rectifier.
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Calculations:
Half wave rectifiers:
1. Vrms = v m
Vavg = v m
2
2
2. ripple factor v
rm s
1
2
v avg
3. Efficiency =
4. Percentage efficiency =
5. Peak inverse voltage (PIV) = Vm
6. Form factor = Vrms / Vavg
7. Peak factor = Vpeak / Vrms
Full wave rectifiers :
1. Vrms =
v m
2. Vavg = 2v m
3. ripple factor v
rm s
1
2
v avg
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
CE AMPLIFER
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CE AMPLIFIER
AIM: Design and test a common emitter amplifier and find the following
parameters.
1. Current gain
2. Voltage gain
3. Bandwidth
4. Input and output impedances.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Regulated Power Supply 0 – 30V

CRO 20 MHz(Dual trace)
Function generator 0 – 1 Mhz
Transistor BC 107,BC 547

Resistor designed values
Breadboard
Connecting wires
THEORY:
Amplifier Design:
AVS= -hFeRleeff /((hie||RB)+RS) -hFeRleeff/(hie+RS) ---------(1)

Assume, VCE=VCC/2(transistor active)
Effective load resistance is given by,Rleff=RC||RL
Emitter resistance is given by,re=26mv/IE
hie= re
Where re is internal resistance of the transistor
hie= hfe re ,VE=Vcc/10
On applying KVL to output loop we get
Vcc=Ic.Rc+VcE+IE.RE Where
VE=IE.RE,Find Rc? From
equation (1),find RL
Since IB is very small when compare with Ic
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In put Coupling capacitor is given by Xci={[hie+(1+hfe)RE]||RB}/10

Xci=1/2 f Ci
Find Ci?
Out put coupling capacitor is given by, XCO=RC||RT/10
Xco=1/2 fCo
Find Co ?
By-pass capacitor is given by
Xce=RE/10
XCE=1/2 fCE
Find CE=?
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.1.
2. Keep VS at 50 mv, using the signal generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0 to 1
Mhz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph between gain (dB) and frequency.
5. Find the input and output impedances.
Input impedance, Zi = Vi Rs / (Vs+Vi)
Output impedance, Zo Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
6. Note down the bandwidth, input and output impedances.
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Tabular form:
Input voltage Vs =
S No. Frequency Vo (volt) Gain = Gain (dB) = 20 log

Vo/Vs (Vo/Vs)
Result:
1. Input impedance
2. Output impedance
3. Gain (Mid band)
4. Bandwidth
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Define Amplification?
2. What is biasing? Why it is necessary?
3. Mention different types of Biasing?
4. Mention the applications of CE Amplifier, Justify?
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Circuit Diagram:
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
MODEL GRAPH:
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RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
AIM: To design and construct a RC Phase Shift Oscillator for a given operating
Frequency.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Regulated Power Supply 0 – 30V
CRO 20 MHz (Dual trace)
Transistor BC 107
Resistor designed values
Capacitors designed values
Breadboard
Connecting wires
THEORY:
Design :
Fo=1Khz,C=0.01uf,Vcc=12V
F=1/2 (6RC),Find R?, (s)=-1/29,=1/ =-29

Amplifier Design:
AV=-hFeRleeff/hie (AV=29,design given)
Assume, VCE=VCC/2(transistor active)
Effective load resistance is given by,Rleff=RC||RL
Emitter resistance is given by,re=26mv/IE
hie= re
Where re is internal resistance of the transistor
hie= hfe re
VE=Vcc/10
On applying KVL to output loop we get
Vcc=Ic. Rc+VcE+IE.RE
Whre VE=IE.RE
Find Rc?
Since IB is very small when compare with Ic
Ic IE RE=VE/IE
VB=VBE+VE
VB=Vcc(RB2/(RB1+RB2))
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S=1+(RB/RE)
Find RB ?
RB=RB1||RB2
Find RB1 and RB2

Input coupling capacitor is given by Xci={[hie+(1+hfe)RE]||RB}/10
Xci=1/2 fci,Find Ci?,Xco=1/2 fco,Find Co ?
By-pass capacitor is given by
Xce=RE/10,XCE=1/2 fCE
Find CE=?
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect circuit diagram as shown in Figure

2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the
CRO (Sine wave).
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare it with its
theoretical frequency.
TABULAR FORM:
Sl. No. Theoretical time period Practical time period
RESULTS:
Theoretical time period and frequency: --------- ---------
Practical time period and frequency: ---------- --------
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. It s the main difference between an alternator and an

oscillator?
2. How can damped oscillations can be converted into un
damped oscillations?
3. How are RC oscillators different from LC oscillators?
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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013

The significance of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab is

Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVRIT for his

valuable inputs and sincere support to complete the work.

Specifically, I am grateful to the Management for their constant advocacy

GUIDELINES TO WRITE YOUR OBSERVATION BOOK

1. Experiment Title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be on right

DO’S AND DON’TS IN THE LAB

1. Don’t come late to the Lab.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

II Year B.Tech MECH I-Sem Academic year 2012-2013

(53604) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

SECTION-A: Electrical Engineering:

The following experiments are required to be conducted as compulsory experiments.

1. Swinburne’s Test on DC shunt machine (Predetermination of efficiency of a given

6. Brake test on DC shunt motor.

SECTION-B: Electronics Engineering:

1. Transistor CE Characteristics (Input and Output)

Aim: To perform no load test on dc motor and to predetermine the

S.No Apparatus Type Range qty

Name plate details(To be noted down from the Machine)

Circuit diagram to find out Ra:

1.Make connections as per the circuit diagram.

Tabular Column to find out efficiency:

S.No Voltage Load Armature Armature Total losses Output Input =

No load armature copper losses =Ia 2 Ra =(Il –If)2 Ra

I= Assumed load current

I=assumed load current

Generator armature cu. Losses= I2a .Ra

OC & SC TESTS ON 1- TRANSFORMER

S.NO DESCRIPTION RANGE TYPE QTY

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:-

(0-2)A 2A, 150V, 60W, 115V 230V

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

(0-15)A 15A, 50V, 600W, 230V 115V

Apparatus Required for SC Test

1 Voltmeter 0-50V M.I 1 No

Theory: Transformer is a static device which transfers electrical power from

Graph: A graph is drawn between P.F and % regulation by taking P.F on

PRECAITIONS: 1) The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P

BRAKE TEST ON 3 - INDUCTION MOTOR

S.NO DESCRIPTION RANGE TYPE QTY

Precautions: 1) There should not be any load on the motor initially.

Theory: As a general rule, conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy

Procedure: 1) Give all the connections as per the circuit diagram.

Thickness of the belt, t=

Circumference of the drum, 2 R =

Effective radius, Re = R + t/s =

4. REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE

Aim: To conduct OC test & SC test n the given 3 -Alternator and to

DESCRPTION D.C MOTOR 3 -ALTERNATOR

S.NO DESCRIPTION RANGE TYPE QTY

3 point starter OC Test

3 point starter SC Test

Precautions: 1) Operate the 3-point starter slowly & uniformely.

Now, Syn.Impedance (ZS) = OC voltage / SC current

Graph: 1) A graph is drawn b/w If and V which is known as OC

5. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

Aim: To conduct speed controls on DC shunt motor.

S.No Equipment Range Type Qty